1
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Wang Q, Bu C, Wang H, Zhang B, Chen Q, Shi D, Chi L. Distinct mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of low-molecular-weight heparin and chondroitin sulfate on Parkinson's disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129846. [PMID: 38296150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder influenced by various factors, including age, genetics, and the environment. Current treatments provide symptomatic relief without impeding disease progression. Previous studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of exogenous heparin and chondroitin sulfate in PD. However, their therapeutic mechanisms and structure-activity relationships remain poorly understood. In this study, low-molecular-weight heparin (L-HP) and chondroitin sulfate (L-CS) exhibited favorable therapeutic effects in a mouse model of PD. Proteomics revealed that L-HP attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction through its antioxidant properties, whereas L-CS suppressed neuroinflammation by inhibiting platelet activation. Two glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-binding proteins, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD2) and fibrinogen beta chain (FGB), were identified as potential targets of L-HP and L-CS, and we investigated their structure-activity relationships. The IdoA2S-GlcNS6S/GlcNAc6S unit in HP bound to SOD2, whereas the GlcA-GalNAc4S and GlcA-GalNAc4S6S units in CS preferred FGB. Furthermore, N-S and 2-O-S in L-HP, and 4-O-S, 6-O-S, and -COOH in L-CS contributed significantly to the binding process. These findings provide new insights and evidence for the development and use of glycosaminoglycan-based therapeutics for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchi Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266200, China; Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou 311231, China
| | - Changkai Bu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Qingqing Chen
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Deling Shi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Lianli Chi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266200, China.
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2
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Menezes R, Vincent R, Osorno L, Hu P, Arinzeh TL. Biomaterials and tissue engineering approaches using glycosaminoglycans for tissue repair: Lessons learned from the native extracellular matrix. Acta Biomater 2023; 163:210-227. [PMID: 36182056 PMCID: PMC10043054 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are an important component of the extracellular matrix as they influence cell behavior and have been sought for tissue regeneration, biomaterials, and drug delivery applications. GAGs are known to interact with growth factors and other bioactive molecules and impact tissue mechanics. This review provides an overview of native GAGs, their structure, and properties, specifically their interaction with proteins, their effect on cell behavior, and their mechanical role in the ECM. GAGs' function in the extracellular environment is still being understood however, promising studies have led to the development of medical devices and therapies. Native GAGs, including hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and heparin, have been widely explored in tissue engineering and biomaterial approaches for tissue repair or replacement. This review focuses on orthopaedic and wound healing applications. The use of GAGs in these applications have had significant advances leading to clinical use. Promising studies using GAG mimetics and future directions are also discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are an important component of the native extracellular matrix and have shown promise in medical devices and therapies. This review emphasizes the structure and properties of native GAGs, their role in the ECM providing biochemical and mechanical cues that influence cell behavior, and their use in tissue regeneration and biomaterial approaches for orthopaedic and wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseline Menezes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
| | - Richard Vincent
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
| | - Laura Osorno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
| | - Phillip Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
| | - Treena Livingston Arinzeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States.
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3
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Chemistry and Function of Glycosaminoglycans in the Nervous System. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:117-162. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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4
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McCrary MR, Jiang MQ, Jesson K, Gu X, Logun MT, Wu A, Gonsalves N, Karumbaiah L, Yu SP, Wei L. Glycosaminoglycan scaffolding and neural progenitor cell transplantation promotes regenerative immunomodulation in the mouse ischemic brain. Exp Neurol 2022; 357:114177. [PMID: 35868359 PMCID: PMC10066865 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, with limited treatments that can facilitate brain regeneration. Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) hold promise for replacing tissue lost to stroke, and biomaterial approaches may improve their efficacy to overcome hurdles in clinical translation. The immune response and its role in stroke pathogenesis and regeneration may interplay with critical mechanisms of stem cell and biomaterial therapies. Cellular therapy can modulate the immune response to reduce toxic neuroinflammation early after ischemia. However, few studies have attempted to harness the regenerative effects of neuroinflammation to augment recovery. Our previous studies demonstrated that intracerebrally transplanted NPCs encapsulated in a chondroitin sulfate-A hydrogel (CS-A + NPCs) can improve vascular regeneration after stroke. In this paper, we found that CS-A + NPCs affect the microglia/macrophage response to promote a regenerative phenotype following stroke in mice. Following transplantation, PPARγ-expressing microglia/macrophages, and MCP-1 and IL-10 protein levels are enhanced. Secreted immunomodulatory factor expression of other factors was altered compared to NPC transplantation alone. Post-stroke depression-like behavior was reduced following cellular and material transplantation. Furthermore, we showed in cultures that microglia/macrophages encapsulated in CS-A had increased expression of angiogenic and arteriogenic mediators. Neutralization with anti-IL-10 antibody negated these effects in vitro. Cumulatively, this work provides a framework for understanding the mechanisms by which immunomodulatory biomaterials can enhance the regenerative effects of cellular therapy for ischemic stroke and other brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles R McCrary
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Q Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Kaleena Jesson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Meghan T Logun
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Anika Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nathan Gonsalves
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lohitash Karumbaiah
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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5
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Luo F, Wang J, Zhang Z, You Z, Bedolla A, Okwubido-Williams F, Huang LF, Silver J, Luo Y. Inhibition of CSPG receptor PTPσ promotes migration of newly born neuroblasts, axonal sprouting, and recovery from stroke. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111137. [PMID: 35905716 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to neuroprotective strategies, neuroregenerative processes could provide targets for stroke recovery. However, the upregulation of inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) impedes innate regenerative efforts. Here, we examine the regulatory role of PTPσ (a major proteoglycan receptor) in dampening post-stroke recovery. Use of a receptor modulatory peptide (ISP) or Ptprs gene deletion leads to increased neurite outgrowth and enhanced NSCs migration upon inhibitory CSPG substrates. Post-stroke ISP treatment results in increased axonal sprouting as well as neuroblast migration deeply into the lesion scar with a transcriptional signature reflective of repair. Lastly, peptide treatment post-stroke (initiated acutely or more chronically at 7 days) results in improved behavioral recovery in both motor and cognitive functions. Therefore, we propose that CSPGs induced by stroke play a predominant role in the regulation of neural repair and that blocking CSPG signaling pathways will lead to enhanced neurorepair and functional recovery in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fucheng Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jiapeng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Zhen You
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Alicia Bedolla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - FearGod Okwubido-Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - L Frank Huang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Jerry Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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6
