1
|
Taketomi Y, Higashi T, Kano K, Miki Y, Mochizuki C, Toyoshima S, Okayama Y, Nishito Y, Nakae S, Tanaka S, Tokuoka SM, Oda Y, Shichino S, Ueha S, Matsushima K, Akahoshi N, Ishii S, Chun J, Aoki J, Murakami M. Lipid-orchestrated paracrine circuit coordinates mast cell maturation and anaphylaxis through functional interaction with fibroblasts. Immunity 2024:S1074-7613(24)00318-2. [PMID: 39002541 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Interaction of mast cells (MCs) with fibroblasts is essential for MC maturation within tissue microenvironments, although the underlying mechanism is incompletely understood. Through a phenotypic screening of >30 mouse lines deficient in lipid-related genes, we found that deletion of the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor LPA1, like that of the phospholipase PLA2G3, the prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) synthase L-PGDS, or the PGD2 receptor DP1, impairs MC maturation and thereby anaphylaxis. Mechanistically, MC-secreted PLA2G3 acts on extracellular vesicles (EVs) to supply lysophospholipids, which are converted by fibroblast-derived autotaxin (ATX) to LPA. Fibroblast LPA1 then integrates multiple pathways required for MC maturation by facilitating integrin-mediated MC-fibroblast adhesion, IL-33-ST2 signaling, L-PGDS-driven PGD2 generation, and feedforward ATX-LPA1 amplification. Defective MC maturation resulting from PLA2G3 deficiency is restored by supplementation with LPA1 agonists or PLA2G3-modified EVs. Thus, the lipid-orchestrated paracrine circuit involving PLA2G3-driven lysophospholipid, eicosanoid, integrin, and cytokine signaling fine-tunes MC-fibroblast communication, ensuring MC maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Higashi
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Chika Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shota Toyoshima
- Allergy and Immunology Research Project Team, Research Institute of Medical Science, Center for Allergy, and Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Okayama
- Allergy and Immunology Research Project Team, Research Institute of Medical Science, Center for Allergy, and Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan; Department of Allergy and Internal Medicine, Misato Kenwa Hospital, Saitama 341-8555, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan; Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Takasaki 370-0006, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Nishito
- Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Susumu Nakae
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Suzumi M Tokuoka
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Oda
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Shichino
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueha
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Kouji Matsushima
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Akahoshi
- Department of Immunology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishii
- Department of Immunology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng J, Proneth B. Chains of death. Nat Chem Biol 2024; 20:799-800. [PMID: 38321207 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01541-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiashuo Zheng
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bettina Proneth
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The phospholipase A 2 superfamily as a central hub of bioactive lipids and beyond. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 244:108382. [PMID: 36918102 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
In essence, "phospholipase A2" (PLA2) means a group of enzymes that release fatty acids and lysophospholipids by hydrolyzing the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids. To date, more than 50 enzymes possessing PLA2 or related lipid-metabolizing activities have been identified in mammals, and these are subdivided into several families in terms of their structures, catalytic mechanisms, tissue/cellular localizations, and evolutionary relationships. From a general viewpoint, the PLA2 superfamily has mainly been implicated in signal transduction, driving the production of a wide variety of bioactive lipid mediators. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that PLA2s also contribute to phospholipid remodeling or recycling for membrane homeostasis, fatty acid β-oxidation for energy production, and barrier lipid formation on the body surface. Accordingly, PLA2 enzymes are considered one of the key regulators of a broad range of lipid metabolism, and perturbation of specific PLA2-driven lipid pathways often disrupts tissue and cellular homeostasis and may be associated with a variety of diseases. This review covers current understanding of the physiological functions of the PLA2 superfamily, focusing particularly on the two major intracellular PLA2 families (Ca2+-dependent cytosolic PLA2s and Ca2+-independent patatin-like PLA2s) as well as other PLA2 families, based on studies using gene-manipulated mice and human diseases in combination with comprehensive lipidomics.
Collapse
|
4
|
Khan SA, Ilies MA. The Phospholipase A2 Superfamily: Structure, Isozymes, Catalysis, Physiologic and Pathologic Roles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021353. [PMID: 36674864 PMCID: PMC9862071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily of phospholipase enzymes hydrolyzes the ester bond at the sn-2 position of the phospholipids, generating a free fatty acid and a lysophospholipid. The PLA2s are amphiphilic in nature and work only at the water/lipid interface, acting on phospholipid assemblies rather than on isolated single phospholipids. The superfamily of PLA2 comprises at least six big families of isoenzymes, based on their structure, location, substrate specificity and physiologic roles. We are reviewing the secreted PLA2 (sPLA2), cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2), Ca2+-independent PLA2 (iPLA2), lipoprotein-associated PLA2 (LpPLA2), lysosomal PLA2 (LPLA2) and adipose-tissue-specific PLA2 (AdPLA2), focusing on the differences in their structure, mechanism of action, substrate specificity, interfacial kinetics and tissue distribution. The PLA2s play important roles both physiologically and pathologically, with their expression increasing significantly in diseases such as sepsis, inflammation, different cancers, glaucoma, obesity and Alzheimer's disease, which are also detailed in this review.
Collapse
|
5
|
Doughan A, Salifu SP. Genes associated with diagnosis and prognosis of Burkitt lymphoma. IET Syst Biol 2022; 16:220-229. [PMID: 36354023 PMCID: PMC9675412 DOI: 10.1049/syb2.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is one of the most aggressive forms of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas that affect children and young adults. The expression of genes and other molecular markers during carcinogenesis can be the basis for diagnosis, prognosis and the design of new and effective drugs for the management of cancers. The aim of this study was to identify genes that can serve as prognostic and therapeutic targets for BL. We analysed RNA-seq data of BL transcriptome sequencing projects in Africa using standard RNA-seq analyses pipeline. We performed pathway enrichment analyses, protein-protein interaction networks, gene co-expression and survival analyses. Gene and pathway enrichment analyses showed that the differentially expressed genes are involved in tube development, signalling receptor binding, viral protein interaction, cell migration, external stimuli response, serine hydrolase activity and PI3K-Akt signalling pathway. Protein-protein interaction network analyses revealed the genes to be highly interconnected, whereas module analyses revealed 25 genes to possess the highest interaction score. Overall survival analyses delineated six genes (ADAMTSL4, SEMA5B, ADAMTS15, THBS2, SPON1 and THBS1) that can serve as biomarkers for prognosis for BL management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Doughan
- Department of Biochemistry and BiotechnologyCollege of ScienceFaculty of BiosciencesKwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST)KumasiGhana
| | - Samson Pandam Salifu
- Department of Biochemistry and BiotechnologyCollege of ScienceFaculty of BiosciencesKwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST)KumasiGhana
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR)KumasiGhana
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cui Z, Fu Y, Yang Z, Gao Z, Feng H, Zhou M, Zhang L, Chen C. Comprehensive Analysis of a Ferroptosis Pattern and Associated Prognostic Signature in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:866325. [PMID: 35656299 PMCID: PMC9152364 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.866325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a widespread form of programmed cell death. The environment of cancer cells makes them vulnerable to ferroptosis, including AML cells, yet the specific association between ferroptosis and AML outcome is little known. In this study, we utilized ferroptosis-related genes to distinguish two subtypes in TCGA cohort, which were subsequently validated in independent AML cohorts. The subtypes were linked with tumor-related immunological abnormalities, mutation landscape and pathway dysregulation, and clinical outcome. Further, we developed a 13-gene prognostic model for AML from DEG analysis in the two subtypes. A risk score was calculated for each patient, and then the overall group was stratified into high- and low-risk groups; the higher risk score correlated with short survival. The model was validated in both independent AML cohorts and pan-cancer cohorts, which demonstrated robustness and extended the usage of the model. A nomogram was constructed that integrated risk score, FLT3-ITD, TP53, and RUNX1 mutations, and age. This model had the additional value of discriminating the sensitivity of several chemotherapeutic drugs and ferroptosis inducers in the two risk groups, which increased the translational value of this model as a potential tool in clinical management. Through integrated analysis of ferroptosis pattern and its related model, our work shed new light on the relationship between ferroptosis and AML, which may facilitate clinical application and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zelong Cui
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yue Fu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zongcheng Yang
- Center of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhenxing Gao
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Huimin Feng
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Minran Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chunyan Chen
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Omega-3 fatty acid epoxides produced by PAF-AH2 in mast cells regulate pulmonary vascular remodeling. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3013. [PMID: 35641514 PMCID: PMC9156667 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30621-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a fatal rare disease that causes right heart failure by elevated pulmonary arterial resistance. There is an unmet medical need for the development of therapeutics focusing on the pulmonary vascular remodeling. Bioactive lipids produced by perivascular inflammatory cells might modulate the vascular remodeling. Here, we show that ω-3 fatty acid-derived epoxides (ω-3 epoxides) released from mast cells by PAF-AH2, an oxidized phospholipid-selective phospholipase A2, negatively regulate pulmonary hypertension. Genetic deletion of Pafah2 in mice accelerate vascular remodeling, resulting in exacerbation of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Treatment with ω-3 epoxides suppresses the lung fibroblast activation by inhibiting TGF-β signaling. In vivo ω-3 epoxides supplementation attenuates the progression of pulmonary hypertension in several animal models. Furthermore, whole-exome sequencing for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension identifies two candidate pathogenic variants of Pafah2. Our findings support that the PAF-AH2-ω-3 epoxide production axis could be a promising therapeutic target for pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary hypertension is a fatal disease that causes right heart failure due to pulmonary artery stenosis. Here, the authors find that ω-3 epoxides produced by the phospholipase PAF-AH2 in mast cells regulate pulmonary vascular remodeling.
