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Hashsham A, Kodur N, Su J, Tomlinson AJ, Yacawych WT, Flak JN, Lewis KT, Oles LR, Mori H, Bozadjieva-Kramer N, Turcu AF, MacDougald OA, Myers MG, Affinati AH. Control of Physiologic Glucose Homeostasis via the Hypothalamic Modulation of Gluconeogenic Substrate Availability. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.20.594873. [PMID: 38826340 PMCID: PMC11142065 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.20.594873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The brain augments glucose production during fasting, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show that Cckbr-expressing neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMNCckbr cells) prevent low blood glucose during fasting through sympathetic nervous system (SNS)-mediated augmentation of adipose tissue lipolysis and substrate release. Activating VMNCckbr neurons mobilized gluconeogenic substrates without altering glycogenolysis or gluconeogenic enzyme expression. Silencing these cells (CckbrTetTox animals) reduced fasting blood glucose, impaired lipolysis, and decreased circulating glycerol (but not other gluconeogenic substrates) despite normal insulin, counterregulatory hormones, liver glycogen, and liver gluconeogenic gene expression. Furthermore, β3-adrenergic adipose tissue stimulation in CckbrTetTox animals restored lipolysis and blood glucose. Hence, VMNCckbr neurons impact blood glucose not by controlling islet or liver physiology, but rather by mobilizing gluconeogenic substrates. These findings establish a central role for hypothalamic and SNS signaling during normal glucose homeostasis and highlight the importance of gluconeogenic substrate mobilization during physiologic fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Hashsham
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Nandan Kodur
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jiaao Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Warren T. Yacawych
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jon N. Flak
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kenneth T. Lewis
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lily R. Oles
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Hiroyuki Mori
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Nadejda Bozadjieva-Kramer
- Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System; Research Service, Ann Arbor, MI
- University of Michigan, Department of Surgery; Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Adina F. Turcu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ormond A. MacDougald
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Martin G. Myers
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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2
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Bonanini F, Singh M, Yang H, Kurek D, Harms AC, Mardinoglu A, Hankemeier T. A comparison between different human hepatocyte models reveals profound differences in net glucose production, lipid composition and metabolism in vitro. Exp Cell Res 2024; 437:114008. [PMID: 38499143 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocytes are responsible for maintaining a stable blood glucose concentration during periods of nutrient scarcity. The breakdown of glycogen and de novo synthesis of glucose are crucial metabolic pathways deeply interlinked with lipid metabolism. Alterations in these pathways are often associated with metabolic diseases with serious clinical implications. Studying energy metabolism in human cells is challenging. Primary hepatocytes are still considered the golden standard for in vitro studies and have been instrumental in elucidating key aspects of energy metabolism found in vivo. As a result of several limitations posed by using primary cells, a multitude of alternative hepatocyte cellular models emerged as potential substitutes. Yet, there remains a lack of clarity regarding the precise applications for which these models accurately reflect the metabolic competence of primary hepatocytes. In this study, we compared primary hepatocytes, stem cell-derived hepatocytes, adult donor-derived liver organoids, immortalized Upcyte-hepatocytes and the hepatoma cell line HepG2s in their response to a glucose production challenge. We observed the highest net glucose production in primary hepatocytes, followed by organoids, stem-cell derived hepatocytes, Upcyte-hepatocytes and HepG2s. Glucogenic gene induction was observed in all tested models, as indicated by an increase in G6PC and PCK1 expression. Lipidomic analysis revealed considerable differences across the models, with organoids showing the closest similarity to primary hepatocytes in the common lipidome, comprising 347 lipid species across 19 classes. Changes in lipid profiles as a result of the glucose production challenge showed a variety of, and in some cases opposite, trends when compared to primary hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madhulika Singh
- Metabolomics and Analytics Center, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Netherlands
| | - Hong Yang
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Amy C Harms
- Metabolomics and Analytics Center, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Netherlands
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Metabolomics and Analytics Center, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Netherlands.