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Fawcett JW, Kwok JCF. Proteoglycan Sulphation in the Function of the Mature Central Nervous System. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:895493. [PMID: 35712345 PMCID: PMC9195417 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.895493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphate and heparan sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGS and HSPGs) are found throughout the central nervous system (CNS). CSPGs are ubiquitous in the diffuse extracellular matrix (ECM) between cells and are a major component of perineuronal nets (PNNs), the condensed ECM present around some neurons. HSPGs are more associated with the surface of neurons and glia, with synapses and in the PNNs. Both CSPGs and HSPGs consist of a protein core to which are attached repeating disaccharide chains modified by sulphation at various positions. The sequence of sulphation gives the chains a unique structure and local charge density. These sulphation codes govern the binding properties and biological effects of the proteoglycans. CSPGs are sulphated along their length, the main forms being 6- and 4-sulphated. In general, the chondroitin 4-sulphates are inhibitory to cell attachment and migration, while chondroitin 6-sulphates are more permissive. HSPGs tend to be sulphated in isolated motifs with un-sulphated regions in between. The sulphation patterns of HS motifs and of CS glycan chains govern their binding to the PTPsigma receptor and binding of many effector molecules to the proteoglycans, such as growth factors, morphogens, and molecules involved in neurodegenerative disease. Sulphation patterns change as a result of injury, inflammation and ageing. For CSPGs, attention has focussed on PNNs and their role in the control of plasticity and memory, and on the soluble CSPGs upregulated in glial scar tissue that can inhibit axon regeneration. HSPGs have key roles in development, regulating cell migration and axon growth. In the adult CNS, they have been associated with tau aggregation and amyloid-beta processing, synaptogenesis, growth factor signalling and as a component of the stem cell niche. These functions of CSPGs and HSPGs are strongly influenced by the pattern of sulphation of the glycan chains, the sulphation code. This review focuses on these sulphation patterns and their effects on the function of the mature CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Fawcett
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centre for Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute for Experimental Medicine Czech Academy of Science (CAS), Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: James W. Fawcett,
| | - Jessica C. F. Kwok
- Centre for Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute for Experimental Medicine Czech Academy of Science (CAS), Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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7
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Habuchi O. Functions of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate containing GalNAc4,6-disulfate. Glycobiology 2022; 32:664-678. [PMID: 35552694 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) containing GalNAc4,6-disulfate (GalNAc4S6S) were initially discovered in marine animals. Following the discovery, these glycosaminoglycans have been found in various animals including human. In the biosynthesis of CS/DS containing GalNAc4S6S, three groups of sulfotransferases are involved; chondroitin 4-sulfotransferases (C4STs), dermatan 4-sulfotransferase-1 (D4ST-1) and GalNAc 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase (GalNAc4S-6ST). GalNAc4S-6ST and its products have been shown to play important roles in the abnormal pathological conditions such as central nervous system injury, cancer development, abnormal tissue fibrosis, development of osteoporosis, and infection with viruses or nematodes. CS/DS containing GalNAc4S6S has been shown to increase with the functional differentiation of mast cells, macrophages and neutrophils. Genetic approaches using knockout or knockdown of GalNAc4S-6ST, blocking of the epitopes containing GalNAc4S6S by specific antibodies and chemical technology that enabled the synthesis of oligosaccharides with defined sulfation patterns have been applied successfully to these investigations. These studies contributed significantly to the basic understanding of the functional roles of CS/DS containing GalNAc4S6S in various abnormal conditions, and appear to provide promising clues to the development of possible measures to treat them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osami Habuchi
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Aichi University of Education, Igayacho, Kariya, Aichi 448-8542, Japan
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8
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Couto MR, Rodrigues JL, Rodrigues LR. Heterologous production of chondroitin. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 33:e00710. [PMID: 35242620 PMCID: PMC8858990 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan with a growing variety of applications. CS can be produced from microbial fermentation of native or engineered strains. Synthetic biology tools are being used to improve CS yields in different hosts. Integrated polymerization and sulfation can generate cost-effective CS.
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan with a broad range of applications being a popular dietary supplement for osteoarthritis. Usually, CS is extracted from animal sources. However, the known risks of animal products use have been driving the search for alternative methods and sources to obtain this compound. Several pathogenic bacteria naturally produce chondroitin-like polysaccharides through well-known pathways and, therefore, have been the basis for numerous studies that aim to produce chondroitin using non-pathogenic hosts. However, the yields obtained are not enough to meet the high demand for this glycosaminoglycan. Metabolic engineering strategies have been used to construct improved heterologous hosts. The identification of metabolic bottlenecks and regulation points, and the screening for efficient enzymes are key points for constructing microbial cell factories with improved chondroitin yields to achieve industrial CS production. The recent advances on enzymatic and microbial strategies to produce non-animal chondroitin are herein reviewed. Challenges and prospects for future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia R. Couto
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS – Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana L. Rodrigues
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS – Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- Corresponding author.
| | - Lígia R. Rodrigues
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS – Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
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9
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Tondepu C, Karumbaiah L. Glycomaterials to Investigate the Functional Role of Aberrant Glycosylation in Glioblastoma. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101956. [PMID: 34878733 PMCID: PMC9048137 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a stage IV astrocytoma that carries a dismal survival rate of ≈10 months postdiagnosis and treatment. The highly invasive capacity of GBM and its ability to escape therapeutic challenges are key factors contributing to the poor overall survival rate. While current treatments aim to target the cancer cell itself, they fail to consider the significant role that the GBM tumor microenvironment (TME) plays in promoting tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. The GBM tumor glycocalyx and glycan-rich extracellular matrix (ECM), which are important constituents of the TME have received little attention as therapeutic targets. A wide array of aberrantly modified glycans in the GBM TME mediate tumor growth, invasion, therapeutic resistance, and immunosuppression. Here, an overview of the landscape of aberrant glycan modifications in GBM is provided, and the design and utility of 3D glycomaterials are discussed as a tool to evaluate glycan-mediated GBM progression and therapeutic efficacy. The development of alternative strategies to target glycans in the TME can potentially unveil broader mechanisms of restricting tumor growth and enhancing the efficacy of tumor-targeting therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Tondepu
- Regenerative Bioscience Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - L. Karumbaiah
- Regenerative Bioscience Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA,Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical & Translational Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA,Edgar L. Rhodes center for ADS, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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10
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Nakanishi K, Higashi K, Toida T, Asai M. Characterization of chondroitin sulfate in stem cells derived from umbilical cord blood in rats. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262854. [PMID: 35077481 PMCID: PMC8789104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and its isomeric variant, dermatan sulfate (DS), are complex glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) which are ubiquitous components of the extracellular matrix in various tissues including the brain. CS and/or DS are known to bind to a variety of growth factors and regulate many cellular events such as proliferation and differentiation. Although the biological activities of CS and/or DS towards neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) have been well investigated, the CS and/or DS of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have not been fully characterized. Here, we analyzed GAGs on mononuclear cells of rat umbilical cord blood cells (UCB-MNCs). CS was detected in vascular intima and media of rat umbilical cord at embryonic day 19 (E19) by immunohistochemistry. The stem-cell-enriched-UCBCs (SCE-UCBCs), which were expanded from rat UCB-MNCs, expressed CS. CS chains are composed of repeating disaccharide units, which are classified into several types such as O-, A-, B-, C-, D-, and E-unit according to the number and positions of sulfation. A disaccharide composition analysis revealed that CS and/or DS were abundant in rat UCB-MNCs as well as in their expanded SCE-UCBCs, while the amount of heparan sulfate (HS) was less. The degree of sulfation of CS/DS was relatively low and the major component in UCB-MNCs and SCE-UCBCs was the A-unit. A colony-forming cell assay revealed that the percentage of colony-forming cells decreased in culture with CS degradation enzyme. The CS and/or DS of UCBCs may be involved in biological activities such as stem cell proliferation and/or differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Nakanishi
- Department of Disease Model, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kyohei Higashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Toida
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masato Asai
- Department of Disease Model, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
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11
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Miyata S. Structural and Functional Remodeling of the Extracellular Matrix during Brain Development and Aging. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2021. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.2003.1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Miyata