Collapse
|
8
|
Li H, Mo Z. Prognostic Value of Metabolism-Related Genes and Immune Infiltration in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:6885-6898. [PMID: 34703293 PMCID: PMC8536843 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s328109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is one of the most prevalent cancers. Thus, it is warranted to detect the status of metabolism-related genes (MRGs) and infiltrating immune cells in ccRCC progression for the prognosis of ccRCC. This research was designed to establish and verify the prognostic signature of ccRCC using MRGs. In addition, we investigated the potential link between the relative proportion of tumor infiltrated immune cells (TIICs) and ccRCC prognosis. Methods Sequencing data of metabolism-related gene sets in ccRCC cases were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus Database (GEO). The R Programming Language software packages were applied for differential analysis of MRGs. First, a univariate Cox regression model was applied to determine the MRGs linked with overall survival (OS). Then, the multivariate Cox regression model was applied to establish the prognostic signature. Finally, the CIBERSORT algorithm was used to determine the proportion of TIICs. Results Overall, 286 differentially expressed MRGs were identified in the TCGA dataset. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were applied to develop a prognostic signature with six MRGs. The predictive capability of the prognostic signature was further verified by TCGA and GEO database. In addition, RS positively correlated with memory B cells, plasma cells, activated memory CD4+ T cells, follicular helper T cells, regulatory T cells, CD8+ T cells, and M0 macrophages, and were negatively associated with resting memory CD4+ T cells, resting dendritic cells, activated dendritic cells, M2 macrophages, monocytes, resting mast cells, and eosinophils. Conclusion Herein, a prognostic signature was developed using MRGs for ccRCC prognosis. The proportion of 22 TIICs in ccRCC and the association between TIICs and clinical outcomes were also determined. The identified genes and cells could guide future targeted therapy and immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengnan Mo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dong L, Li Y, Wu H. Platelet activating-factor acetylhydrolase II: A member of phospholipase A2 family that hydrolyzes oxidized phospholipids. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 239:105103. [PMID: 34116047 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular platelet activating-factor acetylhydrolase type II (PAF-AH II) is a 40-kDa monomeric enzyme. It was originally identified as an enzyme that hydrolyzes the acetyl group of PAF (1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine). As a member of phospholipase A2 super family, PAF-AH II has broad substrate specificity. It can hydrolyze phospholipids with relatively short-length or oxidatively modified sn-2 chains which endows it with various functions such as protection against oxidative stress, transacetylase activity and producing lipid mediators. PAF-AH II has been proven to be involved in several diseases such as allergic diseases, oxidative stress-induced injury and ischemia injury, thus it has drawn more attention from researchers. In this paper, we outline an entire summary of PAF-AH II, including its structure, substrate specificity, activity assay, inhibitors and biological activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linyue Dong
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of TCM Chemistry, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Huali Wu
- Department of TCM Chemistry, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Marathe GK, Chaithra VH, Ke LY, Chen CH. Effect of acyl and alkyl analogs of platelet-activating factor on inflammatory signaling. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 151:106478. [PMID: 32711129 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a bioactive ether phospholipid with significant pro-inflammatory properties, was identified almost half a century ago. Despite extensive study of this autocoid, therapeutic strategies for targeting its signaling components have not been successful, including the recent clinical trials with darapladib, a drug that targets plasma PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH). We recently provided experimental evidence that the previously unrecognized acyl analog of PAF, which is concomitantly produced along with PAF during biosynthesis, dampens PAF signaling by acting both as a sacrificial substrate for PAF-AH and probably as an endogenous PAF-receptor antagonist/partial agonist. If this is the scenario in vivo, PAF-AH needs to catalyze the selective hydrolysis of alkyl-PAF and not acyl-PAF. Accordingly, different approaches are needed for treating inflammatory diseases in which PAF signaling is implicated. The interplay between acyl-PAF, alkyl-PAF, PAF-AH, and PAF-R is complex, and the outcome of this interplay has not been previously appreciated. In this review, we discuss this interaction based on our recent findings. It is very likely that the relative abundance of acyl and alkyl-PAF and their interactions with PAF-R in the presence of their hydrolyzing enzyme PAF-AH may exert a modulatory effect on PAF signaling during inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Kedihithlu Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India; Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India.
