1
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Cevheroğlu O, Demirbaş B, Öğütcü D, Murat M. ADGRG1, an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor, forms oligomers. FEBS J 2024; 291:2461-2478. [PMID: 38468592 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) oligomerization is a highly debated topic in the field. While initially believed to function as monomers, current literature increasingly suggests that these cell surface receptors, spanning almost all GPCR families, function as homo- or hetero-oligomers. Yet, the functional consequences of these oligomeric complexes remain largely unknown. Adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) present an intriguing family of receptors characterized by their large and multi-domain N-terminal fragments (NTFs), intricate activation mechanisms, and the prevalence of numerous splice variants in almost all family members. In the present study, bioluminescence energy transfer (BRET) and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) were used to study the homo-oligomerization of adhesion G protein-coupled receptor G1 (ADGRG1; also known as GPR56) and to assess the involvement of NTFs in these receptor complexes. Based on the results presented herein, we propose that ADGRG1 forms 7-transmembrane-driven homo-oligomers on the plasma membrane. Additionally, Stachel motif interactions appear to influence the conformation of these receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Berkay Demirbaş
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Çankaya, Turkey
| | - Dilara Öğütcü
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Çankaya, Turkey
| | - Merve Murat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Çankaya, Turkey
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2
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Bauer L, Edwards J, Heil A, Dewitt S, Biebermann H, Aeschlimann D, Knäuper V. Mesenchymal Transglutaminase 2 Activates Epithelial ADAM17: Link to G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 56 (ADGRG1) Signalling. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2329. [PMID: 38397010 PMCID: PMC10889368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A wound healing model was developed to elucidate the role of mesenchymal-matrix-associated transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in keratinocyte re-epithelialisation. TG2 drives keratinocyte migratory responses by activation of disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17). We demonstrate that epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor ligand shedding leads to EGFR-transactivation and subsequent rapid keratinocyte migration on TG2-positive ECM. In contrast, keratinocyte migration was impaired in TG2 null conditions. We show that keratinocytes express the adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor, ADGRG1 (GPR56), which has been proposed as a TG2 receptor. Using ADAM17 activation as a readout and luciferase reporter assays, we demonstrate that TG2 activates GPR56. GPR56 activation by TG2 reached the same level as observed with an agonistic N-GPR56 antibody. The N-terminal GPR56 domain is required for TG2-regulated signalling response, as the constitutively active C-GPR56 receptor was not activated by TG2. Signalling required the C-terminal TG2 β-barrel domains and involved RhoA-associated protein kinase (ROCK) and ADAM17 activation, which was blocked by specific inhibitors. Cell surface binding of TG2 to the N-terminal GPR56 domain is rapid and is associated with TG2 and GPR56 endocytosis. TG2 and GPR56 represent a ligand receptor pair causing RhoA and EGFR transactivation. Furthermore, we determined a binding constant for the interaction of human TG2 with N-GPR56 and show for the first time that only the calcium-enabled "open" TG2 conformation associates with N-GPR56.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Bauer
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK (S.D.)
| | - Jessica Edwards
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK (S.D.)
| | - Andreas Heil
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK (S.D.)
| | - Sharon Dewitt
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK (S.D.)
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Aeschlimann
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK (S.D.)
| | - Vera Knäuper
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK (S.D.)
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3
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Wu J, Wang Z, Cai M, Wang X, Lo B, Li Q, He JC, Lee K, Fu J. GPR56 Promotes Diabetic Kidney Disease Through eNOS Regulation in Glomerular Endothelial Cells. Diabetes 2023; 72:1652-1663. [PMID: 37579299 PMCID: PMC10588296 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Although glomerular endothelial dysfunction is well recognized as contributing to the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), the molecular pathways contributing to DKD pathogenesis in glomerular endothelial cells (GECs) are only partially understood. To uncover pathways that are differentially regulated in early DKD that may contribute to disease pathogenesis, we recently conducted a transcriptomic analysis of isolated GECs from diabetic NOS3-null mice. The analysis identified several potential mediators of early DKD pathogenesis, one of which encoded an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor-56 (GPR56), also known as ADGRG1. Enhanced glomerular expression of GPR56 was observed in human diabetic kidneys, which was negatively associated with kidney function. Using cultured mouse GECs, we observed that GPR56 expression was induced with exposure to advanced glycation end products, as well as in high-glucose conditions, and its overexpression resulted in decreased phosphorylation and expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). This effect on eNOS by GPR56 was mediated by coupling of Gα12/13-RhoA pathway activation and Gαi-mediated cAMP/PKA pathway inhibition. The loss of GPR56 in mice led to a significant reduction in diabetes-induced albuminuria and glomerular injury, which was associated with reduced oxidative stress and restoration of eNOS expression in GECs. These findings suggest that GPR56 promotes DKD progression mediated, in part, through enhancing glomerular endothelial injury and dysfunction. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshan Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Minchao Cai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Benjamin Lo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Qifu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - John Cijiang He
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Renal Program, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center at Bronx, Bronx, NY
| | - Kyung Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jia Fu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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4
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Cevheroğlu O, Demir N, Kesici MS, Özçubukçu S, Son ÇD. Downstream signalling of the disease-associated mutations on GPR56/ADGRG1. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 133:331-341. [PMID: 37056198 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
GPR56/ADGRG1 is an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and mutations on this receptor cause cortical malformation due to the over-migration of neural progenitor cells on brain surface. At pial surface, GPR56 interacts with collagen III, induces Rho-dependent activation through Gα12/13 and inhibits the neuronal migration. In human glioma cells, GPR56 inhibits cell migration through Gαq/11 -dependent Rho pathway. GPR56-tetraspanin complex is known to couple Gαq/11 . GPR56 is an aGPCR that couples with various G proteins and signals through different downstream pathways. In this study, bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria (BFPP) mutants disrupting GPR56 function but remaining to be expressed on plasma membrane were used to study receptor signalling through Gα12 , Gα13 and Gα11 with BRET biosensors. GPR56 showed coupling with all three G proteins and activated heterotrimeric G protein signalling upon stimulation with Stachel peptide. However, BFPP mutants showed different signalling defects for each G protein indicative of distinct activation and signalling properties of GPR56 for Gα12 , Gα13 or Gα11 . β-arrestin recruitment was also investigated following the activation of GPR56 with Stachel peptide using BRET biosensors. N-terminally truncated GPR56 showed enhanced β-arrestin recruitment; however, neither wild-type receptor nor BFPP mutants gave any measurable recruitment upon Stachel stimulation, pointing different activation mechanisms for β-arrestin involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nil Demir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | | | - Salih Özçubukçu
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Çağdaş D Son
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye
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5
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Hsiao CC, Vos E, van Gisbergen KPJM, Hamann J. The adhesion G protein-coupled receptor GPR56/ADGRG1 in cytotoxic lymphocytes. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 133:286-294. [PMID: 36750420 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
GPR56/ADGRG1 is an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor connected to brain development, haematopoiesis, male fertility, and tumorigenesis. Nevertheless, expression of GPR56 is not restricted to developmental processes. Studies over the last years have demonstrated a marked presence of GPR56 in human cytotoxic NK and T cells. Expression of GPR56 in these cells is driven by the transcription factor HOBIT, corresponds with the production of cytolytic mediators and the presence of CX3 CR1 and CD57, indicates a state of terminal differentiation and cellular exhaustion, and disappears upon cellular activation. Functional studies indicate that GPR56 regulates cell migration and effector functions and thereby acts as an inhibitory immune checkpoint. We here discuss the current state of knowledge regarding GPR56 in cytotoxic lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chih Hsiao
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Els Vos
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas P J M van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Hamann
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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High P, Carmon KS. G protein-coupled receptor-targeting antibody-drug conjugates: Current status and future directions. Cancer Lett 2023; 564:216191. [PMID: 37100113 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as promising anti-cancer therapeutic agents with several having already received market approval for the treatment of solid tumor and hematological malignancies. As ADC technology continues to improve and the range of indications treatable by ADCs increases, the repertoire of target antigens has expanded and will undoubtedly continue to grow. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are well-characterized therapeutic targets implicated in many human pathologies, including cancer, and represent a promising emerging target of ADCs. In this review, we will discuss the past and present therapeutic targeting of GPCRs and describe ADCs as therapeutic modalities. Moreover, we will summarize the status of existing preclinical and clinical GPCR-targeted ADCs and address the potential of GPCRs as novel targets for future ADC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyton High
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kendra S Carmon
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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7
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Wu JC, Wang XJ, Zhu JH, Huang XY, Liu M, Qiao Z, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Wang ZY, Zhan P, Zhang T, Hu HL, Liu H, Tang W, Yi F. GPR97 deficiency ameliorates renal interstitial fibrosis in mouse hypertensive nephropathy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:1206-1216. [PMID: 36635422 PMCID: PMC10203364 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-01041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive nephropathy (HTN) ranks as the second-leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Accumulating evidence suggests that persistent hypertension injures tubular cells, leading to tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF), which is involved in the pathogenesis of HTN. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are implicated in many important pathological and physiological processes and act as important drug targets. In this study, we explored the intrarenal mechanisms underlying hypertension-associated TIF, and particularly, the potential role of GPR97, a member of the adhesion GPCR subfamily, in TIF. A deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)/salt-induced hypertensive mouse model was used. We revealed a significantly upregulated expression of GPR97 in the kidneys, especially in renal tubules, of the hypertensive mice and 10 patients with biopsy-proven hypertensive kidney injury. GPR97-/- mice showed markedly elevated blood pressure, which was comparable to that of wild-type mice following DOCA/salt treatment, but dramatically ameliorated renal injury and TIF. In NRK-52E cells, we demonstrated that knockdown of GPR97 suppressed the activation of TGF-β signaling by disturbing small GTPase RhoA-mediated cytoskeletal reorganization, thus inhibiting clathrin-mediated endocytosis of TGF-β receptors and subsequent Smad activation. Collectively, this study demonstrates that GPR97 contributes to hypertension-associated TIF at least in part by facilitating TGF-β signaling, suggesting that GPR97 is a pivotal intrarenal factor for TIF progression under hypertensive conditions, and therapeutic strategies targeting GPR97 may improve the outcomes of patients with HTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Chao Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jing-Han Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xue-Ying Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Min Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Zhe Qiao
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yu Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Zi-Ying Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hui-Li Hu
- Department of Systems Biomedicine and Research Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Fan Yi
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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8
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You M, Xie Z, Zhang N, Zhang Y, Xiao D, Liu S, Zhuang W, Li L, Tao Y. Signaling pathways in cancer metabolism: mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:196. [PMID: 37164974 PMCID: PMC10172373 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01442-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide spectrum of metabolites (mainly, the three major nutrients and their derivatives) can be sensed by specific sensors, then trigger a series of signal transduction pathways and affect the expression levels of genes in epigenetics, which is called metabolite sensing. Life body regulates metabolism, immunity, and inflammation by metabolite sensing, coordinating the pathophysiology of the host to achieve balance with the external environment. Metabolic reprogramming in cancers cause different phenotypic characteristics of cancer cell from normal cell, including cell proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, etc. Metabolic disorders in cancer cells further create a microenvironment including many kinds of oncometabolites that are conducive to the growth of cancer, thus forming a vicious circle. At the same time, exogenous metabolites can also affect the biological behavior of tumors. Here, we discuss the metabolite sensing mechanisms of the three major nutrients and their derivatives, as well as their abnormalities in the development of various cancers, and discuss the potential therapeutic targets based on metabolite-sensing signaling pathways to prevent the progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshu You
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuolin Xie
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Desheng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lili Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ma Liu Shui, Hong Kong.