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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12
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Miyata S. Structural and Functional Remodeling of the Extracellular Matrix during Brain Development and Aging. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2021. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.2003.1j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Miyata
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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13
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Latchoumane CFV, Betancur MI, Simchick GA, Sun MK, Forghani R, Lenear CE, Ahmed A, Mohankumar R, Balaji N, Mason HD, Archer-Hartmann SA, Azadi P, Holmes PV, Zhao Q, Bellamkonda RV, Karumbaiah L. Engineered glycomaterial implants orchestrate large-scale functional repair of brain tissue chronically after severe traumatic brain injury. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/10/eabe0207. [PMID: 33674306 PMCID: PMC7935369 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) survivors experience permanent functional disabilities due to significant volume loss and the brain's poor capacity to regenerate. Chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans (CS-GAGs) are key regulators of growth factor signaling and neural stem cell homeostasis in the brain. However, the efficacy of engineered CS (eCS) matrices in mediating structural and functional recovery chronically after sTBI has not been investigated. We report that neurotrophic factor functionalized acellular eCS matrices implanted into the rat M1 region acutely after sTBI significantly enhanced cellular repair and gross motor function recovery when compared to controls 20 weeks after sTBI. Animals subjected to M2 region injuries followed by eCS matrix implantations demonstrated the significant recovery of "reach-to-grasp" function. This was attributed to enhanced volumetric vascularization, activity-regulated cytoskeleton (Arc) protein expression, and perilesional sensorimotor connectivity. These findings indicate that eCS matrices implanted acutely after sTBI can support complex cellular, vascular, and neuronal circuit repair chronically after sTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-Francois V Latchoumane
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Edgar L. Rhodes Center for ADS, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Martha I Betancur
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Gregory A Simchick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Min Kyoung Sun
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical & Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Rameen Forghani
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Christopher E Lenear
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Edgar L. Rhodes Center for ADS, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Aws Ahmed
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Edgar L. Rhodes Center for ADS, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ramya Mohankumar
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Nivedha Balaji
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hannah D Mason
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Philip V Holmes
- Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical & Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Psychology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Qun Zhao
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ravi V Bellamkonda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Lohitash Karumbaiah
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
- Edgar L. Rhodes Center for ADS, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical & Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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14
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Mencio CP, Hussein RK, Yu P, Geller HM. The Role of Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans in Nervous System Development. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 69:61-80. [PMID: 32936033 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420959147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The orderly development of the nervous system is characterized by phases of cell proliferation and differentiation, neural migration, axonal outgrowth and synapse formation, and stabilization. Each of these processes is a result of the modulation of genetic programs by extracellular cues. In particular, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) have been found to be involved in almost every aspect of this well-orchestrated yet delicate process. The evidence of their involvement is complex, often contradictory, and lacking in mechanistic clarity; however, it remains obvious that CSPGs are key cogs in building a functional brain. This review focuses on current knowledge of the role of CSPGs in each of the major stages of neural development with emphasis on areas requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin P Mencio
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rowan K Hussein
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Panpan Yu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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15
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Kim MH, Park SR, Choi BH. Comparative Analysis of the Expression of Chondroitin Sulfate Subtypes and Their Inhibitory Effect on Axonal Growth in the Embryonic, Adult, and Injured Rat Brains. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 18:165-178. [PMID: 32939673 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans (CS-GAGs) are the primary inhibitory GAGs for neuronal growth after central nervous system (CNS) injury. However, the inhibitory or permissive activity of CS-GAG subtypes is controversial and depends on the physiological needs of CNS tissues. In this study, we investigated the characteristics and effects of CS-GAGs on axonal growth, which was isolated from the brain cortices of normal rat embryo at E18, normal adult rat brain and injured adult rat brain. METHODS Isolated CS-GAGs from embryo, normal adult, and injured adult rat brains were used for analyzing their effect on attachment and axonal growth using modified spot assay with dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explants and cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). CS-GAGs were separated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the subtypes of CS-GAGs were analyzed. RESULTS CS-GAGs of all three groups inhibited CGN attachment and axonal growth of DRGs. However, CS-GAGs of normal adult rat brain exhibited higher inhibitory activity than those of the other groups in both assays. When subtypes of CS-GAGs were analyzed using HPLC, CS-A (4S) was the most abundant in all three groups and found in largest amount in normal adult rat brain. In contrast, unsulfated CS (CS0) and CS-C (6S) were more abundant by 3-4-folds in E18 group than in the two adult groups. CONCLUSION When compared with the normal adult rat brain, injured rat brain showed relatively similar patterns to that of embryonic rat brain at E18 in the expression of CS subtypes and their inhibitory effect on axonal growth. This phenomenon could be due to differential expression of CS-GAGs subtypes causing decrease in the amount of CS-A and mature-type CS proteoglycan core proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Hang Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - So Ra Park
- Department of Physiology, Inha University College of Medicine, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hyune Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Inha University College of Medicine, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Alginate Sulfate Substrates Control Growth Factor Binding and Growth of Primary Neurons: Toward Engineered 3D Neural Networks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e2000047. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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17
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Hall CM, Moeendarbary E, Sheridan GK. Mechanobiology of the brain in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:3851-3878. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chloe M. Hall
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University College London London UK
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences University of Brighton Brighton UK
| | - Emad Moeendarbary
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University College London London UK
- Department of Biological Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA USA
| | - Graham K. Sheridan
- School of Life Sciences Queens Medical Centre University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
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18
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Chondroitin Sulphate Proteoglycans in the Tumour Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1272:73-92. [PMID: 32845503 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48457-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are macromolecules that are essential for the development of cells, human diseases and malignancies. In particular, chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) accumulate in tumour stroma and play a key role in tumour growth and invasion by driving multiple oncogenic pathways in tumour cells and promoting crucial interactions in the tumour microenvironment (TME). These pathways involve receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signalling via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and integrin signalling via the activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which sustains the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2).Human CSPG4 is a type I transmembrane protein that is associated with the growth and progression of human brain tumours. It regulates cell signalling and migration by interacting with components of the extracellular matrix, extracellular ligands, growth factor receptors, intracellular enzymes and structural proteins. Its overexpression by tumour cells, perivascular cells and precursor/progenitor cells in gliomas suggests that it plays a role in their origin, progression and neo-angiogenesis and its aberrant expression in tumour cells may be a promising biomarker to monitor malignant progression and patient survival.The aim of this chapter is to review and discuss the role of CSPG4 in the TME of human gliomas, including its potential as a druggable therapeutic target.