| | | | - Liang-Yin Ke
- College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Vascular and Medicinal Research, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Murakami M, Sato H, Taketomi Y. Updating Phospholipase A 2 Biology. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1457. [PMID: 33086624 PMCID: PMC7603386 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily contains more than 50 enzymes in mammals that are subdivided into several distinct families on a structural and biochemical basis. In principle, PLA2 has the capacity to hydrolyze the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to release fatty acids and lysophospholipids, yet several enzymes in this superfamily catalyze other reactions rather than or in addition to the PLA2 reaction. PLA2 enzymes play crucial roles in not only the production of lipid mediators, but also membrane remodeling, bioenergetics, and body surface barrier, thereby participating in a number of biological events. Accordingly, disturbance of PLA2-regulated lipid metabolism is often associated with various diseases. This review updates the current state of understanding of the classification, enzymatic properties, and biological functions of various enzymes belonging to the PLA2 superfamily, focusing particularly on the novel roles of PLA2s in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (H.S.); (Y.T.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liberale L, Montecucco F, Schwarz L, Lüscher TF, Camici GG. Inflammation and cardiovascular diseases: lessons from seminal clinical trials. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:411-422. [PMID: 32666079 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has been long regarded as a key contributor to atherosclerosis. Inflammatory cells and soluble mediators play critical roles throughout arterial plaque development and accordingly, targeting inflammatory pathways effectively reduces atherosclerotic burden in animal models of cardiovascular (CV) diseases. Yet, clinical translation often led to inconclusive or even contradictory results. The Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcome Study (CANTOS) followed by the Colchicine Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial (COLCOT) were the first two randomized clinical trials to convincingly demonstrate the effectiveness of specific anti-inflammatory treatments in the field of CV prevention, while other phase III trials-including the Cardiovascular Inflammation Reduction Trial one using methotrexate-were futile. This manuscript reviews the main characteristics and findings of recent anti-inflammatory Phase III trials in cardiology and discusses their similarities and differences in order to get further insights into the contribution of specific inflammatory pathways on CV outcomes. CANTOS and COLCOT demonstrated efficacy of two anti-inflammatory drugs (canakinumab and colchicine, respectively) in the secondary prevention of major adverse CV events (MACE) thus providing the first confirmation of the involvement of a specific inflammatory pathway in human atherosclerotic CV disease (ASCVD). Also, they highlighted the NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 inflammasome-related pathway as an effective therapeutic target to blunt ASCVD. In contrast, other trials interfering with a number of inflammasome-independent pathways failed to provide benefit. Lastly, all anti-inflammatory trials underscored the importance of balancing the risk of impaired host defence with an increase in infections and the prevention of MACE in CV patients with residual inflammatory risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Liberale
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 12 Wagistrasse, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, 10 Largo Benzi, 16132 Genoa, Italy.,First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Lena Schwarz
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 12 Wagistrasse, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 12 Wagistrasse, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals and Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Giovanni G Camici
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 12 Wagistrasse, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Elevated Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A 2 Independently Affects Age-Related Increases in Systolic Blood Pressure: A Nested Case-Control Study in a Prospective Korean Cohort. Int J Hypertens 2020; 2020:5693271. [PMID: 32292598 PMCID: PMC7150680 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5693271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory markers are susceptible to changes over time. Thus, we observed changes in inflammatory markers correlating with age-related increases in blood pressure (BP) through a prospective study. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in inflammatory markers that correlate with age-related increases in BP. The study included 1,500 nondiabetic and normotensive healthy subjects at baseline. Of these, 121 individuals who developed hypertension (defined as systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg) after 2 years formed the hypertension group. For each incident hypertension case, 2 age- and sex-matched control subjects were selected among those who did not develop hypertension (control group, n = 242). After baseline adjustment, the hypertension group exhibited greater increases in body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic BP, triglyceride, total cholesterol, glucose, Lp-PLA2 activity, and urinary 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α (8-epi-PGF2α ) levels compared to the control group. In the hypertension group, changes in (Δ) systolic BP correlated positively with Δ Lp-PLA2 activity, which correlated positively with Δ low-density lipoprotein (LDL-) cholesterol and Δ urinary 8-epi-PGF2α levels. Moreover, multiple linear regression revealed baseline systolic BP and Δ Lp-PLA2 activity to be independent predictors of Δ systolic BP in the hypertension group. Our results suggest that age-related increases in systolic BP may correlate strongly with elevated Lp-PLA2 activity and that Lp-PLA2 can be considered a biomarker for systolic BP elevation.
Collapse
|
14
|
Iqbal J, Zhang K, Jin N, Zhao Y, Liu Q, Ni J, Shen L. Selenium positively affects the proteome of 3 × Tg-AD mice cortex by altering the expression of various key proteins: unveiling the mechanistic role of selenium in AD prevention. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1798-1815. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javed Iqbal
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Kaoyuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Na Jin
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Yuxi Zhao
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Qiong Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Jiazuan Ni
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Liming Shen
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kono N, Arai H. Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases: An overview and update. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:922-931. [PMID: 30055287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases (PAF-AHs) are unique members of the phospholipase A2 family that can hydrolyze the acetyl group of PAF, a signaling phospholipid that has roles in diverse (patho)physiological processes. Three types of PAF-AH have been identified in mammals, one plasma type and two intracellular types [PAF-AH (I) and PAF-AH (II)]. Plasma PAF-AH and PAF-AH (II) are monomeric enzymes that are structurally similar, while PAF-AH (I) is a multimeric enzyme with no homology to other PAF-AHs. PAF-AH (I) shows a strong preference for an acetyl group, whereas plasma PAF-AH and PAF-AH (II) also hydrolyze phospholipids with oxidatively modified fatty acids. Plasma PAF-AH has been implicated in several diseases including cardiovascular disease. PAF-AH (I) is required for spermatogenesis and is increasingly recognized as an oncogenic factor. PAF-AH (II) was recently shown to act as a bioactive lipid-producing enzyme in mast cells and thus could be a drug target for allergic diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Novel functions of phospholipase A2 Guest Editors: Makoto Murakami and Gerard Lambeau.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Kono
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu Z, Li H, Zheng Y, Gao Z, Cong L, Yang L, Zhou Y. Association of Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 with the Prevalence of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Result from the APAC Study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10127. [PMID: 29973631 PMCID: PMC6031645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28494-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a worldwide chronic liver disease. Few studies have investigated the association between NAFLD and Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), a unique enzyme correlated with oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between Lp-PLA2 and NAFLD in a Chinese community-based cohort. A total of 1587 adults aged ≥40 years were enrolled in the current study. Participants underwent a standardized evaluation. The serum Lp-PLA2 concentration was measured by ELISA and NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasonography. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between Lp-PLA2 and NAFLD. Increased Lp-PLA2 levels were significantly associated with decreased NAFLD prevalence after adjusting for other potential confounders. The adjusted ORs of NAFLD in Q2, Q3 and Q4 compared with Q1 were 0.88 (0.64–1.21), 0.71 (0.51–0.98) and 0.67 (0.48–0.95), respectively (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the adjusted ORs of moderate and heavy NAFLD in Q2, Q3 and Q4 compared to Q1 were 0.64 (0.41–1.01), 0.48 (0.29–0.80) and 0.47 (0.28–0.79), respectively (P < 0.01). In conclusions, increased Lp-PLA2 levels were independently associated with decreased NAFLD prevalence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongni Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yinghong Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ziyu Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Yong Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Phospholipases are lipolytic enzymes that hydrolyze phospholipid substrates at specific ester bonds. Phospholipases are widespread in nature and play very diverse roles from aggression in snake venom to signal transduction, lipid mediator production, and metabolite digestion in humans. Phospholipases vary considerably in structure, function, regulation, and mode of action. Tremendous advances in understanding the structure and function of phospholipases have occurred in the last decades. This introductory chapter is aimed at providing a general framework of the current understanding of phospholipases and a discussion of their mechanisms of action and emerging biological functions.