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precision Therapy in Lung Cancer, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011, Changsha, China.
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9
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Liu D, Zhang P, Zhang K, Bi C, Li L, Xu Y, Zhang T, Zhang J. Role of GPR56 in Platelet Activation and Arterial Thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 2023; 123:295-306. [PMID: 36402131 DOI: 10.1055/a-1983-0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The adhesion G protein-coupled receptor GPR56 mediates cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. To examine the function of GPR56 in platelet activation and arterial thrombosis, we generated GPR56-knockout mice and evaluated GPR56 expression in human and mouse platelets. The results revealed that the levels of the GPR56 N-terminal fragment were significantly higher on the first day after myocardial infarction than on the seventh day in the plasma of patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Next, we investigated the effects of GPR56 on platelet function in vitro and in vivo. We observed that collagen-induced aggregation and adenosine triphosphate release were reduced in Gpr56 -/- platelets. Furthermore, P-selectin expression on the Gpr56 -/- platelet surface was also reduced, and the spreading area on immobilized collagen was decreased in Gpr56 -/- platelets. Furthermore, collagen-induced platelet activation in human platelets was inhibited by an anti-GPR56 antibody. Gpr56 -/- mice showed an extended time to the first occlusion in models with cremaster arteriole laser injury and FeCl3-induced carotid artery injury. GPR56 activated the G protein 13 signaling pathway following collagen stimulation, which promoted platelet adhesion and thrombus formation at the site of vascular injury. Thus, our study confirmed that GPR56 regulated the formation of arterial thrombosis. Inhibition of the initial response of GPR56 to collagen could significantly inhibit platelet activation and thrombus formation. Our results provide new insights for research into antiplatelet drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kandi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changlong Bi
- Department of Cardiology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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10
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Nojima Y, Toriyama M, Tago K, Mizuno N, Morishita K, Itoh H. GPR56 C-terminal fragment mediates signal received by N-terminal fragment of another adhesion GPCR Latrophilin1 in neurons. Genes Cells 2023; 28:83-96. [PMID: 36453010 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) are a subfamily of GPCRs that are involved in cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and cell migration in various tissues. G protein-coupled receptor proteolytic site (GPS) of aGPCR is required to cleave the extracellular domain autocatalytically, generating two fragments; a N-terminal fragment (NTF) and a C-terminal fragment (CTF) containing seven transmembrane structure. NTF can interact with CTF non-covalently after cleavage, however the physiological significance of the cleavage of aGPCR at GPS, and also the interaction between NTF and CTF have not been fully clarified yet. In this study, we first investigated the expression profiles of two aGPCRs, GPR56/ADGRG1, and LPHN1/ADGRL1 in mouse brain, and found that the NTF and CTF of GPR56 independently expressed in different brain region at different developmental stages. Immunoprecipitation of GPR56CTF co-immunoprecipitated LPHN1NTF from mouse brain and HEK293T cells expressing both fragments. Stimulation with LPHN1 ligand, α-Latrotoxin N4C (αLTXN4C), to cells expressing LPHN1NTF and GPR56CTF increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+ ]i). We also demonstrated that GPR56KO mouse neurons attenuated their Ca2+ response to αLTXN4C. These results suggest the possibility of functional and chimeric complex containing LPHN1NTF and GPR56CTF in neuronal signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nojima
- Laboratory of Molecular Signal Transduction, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Manami Toriyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Signal Transduction, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Kenji Tago
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Norikazu Mizuno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aomori University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Morishita
- Project for Advanced Medical Research and Development, Project Research Division, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Laboratory of Molecular Signal Transduction, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
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11
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Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors-Structure and functions. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 195:1-25. [PMID: 36707149 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are an ancient class of receptors that represent some of the largest transmembrane-integrated proteins in humans. First recognized as surface markers on immune cells, it took more than a decade to appreciate their 7-transmembrane structure, which is reminiscent of GPCRs. Roughly 30 years went by before the first functional proof of an interaction with a G protein was published. Besides classic features of GPCRs (extracellular N terminus, 7-transmembrane region, intracellular C terminus), aGPCRs display a distinct N-terminal structure, which harbors the highly conserved GPCR autoproteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain with the GPCR proteolysis site (GPS) in addition to several functional domains. Several human diseases have been associated with variants of aGPCRs and subsequent animal models have been established to investigate these phenotypes. Much progress has been made in recent years to decipher the structure and functions of these receptors. This chapter gives an overview of our current understanding with respect to the molecular structural patterns governing aGPCR activation and the contribution of these giant molecules to the development of pathologies.
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12
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Franchini L, Orlandi C. Probing the orphan receptors: Tools and directions. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 195:47-76. [PMID: 36707155 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous ligands activating a large fraction of the G Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) family members have yet to be identified. These receptors are commonly labeled as orphans (oGPCRs), and because of the absence of available pharmacological tools they are currently understudied. Nonetheless, genome wide association studies, together with research using animal models identified many physiological functions regulated by oGPCRs. Similarly, mutations in some oGPCRs have been associated with rare genetic disorders or with an increased risk of developing pathologies. The once underestimated pharmacological potential of targeting oGPCRs is increasingly being exploited by the development of novel tools to understand their biology and by drug discovery endeavors aimed at identifying new modulators of their activity. Here, we summarize recent advancements in the field of oGPCRs and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Franchini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Cesare Orlandi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States.