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19
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Malaeb W, Bahmad HF, Abou-Kheir W, Mhanna R. The sulfation of biomimetic glycosaminoglycan substrates controls binding of growth factors and subsequent neural and glial cell growth. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:4283-4298. [PMID: 31407727 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00964g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are key structural and functional extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules involved in numerous signaling pathways mainly through their interaction with growth factors. Alginate sulfate mimics sulfated GAGs and binds growth factors such as basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2). Here, natural biomimetic substrates were engineered by immobilizing biotinylated alginate sulfates with varying degrees of sulfation (DS, from 0 to 2.7) on gold and polystyrene substrates using biotin-streptavidin binding. The build-up of films and the effect of the DS and biotinylation method on FGF-2 binding were assessed using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and immunohistochemistry. The role of substrate sulfation and FGF-2 loading on the growth of A172 (human glioblastoma multiforme), SH-SY5Y (human neuroblastoma), and PC-12 (rat pheochromocytoma) cell lines was evaluated in vitro using proliferation and neurite outgrowth assessment. An increase in the DS of alginates resulted in augmented FGF-2 binding as evidenced by higher frequency and dissipation shifts measured with QCM-D and confirmed with immunostaining. All sulfated alginate substrates supported the attachment and growth of neural/glial cell lines better than controls with the highest increase in cell proliferation observed for the highest DS (p < 0.05 for all the cell lines). Moreover, FGF-2 loaded substrates with the highest DS induced the most significant increase in neurite-positive PC-12 cells and average neurite length. The developed biomimetic coatings can be used to functionalize substrates for biosensing applications (e.g. gold substrates) and to induce defined cellular responses via controlled growth factor delivery for basic and applied sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waddah Malaeb
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
| | - Hisham F Bahmad
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Rami Mhanna
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
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20
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Iannuzzi C, Borriello M, D'Agostino A, Cimini D, Schiraldi C, Sirangelo I. Protective effect of extractive and biotechnological chondroitin in insulin amyloid and advanced glycation end product-induced toxicity. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:3814-3828. [PMID: 30256388 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are extracellular matrix components related to several biological functions and diseases. Chondroitin sulfate is a sulphated glycosaminoglycan synthesized as part of proteoglycan molecules. They are frequently associated with amyloid deposits and possess an active role in amyloid fibril formation. Recently, a neuroprotective effect of extracellular matrix components against amyloid toxicity and oxidative stress has been reported. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), the end products of the glycation reaction, have been linked to amyloid-based neurodegenerative disease as associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. In this study we have analyzed the effect of chondroitin sulfate isolated from different species, in comparison with a new biotechnological unsulfated chondroitin, in the amyloid aggregation process of insulin, as well as the ability to prevent the formation of AGEs and related toxicity. The results have showed a determining role of chondroitin sulfate groups in modulating insulin amyloid aggregation. In addition, both sulfated and unsulfated chondroitins have shown protective properties against amyloid and AGEs-induced toxicity. These data are very relevant as a protective effect of these glycosaminoglycans in the AGE-induced toxicity was never observed before. Moreover, considering the issues related to the purity and safety of chondroitin from natural sources, this study suggests a new potential application for the biotechnological chondroitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Iannuzzi
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Margherita Borriello
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella D'Agostino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Donatella Cimini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Ivana Sirangelo
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Römer S, Bender H, Knabe W, Zimmermann E, Rübsamen R, Seeger J, Fietz SA. Neural Progenitors in the Developing Neocortex of the Northern Tree Shrew ( Tupaia belangeri) Show a Closer Relationship to Gyrencephalic Primates Than to Lissencephalic Rodents. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:29. [PMID: 29725291 PMCID: PMC5917011 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The neocortex is the most complex part of the mammalian brain and as such it has undergone tremendous expansion during evolution, especially in primates. The majority of neocortical neurons originate from distinct neural stem and progenitor cells (NPCs) located in the ventricular and subventricular zone (SVZ). Previous studies revealed that the SVZ thickness as well as the abundance and distribution of NPCs, especially that of basal radial glia (bRG), differ markedly between the lissencephalic rodent and gyrencephalic primate neocortex. The northern tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) is a rat-sized mammal with a high brain to body mass ratio, which stands phylogenetically mid-way between rodents and primates. Our study provides – for the first time – detailed data on the presence, abundance and distribution of bRG and other distinct NPCs in the developing neocortex of the northern tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri). We show that the developing tree shrew neocortex is characterized by an expanded SVZ, a high abundance of Pax6+ NPCs in the SVZ, and a relatively high percentage of bRG at peak of upper-layer neurogenesis. We further demonstrate that key features of tree shrew neocortex development, e.g., the presence, abundance and distribution of distinct NPCs, are closer related to those of gyrencephalic primates than to those of ferret and lissencephalic rodents. Together, our study provides novel insight into the evolution of bRG and other distinct NPCs in the neocortex development of Euarchontoglires and introduces the tree shrew as a potential novel model organism in the area of human brain development and developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Römer
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hannah Bender
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Knabe
- Prosektur Anatomie, Medizinische Fakultät, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Elke Zimmermann
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Rudolf Rübsamen
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Seeger
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone A Fietz
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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22
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Stryker C, Camperchioli DW, Mayer CA, Alilain WJ, Martin RJ, MacFarlane PM. Respiratory dysfunction following neonatal sustained hypoxia exposure during a critical window of brain stem extracellular matrix formation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 314:R216-R227. [PMID: 29046314 PMCID: PMC5867672 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00199.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) modulates brain maturation and plays a major role in regulating neuronal plasticity during critical periods of development. We examined 1) whether there is a critical postnatal period of ECM expression in brain stem cardiorespiratory control regions and 2) whether the attenuated hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) following neonatal sustained (5 days) hypoxia [SH (11% O2, 24 h/day)] exposure is associated with altered ECM formation. The nucleus tractus solitarius (nTS), dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, hypoglossal motor nucleus, cuneate nucleus, and area postrema were immunofluorescently processed for aggrecan and Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA), a key proteoglycan of the ECM and the perineuronal net. From postnatal day ( P) 5 ( P5), aggrecan and WFA expression increased postnatally in all regions. We observed an abrupt increase in aggrecan expression in the nTS, a region that integrates and receives afferent inputs from the carotid body, between P10 and P15 followed by a distinct and transient plateau between P15 and P20. WFA expression in the nTS exhibited an analogous transient plateau, but it occurred earlier (between P10 and P15). SH between P11 and P15 attenuated the HVR (assessed at P16) and increased aggrecan (but not WFA) expression in the nTS, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and area postrema. An intracisternal microinjection of chondroitinase ABC, an enzyme that digests chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, rescued the HVR and the increased aggrecan expression. These data indicate that important stages of ECM formation take place in key brain stem respiratory neural control regions and appear to be associated with a heightened vulnerability to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Stryker
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - C. A. Mayer
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - W. J. Alilain
- Department of Neurosciences, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - R. J. Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - P. M. MacFarlane
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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23
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Ida-Eto M, Ohkawara T, Narita M. Specific localization of manserin peptide in the rat carotid body. Acta Histochem 2018; 120:11-14. [PMID: 29169693 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The carotid body, located at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, is a small sensory organ that detects changes in oxygen concentration and plays a vital role in controlling respiration. Although several molecules, such as neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, are involved in the regulation of the respiratory system, their detailed mechanisms have not been established yet. This study identifies that the presence of manserin, a neuropeptide, in the carotid body may play a crucial role in regulating respiration. The carotid bodies of adult Wistar rats were perfused with paraformaldehyde, and the frozen sections were subjected to immunohistochemical analyses. The carotid body comprises two distinct types of cells, neuron-like glomus cells and glial-like sustentacular cells. We used specific antibodies to distinguish the specific location of manserin in the carotid body, which included a tyrosine hydroxylase-positive antibody for glomus cells and an S100 protein antibody for sustentacular cells. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that while tiny, round signals were exclusively observed in the cytoplasm of glomus cells, no signals were observed in sustentacular cells. Because manserin is believed to be secreted from precursor proteins by the endoproteolytic processing of a large precursor protein called secretogranin II, manserin secretion systems may exist in the carotid body, and thus, behave as potential regulators of respiration in the carotid body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiru Ida-Eto
- Department of Anatomy II, Mie University, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Ohkawara
- Department of Anatomy II, Mie University, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Masaaki Narita
- Department of Anatomy II, Mie University, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
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24
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Dumont CM, Piselli J, Temple S, Dai G, Thompson DM. Endothelial Cells Exposed to Fluid Shear Stress Support Diffusion Based Maturation of Adult Neural Progenitor Cells. Cell Mol Bioeng 2017; 11:117-130. [PMID: 31719881 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-017-0516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The neural stem cell (NSC) niche is a highly complex cellular and biochemical milieu supporting proliferating NSCs and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) with close apposition to the vasculature, primarily comprised of endothelial cells (ECs). Current in vitro models of the niche incorporate EC-derived factors, but do not reflect the physiologically relevant hemodynamic state of the ECs or the spatial resolution observed between cells within the niche. Methods In this work, we developed a novel in vitro model of the niche that (1) incorporates ECs cultured with fluid shear stress and (2) fosters paracrine cytokine gradients between ECs and NSCs in a spatiotemporal configuration mimicking the cytoarchitecture of the subventricular niche. A modified cone and plate viscometer was used to generate a shear stress of 10 dynes cm-2 for ECs cultured on a membrane, while statically cultured NPCs are 10 or 1000 μm below the ECs. Results NPCs cultured within 10 μm of dynamic ECs exhibit increased PSA-NCAM+ and OLIG2+ cells compared to progenitors in all other culture regimes and the hemodynamic EC phenotype results in distinct progeny phenotypes. This co-culture regime yields greater release of pro-neurogenic factors, suggesting a potential mechanism for the observed progenitor maturation. Conclusions Based on these results, models incorporating ECs exposed to shear stress allow for paracrine signaling gradients and regulate NPC lineage progression with appropriate niche spatial resolution occurring at 10 μm. This model could be used to evaluate cellular or pharmacological interactions within the healthy, diseased, or aged brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Dumont