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3
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Kang SW, Christensen KD, Jr. MTK, Orlowski SK. Effects of Environmental Enrichments on Welfare and Hepatic Metabolic Regulation of Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:557. [PMID: 38396525 PMCID: PMC10886341 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to find suitable environmental enrichment (EE) and evaluate the combined effect of two EEs, variable light intensity (VL) lighting program and EH, on mental health and hepatic metabolic regulation in commercial broilers. To find the advantageous EEs for broilers, three different EEs (board, hut, and ramp) were tested in trial 1. EEs were placed and the engagement of birds to EEs, dustbathing behavior, and daily physical activity were observed. Birds treated with huts showed higher engagement than the board- or ramp-treated birds (p < 0.05). The results of dustbathing behavior and daily physical activity indicated that the environmental hut (EH) is the most favorable enrichment for broilers. In the second trial, to test the effect of EHs on mental health and hepatic metabolic conditions, the brain and liver were sampled from the four treatment birds (20 lx_Con, 20 lx_Hut, VL_Con and VL_Hut) on day 42. The lower expression of TPH2 (tryptophan hydroxylase 2) of VL_Hut birds than those of VL_Con and 20 lx_Hut treated birds suggests the combining effect of EHs with the VL lighting program on the central serotonergic homeostasis of broilers. Reduced expressions of TH (tyrosine hydroxylase), GR (glucocorticoid receptor), BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) of VL_Hut treated birds compared to those of VL_Con and 20 lx_Hut birds suggest lower stress, stress susceptibility, and chronic social stress in VL_Hut treated birds. The expression of CPT1A (carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1) increased over three-fold in the liver of VL_Con birds compared to 20 lx_Con birds (p < 0.05). EHs treatment in VL birds (VL_Hut) significantly decreased CPT1A but not in 20 lx birds (20 lx_Hut). The expression of ACCα (acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha) was significantly decreased in VL_Con birds compared to 20 lx_Con birds. There was no significant difference in the hepatic FBPase (fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase), GR, and 11β-HSD1 (11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenease-1) expression between 20 lx_Con and VL_Con birds, but EHs significantly stimulated GR in 20 lx_Hut birds, and stimulated FBPase and 11β-HSD1 expression in the VL_Hut birds compared to 20 lx_Con birds, suggesting that the VL lighting program reduced fatty acid synthesis and increased fatty acid β-oxidation in the broilers' liver and VL_Hut improved the hepatic de novo glucose production. Taken together, the results suggest that the stimulated voluntary activity by EHs in the light-enriched broiler house improved mental health and hepatic metabolic function of broilers and may indicate that the improved hepatic metabolic function contributes to efficient nutritional support for broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong W. Kang
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.T.K.J.); (S.K.O.)
| | | | - Michael T. Kidd Jr.
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.T.K.J.); (S.K.O.)
| | - Sara K. Orlowski
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.T.K.J.); (S.K.O.)
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4
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Asadi F, Gunawardana SC, Dolle RE, Piston DW. An orally available compound suppresses glucagon hypersecretion and normalizes hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e172626. [PMID: 38258903 PMCID: PMC10906223 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Suppression of glucagon hypersecretion can normalize hyperglycemia during type 1 diabetes (T1D). Activating erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular receptor type-A4 (EphA4) on α cells reduced glucagon hypersecretion from dispersed α cells and T1D islets from both human donor and mouse models. We synthesized a high-affinity small molecule agonist for the EphA4 receptor, WCDD301, which showed robust plasma and liver microsome metabolic stability in both mouse and human preparations. In islets and dispersed islet cells from nondiabetic and T1D human donors, WCDD301 reduced glucagon secretion comparable to the natural EphA4 ligand, Ephrin-A5. In diabetic NOD and streptozotocin-treated mice, once-daily oral administration of WCDD301 formulated with a time-release excipient reduced plasma glucagon and normalized blood glucose for more than 3 months. These results suggest that targeting the α cell EphA4 receptor by sustained release of WCDD301 is a promising pharmacologic pathway for normalizing hyperglycemia in patients with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roland E. Dolle
- Center for Drug Discovery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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5
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Yang X, Wang J, Chang CY, Zhou F, Liu J, Xu H, Ibrahim M, Gomez M, Guo GL, Liu H, Zong WX, Wondisford FE, Su X, White E, Feng Z, Hu W. Leukemia inhibitory factor suppresses hepatic de novo lipogenesis and induces cachexia in mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:627. [PMID: 38245529 PMCID: PMC10799847 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44924-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a systemic metabolic syndrome characterized by involuntary weight loss, and muscle and adipose tissue wasting. Mechanisms underlying cachexia remain poorly understood. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a multi-functional cytokine, has been suggested as a cachexia-inducing factor. In a transgenic mouse model with conditional LIF expression, systemic elevation of LIF induces cachexia. LIF overexpression decreases de novo lipogenesis and disrupts lipid homeostasis in the liver. Liver-specific LIF receptor knockout attenuates LIF-induced cachexia, suggesting that LIF-induced functional changes in the liver contribute to cachexia. Mechanistically, LIF overexpression activates STAT3 to downregulate PPARα, a master regulator of lipid metabolism, leading to the downregulation of a group of PPARα target genes involved in lipogenesis and decreased lipogenesis in the liver. Activating PPARα by fenofibrate, a PPARα agonist, restores lipid homeostasis in the liver and inhibits LIF-induced cachexia. These results provide valuable insights into cachexia, which may help develop strategies to treat cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jianming Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Chun-Yuan Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Fan Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Huiting Xu
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Maria Ibrahim
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Maria Gomez
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Biostatistics Shared Resource, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Wei-Xing Zong
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Eileen White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Ludwig Princeton Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Zhaohui Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Wenwei Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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6
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de Oliveira MJ, Moreira ES, Lucredi NC, Bonetti CI, de Sá-Nakanishi AB, Comar JF, Bracht A, Bracht L. Effects of a high-fat low-carbohydrate diet under different energy conditions on glucose homeostasis and fatty liver development in rats and on gluconeogenesis in the isolated perfused liver. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 102:42-54. [PMID: 37523769 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2023-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of high-fat low-carbohydrate (HFLC) diets on glucose metabolism have been questioned and their effects on liver metabolism are not totally clear. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of an HFLC diet under different energy conditions on glucose homeostasis, fatty liver development, and hepatic gluconeogenesis using the isolated perfused rat liver. HFLC diet (79% fat, 19% protein, and 2% carbohydrates in Kcal%) was administered to rats for 4 weeks under three conditions: ad libitum (hypercaloric), isocaloric, and hypocaloric (energy reduction of 20%). Fasting blood glucose levels and total fat in the liver were higher in all HFLC diet rats. Oral glucose tolerance was impaired in isocaloric and hypercaloric groups, although insulin sensitivity was not altered. HFLC diet also caused marked liver metabolic alterations: higher gluconeogenesis rate from lactate and a reduced capacity to metabolize alanine, the latter effect being more intense in the hypocaloric condition. Thus, even when HFLC diets are used for weight loss, our data imply that they can potentially cause harmful consequences for the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus José de Oliveira