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13
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Krasnova OA, Kulakova KA, Sopova JV, Smirnov EY, Silonov SA, Lomert EV, Bystrova OA, Martynova MG, Neganova IE. Essential Role of Adhesion GPCR, GPR123, for Human Pluripotent Stem Cells and Reprogramming towards Pluripotency. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020304. [PMID: 36672239 PMCID: PMC9856511 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface receptors. They modulate key physiological functions and are required in diverse developmental processes including embryogenesis, but their role in pluripotency maintenance and acquisition during the reprogramming towards hiPSCs draws little attention. Meanwhile, it is known that more than 106 GPCRs are overexpressed in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Previously, to identify novel effectors of reprogramming, we performed a high-throughput RNA interference (RNAi) screening assay and identified adhesion GPCR, GPR123, as a potential reprogramming effector. Its role has not been explored before. Herein, by employing GPR123 RNAi we addressed the role of GPR123 for hPSCs. The suppression of GPR123 in hPSCs leads to the loss of pluripotency and differentiation, impacted colony morphology, accumulation of cells at the G2 phase of the cell cycle, and absence of the scratch closure. Application of the GPR123 RNAi at the initiation stage of reprogramming leads to a decrease in the percentage of the "true" hiPSC colonies, a drop in E-cadherin expression, a decrease in the percentage of NANOG+ nuclei, and the absence of actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Together this leads to the absence of the alkaline-phosphatase-positive hiPSCs colonies on the 18th day of the reprogramming process. Overall, these data indicate for the first time the essential role of GPR123 in the maintenance and acquisition of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Krasnova
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Karina A. Kulakova
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Julia V. Sopova
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 St-Petersburg, Russia
- Center of Transgenesis and Genome Editing, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja Emb., 7/9, 199034 St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgenyi Y. Smirnov
- Laboratory of Regulation of Genes Function, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Silonov
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V. Lomert
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Tumor Cells, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga A. Bystrova
- Laboratory of Cell Morphology, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina G. Martynova
- Laboratory of Cell Morphology, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina E. Neganova
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 St-Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
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14
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Liebscher I, Cevheroğlu O, Hsiao CC, Maia AF, Schihada H, Scholz N, Soave M, Spiess K, Trajković K, Kosloff M, Prömel S. A guide to adhesion GPCR research. FEBS J 2022; 289:7610-7630. [PMID: 34729908 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are a class of structurally and functionally highly intriguing cell surface receptors with essential functions in health and disease. Thus, they display a vastly unexploited pharmacological potential. Our current understanding of the physiological functions and signaling mechanisms of aGPCRs form the basis for elucidating further molecular aspects. Combining these with novel tools and methodologies from different fields tailored for studying these unusual receptors yields a powerful potential for pushing aGPCR research from singular approaches toward building up an in-depth knowledge that will facilitate its translation to applied science. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art knowledge on aGPCRs in respect to structure-function relations, physiology, and clinical aspects, as well as the latest advances in the field. We highlight the upcoming most pressing topics in aGPCR research and identify strategies to tackle them. Furthermore, we discuss approaches how to promote, stimulate, and translate research on aGPCRs 'from bench to bedside' in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Liebscher
- Division of Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Germany
| | | | - Cheng-Chih Hsiao
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André F Maia
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Hannes Schihada
- C3 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicole Scholz
- Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - Mark Soave
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Katja Spiess
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katarina Trajković
- Biology of Robustness Group, Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, Split, Croatia
| | - Mickey Kosloff
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, The University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Simone Prömel
- Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Lala T, Hall RA. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors: structure, signaling, physiology, and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1587-1624. [PMID: 35468004 PMCID: PMC9255715 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (AGPCRs) are a family of 33 receptors in humans exhibiting a conserved general structure but diverse expression patterns and physiological functions. The large NH2 termini characteristic of AGPCRs confer unique properties to each receptor and possess a variety of distinct domains that can bind to a diverse array of extracellular proteins and components of the extracellular matrix. The traditional view of AGPCRs, as implied by their name, is that their core function is the mediation of adhesion. In recent years, though, many surprising advances have been made regarding AGPCR signaling mechanisms, activation by mechanosensory forces, and stimulation by small-molecule ligands such as steroid hormones and bioactive lipids. Thus, a new view of AGPCRs has begun to emerge in which these receptors are seen as massive signaling platforms that are crucial for the integration of adhesive, mechanosensory, and chemical stimuli. This review article describes the recent advances that have led to this new understanding of AGPCR function and also discusses new insights into the physiological actions of these receptors as well as their roles in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Lala
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Randy A Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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16
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Su T, Guan Q, Cheng H, Zhu Z, Jiang C, Guo P, Tai Y, Sun H, Wang M, Wei W, Wang Q. Functions of G protein-coupled receptor 56 in health and disease. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 236:e13866. [PMID: 35959520 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human G protein-coupled receptor 56 (GPR56) is encoded by gene ADGRG1 from chromosome 16q21 and is homologously encoded in mice, at chromosome 8. Both 687 and 693 splice forms are present in humans and mice. GPR56 has a 381 amino acid-long N-terminal extracellular segment and a GPCR proteolysis site upstream from the first transmembrane domain. GPR56 is mainly expressed in the heart, brain, thyroid, platelets, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Accumulating evidence indicates that GPR56 promotes the formation of myelin sheaths and the development of oligodendrocytes in the cerebral cortex of the central nervous system. Moreover, GPR56 contributes to the development and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells, induces adipogenesis, and regulates the function of immune cells. The lack of GPR56 leads to nervous system dysfunction, platelet disorders, and infertility. Abnormal expression of GPR56 is related to the malignant transformation and tumor metastasis of several cancers including melanoma, neuroglioma, and gastrointestinal cancer. Metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases are also associated with dysregulation of GPR56 expression, and GPR56 is involved in the pharmacological resistance to some antidepressant and cancer drug treatments. In this review, the molecular structure, expression profile, and signal transduction of GPR56 are introduced, and physiological and pathological functions of GRP56 are comprehensively summarized. Attributing to its significant biological functions and its long N-terminal extracellular region that interacts with multiple ligands, GPR56 is becoming an attractive therapeutic target in treating neurological and hematopoietic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Su
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qiuyun Guan
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Huijuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhenduo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chunru Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Paipai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yu Tai
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hanfei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Manman Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qingtong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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17
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Sreepada A, Tiwari M, Pal K. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor gluing action guides tissue development and disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1355-1372. [PMID: 35969283 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of human G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) divides these transmembrane signaling proteins into five groups: glutamate, rhodopsin, adhesion, frizzled, and secretin families, commonly abbreviated as the GRAFS classification system. The adhesion GPCR (aGPCR) sub-family comprises 33 different receptors in humans. Majority of the aGPCRs are orphan receptors with unknown ligands, structures, and tissue expression profiles. They have a long N-terminal extracellular domain (ECD) with several adhesion sites similar to integrin receptors. Many aGPCRs undergo autoproteolysis at the GPCR proteolysis site (GPS), enclosed within the larger GPCR autoproteolysis inducing (GAIN) domain. Recent breakthroughs in aGPCR research have created new paradigms for understanding their roles in organogenesis. They play crucial roles in multiple aspects of organ development through cell signaling, intercellular adhesion, and cell-matrix associations. They are involved in essential physiological processes like regulation of cell polarity, mitotic spindle orientation, cell adhesion, and migration. Multiple aGPCRs have been associated with the development of the brain, musculoskeletal system, kidneys, cardiovascular system, hormone secretion, and regulation of immune functions. Since aGPCRs have crucial roles in tissue patterning and organogenesis, mutations in these receptors are often associated with diseases with loss of tissue integrity. Thus, aGPCRs include a group of enigmatic receptors with untapped potential for elucidating novel signaling pathways leading to drug discovery. We summarized the current knowledge on how aGPCRs play critical roles in organ development and discussed how aGPCR mutations/genetic variants cause diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Sreepada
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India
| | - Mansi Tiwari
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India
| | - Kasturi Pal
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India.
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18
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The Novel Immune Checkpoint GPR56 Is Expressed on Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Selectively Upregulated upon TCR Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133164. [PMID: 35804934 PMCID: PMC9264967 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are associated with a survival benefit in various cancer types and the targeted (re)activation of TILs is an attractive therapeutic anti-cancer approach that yields curative responses. However, current T cell targeting strategies directed at known immune checkpoints have not increased objective response rates for all cancer types, including for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). For this reason, the identification of new immune checkpoints that regulate T cell immunity remains of great interest. One yet largely uninvestigated checkpoint of potential interest is the G protein-coupled receptor 56 (GPR56), which belongs to the adhesion GPCR family. GPR56 was originally reported to function in cerebral cortical development and in anti-depressant response, but also in cancer. Recently, GPR56 was identified as an inhibitory receptor expressed on human NK cells that by cis-interaction with the tetraspanin CD81 attenuated the cytotoxic activity of NK cells. This NK cell checkpoint could be blocked by an GPR56 antibody, leading to increased cytotoxicity. Interestingly, GPR56 expression has also been reported on cytokine producing memory CD8 T lymphocytes and may thus represent a T cell checkpoint as well. Here, GPR56 mRNA expression was characterized in the context of TILs, with GPR56 expression being detected predominantly in tumor infiltrating CD8 T cells with a cytotoxic and (pre-)exhausted phenotype. In accordance with this mRNA profile, TILs from ovarian cancer patients expressed GPR56 primarily within the effector memory and central memory T cell subsets. On T cells from healthy donors the expression was limited to effector memory and terminally differentiated T cells. Notably, GPR56 expression further increased on TILs upon T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated stimulation in co-cultures with cancer cells, whereas GPR56 expression on healthy primary human T cells did not. Further, the ectopic expression of GPR56 significantly reduced the migration of GPR56-positive T cells. Taken together, GPR56 is a potential immune-checkpoint in EOC found on (pre-)exhausted CD8 TILs that may regulate migratory behavior.
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19
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The tethered peptide activation mechanism of adhesion GPCRs. Nature 2022; 604:757-762. [PMID: 35418682 PMCID: PMC9841879 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are characterized by the presence of auto-proteolysing extracellular regions that are involved in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions1. Self cleavage within the aGPCR auto-proteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain produces two protomers-N-terminal and C-terminal fragments-that remain non-covalently attached after receptors reach the cell surface1. Upon dissociation of the N-terminal fragment, the C-terminus of the GAIN domain acts as a tethered agonist (TA) peptide to activate the seven-transmembrane domain with a mechanism that has been poorly understood2-5. Here we provide cryo-electron microscopy snapshots of two distinct members of the aGPCR family, GPR56 (also known as ADGRG1) and latrophilin 3 (LPHN3 (also known as ADGRL3)). Low-resolution maps of the receptors in their N-terminal fragment-bound state indicate that the GAIN domain projects flexibly towards the extracellular space, keeping the encrypted TA peptide away from the seven-transmembrane domain. High-resolution structures of GPR56 and LPHN3 in their active, G-protein-coupled states, reveal that after dissociation of the extracellular region, the decrypted TA peptides engage the seven-transmembrane domain core with a notable conservation of interactions that also involve extracellular loop 2. TA binding stabilizes breaks in the middle of transmembrane helices 6 and 7 that facilitate aGPCR coupling and activation of heterotrimeric G proteins. Collectively, these results enable us to propose a general model for aGPCR activation.