Collapse
|
18
|
Shimanaka Y, Kono N, Taketomi Y, Arita M, Okayama Y, Tanaka Y, Nishito Y, Mochizuki T, Kusuhara H, Adibekian A, Cravatt BF, Murakami M, Arai H. Omega-3 fatty acid epoxides are autocrine mediators that control the magnitude of IgE-mediated mast cell activation. Nat Med 2017; 23:1287-1297. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.4417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
19
|
Kim M, Lee SH, Lee JH. Global Metabolic Profiling of Plasma Shows that Three-Year Mild-Caloric Restriction Lessens an Age-Related Increase in Sphingomyelin and Reduces L-leucine and L-phenylalanine in Overweight and Obese Subjects. Aging Dis 2016; 7:721-733. [PMID: 28053823 PMCID: PMC5198864 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2016.0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of weight loss from long-term, mild-calorie diets (MCD) on plasma metabolites is unknown. This study was to examine whether MCD-induced weight reduction caused changes in the extended plasma metabolites. Overweight and obese subjects aged 40-59 years consumed a MCD (approximately 100 kcal/day deficit, n=47) or a weight-maintenance diet (control, n=47) in a randomized, controlled design with a three-year clinical intervention period and plasma samples were analyzed by using UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The three-year MCD intervention resulted in weight loss (-8.87%) and significant decreases in HOMA-IR and TG. The three-year follow-up of the MCD group showed reductions in the following 13 metabolites: L-leucine; L-phenylalanine; 9 lysoPCs; PC (18:0/20:4); and SM (d18:0/16:1). The three-year MCD group follow-up identified increases in palmitic amide, oleamide, and PC (18:2/18:2). Considering the age-related alterations in the identified metabolites, the MCD group showed a greater decrease in L-leucine, L-phenylalanine, and SM (d18:0/16:1) compared with those of the control group. Overall, the change (Δ) in BMI positively correlated with the ΔTG, ΔHOMA-IR, ΔL-leucine, and ΔSM (d18:0/16:1). The ΔHOMA-IR positively correlated with ΔTG, ΔL-leucine, ΔL-phenylalanine, and ΔSM (d18:0/16:1). The weight loss resulting from three-year mild-caloric restriction lessens the age-related increase in SM and reduces L-leucine and L-phenylalanine in overweight and obese subjects. These changes were coupled with improved insulin resistance (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02081898).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjoo Kim
- 1National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea; 2Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Lee
- 3Department of Family Practice, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, 10444, Korea
| | - Jong Ho Lee
- 1National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea; 2Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea; 4Research Institute of Science for Aging, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lipases and their inhibitors in health and disease. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:211-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
21
|
Jiang S, Hu L, Ping L, Sun F, Wang X. Glutathione protects against hepatic injury in a murine model of primary Sjögren's syndrome. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2016; 16:227-31. [PMID: 27186973 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2016.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disease which may cause complications such as hepatic dysfunction and injury. As an important antioxidant, reduced glutathione (GSH) has been reported protecting against hepatic injury induced by some diseases, but the role of GSH in pSS is poorly understood. This study aims at investigating the role of GSH in hepatic injury during pSS. A murine model of pSS, non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, was used for GSH administration via tail intravenous injection. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to detect serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as the levels of GSH, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin (IL) 10, integrin alpha M, IL1B, malondialdehyde, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4, and superoxide dismutases in hepatocyte homogenates. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to observe hepatic histology. The results showed that serum AST and ALT levels were up-regulated in the NOD mice (p = 0.0021 and 0.0048), but were significantly recovered after the GSH administration (p = 0.0081 and 0.0263). The NOD mice exhibited disturbed hepatic tissue structure, which was attenuated by GSH. The GSH administration could also promote the production of GSH in the hepatocytes (p = 0.0264), and control the levels of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress-related factors. These results indicate that GSH has significant effects on protecting against the hepatic injury during pSS, which may be associated with its regulation of the inflammatory factors and oxidative stress-related factors. This study suggests that GSH is a promising therapeutic strategy for controlling hepatic injury during pSS and offers valuable information for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Jiang
- Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Cangzhou, Hebei, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Monillas ES, Caplan JL, Thévenin AF, Bahnson BJ. Oligomeric state regulated trafficking of human platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase type-II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:469-75. [PMID: 25707358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular enzyme platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase type-II (PAFAH-II) hydrolyzes platelet-activating factor and oxidatively fragmented phospholipids. PAFAH-II in its resting state is mainly cytoplasmic, and it responds to oxidative stress by becoming increasingly bound to endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membranes. Numerous studies have indicated that this enzyme is essential for protecting cells from oxidative stress induced apoptosis. However, the regulatory mechanism of the oxidative stress response by PAFAH-II has not been fully resolved. Here, changes to the oligomeric state of human PAFAH-II were investigated as a potential regulatory mechanism toward enzyme trafficking. Native PAGE analysis in vitro and photon counting histogram within live cells showed that PAFAH-II is both monomeric and dimeric. A Gly-2-Ala site-directed mutation of PAFAH-II demonstrated that the N-terminal myristoyl group is required for homodimerization. Additionally, the distribution of oligomeric PAFAH-II is distinct within the cell; homodimers of PAFAH-II were localized to the cytoplasm while monomers were associated to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. We propose that the oligomeric state of PAFAH-II drives functional protein trafficking. PAFAH-II localization to the membrane is critical for substrate acquisition and effective oxidative stress protection. It is hypothesized that the balance between monomer and dimer serves as a regulatory mechanism of a PAFAH-II oxidative stress response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Monillas
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Caplan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Anastasia F Thévenin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Brian J Bahnson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Klems MM, Bahnson BJ. Trafficking and Oligomeric Regulation of Platelet-Activating Factor Acetylhydrolase Type II. PLATELET-ACTIVATING FACTOR ACETYLHYDROLASES (PAF-AH) 2015; 38:55-69. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
24
|
Karasawa K, Inoue K. Overview of PAF-Degrading Enzymes. PLATELET-ACTIVATING FACTOR ACETYLHYDROLASES (PAF-AH) 2015; 38:1-22. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
25
|
Kono N, Arai H. Intracellular Platelet-Activating Factor Acetylhydrolase, Type II. PLATELET-ACTIVATING FACTOR ACETYLHYDROLASES (PAF-AH) 2015; 38:43-54. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
26
|
Identification of genome-wide SNP-SNP and SNP-clinical Boolean interactions in age-related macular degeneration. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1253:217-55. [PMID: 25403535 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2155-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We propose here a methodology to uncover modularities in the network of SNP-SNP interactions most associated with disease. We start by computing all possible Boolean binary SNP interactions across the whole genome. By constructing a weighted graph of the most relevant interactions and via a combinatorial optimization approach, we find the most highly interconnected SNPs. We show that the method can be easily extended to find SNP/environment interactions. Using a modestly sized GWAS dataset of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), we identify a group of only 19 SNPs, which include those in previously reported regions associated to AMD. We also uncover a larger set of loci pointing to a matrix of key processes and functions that are affected. The proposed integrative methodology extends and overlaps traditional statistical analysis in a natural way. Combinatorial optimization techniques allow us to find the kernel of the most central interactions, complementing current methods of GWAS analysis and also enhancing the search for gene-environment interaction.