- Laboratory of liver metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá/PR, Brazil
| | - Evelyn Silva Moreira
- Laboratory of liver metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá/PR, Brazil
| | - Naiara Cristina Lucredi
- Laboratory of liver metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá/PR, Brazil
| | - Carla Indianara Bonetti
- Laboratory of liver metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá/PR, Brazil
| | | | - Jurandir Fernando Comar
- Laboratory of liver metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá/PR, Brazil
| | - Adelar Bracht
- Laboratory of liver metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá/PR, Brazil
| | - Lívia Bracht
- Laboratory of liver metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá/PR, Brazil
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7
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Nurjanah S, Gerding A, Vieira-Lara MA, Evers B, Langelaar-Makkinje M, Spiekerkoetter U, Bakker BM, Tucci S. Heptanoate Improves Compensatory Mechanism of Glucose Homeostasis in Mitochondrial Long-Chain Fatty Acid Oxidation Defect. Nutrients 2023; 15:4689. [PMID: 37960342 PMCID: PMC10649308 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) impair metabolic flexibility, which is an essential process for energy homeostasis. Very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCADD; OMIM 609575) deficiency is the most common long-chain mitochondrial FAO disorder presenting with hypoglycemia as a common clinical manifestation. To prevent hypoglycemia, triheptanoin-a triglyceride composed of three heptanoates (C7) esterified with a glycerol backbone-can be used as a dietary treatment, since it is metabolized into precursors for gluconeogenesis. However, studies investigating the effect of triheptanoin on glucose homeostasis are limited. To understand the role of gluconeogenesis in the pathophysiology of long-chain mitochondrial FAO defects, we injected VLCAD-deficient (VLCAD-/-) mice with 13C3-glycerol in the presence and absence of heptanoate (C7). The incorporation of 13C3-glycerol into blood glucose was higher in VLCAD-/- mice than in WT mice, whereas the difference disappeared in the presence of C7. The result correlates with 13C enrichment of liver metabolites in VLCAD-/- mice. In contrast, the C7 bolus significantly decreased the 13C enrichment. These data suggest that the increased contribution of gluconeogenesis to the overall glucose production in VLCAD-/- mice increases the need for gluconeogenesis substrate, thereby avoiding hypoglycemia. Heptanoate is a suitable substrate to induce glucose production in mitochondrial FAO defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nurjanah
- Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany (U.S.)
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Albert Gerding
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands (M.L.-M.)
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A. Vieira-Lara
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands (M.L.-M.)
| | - Bernard Evers
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands (M.L.-M.)
| | - Miriam Langelaar-Makkinje
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands (M.L.-M.)
| | - Ute Spiekerkoetter
- Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany (U.S.)
| | - Barbara M. Bakker
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands (M.L.-M.)
| | - Sara Tucci
- Pharmacy, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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8
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Shah A, Wondisford FE. Gluconeogenesis Flux in Metabolic Disease. Annu Rev Nutr 2023; 43:153-177. [PMID: 37603427 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-061121-091507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Gluconeogenesis is a critical biosynthetic process that helps maintain whole-body glucose homeostasis and becomes altered in certain medical diseases. We review gluconeogenic flux in various medical diseases, including common metabolic disorders, hormonal imbalances, specific inborn genetic errors, and cancer. We discuss how the altered gluconeogenic activity contributes to disease pathogenesis using data from experiments using isotopic tracer and spectroscopy methodologies. These in vitro, animal, and human studies provide insights into the changes in circulating levels of available gluconeogenesis substrates and the efficiency of converting those substrates to glucose by gluconeogenic organs. We highlight ongoing knowledge gaps, discuss emerging research areas, and suggest future investigations. A better understanding of altered gluconeogenesis flux may ultimately identify novel and targeted treatment strategies for such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Shah
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; ,
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; ,
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9
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Bhat N, Mani A. Dysregulation of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2023; 15:2323. [PMID: 37242206 PMCID: PMC10222271 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent condition affecting approximately a quarter of the global population. It is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, economic burden, and healthcare costs. The disease is characterized by the accumulation of lipids in the liver, known as steatosis, which can progress to more severe stages such as steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This review focuses on the mechanisms that contribute to the development of diet-induced steatosis in an insulin-resistant liver. Specifically, it discusses the existing literature on carbon flux through glycolysis, ketogenesis, TCA (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle), and fatty acid synthesis pathways in NAFLD, as well as the altered canonical insulin signaling and genetic predispositions that lead to the accumulation of diet-induced hepatic fat. Finally, the review discusses the current therapeutic efforts that aim to ameliorate various pathologies associated with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arya Mani
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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10
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A new AMPK isoform mediates glucose-restriction induced longevity non-cell autonomously by promoting membrane fluidity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:288. [PMID: 36653384 PMCID: PMC9849402 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) delays aging and the onset of age-associated diseases. However, it is yet to be determined whether and how restriction of specific nutrients promote longevity. Previous genome-wide screens isolated several Escherichia coli mutants that extended lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, using 1H-NMR metabolite analyses and inter-species genetics, we demonstrate that E. coli mutants depleted of intracellular glucose extend C. elegans lifespans, serving as bona fide glucose-restricted (GR) diets. Unlike general DR, GR diets don't reduce the fecundity of animals, while still improving stress resistance and ameliorating neuro-degenerative pathologies of Aβ42. Interestingly, AAK-2a, a new AMPK isoform, is necessary and sufficient for GR-induced longevity. AAK-2a functions exclusively in neurons to modulate GR-mediated longevity via neuropeptide signaling. Last, we find that GR/AAK-2a prolongs longevity through PAQR-2/NHR-49/Δ9 desaturases by promoting membrane fluidity in peripheral tissues. Together, our studies identify the molecular mechanisms underlying prolonged longevity by glucose specific restriction in the context of whole animals.