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20
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He L, Arnold C, Thoma J, Rohde C, Kholmatov M, Garg S, Hsiao CC, Viol L, Zhang K, Sun R, Schmidt C, Janssen M, MacRae T, Huber K, Thiede C, Hébert J, Sauvageau G, Spratte J, Fluhr H, Aust G, Müller-Tidow C, Niehrs C, Pereira G, Hamann J, Tanaka M, Zaugg JB, Pabst C. CDK7/12/13 inhibition targets an oscillating leukemia stem cell network and synergizes with venetoclax in acute myeloid leukemia. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e14990. [PMID: 35253392 PMCID: PMC8988201 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneous response of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) to current anti‐leukemic therapies is only partially explained by mutational heterogeneity. We previously identified GPR56 as a surface marker associated with poor outcome across genetic groups, which characterizes two leukemia stem cell (LSC)‐enriched compartments with different self‐renewal capacities. How these compartments self‐renew remained unclear. Here, we show that GPR56+ LSC compartments are promoted in a complex network involving epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulators besides Rho, Wnt, and Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Unexpectedly, Wnt pathway inhibition increased the more immature, slowly cycling GPR56+CD34+ fraction and Hh/EMT gene expression, while Wnt activation caused opposite effects. Our data suggest that the crucial role of GPR56 lies in its ability to co‐activate these opposing signals, thus ensuring the constant supply of both LSC subsets. We show that CDK7 inhibitors suppress both LSC‐enriched subsets in vivo and synergize with the Bcl‐2 inhibitor venetoclax. Our data establish reciprocal transition between LSC compartments as a novel concept underlying the poor outcome in GPR56high AML and propose combined CDK7 and Bcl‐2 inhibition as LSC‐directed therapy in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiazi He
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Arnold
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Judith Thoma
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Rohde
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maksim Kholmatov
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Swati Garg
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsiao
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Linda Viol
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS)/Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology (ZMBH), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kaiqing Zhang
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rui Sun
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Schmidt
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maike Janssen
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tara MacRae
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Stem Cells, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karin Huber
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Thiede
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Dresden Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Josée Hébert
- The Quebec Leukemia Cell Bank and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montréal, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Sauvageau
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Stem Cells, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julia Spratte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Herbert Fluhr
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gabriela Aust
- Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof Niehrs
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Gislene Pereira
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS)/Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology (ZMBH), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Hamann
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Motomu Tanaka
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Judith B Zaugg
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Caroline Pabst
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Liu D, Duan L, Cyster JG. Chemo- and mechanosensing by dendritic cells facilitate antigen surveillance in the spleen. Immunol Rev 2022; 306:25-42. [PMID: 35147233 PMCID: PMC8852366 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Spleen dendritic cells (DC) are critical for initiation of adaptive immune responses against blood-borne invaders. Key to DC function is their positioning at sites of pathogen entry, and their abilities to selectively capture foreign antigens and promptly engage T cells. Focusing on conventional DC2 (cDC2), we discuss the contribution of chemoattractant receptors (EBI2 or GPR183, S1PR1, and CCR7) and integrins to cDC2 positioning and function. We give particular attention to a newly identified role in cDC2 for adhesion G-protein coupled receptor E5 (Adgre5 or CD97) and its ligand CD55, detailing how this mechanosensing system contributes to splenic cDC2 positioning and homeostasis. Additional roles of CD97 in the immune system are reviewed. The ability of cDC2 to be activated by circulating missing self-CD47 cells and to integrate multiple red blood cell (RBC)-derived inputs is discussed. Finally, we describe the process of activated cDC2 migration to engage and prime helper T cells. Throughout the review, we consider the insights into cDC function in the spleen that have emerged from imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of California San Francisco California USA
| | - Lihui Duan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of California San Francisco California USA
| | - Jason G. Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of California San Francisco California USA
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22
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Lin WX, Chai YY, Huang TT, Zhang X, Zheng G, Zhang G, Peng F, Huang YJ. Novel compound heterozygous GPR56 gene mutation in a twin with lissencephaly: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:607-617. [PMID: 35097086 PMCID: PMC8771398 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i2.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lissencephaly (LIS) is a malformation of cortical development with broad gyri, shallow sulci and thickened cortex characterized by developmental delays and seizures. Currently, 20 genes have been implicated in LIS. However, GRP56-related LIS has never been reported. GRP56 is considered one of the causative genes for bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria. Here, we report a twin infant with LIS and review the relevant literature. The twins both carried the novel compound heterozygous GPR56 mutations.
CASE SUMMARY A 5-mo-old female infant was hospitalized due to repeated convulsions for 1 d. The patient had a flat head deformity that manifested as developmental delays and a sudden onset of generalized tonic-clonic seizures at 5 mo without any causes. The electroencephalography was normal. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed a simple brain structure with widened and thickened gyri and shallow sulci. The white matter of the brain was significantly reduced. Patchy long T1 and T2 signals could be seen around the ventricles, which were expanded, and the extracerebral space was widened. Genetic testing confirmed that the patient carried the GPR56 gene compound heterozygous mutations c.228delC (p.F76fs) and c.1820_1821delAT (p.H607fs). The unaffected father carried a heterozygous c.1820_1821delAT mutation, and the unaffected mother carried a heterozygous c.228delC mutation. The twin sister carried the same mutations as the proband. The patient was diagnosed with LIS.
CONCLUSION This is the first case report of LIS that is likely caused by mutations of the GPR56 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xin Lin
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying-Ying Chai
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ting-Ting Huang
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guo Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fang Peng
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yan-Jun Huang
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
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23
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Ng KF, Chen TC, Stacey M, Lin HH. Role of ADGRG1/GPR56 in Tumor Progression. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123352. [PMID: 34943858 PMCID: PMC8699533 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular communication plays a critical role in diverse aspects of tumorigenesis including tumor cell growth/death, adhesion/detachment, migration/invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) which constitute the largest group of cell surface receptors are known to play fundamental roles in all these processes. When considering the importance of GPCRs in tumorigenesis, the adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) are unique due to their hybrid structural organization of a long extracellular cell-adhesive domain and a seven-transmembrane signaling domain. Indeed, aGPCRs have been increasingly shown to be associated with tumor development by participating in tumor cell interaction and signaling. ADGRG1/GPR56, a representative tumor-associated aGPCR, is recognized as a potential biomarker/prognostic factor of specific cancer types with both tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting functions. We summarize herein the latest findings of the role of ADGRG1/GPR56 in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwai-Fong Ng
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (K.-F.N.); (T.-C.C.)
| | - Tse-Ching Chen
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (K.-F.N.); (T.-C.C.)
| | - Martin Stacey
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Hsi-Hsien Lin
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (K.-F.N.); (T.-C.C.)
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Keelung, Keelung 20401, Taiwan
- Center for Medical and Clinical Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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24
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An Insight into GPCR and G-Proteins as Cancer Drivers. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123288. [PMID: 34943797 PMCID: PMC8699078 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface signaling receptors known to play a crucial role in various physiological functions, including tumor growth and metastasis. Various molecules such as hormones, lipids, peptides, and neurotransmitters activate GPCRs that enable the coupling of these receptors to highly specialized transducer proteins, called G-proteins, and initiate multiple signaling pathways. Integration of these intricate networks of signaling cascades leads to numerous biochemical responses involved in diverse pathophysiological activities, including cancer development. While several studies indicate the role of GPCRs in controlling various aspects of cancer progression such as tumor growth, invasion, migration, survival, and metastasis through its aberrant overexpression, mutations, or increased release of agonists, the explicit mechanisms of the involvement of GPCRs in cancer progression is still puzzling. This review provides an insight into the various responses mediated by GPCRs in the development of cancers, the molecular mechanisms involved and the novel pharmacological approaches currently preferred for the treatment of cancer. Thus, these findings extend the knowledge of GPCRs in cancer cells and help in the identification of therapeutics for cancer patients.
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25
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Functional impact of intramolecular cleavage and dissociation of adhesion G protein-coupled receptor GPR133 (ADGRD1) on canonical signaling. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100798. [PMID: 34022221 PMCID: PMC8215292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR133 (ADGRD1), an adhesion G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) whose canonical signaling activates GαS-mediated generation of cytosolic cAMP, has been shown to be necessary for the growth of glioblastoma (GBM), a brain malignancy. The extracellular N terminus of GPR133 is thought to be autoproteolytically cleaved into N-terminal and C- terminal fragments (NTF and CTF, respectively). However, the role of this cleavage in receptor activation remains unclear. Here, we used subcellular fractionation and immunoprecipitation approaches to show that the WT GPR133 receptor is cleaved shortly after protein synthesis and generates significantly more canonical signaling than an uncleavable point mutant GPR133 (H543R) in patient-derived GBM cultures and HEK293T cells. After cleavage, the resulting NTF and CTF remain noncovalently bound to each other until the receptor is trafficked to the plasma membrane, where we demonstrated NTF–CTF dissociation occurs. Using a fusion of the CTF of GPR133 and the N terminus of thrombin-activated human protease-activated receptor 1 as a controllable proxy system to test the effect of intramolecular cleavage and dissociation, we also showed that thrombin-induced cleavage and shedding of the human protease-activated receptor 1 NTF increased intracellular cAMP levels. These results support a model wherein dissociation of the NTF from the CTF at the plasma membrane promotes GPR133 activation and downstream signaling. These findings add depth to our understanding of the molecular life cycle and mechanism of action of GPR133 and provide critical insights that will inform therapeutic targeting of GPR133 in GBM.