Collapse
|
27
|
Yu C, Fan L, Wu Q, Fu K, Gao S, Wang M, Gao J, Li Y, Chen J. Biological role of Trichoderma harzianum-derived platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) on stress response and antagonism. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100367. [PMID: 24964161 PMCID: PMC4070952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the properties of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) derived from Trichoderma harzianum. The enzyme, comprised of 572 amino acids, shares high homology with PAF-AH proteins from T. koningii and other microbial species. The optimum enzymatic activity of PAF-AH occurred at pH 6 in the absence of Ca2+ and it localized in the cytoplasm, and we observed the upregulation of PAF-AH expression in response to carbon starvation and strong heat shock. Furthermore, PAF-AH knockout transformant growth occurred more slowly than wild type cells and over-expression strains grown in SM medium at 37°C and 42°C. In addition, PAF-AH expression significantly increased under a series of maize root induction assay. Eicosanoic acid and ergosterol levels decreased in the PAF-AH knockouts compared to wild type cells, as revealed by GC/MS analysis. We also determined stress responses mediated by PAF-AH were related to proteins HEX1, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, and cytochrome c. Finally, PAF-AH exhibited antagonistic activity against Rhizoctonia solani in plate confrontation assays. Our results indicate PAF-AH may play an important role in T. harzianum stress response and antagonism under diverse environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjin Yu
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lili Fan
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Kehe Fu
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shigang Gao
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jinxin Gao
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yaqian Li
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jung S, Kim OY, Kim M, Song J, Lee SH, Lee JH. Age-Related Increase in Alanine Aminotransferase Correlates with Elevated Levels of Plasma Amino Acids, Decanoylcarnitine, Lp-PLA2 Activity, Oxidative Stress, and Arterial Stiffness. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:3467-75. [DOI: 10.1021/pr500422z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saem Jung
- National
Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics,
Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, 120-749 Seoul, Korea
- Department
of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human
Ecology, Yonsei University, 120-749 Seoul, Korea
| | - Oh Yoen Kim
- Department
of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, 604-714 Busan, Korea
| | - Minjoo Kim
- National
Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics,
Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, 120-749 Seoul, Korea
- Department
of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human
Ecology, Yonsei University, 120-749 Seoul, Korea
| | - Juheui Song
- National
Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics,
Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, 120-749 Seoul, Korea
- Department
of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human
Ecology, Yonsei University, 120-749 Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Lee
- Department
of Family Practice, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, 410-719 Goyang, Korea
| | - Jong Ho Lee
- National
Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics,
Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, 120-749 Seoul, Korea
- Department
of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human
Ecology, Yonsei University, 120-749 Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kim M, Jeung SR, Jeong TS, Lee SH, Lee JH. Replacing with whole grains and legumes reduces Lp-PLA2 activities in plasma and PBMCs in patients with prediabetes or T2D. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1762-71. [PMID: 24904022 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m044834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine dietary effects on circulating lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) activity and enzyme activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), 99 patients with impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, or newly-diagnosed T2D were randomly assigned to either a control group (usual diet with refined rice) or the whole grain and legume group. Substitution of whole grains and legumes for refined rice was associated with the replacement of 7% of energy from carbohydrates with energy from protein (about 4%) and fat. After 12 weeks, the whole grain and legume group showed a significant decrease in fasting glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, hemoglobin A1c, malondialdehyde, plasma Lp-PLA2 activity, and oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), and an increase in LDL particle size. The changes (Δs) in these variables in the whole grain and legume group were significantly different from those in controls after adjustment for the baseline levels. When all subjects were considered, Δ plasma Lp-PLA2 positively correlated with Δ glucose, Δ PBMC Lp-PLA2, Δ ox-LDL, and Δ urinary 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α after being adjusted for confounding factors. The Δ PBMC Lp-PLA2 correlated positively with Δ glucose and Δ ox-LDL, and negatively with Δ LDL particle size and baseline PBMC Lp-PLA2 The substitution of whole grains and legumes for refined rice resulted in a reduction in Lp-PLA2 activities in plasma and PBMCs partly through improved glycemic control, increased consumption of protein relative to carbohydrate, and reduced lipid peroxides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjoo Kim
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Ri Jeung
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Sook Jeong
- National Research Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Lee
- Department of Family Practice, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jong Ho Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea Department of Family Practice, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea College of Human Ecology, and Yonsei University Research Institute of Science for Aging, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kim M, Jung S, Kim SY, Lee SH, Lee JH. Prehypertension-associated elevation in circulating lysophosphatidlycholines, Lp-PLA2 activity, and oxidative stress. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96735. [PMID: 24800806 PMCID: PMC4011750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prehypertension is a risk factor for atherosclerosis. We investigated alterations in plasma metabolites that are associated with prehypertension. A group of 53 individuals was identified who remained within the range of prehypertension during repeated measurements in a 3-year period. This group was compared with the control group of 53 normotensive subjects who were matched for age and gender. Metabolomic profiles were analyzed with UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The prehypertensive group showed higher levels of lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPCs) containing C14:0, C16:1, C16:0, C18:2, C18:1, C18:0, C20:5, C20:4, C20:3, and C22:6, higher circulating Lp-PLA2 activity, oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), interleukin 6 (IL-6), urinary 8-epi-PGF2α, and higher brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV), before and after adjusting for BMI, WHR, smoking, alcohol consumption, serum lipid profiles, glucose, and insulin. LysoPC (16:0) was the most important plasma metabolite for evaluating the difference between control and prehypertensive groups, with a variable important in the projection (VIP) value of 17.173, and it showed a positive and independent association with DBP and SBP. In the prehypertensive group, the levels of lysoPC (16:0) positively and significantly correlated with ox-LDL, Lp-PLA2 activity, 8-epi-PGF2α, ba-PWV, and IL-6 before and after adjusting for confounding variables. Prehypertension-associated elevations in lysoPCs, Lp-PLA2 activity, ox-LDL, urinary 8-epi-PGF2α, IL-6, and ba-PWV could indicate increased oxidative stress from Lp-PLA2-catalyzed PC hydrolysis during increased LDL oxidation, thereby enhancing proinflammation and arterial stiffness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjoo Kim
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Saem Jung
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Yeon Kim
- Interdisciplinary Course of Science for Aging, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Lee
- Department of Family Practice, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jong Ho Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Course of Science for Aging, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vigor C, Bertrand-Michel J, Pinot E, Oger C, Vercauteren J, Le Faouder P, Galano JM, Lee JCY, Durand T. Non-enzymatic lipid oxidation products in biological systems: assessment of the metabolites from polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 964:65-78. [PMID: 24856297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Metabolites of non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids notably omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids have become important biomarkers of lipid products. Especially the arachidonic acid-derived F2-isoprostanes are the classic in vivo biomarker for oxidative stress in biological systems. In recent years other isoprostanes from eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, adrenic and α-linolenic acids have been evaluated, namely F3-isoprostanes, F4-neuroprostanes, F2-dihomo-isoprostanes and F1-phytoprostanes, respectively. These have been gaining interest as complementary specific biomarkers in human diseases. Refined extraction methods, robust analysis and elucidation of chemical structures have improved the sensitivity of detection in biological tissues and fluids. Previously the main reliable instrumentation for measurement was gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), but now the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and immunological techniques is gaining much attention. In this review, the types of prostanoids generated from non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation of some important omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and biological samples that have been determined by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vigor
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron IBMM, UMR 5247 CNRS/Université Montpellier 1/Université Montpellier 2, France
| | - Justine Bertrand-Michel
- Plateau de lipidomique, Bio-Medical Federative Research Institute of Toulouse, INSERM, Plateforme MetaToul, Toulouse, France
| | - Edith Pinot
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron IBMM, UMR 5247 CNRS/Université Montpellier 1/Université Montpellier 2, France
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron IBMM, UMR 5247 CNRS/Université Montpellier 1/Université Montpellier 2, France
| | - Joseph Vercauteren
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron IBMM, UMR 5247 CNRS/Université Montpellier 1/Université Montpellier 2, France
| | - Pauline Le Faouder
- Plateau de lipidomique, Bio-Medical Federative Research Institute of Toulouse, INSERM, Plateforme MetaToul, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron IBMM, UMR 5247 CNRS/Université Montpellier 1/Université Montpellier 2, France
| | - Jetty Chung-Yung Lee
- The University of Hong Kong, School of Biological Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron IBMM, UMR 5247 CNRS/Université Montpellier 1/Université Montpellier 2, France.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Davies SS, Guo L. Lipid peroxidation generates biologically active phospholipids including oxidatively N-modified phospholipids. Chem Phys Lipids 2014; 181:1-33. [PMID: 24704586 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Peroxidation of membranes and lipoproteins converts "inert" phospholipids into a plethora of oxidatively modified phospholipids (oxPL) that can act as signaling molecules. In this review, we will discuss four major classes of oxPL: mildly oxygenated phospholipids, phospholipids with oxidatively truncated acyl chains, phospholipids with cyclized acyl chains, and phospholipids that have been oxidatively N-modified on their headgroups by reactive lipid species. For each class of oxPL we will review the chemical mechanisms of their formation, the evidence for their formation in biological samples, the biological activities and signaling pathways associated with them, and the catabolic pathways for their elimination. We will end by briefly highlighting some of the critical questions that remain about the role of oxPL in physiology and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean S Davies
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, United States.