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11
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AMPK inhibits liver gluconeogenesis: fact or fiction? Biochem J 2023; 480:105-125. [PMID: 36637190 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Is there a role for AMPK in the control of hepatic gluconeogenesis and could targeting AMPK in liver be a viable strategy for treating type 2 diabetes? These are frequently asked questions this review tries to answer. After describing properties of AMPK and different small-molecule AMPK activators, we briefly review the various mechanisms for controlling hepatic glucose production, mainly via gluconeogenesis. The different experimental and genetic models that have been used to draw conclusions about the role of AMPK in the control of liver gluconeogenesis are critically discussed. The effects of several anti-diabetic drugs, particularly metformin, on hepatic gluconeogenesis are also considered. We conclude that the main effect of AMPK activation pertinent to the control of hepatic gluconeogenesis is to antagonize glucagon signalling in the short-term and, in the long-term, to improve insulin sensitivity by reducing hepatic lipid content.
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12
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Sargsyan A, Doridot L, Hannou SA, Tong W, Srinivasan H, Ivison R, Monn R, Kou HH, Haldeman JM, Arlotto M, White PJ, Grimsrud PA, Astapova I, Tsai LT, Herman MA. HGFAC is a ChREBP-regulated hepatokine that enhances glucose and lipid homeostasis. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e153740. [PMID: 36413406 PMCID: PMC9870088 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) is a carbohydrate-sensing transcription factor that regulates both adaptive and maladaptive genomic responses in coordination of systemic fuel homeostasis. Genetic variants in the ChREBP locus associate with diverse metabolic traits in humans, including circulating lipids. To identify novel ChREBP-regulated hepatokines that contribute to its systemic metabolic effects, we integrated ChREBP ChIP-Seq analysis in mouse liver with human genetic and genomic data for lipid traits and identified hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFAC) as a promising ChREBP-regulated candidate in mice and humans. HGFAC is a protease that activates the pleiotropic hormone hepatocyte growth factor. We demonstrate that HGFAC-KO mice had phenotypes concordant with putative loss-of-function variants in human HGFAC. Moreover, in gain- and loss-of-function genetic mouse models, we demonstrate that HGFAC enhanced lipid and glucose homeostasis, which may be mediated in part through actions to activate hepatic PPARγ activity. Together, our studies show that ChREBP mediated an adaptive response to overnutrition via activation of HGFAC in the liver to preserve glucose and lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashot Sargsyan
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ludivine Doridot
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah A. Hannou
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wenxin Tong
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Harini Srinivasan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachael Ivison
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ruby Monn
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Henry H. Kou
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Haldeman
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michelle Arlotto
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Phillip J. White
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul A. Grimsrud
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Inna Astapova
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Linus T. Tsai
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark A. Herman
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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13
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Xu H, Wang Y, Kwon H, Shah A, Kalemba K, Su X, He L, Wondisford FE. Glucagon changes substrate preference in gluconeogenesis. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102708. [PMID: 36402444 PMCID: PMC9747632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasting hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus is caused by unregulated glucagon secretion that activates gluconeogenesis (GNG) and increases the use of pyruvate, lactate, amino acids, and glycerol. Studies of GNG in hepatocytes, however, tend to test a limited number of substrates at nonphysiologic concentrations. Therefore, we treated cultured primary hepatocytes with three identical substrate mixtures of pyruvate/lactate, glutamine, and glycerol at serum fasting concentrations, where a different U-13C- or 2-13C-labeled substrate was substituted in each mix. In the absence of glucagon stimulation, 80% of the glucose produced in primary hepatocytes incorporated either one or two 13C-labeled glycerol molecules in a 1:1 ratio, reflecting the high overall activity of this pathway. In contrast, glucose produced from 13C-labeled pyruvate/lactate or glutamine rarely incorporated two labeled molecules. While glucagon increased the glycerol and pyruvate/lactate contributions to glucose carbon by 1.6- and 1.8-fold, respectively, the glutamine contribution to glucose carbon was increased 6.4-fold in primary hepatocytes. To account for substrate 13C carbon loss during metabolism, we also performed a metabolic flux analysis, which confirmed that the majority of glucose carbon produced by primary hepatocytes was from glycerol. In vivo studies using a PKA-activation mouse model that represents elevated glucagon activity confirmed that most circulating lactate carbons originated from glycerol, but very little glycerol was derived from lactate carbons, reflecting glycerol's importance as a carbon donor to GNG. Given the diverse entry points for GNG substrates, hepatic glucagon action is unlikely to be due to a single mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Xu
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yujue Wang
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hyokjoon Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ankit Shah
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Katarzyna Kalemba
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ling He
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fredric E. Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA,For correspondence: Fredric E. Wondisford
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14