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26
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Abstract
Background Members of the adhesion family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have received attention for their roles in health and disease, including cancer. Over the past decade, several members of the family have been implicated in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma. Methods Here, we discuss the basic biology of adhesion GPCRs and review in detail specific members of the receptor family with known functions in glioblastoma. Finally, we discuss the potential use of adhesion GPCRs as novel treatment targets in neuro-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Stephan
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Niklas Ravn-Boess
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dimitris G Placantonakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Brain and Spine Tumor Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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27
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Type III Collagen is Required for Adipogenesis and Actin Stress Fibre Formation in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020156. [PMID: 33504048 PMCID: PMC7911635 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR56 is required for the adipogenesis of preadipocytes, and the role of one of its ligands, type III collagen (ColIII), was investigated here. ColIII expression was examined by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting and immunostaining, and its function investigated by knockdown and genome editing in 3T3-L1 cells. Adipogenesis was assessed by oil red O staining of neutral cell lipids and production of established marker and regulator proteins. siRNA-mediated knockdown significantly reduced Col3a1 transcripts, ColIII protein and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 differentiating cells. Col3a1−/− 3T3-L1 genome-edited cell lines abolished adipogenesis, demonstrated by a dramatic reduction in adipogenic moderators: Pparγ2 (88%) and C/ebpα (96%) as well as markers aP2 (93%) and oil red O staining (80%). Col3a1−/− 3T3-L1 cells displayed reduced cell adhesion, sustained active β-catenin and deregulation of fibronectin (Fn) and collagen (Col4a1, Col6a1) extracellular matrix gene transcripts. Col3a1−/− 3T3-L1 cells also had dramatically reduced actin stress fibres. We conclude that ColIII is required for 3T3-L1 preadipocyte adipogenesis as well as the formation of actin stress fibres. The phenotype of Col3a1−/− 3T3-L1 cells is very similar to that of Gpr56−/− 3T3-L1 cells, suggesting a functional relationship between ColIII and Gpr56 in preadipocytes.
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28
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Chatterjee T, Zhang S, Posey TA, Jacob J, Wu L, Yu W, Francisco LE, Liu QJ, Carmon KS. Anti-GPR56 monoclonal antibody potentiates GPR56-mediated Src-Fak signaling to modulate cell adhesion. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100261. [PMID: 33837725 PMCID: PMC7948743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR56 is a member of the adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor family shown to play important roles in cell adhesion, brain development, immune function, and tumorigenesis. GPR56 is highly upregulated in colorectal cancer and correlates with poor prognosis. Several studies have shown GPR56 couples to the Gα12/13 class of heterotrimeric G-proteins to promote RhoA activation. However, due to its structural complexity and lack of a high-affinity receptor-specific ligand, the complete GPR56 signaling mechanism remains largely unknown. To delineate the activation mechanism and intracellular signaling functions of GPR56, we generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that binds with high affinity and specificity to the extracellular domain (ECD). Using deletion mutants, we mapped the mAb binding site to the GAIN domain, which mediates membrane-proximal autoproteolytic cleavage of the ECD. We showed that GPR56 overexpression in 293T cells leads to increased phosphorylation of Src, Fak, and paxillin adhesion proteins and activation of the Gα12/13-RhoA-mediated serum response factor (SRF) pathway. Treatment with the mAb potentiated Src-Fak phosphorylation, RhoA–SRF signaling, and cell adhesion. Consistently, GPR56 knockdown in colorectal cancer cells decreased Src–Fak pathway phosphorylation and cell adhesion. Interestingly, GPR56-mediated activation of Src–Fak phosphorylation occurred independent of RhoA, yet mAb-induced potentiation of RhoA–SRF signaling was Src-dependent. Furthermore, we show that the C-terminal portion of the Serine–Threonine–Proline-rich (STP) region, adjacent to the GAIN domain, was required for Src–Fak activation. However, autoproteolytic cleavage of the ECD was dispensable. These data support a new ECD-dependent mechanism by which GPR56 functions to regulate adhesion through activation of Src–Fak signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Treena Chatterjee
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine and Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine and Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tressie A Posey
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine and Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joan Jacob
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine and Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ling Wu
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine and Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wangsheng Yu
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine and Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Liezl E Francisco
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine and Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qingyun J Liu
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine and Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kendra S Carmon
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine and Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
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29
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Salemi M, Cannarella R, Cimino L, Condorelli RA, Giurato G, Marchese G, Cordella A, Santa Paola S, Romano C, LA Vignera S, Calogero AE. GPR56 gene down-regulation in patients with Klinefelter Syndrome: a candidate for infertility? Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2020; 46:384-388. [PMID: 33331742 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6507.20.03357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of azoospermia in patients with Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is still unknown. The protein codified by the G protein-couple receptor 56 (GPR56) belongs to the adhesion family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPRs). Its mutations are involved in the pathogenesis of intellectual disability and, according to animal studies, infertility. As the expression of GPR56 in patients with KS has not been investigated so far, this study was undertaken with the purpose of evaluating its expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with KS and normal controls. METHODS This age-matched case-control study was performed in 10 patients with KS and 10 controls. Patients and controls underwent to blood sampling for next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis, and differentially expressed mRNAs were identified using DESeq2 v.1.12. QRT-PCR was used to validate the results obtained by NGS analysis. TaqMan Gene Expression Assay primers were used to carry out the real-time PCR analysis for GPR56. RESULTS GPR56 was down-regulated by -2081-fold (q-value <0.05) in PBMCs of patients with KS compared to controls. NGS data were confirmed by QRT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS The possible contribution of the GPR56 gene down-regulation in the pathogenesis of spermatogenic failure in patients with KS is worthy to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rossella Cannarella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy -
| | - Laura Cimino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosita A Condorelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giurato
- Genomix4Life Srl, Schola Medica Salernitana Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giovanna Marchese
- Genomix4Life Srl, Schola Medica Salernitana Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Angela Cordella
- Genomix4Life Srl, Schola Medica Salernitana Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | | | | | - Sandro LA Vignera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Aldo E Calogero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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30
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The polymicrogyria-associated GPR56 promoter preferentially drives gene expression in developing GABAergic neurons in common marmosets. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21516. [PMID: 33299078 PMCID: PMC7726139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78608-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR56, a member of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor family, is abundantly expressed in cells of the developing cerebral cortex, including neural progenitor cells and developing neurons. The human GPR56 gene has multiple presumptive promoters that drive the expression of the GPR56 protein in distinct patterns. Similar to coding mutations of the human GPR56 gene that may cause GPR56 dysfunction, a 15-bp homozygous deletion in the cis-regulatory element upstream of the noncoding exon 1 of GPR56 (e1m) leads to the cerebral cortex malformation and epilepsy. To clarify the expression profile of the e1m promoter-driven GPR56 in primate brain, we generated a transgenic marmoset line in which EGFP is expressed under the control of the human minimal e1m promoter. In contrast to the endogenous GPR56 protein, which is highly enriched in the ventricular zone of the cerebral cortex, EGFP is mostly expressed in developing neurons in the transgenic fetal brain. Furthermore, EGFP is predominantly expressed in GABAergic neurons, whereas the total GPR56 protein is evenly expressed in both GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons, suggesting the GABAergic neuron-preferential activity of the minimal e1m promoter. These results indicate a possible pathogenic role for GABAergic neuron in the cerebral cortex of patients with GPR56 mutations.
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31
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Mathiasen S, Palmisano T, Perry NA, Stoveken HM, Vizurraga A, McEwen DP, Okashah N, Langenhan T, Inoue A, Lambert NA, Tall GG, Javitch JA. G12/13 is activated by acute tethered agonist exposure in the adhesion GPCR ADGRL3. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:1343-1350. [PMID: 32778842 PMCID: PMC7990041 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) latrophilin 3 (ADGRL3) has been associated with increased risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use in human genetic studies. Knockdown in multiple species leads to hyperlocomotion and altered dopamine signaling. Thus, ADGRL3 is a potential target for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders that involve dopamine dysfunction, but its basic signaling properties are poorly understood. Identification of adhesion GPCR signaling partners has been limited by a lack of tools to acutely activate these receptors in living cells. Here, we design a novel acute activation strategy to characterize ADGRL3 signaling by engineering a receptor construct in which we could trigger acute activation enzymatically. Using this assay, we found that ADGRL3 signals through G12/G13 and Gq, with G12/13 the most robustly activated. Gα12/13 is a new player in ADGRL3 biology, opening up unexplored roles for ADGRL3 in the brain. Our methodological advancements should be broadly useful in adhesion GPCR research.