| | - Lilu Guo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Acyltransferases and transacylases that determine the fatty acid composition of glycerolipids and the metabolism of bioactive lipid mediators in mammalian cells and model organisms. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 53:18-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
34
|
Stafforini DM, McIntyre TM. Determination of phospholipase activity of PAF acetylhydrolase. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 59:100-7. [PMID: 22659315 PMCID: PMC3444653 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a radiometric assay to determine the enzymatic activity of platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), also known as lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and phospholipase A2 group 7A. The method is based on the release of radioactively labeled acetate from sn-2-labeled PAF and separation of substrate and product using reversed-phase column chromatography on octadecyl silica gel cartridges. The assay is fast, convenient, reproducible, sensitive, and inexpensive. The instrumentation required includes standard laboratory equipment and a liquid scintillation counter. The assay is also useful to determine the activity of intracellular PAF-AH (PAF-AH II), provided that a few modifications are included. The enzymatic activity determined using PAF as the substrate is a direct indication of the ability of plasma samples, purified preparations, and cellular and tissue lysates to hydrolyze short- and medium-chain phospholipids that may or may not harbor oxidized functionalities. In addition, the assay can be used to test the suitability of other phospholipids, including species containing oxidized, long-chain sn-2 fatty acyl groups, as PAF-AH substrates. This versatile assay can be used to accurately determine PAF-AH activity in biological samples and preliminarily assess affinity and efficiency of the hydrolysis of potential substrates present in complex mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Stafforini
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope (Suite 3364), Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, Tel.: 801-585-3402, Fax: 801-585-0101,
| | - Thomas M. McIntyre
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Isoprostanes and neuroprostanes: total synthesis, biological activity and biomarkers of oxidative stress in humans. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 107:95-102. [PMID: 23644158 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Isoprostanes (IsoPs) and neuroprostanes (NeuroPs) are formed in vivo by a free radical non-enzymatic mechanism involving peroxidation of arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4 n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3) respectively. This review summarises our research in the total synthesis of these lipid metabolites, as well as their biological activities and their utility as biomarkers of oxidative stress in humans.
Collapse
|
36
|
Nagano JMG, Hsu KL, Whitby LR, Niphakis MJ, Speers AE, Brown SJ, Spicer T, Fernandez-Vega V, Ferguson J, Hodder P, Srinivasan P, Gonzalez TD, Rosen H, Bahnson BJ, Cravatt BF. Selective inhibitors and tailored activity probes for lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 23:839-43. [PMID: 23260346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2) or PLA(2)G7) binds to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, where it is thought to hydrolyze oxidatively truncated phospholipids. Lp-PLA(2) has also been implicated as a pro-tumorigenic enzyme in human prostate cancer. Several inhibitors of Lp-PLA(2) have been described, including darapladib, which is currently in phase 3 clinical development for the treatment of atherosclerosis. The selectivity that darapladib and other Lp-PLA(2) inhibitors display across the larger serine hydrolase family has not, however, been reported. Here, we describe the use of both general and tailored activity-based probes for profiling Lp-PLA(2) and inhibitors of this enzyme in native biological systems. We show that both darapladib and a novel class of structurally distinct carbamate inhibitors inactivate Lp-PLA(2) in mouse tissues and human cell lines with high selectivity. Our findings thus identify both inhibitors and chemoproteomic probes that are suitable for investigating Lp-PLA(2) function in biological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M G Nagano
- The Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Vandhana S, Lakshmi TSR, Indra D, Deepa PR, Krishnakumar S. Microarray Analysis and Biochemical Correlations of Oxidative Stress Responsive Genes in Retinoblastoma. Curr Eye Res 2012; 37:830-41. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2012.678544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
38
|
Latchoumycandane C, Marathe GK, Zhang R, McIntyre TM. Oxidatively truncated phospholipids are required agents of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:17693-17705. [PMID: 22433871 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
TNFα generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the cell surface that induce cell death, but how ROS communicate to mitochondria and their specific apoptotic action(s) are both undefined. ROS oxidize phospholipids to hydroperoxides that are friable and fragment adjacent to the (hydro)peroxide function, forming truncated phospholipids, such as azelaoyl phosphatidylcholine (Az-PC). Az-PC is relatively soluble, and exogenous Az-PC rapidly enters cells to damage mitochondrial integrity and initiate intrinsic apoptosis. We determined whether this toxic phospholipid is formed within cells during TNFα stimulation in sufficient quantities to induce apoptosis and if they are essential in TNFα-induced cytotoxicity. We found that TNFα induced ROS formation and phospholipid peroxidation in Jurkat cells, and either chemical interference with NADPH oxidase activity or siRNA suppression of the NADPH oxidase-4 subunit blocked ROS accumulation and phospholipid peroxidation. Mass spectrometry showed that phospholipid peroxides and then Az-PC increased after TNFα exposure, whereas ROS inhibition abolished Az-PC accumulation and TNFα-induced cell death. Glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPx4), which specifically metabolizes lipid hydroperoxides, fell in TNFα-stimulated cells prior to death. Ectopic GPx4 overcame this, reduced peroxidized phospholipid accumulation, blocked Az-PC accumulation, and prevented death. Conversely, GPx4 siRNA knockdown enhanced phospholipid peroxidation, increasing TNFα-stimulated Az-PC formation and apoptosis. Truncated phospholipids were essential elements of TNFα-induced apoptosis because overexpression of PAFAH2 (a phospholipase A(2) that selectively hydrolyzes truncated phospholipids) blocked TNFα-induced Az-PC accumulation without affecting phospholipid peroxidation. PAFAH2 also abolished apoptosis. Thus, phospholipid oxidation and truncation to apoptotic phospholipids comprise an essential element connecting TNFα receptor signaling to mitochondrial damage and apoptotic death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Calivarathan Latchoumycandane
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Gopal K Marathe
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Renliang Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Thomas M McIntyre
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Paik JK, Kim JY, Kim OY, Lee Y, Jeong TS, Sweeney G, Jang Y, Lee JH. Circulating and PBMC Lp-PLA2 associate differently with oxidative stress and subclinical inflammation in nonobese women (menopausal status). PLoS One 2012; 7:e29675. [PMID: 22359537 PMCID: PMC3281008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine the association of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) activity in circulation and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in nonobese women and according to menopausal status. Lp-PLA(2) activity, a marker for cardiovascular risk is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Eighty postmenopausal women (53.0±4.05 yr) and 96 premenopausal women (39.7±9.25 yr) participated in this study. Lp-PLA(2) activities, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-1β in plasma as well as in PBMCs were measured. Plasma ox-LDL was also measured. Postmenopausal women demonstrated higher circulating levels of ox-LDL and IL-6, as well as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in PBMCs, than premenopausal women. In both groups, plasma Lp-PLA(2) activity positively correlated with Lp-PLA(2) activity in PBMCs and plasma ox-LDL. In premenopausal women, Lp-PLA(2) activities in plasma and PBMCs positively correlated with IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in PBMCs. In postmenopausal women, plasma ox-LDL positively correlated with PBMC cytokine production. In subgroup analysis of postmenopausal women according to plasma ox-LDL level (median level: 48.715 U/L), a significant increase in Lp-PLA(2) activity in the plasma but not the PBMCs was found in the high ox-LDL subgroup. Plasma Lp-PLA(2) activity positively correlated with unstimulated PBMC Lp-PLA(2) activity in the low ox-LDL subgroup (r = 0.627, P<0.001), whereas in the high ox-LDL circulating Lp-PLA(2) activity positively correlated with plasma ox-LDL (r = 0.390, P = 0.014) but not with Lp-PLA(2) activity in PBMCs. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The lack of relation between circulating Lp-PLA(2) activity and Lp-PLA(2) activity in PBMCs was found in postmenopausal women with high ox-LDL. This may indicate other sources of circulating Lp-PLA(2) activity except PBMC in postmenopausal women with high ox-LDL. We also demonstrated that circulating Lp-PLA(2) and PBMC secreted Lp-PLA(2) associate differently with markers of oxidative stress and sub clinical inflammation in nonobese women, particularly according to the menopausal states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Kyung Paik