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Shah A, Wang Y, Su X, Wondisford FE. Glycerol's contribution to lactate production outside of a glucose intermediate in fasting humans. Metabolism 2022; 132:155214. [PMID: 35562085 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycerol is a well-recognized substrate for new glucose production via gluconeogenesis in the liver. However, its carbon contribution to the glycolytic intermediate lactate is not known in humans. METHODS Here we infused stable isotope tracers 13C3-glycerol and 6,6-D2-glucose into six metabolically healthy individuals after an overnight fast to study glycerol metabolism and measure glucose rate of appearance. Serum samples underwent liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. RESULTS Glycerol and glucose rates of appearance were 2.21 ± 1.42 μmol/kg/min and 7.81 ± 1.15 μmol/kg/min, respectively. Under steady-state conditions, the 13C enrichment for lactate was significantly higher than that of glucose (2.90 ± 0.52% versus 1.53 ± 0.78%, p = 0.017), suggesting direct glycerol to lactate metabolism. The percentage of lactate derived from glycerol was also significantly higher than the percentage of glucose (13.88 ± 2.69% versus 6.50 ± 2.59%, p = 0.005). CONCLUSION Given that lactate itself is a carbon source for gluconeogenesis and tricycarboxylic cycle intermediates, glycerol's ability to donate carbons to lactate may make it quantitatively more important to intermediary metabolism than currently appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Shah
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Yujue Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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15
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Guzman S, Dragan M, Kwon H, de Oliveira V, Rao S, Bhatt V, Kalemba KM, Shah A, Rustgi VK, Wang H, Bech PR, Abbara A, Izzi-Engbeaya C, Manousou P, Guo JY, Guo GL, Radovick S, Dhillo WS, Wondisford FE, Babwah AV, Bhattacharya M. Targeting hepatic kisspeptin receptor ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a mouse model. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:145889. [PMID: 35349482 PMCID: PMC9106350 DOI: 10.1172/jci145889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common liver disease, has become a silent worldwide pandemic. The incidence of NAFLD correlates with the rise in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. A hallmark featureof NAFLD is excessive hepatic fat accumulation or steatosis, due to dysregulated hepatic fat metabolism, which can progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Currently, there are no approved pharmacotherapies to treat this disease. Here, we have found that activation of the kisspeptin 1 receptor (KISS1R) signaling pathway has therapeutic effects in NAFLD. Using high-fat diet-fed mice, we demonstrated that a deletion of hepatic Kiss1r exacerbated hepatic steatosis. In contrast, enhanced stimulation of KISS1R protected against steatosis in wild-type C57BL/6J mice and decreased fibrosis using a diet-induced mouse model of NASH. Mechanistically, we found that hepatic KISS1R signaling activates the master energy regulator, AMPK, to thereby decrease lipogenesis and progression to NASH. In patients with NAFLD and in high-fat diet-fed mice, hepatic KISS1/KISS1R expression and plasma kisspeptin levels were elevated, suggesting a compensatory mechanism to reduce triglyceride synthesis. These findings establish KISS1R as a therapeutic target to treat NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephania Guzman
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and,Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Hyokjoon Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and
| | | | - Shivani Rao
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and
| | - Vrushank Bhatt
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Ankit Shah
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and
| | - Vinod K. Rustgi
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and
| | - He Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Paul R. Bech
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine and
| | - Ali Abbara
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine and
| | | | - Pinelopi Manousou
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessie Y. Guo
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Grace L. Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, and
| | - Sally Radovick
- Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Andy V. Babwah
- Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Moshmi Bhattacharya
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and,Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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16
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Gamboa CM, Wang Y, Xu H, Kalemba K, Wondisford FE, Sabaawy HE. Optimized 3D Culture of Hepatic Cells for Liver Organoid Metabolic Assays. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123280. [PMID: 34943788 PMCID: PMC8699701 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is among the principal organs for glucose homeostasis and metabolism. Studies of liver metabolism are limited by the inability to expand primary hepatocytes in vitro while maintaining their metabolic functions. Human hepatic three-dimensional (3D) organoids have been established using defined factors, yet hepatic organoids from adult donors showed impaired expansion. We examined conditions to facilitate the expansion of adult donor-derived hepatic organoids (HepAOs) and HepG2 cells in organoid cultures (HepGOs) using combinations of growth factors and small molecules. The expansion dynamics, gluconeogenic and HNF4α expression, and albumin secretion are assessed. The conditions tested allow the generation of HepAOs and HepGOs in 3D cultures. Nevertheless, gluconeogenic gene expression varies greatly between conditions. The organoid expansion rates are limited when including the TGFβ inhibitor A8301, while are relatively higher with Forskolin (FSK) and Oncostatin M (OSM). Notably, expanded HepGOs grown in the optimized condition maintain detectable gluconeogenic expression in a spatiotemporal distribution at 8 weeks. We present optimized conditions by limiting A8301 and incorporating FSK and OSM to allow the expansion of HepAOs from adult donors and HepGOs with gluconeogenic competence. These models increase the repertoire of human hepatic cellular tools available for use in liver metabolic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Moya Gamboa
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
| | - Yujue Wang
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (Y.W.); (H.X.); (K.K.)