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA.,Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA
| | - J Piselli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA.,Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA
| | - S Temple
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY 12144 USA
| | - G Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA.,Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA
| | - D M Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA.,Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA
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25
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Su Z, Kishida S, Tsubota S, Sakamoto K, Cao D, Kiyonari S, Ohira M, Kamijo T, Narita A, Xu Y, Takahashi Y, Kadomatsu K. Neurocan, an extracellular chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, stimulates neuroblastoma cells to promote malignant phenotypes. Oncotarget 2017; 8:106296-106310. [PMID: 29290949 PMCID: PMC5739734 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocan (NCAN), a secreted chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, is one of the major inhibitory molecules for axon regeneration in nervous injury. However, its role in cancer is not clear. Here we observed that high NCAN expression was closely associated with the unfavorable outcome of neuroblastoma (NB). NCAN was also highly and ubiquitously expressed in the early lesions and terminal tumor of TH-MYCN mice, a NB model. Interestingly, exogenous NCAN (i.e., overexpression, recombinant protein and conditioned medium) transformed adherent NB cells into spheres whose malignancies in vitro (anchorage-independent growth and chemoresistance) and in vivo (xenograft tumor growth) were potentiated. Both chondroitin sulfate sugar chains and NCAN's core protein were essential for the sphere formation. The CSG3 domain was essential in the moiety of NCAN. Our comprehensive microarray analysis and RT-qPCR of mRNA expression suggested that NCAN treatment promoted cell division, and urged cells to undifferentiated state. The knockdown of NCAN in tumor sphere cells cultured from TH-MYCN mice resulted in growth suppression in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that NCAN, which stimulates NB cells to promote malignant phenotypes, is an extracellular molecule providing a growth advantage to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Su
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kishida
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shoma Tsubota
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuma Sakamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Dongliang Cao
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kiyonari
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Miki Ohira
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kamijo
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Narita
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yinyan Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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26
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Dumont CM, Piselli JM, Kazi N, Bowman E, Li G, Linhardt RJ, Temple S, Dai G, Thompson DM. Factors Released from Endothelial Cells Exposed to Flow Impact Adhesion, Proliferation, and Fate Choice in the Adult Neural Stem Cell Lineage. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1199-1213. [PMID: 28557666 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The microvasculature within the neural stem cell (NSC) niche promotes self-renewal and regulates lineage progression. Previous work identified endothelial-produced soluble factors as key regulators of neural progenitor cell (NPC) fate and proliferation; however, endothelial cells (ECs) are sensitive to local hemodynamics, and the effect of this key physiological process has not been defined. In this study, we evaluated adult mouse NPC response to soluble factors isolated from static or dynamic (flow) EC cultures. Endothelial factors generated under dynamic conditions significantly increased neuronal differentiation, while those released under static conditions stimulated oligodendrocyte differentiation. Flow increases EC release of neurogenic factors and of heparin sulfate glycosaminoglycans that increase their bioactivity, likely underlying the enhanced neuronal differentiation. Additionally, endothelial factors, especially from static conditions, promoted adherent growth. Together, our data suggest that blood flow may impact proliferation, adhesion, and the neuron-glial fate choice of adult NPCs, with implications for diseases and aging that reduce flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Dumont
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York.,2 Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York
| | - Jennifer M Piselli
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York.,2 Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York
| | - Nadeem Kazi
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York.,2 Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York
| | - Evan Bowman
- 2 Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York
| | - Guoyun Li
- 2 Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York.,3 Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- 2 Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York.,3 Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York
| | - Sally Temple
- 4 Neural Stem Cell Institute , Rensselaer, New York
| | - Guohao Dai
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York.,2 Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York
| | - Deanna M Thompson
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York.,2 Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York
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Mohamed HT, Untereiner V, Sockalingum GD, Brézillon S. Implementation of infrared and Raman modalities for glycosaminoglycan characterization in complex systems. Glycoconj J 2016; 34:309-323. [PMID: 27928742 PMCID: PMC5487820 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are natural, linear and negatively charged heteropolysaccharides which are incident in every mammalian tissue. They consist of repeating disaccharide units, which are composed of either sulfated or non-sulfated monosaccharides. Depending on tissue types, GAGs exhibit structural heterogeneity such as the position and degree of sulfation or within their disaccharide units composition being heparin, heparan sulfate, chondroitine sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid. They are covalently linked to a core protein (proteoglycans) or as free chains (hyaluronan). GAGs affect cell properties and functions either by direct interaction with cell receptors or by sequestration of growth factors. These evidences of divert biological roles of GAGs make their characterization at cell and tissue levels of importance. Thus, non-invasive techniques are interesting to investigate, to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize GAGs in vitro in order to use them as diagnostic biomarkers and/or as therapeutic targets in several human diseases including cancer. Infrared and Raman microspectroscopies and imaging are sensitive enough to differentiate and classify GAG types and subtypes in spite of their close molecular structures. Spectroscopic markers characteristic of reference GAG molecules were identified. Beyond these investigations of the standard GAG spectral signature, infrared and Raman spectral signatures of GAG were searched in complex biological systems like cells. The aim of the present review is to describe the implementation of these complementary vibrational spectroscopy techniques, and to discuss their potentials, advantages and disadvantages for GAG analysis. In addition, this review presents new data as we show for the first time GAG infrared and Raman spectral signatures from conditioned media and live cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Taha Mohamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,CNRS UMR7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Reims, France.,MéDIAN-Biophotonique et Technologies pour la Santé, UFR de Pharmacie, Reims, France
| | - Valérie Untereiner
- CNRS UMR7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Reims, France.,MéDIAN-Biophotonique et Technologies pour la Santé, UFR de Pharmacie, Reims, France.,Plateforme d'imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire (PICT), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Ganesh D Sockalingum
- CNRS UMR7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Reims, France.,MéDIAN-Biophotonique et Technologies pour la Santé, UFR de Pharmacie, Reims, France
| | - Stéphane Brézillon
- CNRS UMR7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Reims, France. .,Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, UFR de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.
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28
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Clusters of neural stem/progenitor cells cultured on a soft poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel crosslinked by gamma irradiation. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 121:584-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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29
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Yu YH, Narayanan G, Sankaran S, Ramasamy S, Chan SY, Lin S, Chen J, Yang H, Srivats H, Ahmed S. Purification, Visualization, and Molecular Signature of Neural Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 25:189-201. [PMID: 26464067 PMCID: PMC4770853 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are isolated from primary brain tissue and propagated as a heterogeneous mix of cells, including neural progenitors. To date, NSCs have not been purified in vitro to allow study of their biology and utility in regenerative medicine. In this study, we identify C1qR1 as a novel marker for NSCs and show that it can be used along with Lewis-X (LeX) to yield a highly purified population of NSCs. Using time-lapse microscopy, we are able to follow NSCs forming neurospheres, allowing their visualization. Finally, using single-cell polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we determine the molecular signature of NSCs. The single-cell PCR data suggest that along with the Notch and Shh pathways, the Hippo pathway plays an important role in NSC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hong Yu
- 1 Neural Stem Cell Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gunaseelan Narayanan
- 1 Neural Stem Cell Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shvetha Sankaran
- 1 Neural Stem Cell Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Srinivas Ramasamy
- 1 Neural Stem Cell Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shi Yu Chan
- 1 Neural Stem Cell Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuping Lin
- 1 Neural Stem Cell Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- 2 Bioinformatics Laboratory , Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Henry Yang
- 2 Bioinformatics Laboratory , Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hariharan Srivats
- 1 Neural Stem Cell Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sohail Ahmed
- 1 Neural Stem Cell Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology , Singapore, Singapore
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30
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Canning DR, Brelsford NR, Lovett NW. Chondroitin sulfate effects on neural stem cell differentiation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 52:35-44. [PMID: 26288008 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the role chondroitin sulfate has on cell interactions during neural plate formation in the early chick embryo. Using tissue culture isolates from the prospective neural plate, we have measured neural gene expression profiles associated with neural stem cell differentiation. Removal of chondroitin sulfate from stage 4 neural plate tissue leads to altered associations of N-cadherin-positive neural progenitors and causes changes in the normal sequence of neural marker gene expression. Absence of chondroitin sulfate in the neural plate leads to reduced Sox2 expression and is accompanied by an increase in the expression of anterior markers of neural regionalization. Results obtained in this study suggest that the presence of chondroitin sulfate in the anterior chick embryo is instrumental in maintaining cells in the neural precursor state.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Canning
- Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, KY, 42071, USA.