- Yonsei University Research Institute of Science for Aging, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- National Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Yonsei University Research Institute of Science for Aging, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- National Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Oh Yoen Kim
- Yonsei University Research Institute of Science for Aging, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- National Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yonghee Lee
- National Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Sook Jeong
- National Research Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Gary Sweeney
- Institut Pasteur Korea, Seoul, Korea & Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yangsoo Jang
- Yonsei University Research Institute of Science for Aging, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Cardiology Division, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cardiovascular Genome Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Severance Medical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Ho Lee
- Yonsei University Research Institute of Science for Aging, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- National Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Phospholipids are present in all living organisms. They are a major component of all biological membranes, along with glycolipids and cholesterol. Enzymes aimed at cleaving the various bonds in phospholipids, namely phospholipases, are consequently widespread in nature, playing very diverse roles from aggression in snake venom to signal transduction, lipid mediators production, and digestion in humans. Although all phospholipases target phospholipids as substrates, they vary in the site of action on the phospholipids molecules, physiological function, mode of action, and their regulation. Significant studies on phospholipases characterization, physiological role, and industrial potential have been conducted worldwide. Some of them have been directed for biotechnological advances, such as gene discovery and functional enhancement by protein engineering. Others reported phospholipases as virulence factors and major causes of pathophysiological effects. In this introductory chapter, we provide brief details of different phospholipases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Aloulou
- National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kadl A, Sharma PR, Chen W, Agrawal R, Meher AK, Rudraiah S, Grubbs N, Sharma R, Leitinger N. Oxidized phospholipid-induced inflammation is mediated by Toll-like receptor 2. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1903-9. [PMID: 21925592 PMCID: PMC3197756 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative tissue damage is a hallmark of many chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the precise mechanisms linking oxidative changes to inflammatory reactions remain unclear. Herein we show that Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) translates oxidative tissue damage into inflammatory responses by mediating the effects of oxidized phospholipids. Intraperitoneal injection of oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-3-glycerophosphorylcholine (OxPAPC) resulted in upregulation of inflammatory genes in wild-type, but not in TLR2(-/-) mice. In vitro, OxPAPC induced TLR2 (but not TLR4)-dependent inflammatory gene expression and JNK and p38 signaling in macrophages. Induction of TLR2-dependent gene expression required reducible functional groups on sn-2 acyl chains of oxidized phospholipids, as well as serum cofactors. Finally, TLR2(-/-) mice were protected against carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative tissue damage and inflammation, which was accompanied by accumulation of oxidized phospholipids in livers. Together, our findings demonstrate that TLR2 mediates cellular responses to oxidative tissue damage and they provide new insights into how oxidative stress is linked to acute and chronic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kadl
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Poonam R. Sharma
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Wenshu Chen
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Rachana Agrawal
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Akshaya K. Meher
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Swetha Rudraiah
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Nathaniel Grubbs
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Norbert Leitinger
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Dennis EA, Cao J, Hsu YH, Magrioti V, Kokotos G. Phospholipase A2 enzymes: physical structure, biological function, disease implication, chemical inhibition, and therapeutic intervention. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6130-85. [PMID: 21910409 PMCID: PMC3196595 DOI: 10.1021/cr200085w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 804] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Yuan-Hao Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Victoria Magrioti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Vladykovskaya E, Ozhegov E, Hoetker JD, Xie Z, Ahmed Y, Suttles J, Srivastava S, Bhatnagar A, Barski OA. Reductive metabolism increases the proinflammatory activity of aldehyde phospholipids. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:2209-2225. [PMID: 21957201 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m013854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of oxidized phospholipids in lipoproteins has been linked to vascular inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions. Products of phospholipid oxidation increase endothelial activation; however, their effects on macrophages are poorly understood, and it is unclear whether these effects are regulated by the biochemical pathways that metabolize oxidized phospholipids. We found that incubation of 1-palmitoyl-2-(5'-oxo-valeroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POVPC) with THP-1-derived macrophages upregulated the expression of cytokine genes, including granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. In these cells, reagent POVPC was either hydrolyzed to lyso-phosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC) or reduced to 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-hydroxy-valeroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PHVPC). Treatment with the phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) inhibitor, pefabloc, decreased POVPC hydrolysis and increased PHVPC accumulation. Pefabloc also increased the induction of cytokine genes in POVPC-treated cells. In contrast, PHVPC accumulation and cytokine production were decreased upon treatment with the aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor, tolrestat. In comparison with POVPC, lyso-PC led to 2- to 3-fold greater and PHVPC 10- to 100-fold greater induction of cytokine genes. POVPC-induced cytokine gene induction was prevented in bone-marrow derived macrophages from AR-null mice. These results indicate that although hydrolysis is the major pathway of metabolism, reduction further increases the proinflammatory responses to POVPC. Thus, vascular inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions is likely to be regulated by metabolism of phospholipid aldehydes in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vladykovskaya
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Evgeny Ozhegov
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - J David Hoetker
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Zhengzhi Xie
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Yonis Ahmed
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Jill Suttles
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Oleg A Barski
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Thévenin AF, Monillas ES, Winget JM, Czymmek K, Bahnson BJ. Trafficking of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase type II in response to oxidative stress. Biochemistry 2011; 50:8417-26. [PMID: 21882811 DOI: 10.1021/bi200802w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase type II (PAFAH-II) is an intracellular phospholipase A(2) enzyme that hydrolyzes platelet-activating factor and oxidatively fragmented phospholipids. This N-terminally myristoylated protein becomes associated with cytoplasm-facing cell membranes under oxidative stress. The structural requirements for binding of PAFAH-II to membranes in response to oxidative stress are unknown. To begin elucidating the mechanism of trafficking and stress response, we constructed a homology model of PAFAH-II. From the predicted membrane orientation of PAFAH-II, the N-terminal myristoyl group and a hydrophobic patch are hypothesized to be involved in membrane binding. Localization studies of human PAFAH-II in HEK293 cells indicated that an unmyristoylated mutant remained cytoplasmic under stressed and unstressed conditions. The myristoylated wild-type enzyme was partially localized to the cytoplasmic membranes prior to stress and became more localized to these membranes upon stress. A triple mutation of three hydrophobic patch residues of the membrane binding region likewise did not localize to membranes following stress. These results indicate that both the myristoyl group and the hydrophobic patch are essential for proper trafficking of the enzyme to the membranes following oxidative stress. Additionally, colocalization studies using organelle-specific proteins demonstrate that PAFAH-II is transported to the membranes of both the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia F Thévenin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Long JZ, Cravatt BF. The metabolic serine hydrolases and their functions in mammalian physiology and disease. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6022-63. [PMID: 21696217 DOI: 10.1021/cr200075y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z Long