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MESH Headings
- Activating Transcription Factor 6/agonists
- Activating Transcription Factor 6/chemistry
- Activating Transcription Factor 6/genetics
- Activating Transcription Factor 6/metabolism
- Animals
- Arrestin/chemistry
- Arrestin/genetics
- Arrestin/metabolism
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Cell Engineering
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, G12-G13/chemistry
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, G12-G13/genetics
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, G12-G13/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11/chemistry
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11/genetics
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Mice
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/chemistry
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/chemistry
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/metabolism
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Peptide/chemistry
- Receptors, Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Peptide/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Mathiasen
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tiago Palmisano
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole A Perry
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hannah M Stoveken
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alex Vizurraga
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dyke P McEwen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Najeah Okashah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Tobias Langenhan
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nevin A Lambert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory G Tall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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32
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GPR56/ADGRG1 is a platelet collagen-responsive GPCR and hemostatic sensor of shear force. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28275-28286. [PMID: 33097663 PMCID: PMC7668045 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008921117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified the known collagen receptor GPR56/ADGRG1 on platelets. GPR56 is an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor that becomes activated following forced dissociation of its N-terminal fragment and C-terminal fragment or seven-transmembrane spanning domain (7TM). Fragment dissociation reveals the cryptic stalk of the 7TM, which acts as a tethered peptide agonist, and for GPR56, this activates platelet G13 signaling. GPR56 pharmacological probes activated platelets to undergo shape change and aggregation, which are critical for the formation of hemostatic plugs. Gpr56−/− mice exhibit prolonged bleeding, defective platelet plug formation in vessel injury assays, and delayed thrombotic vessel occlusion. Shear-force dependency of platelet adhesion to immobilized collagen was found to be GPR56 dependent. Circulating platelets roll along exposed collagen at vessel injury sites and respond with filipodia protrusion, shape change, and surface area expansion to facilitate platelet adhesion and plug formation. Various glycoproteins were considered to be both collagen responders and mediators of platelet adhesion, yet the signaling kinetics emanating from these receptors do not fully account for the rapid platelet cytoskeletal changes that occur in blood flow. We found the free N-terminal fragment of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) GPR56 in human plasma and report that GPR56 is the platelet receptor that transduces signals from collagen and blood flow-induced shear force to activate G protein 13 signaling for platelet shape change. Gpr56−/− mice have prolonged bleeding, defective platelet plug formation, and delayed thrombotic occlusion. Human and mouse blood perfusion studies demonstrated GPR56 and shear-force dependence of platelet adhesion to immobilized collagen. Our work places GPR56 as an initial collagen responder and shear-force transducer that is essential for platelet shape change during hemostasis.
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Jentzsch M, Bill M, Grimm J, Schulz J, Schuhmann L, Brauer D, Goldmann K, Wilke F, Franke GN, Behre G, Pönisch W, Vucinic V, Niederwieser D, Platzbecker U, Schwind S. High expression of the stem cell marker <i>GPR56</i> at diagnosis identifies acute myeloid leukemia patients at higher relapse risk after allogeneic stem cell transplantation in context with the CD34+/CD38- population. Haematologica 2020; 105:e507. [PMID: 33054093 PMCID: PMC7556671 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.229260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Jentzsch
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic 1, Hematology and Cellular Therapy,Leipzig University Hospital,Germany
| | - Marius Bill
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic 1, Hematology and Cellular Therapy,Leipzig University Hospital,Germany
| | - Juliane Grimm
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic 1, Hematology and Cellular Therapy,Leipzig University Hospital,Germany
| | - Julia Schulz
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic 1, Hematology and Cellular Therapy,Leipzig University Hospital,Germany
| | - Luba Schuhmann
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic 1, Hematology and Cellular Therapy,Leipzig University Hospital,Germany
| | - Dominic Brauer
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic 1, Hematology and Cellular Therapy,Leipzig University Hospital,Germany
| | - Karoline Goldmann
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic 1, Hematology and Cellular Therapy,Leipzig University Hospital,Germany
| | - Franziska Wilke
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic 1, Hematology and Cellular Therapy,Leipzig University Hospital,Germany
| | - Georg-Nikolaus Franke
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic 1, Hematology and Cellular Therapy,Leipzig University Hospital,Germany
| | - Gerhard Behre
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic 1, Hematology and Cellular Therapy,Leipzig University Hospital,Germany
| | - Wolfram Pönisch
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic 1, Hematology and Cellular Therapy,Leipzig University Hospital,Germany
| | - Vladan Vucinic
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic 1, Hematology and Cellular Therapy,Leipzig University Hospital,Germany
| | - Dietger Niederwieser
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic 1, Hematology and Cellular Therapy,Leipzig University Hospital,Germany
| | - Uwe Platzbecker
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic 1, Hematology and Cellular Therapy,Leipzig University Hospital,Germany
| | - Sebastian Schwind
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic 1, Hematology and Cellular Therapy,Leipzig University Hospital,Germany
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Ganesh RA, Venkataraman K, Sirdeshmukh R. GPR56: An adhesion GPCR involved in brain development, neurological disorders and cancer. Brain Res 2020; 1747:147055. [PMID: 32798453 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
GPR56/ADGRG1 is a member of the adhesion G-protein coupled receptor (aGPCR) family and one of the important players in the normal development of the brain. It plays a pivotal role in the diverse neurobiological processes, including cortical formation, oligodendrocyte development, and myelination. Mutations in GPR56 are known to cause brain malformation, myelination defects and are also implied in many cancers, including brain tumors. Since its identification almost two decades ago, GPR56 has emerged from an orphaned and uncharacterized GPCR to an increasingly well studied receptor. Yet, much needs to be understood about GPR56, both in terms of its molecular interactions and biological functions that may be relevant in normal health and disease. The review is focussed on the recent available knowledge of GPR56, which would give useful insights into its known and potential roles in the human brain, neurological disorders, and brain tumors like glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raksha A Ganesh
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Narayana Health, Bangalore 560099, India; Center for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632104, India
| | - Krishnan Venkataraman
- Center for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632104, India
| | - Ravi Sirdeshmukh
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Narayana Health, Bangalore 560099, India; Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India.
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Vizurraga A, Adhikari R, Yeung J, Yu M, Tall GG. Mechanisms of adhesion G protein-coupled receptor activation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14065-14083. [PMID: 32763969 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.007423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (AGPCRs) are a thirty-three-member subfamily of Class B GPCRs that control a wide array of physiological processes and are implicated in disease. AGPCRs uniquely contain large, self-proteolyzing extracellular regions that range from hundreds to thousands of residues in length. AGPCR autoproteolysis occurs within the extracellular GPCR autoproteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain that is proximal to the N terminus of the G protein-coupling seven-transmembrane-spanning bundle. GAIN domain-mediated self-cleavage is constitutive and produces two-fragment holoreceptors that remain bound at the cell surface. It has been of recent interest to understand how AGPCRs are activated in relation to their two-fragment topologies. Dissociation of the AGPCR fragments stimulates G protein signaling through the action of the tethered-peptide agonist stalk that is occluded within the GAIN domain in the holoreceptor form. AGPCRs can also signal independently of fragment dissociation, and a few receptors possess GAIN domains incapable of self-proteolysis. This has resulted in complex theories as to how these receptors are activated in vivo, complicating pharmacological advances. Currently, there is no existing structure of an activated AGPCR to support any of the theories. Further confounding AGPCR research is that many of the receptors remain orphans and lack identified activating ligands. In this review, we provide a detailed layout of the current theorized modes of AGPCR activation with discussion of potential parallels to mechanisms used by other GPCR classes. We provide a classification means for the ligands that have been identified and discuss how these ligands may activate AGPCRs in physiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Vizurraga
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rashmi Adhikari
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jennifer Yeung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Maiya Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gregory G Tall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Bondarev AD, Attwood MM, Jonsson J, Chubarev VN, Tarasov VV, Schiöth HB. Opportunities and challenges for drug discovery in modulating Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) functions. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:1291-1307. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1791075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey D. Bondarev
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Department Of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Misty M. Attwood
- Department Of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Jonsson
- Department Of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vladimir N. Chubarev
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim V. Tarasov
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Helgi B. Schiöth
- Department Of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Watkins LR, Orlandi C. Orphan G Protein Coupled Receptors in Affective Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E694. [PMID: 32599826 PMCID: PMC7349732 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the main mediators of signal transduction in the central nervous system. Therefore, it is not surprising that many GPCRs have long been investigated for their role in the development of anxiety and mood disorders, as well as in the mechanism of action of antidepressant therapies. Importantly, the endogenous ligands for a large group of GPCRs have not yet been identified and are therefore known as orphan GPCRs (oGPCRs). Nonetheless, growing evidence from animal studies, together with genome wide association studies (GWAS) and post-mortem transcriptomic analysis in patients, pointed at many oGPCRs as potential pharmacological targets. Among these discoveries, we summarize in this review how emotional behaviors are modulated by the following oGPCRs: ADGRB2 (BAI2), ADGRG1 (GPR56), GPR3, GPR26, GPR37, GPR50, GPR52, GPR61, GPR62, GPR88, GPR135, GPR158, and GPRC5B.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cesare Orlandi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
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Kim K, Gibboney S, Razy-Krajka F, Lowe EK, Wang W, Stolfi A. Regulation of Neurogenesis by FGF Signaling and Neurogenin in the Invertebrate Chordate Ciona. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:477. [PMID: 32656209 PMCID: PMC7324659 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis is a complex sequence of cellular processes and behaviors driven by the coordinated expression of conserved effectors. The bipolar tail neurons (BTNs) of Ciona develop according to a highly dynamic, yet highly stereotyped developmental program and thus could serve as an accessible model system for neurogenesis, including underlying cell behaviors like neuronal delamination, migration, and polarized axon outgrowth. Here we investigate both the upstream events that shape BTN neurogenesis through spatiotemporal regulation of the conserved proneural factor Neurog, spatiotemporal, and the gene expression profile of differentiating BTNs downstream of Neurog activity. We show that, although early FGF signaling is required for Neurog expression and BTN specification, Fgf8/17/18 is expressed in tail tip cells at later stages and suppresses sustained Neurog expression in the anterior BTN (aBTN) lineage, such that only one cell (the one furthest from the source of Fgf8/17/18) maintains Neurog expression and becomes a neuron. Curiously, Fgf8/17/18 might not affect neurogenesis of the posterior BTNs (pBTNs), which are in direct contact with the Fgf8/17/18-expressing cells. Finally, to profile gene expression associated with BTN neurogenesis we performed RNAseq of isolated BTN lineage cells in which BTN neurogenesis was enhanced or suppressed by perturbing Neurog function. This allowed us to identify several candidate genes that might play conserved roles in neurogenesis and neuronal migration in other animals, including mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwantae Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Susanne Gibboney