| | - Natalie R Brelsford
- Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, KY, 42071, USA
| | - Neil W Lovett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, KY, 42071, USA
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31
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Smith PD, Coulson-Thomas VJ, Foscarin S, Kwok JCF, Fawcett JW. "GAG-ing with the neuron": The role of glycosaminoglycan patterning in the central nervous system. Exp Neurol 2015; 274:100-14. [PMID: 26277685 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are a diverse family of proteins that consist of one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, covalently linked to a core protein. PGs are major components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and play critical roles in development, normal function and damage-response of the central nervous system (CNS). GAGs are classified based on their disaccharide subunits, into the following major groups: chondroitin sulfate (CS), heparan sulfate (HS), heparin (HEP), dermatan sulfate (DS), keratan sulfate (KS) and hyaluronic acid (HA). All except HA are modified by sulfation, giving GAG chains specific charged structures and binding properties. While significant neuroscience research has focused on the role of one PG family member, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), there is ample evidence in support of a role for the other PGs in regulating CNS function in normal and pathological conditions. This review discusses the role of all the identified PG family members (CS, HS, HEP, DS, KS and HA) in normal CNS function and in the context of pathology. Understanding the pleiotropic roles of these molecules in the CNS may open the door to novel therapeutic strategies for a number of neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice D Smith
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Vivien J Coulson-Thomas
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simona Foscarin
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jessica C F Kwok
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - James W Fawcett
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK.
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32
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Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) regulate diverse functions in the central nervous system (CNS) by interacting with a number of growth factors, matrix proteins, and cell surface molecules. Heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) are two major glycosaminoglycans present in the PGs of the CNS. The functionality of these PGs is to a large extent dictated by the fine sulfation patterns present on their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. In the past 15 years, there has been a significant expansion in our knowledge on the role of HS and CS chains in various neurological processes, such as neuronal growth, regeneration, plasticity, and pathfinding. However, defining the relation between distinct sulfation patterns of the GAGs and their functionality has thus far been difficult. With the emergence of novel tools for the synthesis of defined GAG structures, and techniques for their characterization, we are now in a better position to explore the structure-function relation of GAGs in the context of their sulfation patterns. In this review, we discuss the importance of GAGs on CNS development, injury, and disorders with an emphasis on their sulfation patterns. Finally, we outline several GAG-based therapeutic strategies to exploit GAG chains for ameliorating various CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal P Swarup
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84112 UT , USA
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33
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Faissner A, Reinhard J. The extracellular matrix compartment of neural stem and glial progenitor cells. Glia 2015; 63:1330-49. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Germany
| | - Jacqueline Reinhard
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Germany
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34
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Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans: Key modulators in the developing and pathologic central nervous system. Exp Neurol 2015; 269:169-87. [PMID: 25900055 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans (CSPGs) are a major component of the extracellular matrix in the central nervous system (CNS) and play critical role in the development and pathophysiology of the brain and spinal cord. Developmentally, CSPGs provide guidance cues for growth cones and contribute to the formation of neuronal boundaries in the developing CNS. Their presence in perineuronal nets plays a crucial role in the maturation of synapses and closure of critical periods by limiting synaptic plasticity. Following injury to the CNS, CSPGs are dramatically upregulated by reactive glia which form a glial scar around the lesion site. Increased level of CSPGs is a hallmark of all CNS injuries and has been shown to limit axonal plasticity, regeneration, remyelination, and conduction after injury. Additionally, CSPGs create a non-permissive milieu for cell replacement activities by limiting cell migration, survival and differentiation. Mounting evidence is currently shedding light on the potential benefits of manipulating CSPGs in combination with other therapeutic strategies to promote spinal cord repair and regeneration. Moreover, the recent discovery of multiple receptors for CSPGs provides new therapeutic targets for targeted interventions in blocking the inhibitory properties of CSPGs following injury. Here, we will provide an in depth discussion on the impact of CSPGs in normal and pathological CNS. We will also review the recent preclinical therapies that have been developed to target CSPGs in the injured CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Dyck
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and the Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and the Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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35
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Dwyer CA, Katoh T, Tiemeyer M, Matthews RT. Neurons and glia modify receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase ζ (RPTPζ)/phosphacan with cell-specific O-mannosyl glycans in the developing brain. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:10256-73. [PMID: 25737452 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.614099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein O-mannosylation is a glycan modification that is required for normal nervous system development and function. Mutations in genes involved in protein O-mannosyl glycosylation give rise to a group of neurodevelopmental disorders known as congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) with associated CNS abnormalities. Our previous work demonstrated that receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase ζ (RPTPζ)/phosphacan is hypoglycosylated in a mouse model of one of these CMDs, known as muscle-eye-brain disease, a disorder that is caused by loss of an enzyme (protein O-mannose β-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1) that modifies O-mannosyl glycans. In addition, monoclonal antibodies Cat-315 and 3F8 were demonstrated to detect O-mannosyl glycan modifications on RPTPζ/phosphacan. Here, we show that O-mannosyl glycan epitopes recognized by these antibodies define biochemically distinct glycoforms of RPTPζ/phosphacan and that these glycoforms differentially decorate the surface of distinct populations of neural cells. To provide a further structural basis for immunochemically based glycoform differences, we characterized the O-linked glycan heterogeneity of RPTPζ/phosphacan in the early postnatal mouse brain by multidimensional mass spectrometry. Structural characterization of the O-linked glycans released from purified RPTPζ/phosphacan demonstrated that this protein is a significant substrate for protein O-mannosylation and led to the identification of several novel O-mannose-linked glycan structures, including sulfo-N-acetyllactosamine containing modifications. Taken together, our results suggest that specific glycan modifications may tailor the function of this protein to the unique needs of specific cells. Furthermore, their absence in CMDs suggests that hypoglycosylation of RPTPζ/phosphacan may have different functional consequences in neurons and glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrissa A Dwyer
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210 and
| | - Toshihiko Katoh
- the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Michael Tiemeyer
- the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Russell T Matthews
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210 and
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36
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Danielson BT, Knudson CB, Knudson W. Extracellular processing of the cartilage proteoglycan aggregate and its effect on CD44-mediated internalization of hyaluronan. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:9555-70. [PMID: 25733665 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.643171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In many cells hyaluronan receptor CD44 mediates the endocytosis of hyaluronan and its delivery to endosomes/lysosomes. The regulation of this process remains largely unknown. In most extracellular matrices hyaluronan is not present as a free polysaccharide but often is found in complex with other small proteins and macromolecules such as proteoglycans. This is especially true in cartilage, where hyaluronan assembles into an aggregate structure with the large proteoglycan termed aggrecan. In this study when purified aggrecan was added to FITC-conjugated hyaluronan, no internalization of hyaluronan was detected. This suggested that the overall size of the aggregate prevented hyaluronan endocytosis and furthermore that proteolysis of the aggrecan was a required prerequisite for local, cell-based turnover of hyaluronan. To test this hypothesis, limited C-terminal digestion of aggrecan was performed to determine whether a size range of aggrecan exists that permits hyaluronan endocytosis. Our data demonstrate that only limited degradation of the aggrecan monomer was required to allow for hyaluronan internalization. When hyaluronan was combined with partially degraded, dansyl chloride-labeled aggrecan, blue fluorescent aggrecan was also visualized within intracellular vesicles. It was also determined that sonicated hyaluronan of smaller molecular size was internalized more readily than high molecular mass hyaluronan. However, the addition of intact aggrecan to hyaluronan chains sonicated for 5 and 10 s reblocked their endocytosis, whereas aggregates containing 15-s sonicated hyaluronan were internalized. These data suggest that hyaluronan endocytosis is regulated in large part by the extracellular proteolytic processing of hyaluronan-bound proteoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben T Danielson
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
| | - Cheryl B Knudson
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
| | - Warren Knudson
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
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37
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Cell adhesion properties of neural stem cells in the chick embryo. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2014; 51:507-14. [PMID: 25487674 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-014-9851-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system of vertebrates is derived from an early embryonic region referred to as the neural plate. In the chick embryo, the neural plate is populated by neural stem cells specified from the epiblast shortly after the onset of gastrulation. Accompanying the formation of the plate, chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans are expressed in the basal extracellular matrix. We describe in vitro experiments measuring cell adhesion of epiblast cells during the formation of the neural plate. Our findings may suggest that neural stem cells are set apart from non-neural epiblast by changes in relative cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesion. Specifically, changes in cell adhesion separating neural stem cells from the non-neural epiblast may be augmented by the presence of exogenous chondroitin-6-sulfate in the epiblast basal lamina at the time neural progenitors are specified in the epiblast.