| | - Huiting Xu
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (Y.W.); (H.X.); (K.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Kalemba
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (Y.W.); (H.X.); (K.K.)
| | - Fredric E. Wondisford
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (Y.W.); (H.X.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: (F.E.W.); (H.E.S.); Tel.: +1-732-235-9838 (F.E.W.); +1-732-235-8081 (H.E.S.)
| | - Hatem E. Sabaawy
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (Y.W.); (H.X.); (K.K.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, RBHS-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Correspondence: (F.E.W.); (H.E.S.); Tel.: +1-732-235-9838 (F.E.W.); +1-732-235-8081 (H.E.S.)
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17
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Castro É, Vieira TS, Oliveira TE, Ortiz-Silva M, Andrade ML, Tomazelli CA, Peixoto AS, Sobrinho CR, Moreno MF, Gilio GR, Moreira RJ, Guimarães RC, Perandini LA, Chimin P, Reckziegel P, Moretti EH, Steiner AA, Laplante M, Festuccia WT. Adipocyte-specific mTORC2 deficiency impairs BAT and iWAT thermogenic capacity without affecting glucose uptake and energy expenditure in cold-acclimated mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 321:E592-E605. [PMID: 34541875 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00587.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Deletion of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) essential component rapamycin insensitive companion of mTOR (Rictor) by a Cre recombinase under control of the broad, nonadipocyte-specific aP2/FABP4 promoter impairs thermoregulation and brown adipose tissue (BAT) glucose uptake on acute cold exposure. We investigated herein whether adipocyte-specific mTORC2 deficiency affects BAT and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) signaling, metabolism, and thermogenesis in cold-acclimated mice. For this, 8-wk-old male mice bearing Rictor deletion and therefore mTORC2 deficiency in adipocytes (adiponectin-Cre) and littermates controls were either kept at thermoneutrality (30 ± 1°C) or cold-acclimated (10 ± 1°C) for 14 days and evaluated for BAT and iWAT signaling, metabolism, and thermogenesis. Cold acclimation inhibited mTORC2 in BAT and iWAT, but its residual activity is still required for the cold-induced increases in BAT adipocyte number, total UCP-1 content and mRNA levels of proliferation markers Ki67 and cyclin 1 D, and de novo lipogenesis enzymes ATP-citrate lyase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. In iWAT, mTORC2 residual activity is partially required for the cold-induced increases in multilocular adipocytes, mitochondrial mass, and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) content. Conversely, BAT mTORC1 activity and BAT and iWAT glucose uptake were upregulated by cold independently of mTORC2. Noteworthy, the impairment in BAT and iWAT total UCP-1 content and thermogenic capacity induced by adipocyte mTORC2 deficiency had no major impact on whole body energy expenditure in cold-acclimated mice due to a compensatory activation of muscle shivering. In conclusion, adipocyte mTORC2 deficiency impairs, through different mechanisms, BAT and iWAT total UCP-1 content and thermogenic capacity in cold-acclimated mice, without affecting glucose uptake and whole body energy expenditure.NEW & NOTEWORTHY BAT and iWAT mTORC2 is inhibited by cold acclimation, but its residual activity is required for cold-induced increases in total UCP-1 content and thermogenic capacity, but not glucose uptake and mTORC1 activity. The impaired BAT and iWAT total UCP-1 content and thermogenic capacity induced by adipocyte mTORC2 deficiency are compensated by activation of muscle shivering in cold-acclimated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érique Castro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thayna S Vieira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago E Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milene Ortiz-Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maynara L Andrade
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline A Tomazelli
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Albert S Peixoto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleyton R Sobrinho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayara F Moreno
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Gilio
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael J Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raphael C Guimarães
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz A Perandini
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Chimin
- Department of Physical Education, Physical Education and Sports Center, Londrina State University, Parana, Brazil
| | - Patricia Reckziegel
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo H Moretti
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Steiner
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mathieu Laplante
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - William T Festuccia
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Angelini G, Salinari S, Castagneto-Gissey L, Bertuzzi A, Casella-Mariolo J, Ahlin S, Boskoski I, Gaggini M, Raffaelli M, Costamagna G, Casella G, Marini PL, Gastaldelli A, Bornstein S, Mingrone G. Small intestinal metabolism is central to whole-body insulin resistance. Gut 2021; 70:1098-1109. [PMID: 32994312 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the role of jejunum in insulin resistance in humans and in experimental animals. DESIGN Twenty-four subjects undergoing biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) were enrolled. Insulin sensitivity was measured at baseline and at 1 week after surgery using oral glucose minimal model.We excluded the jejunum from intestinal continuity in pigs and created a jejunal loop with its vascular and nerve supply intact accessible from two cutaneous stomas, and reconnected the bowel with an end-to-end anastomosis. Glucose stable isotopes were given in the stomach or in the jejunal loop.In vitro studies using primary porcine and human hepatocytes or myoblasts tested the effects of plasma on gluconeogenesis or glucose uptake and insulin signalling. RESULTS Whole-body insulin sensitivity (SI∙104: 0.54±0.12 before vs 0.82±0.11 after BPD, p=0.024 and 0.41±0.09 before vs 0.65±0.09/pM/min after RYGB, p=not significant) and Glucose Disposition