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Florian Razy-Krajka
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Elijah K. Lowe
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alberto Stolfi
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Alemany-Navarro M, Cruz R, Real E, Segalàs C, Bertolín S, Rabionet R, Carracedo Á, Menchón JM, Alonso P. Looking into the genetic bases of OCD dimensions: a pilot genome-wide association study. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:151. [PMID: 32424139 PMCID: PMC7235014 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The multidimensional nature of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been consistently reported. Clinical and biological characteristics have been associated with OCD dimensions in different ways. Studies suggest the existence of specific genetic bases for the different OCD dimensions. In this study, we analyze the genomic markers, genes, gene ontology and biological pathways associated with the presence of aggressive/checking, symmetry/order, contamination/cleaning, hoarding, and sexual/religious symptoms, as assessed via the Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DY-BOCS) in 399 probands. Logistic regression analyses were performed at the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) level. Gene-based and enrichment analyses were carried out for common (SNPs) and rare variants. No SNP was associated with any dimension at a genome-wide level (p < 5 × 10-8). Gene-based analyses showed one gene to be associated with hoarding (SETD3, p = 1.89 × 10-08); a gene highly expressed in the brain and which plays a role in apoptotic processes and transcriptomic changes, and another gene associated with aggressive symptoms (CPE; p = 4.42 × 10-6), which is involved in neurotrophic functions and the synthesis of peptide hormones and neurotransmitters. Different pathways or biological processes were represented by genes associated with aggressive (zinc ion response and lipid metabolism), order (lipid metabolism), sexual/religious (G protein-mediated processes) and hoarding (metabolic processes and anion transport) symptoms after FDR correction; while no pathway was associated with contamination. Specific genomic bases were found for each dimension assessed, especially in the enrichment analyses. Further research with larger samples and different techniques, such as next-generation sequencing, are needed to better understand the differential genetics of OCD dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Alemany-Navarro
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,OCD Clinical and Research Unit, Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, Bellvitge Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Raquel Cruz
- grid.11794.3a0000000109410645Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, CIBERER, Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eva Real
- grid.418284.30000 0004 0427 2257Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.411129.e0000 0000 8836 0780OCD Clinical and Research Unit, Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cinto Segalàs
- grid.418284.30000 0004 0427 2257Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.411129.e0000 0000 8836 0780OCD Clinical and Research Unit, Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Bertolín
- grid.411129.e0000 0000 8836 0780OCD Clinical and Research Unit, Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Rabionet
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain ,grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), CIBERER, and Dept. Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángel Carracedo
- grid.11794.3a0000000109410645Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, CIBERER, Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain ,Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, SERGAS, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose M. Menchón
- grid.418284.30000 0004 0427 2257Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.411129.e0000 0000 8836 0780OCD Clinical and Research Unit, Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Department of Clinical Sciences, Bellvitge Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pino Alonso
- grid.411129.e0000 0000 8836 0780OCD Clinical and Research Unit, Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Department of Clinical Sciences, Bellvitge Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Maser RL, Calvet JP. Adhesion GPCRs as a paradigm for understanding polycystin-1 G protein regulation. Cell Signal 2020; 72:109637. [PMID: 32305667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polycystin-1, whose mutation is the most frequent cause of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, is an extremely large and multi-faceted membrane protein whose primary or proximal cyst-preventing function remains undetermined. Accumulating evidence supports the idea that modulation of cellular signaling by heterotrimeric G proteins is a critical function of polycystin-1. The presence of a cis-autocatalyzed, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) proteolytic cleavage site, or GPS, in its extracellular N-terminal domain immediately preceding the first transmembrane domain is one of the notable conserved features of the polycystin-1-like protein family, and also of the family of cell adhesion GPCRs. Adhesion GPCRs are one of five families within the GPCR superfamily and are distinguished by a large N-terminal extracellular region consisting of multiple adhesion modules with a GPS-containing GAIN domain and bimodal functions in cell adhesion and signal transduction. Recent advances from studies of adhesion GPCRs provide a new paradigm for unraveling the mechanisms by which polycystin-1-associated G protein signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease. This review highlights the structural and functional features shared by polycystin-1 and the adhesion GPCRs and discusses the implications of such similarities for our further understanding of the functions of this complicated protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Maser
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA; Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
| | - James P Calvet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA; Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
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Nussbaumer O, Thurnher M. Functional Phenotypes of Human Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells in Lymphoid Stress Surveillance. Cells 2020; 9:E772. [PMID: 32235722 PMCID: PMC7140623 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrophilin and butyrophilin-like proteins select γδ T cells and direct the migration of γδ T cell subsets to distinct anatomical sites. γδ T cells expressing Vδ2 paired with Vγ9 (Vγ9Vδ2 T cells) are the predominant γδ T cell type in human peripheral blood. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, which cannot be studied easily in vivo because they do not exist in rodents, are often referred to as innate-like T cells. The genetically recombined γδ T cell receptor (TCR) that responds to isoprenoid-derived pyrophosphates (phosphoantigens) produced by infected and malignant cells in a butyrophilin-dependent manner qualifies them as therapeutically relevant components of the adaptive immune system. On the other hand, cell-surface proteins such as the C-type lectin CD161 mark a functional phenotype of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells that mediates TCR-independent innate-like responses. Moreover, CD56 (neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM) and the G protein-coupled receptor GPR56 define Vγ9Vδ2 T cells with increased cytolytic potential and, like CD161, may also be expressed by dendritic cells, principally facilitating the generation of an innate-like immunological synapse. In this review, we summarise current knowledge of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell functional phenotypes that are critical to lymphoid stress surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Nussbaumer
- GammaDelta Therapeutics Ltd., The Westworks, 195 Wood Lane, London W12 7FQ, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Kings College, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Martin Thurnher
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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42
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Gad AA, Balenga N. The Emerging Role of Adhesion GPCRs in Cancer. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:29-42. [PMID: 32259086 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression, function, and mutation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their signaling partners, G proteins, have been well documented in many forms of cancer. These cell surface receptors and their endogenous ligands are implicated in all aspects of cancer including proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) form the second largest family of GPCRs, most of which are orphan receptors with unknown physiological functions. This is mainly due to our limited insight into their structure, natural ligands, signaling pathways, and tissue expression profiles. Nevertheless, recent studies show that aGPCRs play important roles in cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix and cell-cell communication, processes that are dysregulated in cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that aGPCRs are implicated in migration, proliferation, and survival of tumor cells. We here review the role of aGPCRs in the five most common types of cancer (lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, and gastric) and emphasize the importance of further translational studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abanoub A Gad
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States.,Division of General & Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States
| | - Nariman Balenga
- Division of General & Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States.,Molecular and Structural Biology program at University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States
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Spiess K, Bagger SO, Torz LJ, Jensen KHR, Walser AL, Kvam JM, Møgelmose ASK, Daugvilaite V, Junnila RK, Hjortø GM, Rosenkilde MM. Arrestin-independent constitutive endocytosis of GPR125/ADGRA3. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1456:186-199. [PMID: 31659746 PMCID: PMC6899654 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The orphan receptor GPR125 (ADGRA3) belongs to subgroup III of the adhesion G protein−coupled receptor (aGPCR) family. aGPCRs, also known as class B2 GPCRs, share basic structural and functional properties with other GPCRs. Many of them couple to G proteins and activate G protein−dependent and −independent signaling pathways, but little is known about aGPCR internalization and β‐arrestin recruitment. GPR125 was originally described as a spermatogonial stem cell marker and studied for its role in Wnt signaling and cell polarity. Here, using cell‐based assays and confocal microscopy, we show that GPR125 is expressed on the cell surface and undergoes constitutive endocytosis in a β‐arrestin−independent, but clathrin‐dependent manner, as indicated by colocalization with transferrin receptor 1, an early endosome marker. These data support that the constitutive internalization of GPR125 contributes to its biological functions by controlling receptor surface expression and accessibility for ligands. Our study sheds light on a new property of aGPCRs, namely internalization; a property described to be important for signal propagation, signal termination, and desensitization of class A (rhodopsin‐like) and B1 (VIP/secretin) GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Spiess
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie O Bagger
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lola J Torz
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian H R Jensen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna L Walser
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jone M Kvam
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann-Sofie K Møgelmose
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Viktorija Daugvilaite
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Riia K Junnila
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gertrud M Hjortø
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors: opportunities for drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:869-884. [PMID: 31462748 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) - one of the five main families in the GPCR superfamily - have several atypical characteristics, including large, multi-domain N termini and a highly conserved region that can be autoproteolytically cleaved. Although GPCRs overall have well-established pharmacological tractability, currently no therapies that target any of the 33 members of the aGPCR family are either approved or in clinical trials. However, human genetics and preclinical research have strengthened the links between aGPCRs and disease in recent years. This, together with a greater understanding of their functional complexity, has led to growing interest in aGPCRs as drug targets. A framework for prioritizing aGPCR targets and supporting approaches to develop aGPCR modulators could therefore be valuable in harnessing the untapped therapeutic potential of this family. With this in mind, here we discuss the unique opportunities and challenges for drug discovery in modulating aGPCR functions, including target identification, target validation, assay development and safety considerations, using ADGRG1 as an illustrative example.