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38
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Protective Properties of Neural Extracellular Matrix. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:73-82. [PMID: 25404091 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the central nervous system (CNS) occupies a large part of the neural tissue. It serves a variety of functions ranging from support of cell migration and regulating synaptic transmission and plasticity to the active modulation of the neural tissue after injury. In addition, evidence for neuroprotective properties of ECM components has accumulated more recently. In contrast to other connective tissues, the central nervous ECM is mainly composed of glycosaminoglycans, which can be present unbound in the form of hyaluronan or bound to proteins, thus forming proteoglycans. A subtype of this molecular family are the chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs), which are composed of a core protein that carries at least one covalently bound glycosaminoglycan side chain with a certain degree of sulphation. Several studies could show neuroprotective features of CSPGs against excitotoxicity, amyloid-ß toxicity, or oxidative stress. Recently, we could provide evidence for a neuroprotective function of a specialized form of ECM, the so-called perineuronal net ensheathing a subtype of neurons. Here, we will give an overview on recently emerging aspects of neuroprotective properties of CSPGs and perineuronal nets that might be relevant for our understanding on the distribution and progression of brain pathology and future perspectives toward modifying neurodegenerative diseases.
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39
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Roll L, Faissner A. Influence of the extracellular matrix on endogenous and transplanted stem cells after brain damage. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:219. [PMID: 25191223 PMCID: PMC4137450 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited regeneration capacity of the adult central nervous system (CNS) requires strategies to improve recovery of patients. In this context, the interaction of endogenous as well as transplanted stem cells with their environment is crucial. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms could help to improve regeneration by targeted manipulation. In the course of reactive gliosis, astrocytes upregulate Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and start, in many cases, to proliferate. Beside GFAP, subpopulations of these astroglial cells coexpress neural progenitor markers like Nestin. Although cells express these markers, the proportion of cells that eventually give rise to neurons is limited in many cases in vivo compared to the situation in vitro. In the first section, we present the characteristics of endogenous progenitor-like cells and discuss the differences in their neurogenic potential in vitro and in vivo. As the environment plays an important role for survival, proliferation, migration, and other processes, the second section of the review describes changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM), a complex network that contains numerous signaling molecules. It appears that signals in the damaged CNS lead to an activation and de-differentiation of astrocytes, but do not effectively promote neuronal differentiation of these cells. Factors that influence stem cells during development are upregulated in the damaged brain as part of an environment resembling a stem cell niche. We give a general description of the ECM composition, with focus on stem cell-associated factors like the glycoprotein Tenascin-C (TN-C). Stem cell transplantation is considered as potential treatment strategy. Interaction of transplanted stem cells with the host environment is critical for the outcome of stem cell-based therapies. Possible mechanisms involving the ECM by which transplanted stem cells might improve recovery are discussed in the last section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Roll
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany ; International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany ; International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
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40
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Ida-Eto M, Nomura M, Ohkawara T, Narita N, Narita M. Localization of manserin, a secretogranin II-derived neuropeptide, in the oviduct of female rats. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:522-6. [PMID: 24360019 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gynecological disorders related to menstrual cycle may be affected by stress and can cause infertility. Manserin is a stress-related neuropeptide that is present in the neuroendocrine system. In the present study, we determined the localization of manserin in the oviduct of adult Wistar rats using immunohistochemical techniques. Manserin was detected on the surface of the epithelium of the oviduct, but not in the ovary and uterus. Localization of manserin was specific to a large portion of the isthmus and to a small portion of the ampulla. These results suggest that manserin localizes to secretory cells in the oviduct and may be involved in stress-induced gynecological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiru Ida-Eto
- Department of Anatomy II, Mie University, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan.
| | - Makiko Nomura
- Department of Anatomy II, Mie University, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohkawara
- Department of Anatomy II, Mie University, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Naoko Narita
- Department of Education, Bunkyo University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaaki Narita
- Department of Anatomy II, Mie University, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
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41
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Matrix regulators in neural stem cell functions. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2520-5. [PMID: 24447567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) reside within a complex and dynamic extracellular microenvironment, or niche. This niche regulates fundamental aspects of their behavior during normal neural development and repair. Precise yet dynamic regulation of NSPC self-renewal, migration, and differentiation is critical and must persist over the life of an organism. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we summarize some of the major components of the NSPC niche and provide examples of how cues from the extracellular matrix regulate NSPC behaviors. We use proteoglycans to illustrate the many diverse roles of the niche in providing temporal and spatial regulation of cellular behavior. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The NSPC niche is comprised of multiple components that include; soluble ligands, such as growth factors, morphogens, chemokines, and neurotransmitters, the extracellular matrix, and cellular components. As illustrated by proteoglycans, a major component of the extracellular matrix, the NSPC, niche provides temporal and spatial regulation of NSPC behaviors. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The factors that control NSPC behavior are vital to understand as we attempt to modulate normal neural development and repair. Furthermore, an improved understanding of how these factors regulate cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, crucial for malignancy, may reveal novel anti-tumor strategies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties.