Index increased only after BPD. In pigs, insulin sensitivity was significantly lower when glucose was administered in the jejunal loop than in the stomach (glucose rate of disappearance (Rd) area under the curve (AUC)/insulin AUC∙10: 1.82±0.31 vs 2.96±0.33 mmol/pM/min, p=0.0017).Metabolomics showed a similar pattern before surgery and during jejunal-loop stimulation, pointing to a higher expression of gluconeogenetic substrates, a metabolic signature of impaired insulin sensitivity.A greater hepatocyte phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase gene expression was elicited with plasma from porcine jejunal loop or before surgery compared with plasma from jejunectomy in pigs or jejunal bypass in humans.Stimulation of myoblasts with plasma from porcine jejunal loop or before surgery reduced glucose uptake, Ser473-Akt phosphorylation and GLUT4 expression compared with plasma obtained during gastric glucose administration after jejunectomy in pigs or after jejunal bypass in humans. CONCLUSION Proximal gut plays a crucial role in controlling insulin sensitivity through a distinctive metabolic signature involving hepatic gluconeogenesis and muscle insulin resistance. Bypassing the jejunum is beneficial in terms of insulin-mediated glucose disposal in obesity. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03111953.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Angelini
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Serenella Salinari
- Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering "Antonio Ruberti", Universityof Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Sofie Ahlin
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ivo Boskoski
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Melania Gaggini
- Cardiometabolic Risk Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Raffaelli
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Costamagna
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Casella
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Marini
- Department of Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Camillo Forlanini, Rome, Italy
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Cardiometabolic Risk Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefan Bornstein
- Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Medicine III, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen, Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Geltrude Mingrone
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy .,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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19
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Sheriff L, Khan RS, Saborano R, Wilkin R, Luu NT, Gunther UL, Hubscher SG, Newsome PN, Lalor PF. Alcoholic hepatitis and metabolic disturbance in female mice: a more tractable model than Nrf2-/- animals. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm046383. [PMID: 33067186 PMCID: PMC7790192 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.046383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is the dramatic acute presentation of alcoholic liver disease, with a 15% mortality rate within 28 days in severe cases. Research into AH has been hampered by the lack of effective and reproducible murine models that can be operated under different regulatory frameworks internationally. The liquid Lieber-deCarli (LdC) diet has been used as a means of ad libitum delivery of alcohol but without any additional insult, and is associated with relatively mild liver injury. The transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protects against oxidative stress, and mice deficient in this molecule are suggested to be more sensitive to alcohol-induced injury. We have established a novel model of AH in mice and compared the nature of liver injury in C57/BL6 wild-type (WT) versus Nrf2-/- mice. Our data showed that both WT and Nrf2-/- mice demonstrate robust weight loss, and an increase in serum transaminase, steatosis and hepatic inflammation when exposed to diet and ethanol. This is accompanied by an increase in peripheral blood and hepatic myeloid cell populations, fibrogenic response and compensatory hepatocyte regeneration. We also noted characteristic disturbances in hepatic carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Importantly, use of Nrf2-/- mice did not increase hepatic injury responses in our hands, and female WT mice exhibited a more-reproducible response. Thus, we have demonstrated that this simple murine model of AH can be used to induce an injury that recreates many of the key human features of AH - without the need for challenging surgical procedures to administer ethanol. This will be valuable for understanding of the pathogenesis of AH, for testing new therapeutic treatments or devising metabolic approaches to manage patients whilst in medical care.This article has an associated First Person interview with the joint first authors of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lozan Sheriff
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Birmingham National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Reenam S Khan
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Birmingham National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Raquel Saborano
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Birmingham National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Richard Wilkin
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Birmingham National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nguyet-Thin Luu
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Birmingham National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ulrich L Gunther
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stefan G Hubscher
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Birmingham National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Philip N Newsome
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Birmingham National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Patricia F Lalor
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Birmingham National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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20