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Adibekian A, Martin BR, Wang C, Hsu KL, Bachovchin DA, Niessen S, Hoover H, Cravatt BF. Click-generated triazole ureas as ultrapotent in vivo-active serine hydrolase inhibitors. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:469-78. [PMID: 21572424 PMCID: PMC3118922 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Serine hydrolases are a diverse enzyme class representing ∼1% of all human proteins. The biological functions of most serine hydrolases remain poorly characterized owing to a lack of selective inhibitors to probe their activity in living systems. Here we show that a substantial number of serine hydrolases can be irreversibly inactivated by 1,2,3-triazole ureas, which show negligible cross-reactivity with other protein classes. Rapid lead optimization by click chemistry-enabled synthesis and competitive activity-based profiling identified 1,2,3-triazole ureas that selectively inhibit enzymes from diverse branches of the serine hydrolase class, including peptidases (acyl-peptide hydrolase, or APEH), lipases (platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase-2, or PAFAH2) and uncharacterized hydrolases (α,β-hydrolase-11, or ABHD11), with exceptional potency in cells (sub-nanomolar) and mice (<1 mg kg(-1)). We show that APEH inhibition leads to accumulation of N-acetylated proteins and promotes proliferation in T cells. These data indicate 1,2,3-triazole ureas are a pharmacologically privileged chemotype for serine hydrolase inhibition, combining broad activity across the serine hydrolase class with tunable selectivity for individual enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Adibekian
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Brent R. Martin
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Chu Wang
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Daniel A. Bachovchin
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Sherry Niessen
- Center for Physiological Proteomics, and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Heather Hoover
- Center for Physiological Proteomics, and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Mas E, Barden AE, Corcoran TB, Phillips M, Roberts LJ, Mori TA. Effects of spinal or general anesthesia on F₂-isoprostanes and isofurans during ischemia/reperfusion of the leg in patients undergoing knee replacement surgery. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:1171-6. [PMID: 21262345 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
General and spinal anesthesia are used extensively in orthopedic surgery. However, these methods of anesthesia may result in different amounts of oxygen being delivered to the patient. Ischemia/reperfusion injury after release of the tourniquet initiates free radical-mediated oxidative stress. F₂-isoprostanes are reliable markers of in vivo lipid peroxidation. However, under conditions of high oxygen tension, isofurans are formed. We aimed to compare plasma isofurans and F₂-isoprostanes in spinal versus general anesthesia in patients undergoing knee-replacement surgery in a randomized, blinded study. Thirty-nine patients were randomized to spinal (SA; n = 19) or general anesthesia (GA; n = 20). Blood was collected before anesthesia, and a tourniquet was then applied to the limb during surgery. After release of the tourniquet, blood samples were collected at 30 min, 2 h, and 24 h for measurement of plasma F₂-isoprostanes and isofurans by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The two groups were comparable in age and body mass index. Plasma F₂-isoprostanes were significantly lower in the GA patients compared with the SA patients (p = 0.045). In contrast, the GA patients had significantly elevated plasma isofurans (p = 0.032). Increased isofurans during GA compared with SA are likely to reflect increased oxidative stress due to elevated oxygen concentrations during GA. Further studies are required to assess the implications of these findings on perioperative outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Mas
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mas E, Woodman RJ, Burke V, Puddey IB, Beilin LJ, Durand T, Mori TA. The omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA decrease plasma F(2)-isoprostanes: Results from two placebo-controlled interventions. Free Radic Res 2011; 44:983-90. [PMID: 20540666 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2010.492830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 (omega3) fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), protect against cardiovascular disease. Despite these benefits, concern remains that omega3 fatty acids may increase lipid peroxidation. It has previously been shown that urinary F(2)-isoprostanes (F(2)-IsoPs) were reduced following omega3 fatty acid supplementation in humans. It is now determined whether EPA or DHA supplementation affects plasma F(2)-IsoPs. In two 6-week placebo-controlled interventions, Study A: overweight, dyslipidaemic men; and Study B: treated-hypertensive Type 2 diabetic, patients were randomized to 4 g daily EPA, DHA. Post-intervention plasma F(2)-IsoPs were significantly reduced by EPA (24% in Study A, 19% in Study B) and by DHA (14% in Study A, 23% in Study B) relative to the olive oil group. The fall in plasma F(2)-IsoPs was not altered in analyses that corrected for changes in plasma arachidonic acid, which was reduced with EPA and DHA supplementation. Neither F(3)- nor F(4)-IsoPs were observed in plasma in both studies. These results show that in humans, EPA and DHA reduce in vivo oxidant stress as measured in human plasma and urine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Mas
- University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Effect of oxidized phosphatidylcholine on biomarkers of oxidative stress in rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 2011; 26:154-60. [PMID: 22468042 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-010-0064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study it was planned to investigate the effect of oxidized phosphatidylcholine (derived from egg) feeding on lipid peroxidation of different tissues in rats. Male Wistar albino rats were fed oxidized and unoxidized phosphatidylcholine for 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. During the period of study food intake and body weights of animals increased gradually. Animals fed oxidized phosphatidylcholine for 2 and 4 weeks showed 33 and 15% spontaneous hemolysis of red blood cells in vitro. Under identical experimental conditions animals given unoxidized phosphatidylcholine showed 14.5 and 13.4% hemolysis for 2 and 4 week's period, respectively. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level in thymus, spleen, kidney, heart, liver and lung significantly increased in rats given oxidized phosphatidylcholine as compared to unoxidized group. Furthermore, in oxidized phosphatidylcholine group TBARS values in kidney, liver and lungs continued to rise for 4 weeks of treatment while TBARS level in heart, spleen and thymus was found to be decreased at the end of 4 weeks of oxidized phosphatidylcholine feeding. Plasma triacylglycerol and cholesterol was found to increase in rats who had received oxidized phosphatidylcholine for 2 weeks. These findings suggest that excess and persistent intake of oxidized phosphatidylcholine can cause significant damage to organs.
Collapse
|
50
|
Murakami M, Taketomi Y, Miki Y, Sato H, Hirabayashi T, Yamamoto K. Recent progress in phospholipase A₂ research: from cells to animals to humans. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 50:152-92. [PMID: 21185866 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian genomes encode genes for more than 30 phospholipase A₂s (PLA₂s) or related enzymes, which are subdivided into several classes including low-molecular-weight secreted PLA₂s (sPLA₂s), Ca²+-dependent cytosolic PLA₂s (cPLA₂s), Ca²+-independent PLA₂s (iPLA₂s), platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases (PAF-AHs), lysosomal PLA₂s, and a recently identified adipose-specific PLA. Of these, the intracellular cPLA₂ and iPLA₂ families and the extracellular sPLA₂ family are recognized as the "big three". From a general viewpoint, cPLA₂α (the prototypic cPLA₂ plays a major role in the initiation of arachidonic acid metabolism, the iPLA₂ family contributes to membrane homeostasis and energy metabolism, and the sPLA₂ family affects various biological events by modulating the extracellular phospholipid milieus. The cPLA₂ family evolved along with eicosanoid receptors when vertebrates first appeared, whereas the diverse branching of the iPLA₂ and sPLA₂ families during earlier eukaryote development suggests that they play fundamental roles in life-related processes. During the past decade, data concerning the unexplored roles of various PLA₂ enzymes in pathophysiology have emerged on the basis of studies using knockout and transgenic mice, the use of specific inhibitors, and information obtained from analysis of human diseases caused by mutations in PLA₂ genes. This review focuses on current understanding of the emerging biological functions of PLA₂s and related enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|