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Theocharidis U, Long K, ffrench-Constant C, Faissner A. Regulation of the neural stem cell compartment by extracellular matrix constituents. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 214:3-28. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63486-3.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Schwartz NB, Domowicz MS. Chemistry and Function of Glycosaminoglycans in the Nervous System. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 9:89-115. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1154-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Mikami T, Kitagawa H. Biosynthesis and function of chondroitin sulfate. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4719-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Swarup VP, Hsiao TW, Zhang J, Prestwich GD, Kuberan B, Hlady V. Exploiting differential surface display of chondroitin sulfate variants for directing neuronal outgrowth. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13488-94. [PMID: 23947484 DOI: 10.1021/ja4056728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycans (CSPGs) are known to be primary inhibitors of neuronal regeneration at scar sites. However, a variety of CSPGs are also involved in neuronal growth and guidance during other physiological stages. Sulfation patterns of CS chains influence their interactions with various growth factors in the central nervous system (CNS), thus influencing neuronal growth, inhibition, and pathfinding. This report demonstrates the use of differentially sulfated CS chains for neuronal navigation. Surface-immobilized patterns of CS glycosaminoglycan chains were used to determine neuronal preference toward specific sulfations of five CS variants: CS-A, CS-B (dermatan sulfate), CS-C, CS-D, and CS-E. Neurons preferred CS-A, CS-B, and CS-E and avoided CS-C containing lanes. In addition, significant alignment of neurites was observed using underlying lanes containing CS-A, CS-B, and CS-E chains. To utilize differential preference of neurons toward the CS variants, a binary combinations of CS chains were created by backfilling a neuro-preferred CS variant between the microcontact printed lanes of CS-C stripes, which are avoided by neurons. The neuronal outgrowth results demonstrate for the first time that a combination of sulfation variants of CS chains without any protein component of CSPG is sufficient for directing neuronal outgrowth. Biomaterials with surface immobilized GAG chains could find numerous applications as bridging devices for tackling CNS injuries where directional growth of neurons is critical for recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal P Swarup
- Department of Bioengineering, ‡Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and §Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Ichinohashi Y, Sato Y, Saito A, Ito M, Watanabe K, Hayakawa M, Nakanishi K, Wakatsuki A, Oohira A. Dexamethasone administration to the neonatal rat results in neurological dysfunction at the juvenile stage even at low doses. Early Hum Dev 2013; 89:283-8. [PMID: 23153570 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic glucocorticoid, has been widely used to prevent the development of a variety of poor health conditions in premature infants including chronic lung disease, inflammation, circulatory failure, and shock. Although there are some reports of neurologic complications related to DEX exposure, its full effects on the premature brain have not been examined in detail. To investigate the effects of DEX on neural development, we first administered low doses (0.2 mg/kg bodyweight or less) of the glucocorticoid to neonatal rats on a daily basis during the first postnatal week and examined subsequent behavioral alterations at the juvenile stage. DEX-treated rats exhibited not only a significant reduction in both somatic and brain weights but also learning disabilities as revealed in the shuttle avoidance test. The hippocampi of DEX-treated rats displayed a high apoptotic and a low mitotic cell density compared to control rats on day 7 after birth. In a subsequent experiment, neural stem/progenitor cells were cultured in the presence of DEX for 6 days. The glucocorticoid inhibited cell growth without an increase in cell death. These results suggest that administration of DEX to premature infants induces neurological dysfunction via inhibition of the proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ichinohashi
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aichi Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
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Thelin MA, Bartolini B, Axelsson J, Gustafsson R, Tykesson E, Pera E, Oldberg Å, Maccarana M, Malmstrom A. Biological functions of iduronic acid in chondroitin/dermatan sulfate. FEBS J 2013; 280:2431-46. [PMID: 23441919 PMCID: PMC3717172 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of iduronic acid in chondroitin/dermatan sulfate changes the properties of the polysaccharides because it generates a more flexible chain with increased binding potentials. Iduronic acid in chondroitin/dermatan sulfate influences multiple cellular properties, such as migration, proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis and the regulation of cytokine/growth factor activities. Under pathological conditions such as wound healing, inflammation and cancer, iduronic acid has diverse regulatory functions. Iduronic acid is formed by two epimerases (i.e. dermatan sulfate epimerase 1 and 2) that have different tissue distribution and properties. The role of iduronic acid in chondroitin/dermatan sulfate is highlighted by the vast changes in connective tissue features in patients with a new type of Ehler–Danlos syndrome: adducted thumb-clubfoot syndrome. Future research aims to understand the roles of the two epimerases and their interplay with the sulfotransferases involved in chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate biosynthesis. Furthermore, a better definition of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate functions using different knockout models is needed. In this review, we focus on the two enzymes responsible for iduronic acid formation, as well as the role of iduronic acid in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Thelin
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC, Lund University, Sweden
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Ramasamy S, Narayanan G, Sankaran S, Yu YH, Ahmed S. Neural stem cell survival factors. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 534:71-87. [PMID: 23470250 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem and progenitor cells (NSCs and NPs) give rise to the central nervous system (CNS) during embryonic development. NSCs and NPs differentiate into three main cell-types of the CNS; astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons. NSCs are present in the adult CNS and are important in maintenance and repair. Adult NSCs hold great promise for endogenous or self-repair of the CNS. Intriguingly, NSCs have been implicated as the cells that give rise to brain tumors. Thus, the balance between survival, growth and differentiation is a critical aspect of NSC biology, during development, in the adult, and in disease processes. In this review, we survey what is known about survival factors that control both embryonic and adult NSCs. We discuss the neurosphere culture system as this is widely used to measure NSC activity and behavior in vitro and emphasize the importance of clonality. We define here NSC survival factors in their broadest sense to include any factor that influences survival and proliferation of NSCs and NPs. NSC survival factors identified to date include growth factors, morphogens, proteoglycans, cytokines, hormones, and neurotransmitters. Understanding NSC and NP interaction in response to these survival factors will provide insight to CNS development, disease and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Ramasamy
- Neural Stem Cell Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore
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Wade A, Robinson AE, Engler JR, Petritsch C, James CD, Phillips JJ. Proteoglycans and their roles in brain cancer. FEBS J 2013; 280:2399-417. [PMID: 23281850 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma, a malignant brain cancer, is characterized by abnormal activation of receptor tyrosine kinase signalling pathways and a poor prognosis. Extracellular proteoglycans, including heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, play critical roles in the regulation of cell signalling and migration via interactions with extracellular ligands, growth factor receptors and extracellular matrix components, as well as intracellular enzymes and structural proteins. In cancer, proteoglycans help drive multiple oncogenic pathways in tumour cells and promote critical tumour-microenvironment interactions. In the present review, we summarize the evidence for proteoglycan function in gliomagenesis and examine the expression of proteoglycans and their modifying enzymes in human glioblastoma using data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (http://cancergenome.nih.gov/). Furthermore, we demonstrate an association between specific proteoglycan alterations and changes in receptor tyrosine kinases. Based on these data, we propose a model in which proteoglycans and their modifying enzymes promote receptor tyrosine kinase signalling and progression in glioblastoma, and we suggest that cancer-associated proteoglycans are promising biomarkers for disease and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wade
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Neurochemical mapping of the human hippocampus reveals perisynaptic matrix around functional synapses in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 125:215-29. [PMID: 22961619 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-1042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Perineuronal matrix is an extracellular protein scaffold to shape neuronal responsiveness and survival. Whilst perineuronal nets engulf the somatodendritic axis of neurons, axonal coats are focal extracellular protein aggregates surrounding individual synapses. Here, we addressed the chemical identity and subcellular localization of both perineuronal and perisynaptic matrices in the human hippocampus, whose neuronal circuitry is progressively compromised in Alzheimer's disease. We hypothesized that (1) the cellular expression sites of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan-containing extracellular matrix associate with specific neuronal identities, reflecting network dynamics, and (2) the regional distribution and molecular composition of axonal coats must withstand Alzheimer's disease-related modifications to protect functional synapses. We show by epitope-specific antibodies that the perineuronal protomap of the human hippocampus is distinct from other mammals since pyramidal cells but not calretinin(+) and calbindin(+) interneurons, neurochemically classified as novel neuronal subtypes, lack perineuronal nets. We find that cartilage link protein-1 and brevican-containing matrices form isolated perisynaptic coats, engulfing both inhibitory and excitatory terminals in the dentate gyrus and entorhinal cortex. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that presynaptic neurons contribute components of perisynaptic coats via axonal transport. We demonstrate, by combining biochemical profiling and neuroanatomy in Alzheimer's patients and transgenic (APdE9) mice, the preserved turnover and distribution of axonal coats around functional synapses along dendrite segments containing hyperphosphorylated tau and in amyloid-β-laden hippocampal microdomains. We conclude that the presynapse-driven formation of axonal coats is a candidate mechanism to maintain synapse integrity under neurodegenerative conditions.
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