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Zhang S, Chatterjee T, Godoy C, Wu L, Liu QJ, Carmon KS. GPR56 Drives Colorectal Tumor Growth and Promotes Drug Resistance through Upregulation of MDR1 Expression via a RhoA-Mediated Mechanism. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:2196-2207. [PMID: 31444231 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance continues to be a major obstacle of effective therapy for colorectal cancer, leading to tumor relapse or treatment failure. Cancer stem cells (CSC) or tumor-initiating cells are a subpopulation of tumor cells which retain the capacity for self-renewal and are suggested to be implicated in drug resistance. LGR5 is highly expressed in colorectal cancer and marks CSCs that drive tumor growth and metastasis. LGR5(+) CSCs cells were shown to interconvert with more drug-resistant LGR5(-) cancer cells, and treatment with LGR5-targeted antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) eliminated LGR5(+) tumors, yet a fraction of LGR5(-) tumors eventually recurred. Therefore, it is important to identify mechanisms associated with CSC plasticity and drug resistance in order to develop curative therapies. Here, we show that loss of LGR5 in colon cancer cells enhanced resistance to irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil and increased expression of adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR56. GPR56 expression was significantly higher in primary colon tumors versus matched normal tissues and correlated with poor survival outcome. GPR56 enhanced drug resistance through upregulation of MDR1 levels via a RhoA-mediated signaling mechanism. Loss of GPR56 led to suppression of tumor growth and increased sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy and monomethyl auristatin E-linked anti-LGR5 ADCs, by reducing MDR1 levels. These findings suggest that upregulation of GPR56 may be a mechanism associated with CSC plasticity by which LGR5(-) cancer cells acquire a more drug-resistant phenotype. IMPLICATIONS: Our findings suggest that targeting GPR56 may provide a new strategy for the treatment of colorectal cancer and combatting drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Treena Chatterjee
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Carla Godoy
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Ling Wu
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Qingyun J Liu
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Kendra S Carmon
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.
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Al Hasan M, Roy P, Dolan S, Martin PE, Patterson S, Bartholomew C. Adhesion G-protein coupled receptor 56 is required for 3T3-L1 adipogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:1601-1614. [PMID: 31304602 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-associated conditions represent major global health and financial burdens and understanding processes regulating adipogenesis could lead to novel intervention strategies. This study shows that adhesion G-protein coupled receptor 56 (GPR56) gene transcripts are reduced in abdominal visceral white adipose tissue derived from obese Zucker rats versus lean controls. Immunostaining in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes reveals both mitotic cell restricted surface and low level general expression patterns of Gpr56. Gpr56 transcripts are differentially expressed in 3T3-L1 cells during adipogenesis. Transient knockdown (KD) of Gpr56 in 3T3-L1 cells dramatically inhibits differentiation through reducing the accumulation of both neutral cellular lipids (56%) and production of established adipogenesis Pparγ 2 (60-80%), C/ebpα (40-78%) mediator, and Ap2 (56-80%) marker proteins. Furthermore, genome editing of Gpr56 in 3T3-L1 cells created CW2.2.4 and RM4.2.5.5 clones (Gpr56 -/- cells) with compound heterozygous deletion frameshift mutations which abolish adipogenesis. Genome edited cells have sustained levels of the adipogenesis inhibitor β-catenin, reduced proliferation, reduced adhesion, altered profiles, and or abundance of extracellular matrix component gene transcripts for fibronectin, types I, III, and IV collagens and loss of actin stress fibers. β-catenin KD alone is insufficient to restore adipogenesis in Gpr56 -/- cells. Together these data show that Gpr56 is required for adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. This report is the first demonstration that Gpr56 participates in regulation of the adipogenesis developmental program. Modulation of the levels of this protein and/or its biological activity may represent a novel target for development of therapeutic agents for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Al Hasan
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, School of Health & Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Poornima Roy
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, School of Health & Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Sharron Dolan
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, School of Health & Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Patricia E Martin
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, School of Health & Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Steven Patterson
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, School of Health & Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Chris Bartholomew
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, School of Health & Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland
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Langenhan T. Adhesion G protein–coupled receptors—Candidate metabotropic mechanosensors and novel drug targets. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 126 Suppl 6:5-16. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Langenhan
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
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48
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Olaniru OE, Persaud SJ. Adhesion G-protein coupled receptors: Implications for metabolic function. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 198:123-134. [PMID: 30825474 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion G-protein coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are emerging as important actors in energy homeostasis. Recent biochemical and functional studies using transgenic mice indicate that aGPCRs play important roles in endocrine and metabolic functions including β-cell differentiation, insulin secretion, adipogenesis and whole body fuel homeostasis. Most aGPCRs are orphans, for which endogenous ligands have not yet been identified, and many of the endogenous ligands of the already de-orphanised aGPCRs are components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this review we focus on aGPCR expression in metabolically active tissues, their activation by ECM proteins, and current knowledge of their potential roles in islet development, insulin secretion, adipogenesis and muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladapo E Olaniru
- Diabetes Research Group, Department of Diabetes, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Shanta J Persaud
- Diabetes Research Group, Department of Diabetes, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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49
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Olaniru OE, Pingitore A, Giera S, Piao X, Castañera González R, Jones PM, Persaud SJ. The adhesion receptor GPR56 is activated by extracellular matrix collagen III to improve β-cell function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:4007-4019. [PMID: 29855662 PMCID: PMC6182347 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS G-protein coupled receptor 56 (GPR56) is the most abundant islet-expressed G-protein coupled receptor, suggesting a potential role in islet function. This study evaluated islet expression of GPR56 and its endogenous ligand collagen III, and their effects on β-cell function. METHODS GPR56 and collagen III expression in mouse and human pancreas sections was determined by fluorescence immunohistochemistry. Effects of collagen III on β-cell proliferation, apoptosis, intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) and insulin secretion were determined by cellular BrdU incorporation, caspase 3/7 activities, microfluorimetry and radioimmunoassay, respectively. The role of GPR56 in islet vascularisation and innervation was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining for CD31 and TUJ1, respectively, in pancreases from wildtype (WT) and Gpr56-/- mice, and the requirement of GPR56 for normal glucose homeostasis was determined by glucose tolerance tests in WT and Gpr56-/- mice. RESULTS Immunostaining of mouse and human pancreases revealed that GPR56 was expressed by islet β-cells while collagen III was confined to the peri-islet basement membrane and islet capillaries. Collagen III protected β-cells from cytokine-induced apoptosis, triggered increases in [Ca2+]i and potentiated glucose-induced insulin secretion from WT islets but not from Gpr56-/- islets. Deletion of GPR56 did not affect glucose-induced insulin secretion in vitro and it did not impair glucose tolerance in adult mice. GPR56 was not required for normal islet vascularisation or innervation. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated that collagen III improves islet function by increasing insulin secretion and protecting against apoptosis. Our data suggest that collagen III may be effective in optimising islet function to improve islet transplantation outcomes, and GPR56 may be a target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladapo E Olaniru
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Attilio Pingitore
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Stefanie Giera
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xianhua Piao
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ramón Castañera González
- Department of General Surgery, Rio Carrión Hospital, University Hospital Complex of Palencia, Palencia, Spain
| | - Peter M Jones
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Shanta J Persaud
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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50
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Huang KY, Lin HH. The Activation and Signaling Mechanisms of GPR56/ADGRG1 in Melanoma Cell. Front Oncol 2018; 8:304. [PMID: 30135857 PMCID: PMC6092491 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) constitute the second largest GPCR subfamily. GPR56/ADGRG1 is a member of the ADGRG subgroup of aGPCRs. Although GPR56 is best known for its pivotal role in the cerebral cortical development, it is also important for tumor progression. Numerous studies have revealed that GPR56 is expressed in various cancer types with a role in cancer cell adhesion, migration and metastasis. In a recent study, we found that the immobilized GPR56-specific CG4 antibody enhanced IL-6 production and migration ability of melanoma cells. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of GPR56 function and discuss the activation and signaling mechanisms of GPR56 in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yeh Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Hsien Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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