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Li L, Li C, Lv M, Hu Q, Guo L, Xiong D. Correlation between alterations of gut microbiota and miR-122-5p expression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1481. [PMID: 33313226 PMCID: PMC7729379 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background To investigate the correlation between gut microbiota and circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in patients with primary diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to explore the possible mechanisms of miRNA-gut microbiota crosstalke network in the regulation of the insulin signaling pathway and glucose homeostasis in T2DM. Methods T2DM patients and normal controls were recruited. Fasting plasma and fecal samples were collected from the subjects, and their biochemical indexes including fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc), cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and insulin were recorded. The variations in intestinal microbiota in the two groups were analyzed using 16S rRNA third-generation sequencing technology, and the differential expression of miRNAs between the groups was screened using miRNA high-throughput sequencing. The correlation and association between specifically changed intestinal microbiota and miRNA expressions were analyzed using a combination of bioinformatics analysis and statistical methods. Finally, 16S functional gene prediction analysis and target gene enrichment pathway analysis were carried out to predict relevant gut microbiota and miRNAs. Results Compared with normal controls, the biochemical indexes of HAlbc, FBG, TG, TC, LDL, HDL, and insulin were significantly different in T2DM patients (P<0.001, P<0.001, P=0.0125, P=0.98, P<0.001 P=0.022, and P=0.0013, respectively). The two groups also showed significantly different intestinal microbiota distribution and miRNA expression characteristics, including in the counts of Bacteriodes. uniformis and Phascolarctobacterium. Faecium (P=0.023, 0.031), which were negatively correlated (P=0.014, FC = -2.36) with the expression levels of serum miR-122-5p (r=−0.68, −0.60, P=0.01, 0.01). Conclusions This study discovered specific gut microbiota and miRNA characteristics in patients with a primary diagnosis of T2DM. A negative correlation between miR-122-5p and the intestinal bacteria Bacteriodes. uniformis and Phascolarctobacterium. Faecium was also revealed, suggesting that the crosstalke between miRNA and gut microbiota may regulate the insulin secretion and signal transduction by controling key genes of glucose metabolism during the development of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaomin Li
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Meijun Lv
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiongying Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixuan Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Daqian Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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21
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Cheng Y, Gan-Schreier H, Seeßle J, Staffer S, Tuma-Kellner S, Khnykin D, Stremmel W, Merle U, Herrmann T, Chamulitrat W. Methionine- and Choline-Deficient Diet Enhances Adipose Lipolysis and Leptin Release in aP2-Cre Fatp4-Knockout Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000361. [PMID: 32991778 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Inadequate intake of choline commonly leads to liver diseases. Methionine- and choline-deficient diets (MCDD) induce fatty liver in mice which is partly mediated by triglyceride (TG) lipolysis in white adipose tissues (WATs). Because Fatp4 knockdown has been shown to increase adipocyte lipolysis in vitro, here, the effects of MCDD on WAT lipolysis in aP2-Cre Fatp4-knockout (Fatp4A-/- ) mice are determined. METHODS AND RESULTS Isolated WATs of Fatp4A-/- mice exposed to MCD medium show an increase in lipolysis, and the strongest effect is noted on glycerol release from subcutaneous fat. Fatp4A-/- mice fed with MCDD for 4 weeks show an increase in serum glycerol, TG, and leptin levels associated with the activation of hormone-sensitive lipase in subcutaneous fat. Chow-fed Fatp4A-/- mice also show an increase in serum leptin and very-low-density lipoproteins as well as liver phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin levels. Both chow- and MCDD-fed Fatp4A-/- mice show a decrease in serum ketone and WAT sphingomyelin levels which supports a metabolic shift to TG for subsequent WAT lipolysis CONCLUSIONS: Adipose Fatp4 deficiency leads to TG lipolysis and leptin release, which are exaggerated by MCDD. The data imply hyperlipidemia risk by a low dietary choline intake and gene mutations that increase adipose TG levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hongying Gan-Schreier
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Seeßle
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simone Staffer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Tuma-Kellner
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Denis Khnykin
- Department of Pathology and Center for Immune Regulation, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wolfgang Stremmel
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uta Merle
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Westkuesten Hospital, Esmarchstraße 50, 25746, Heide, Germany
| | - Walee Chamulitrat
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Chen K, Wei X, Zhang J, Pariyani R, Jokioja J, Kortesniemi M, Linderborg KM, Heinonen J, Sainio T, Zhang Y, Yang B. Effects of Anthocyanin Extracts from Bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and Purple Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L. var. 'Synkeä Sakari') on the Plasma Metabolomic Profile of Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9436-9450. [PMID: 32786839 PMCID: PMC7586333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of the nonacylated and acylated anthocyanin-rich extracts on plasma metabolic profiles of Zucker diabetic fatty rats. The rats were fed with the nonacylated anthocyanin extract from bilberries (NAAB) or the acylated anthocyanin extract from purple potatoes (AAPP) at daily doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight for 8 weeks. 1H NMR metabolomics was used to study the changes in plasma metabolites. A reduced fasting plasma glucose level was seen in all anthocyanin-fed groups, especially in the groups fed with NAAB. Both NAAB and AAPP decreased the levels of branched-chain amino acids and improved lipid profiles. AAPP increased the glutamine/glutamate ratio and decreased the levels of glycerol and metabolites involved in glycolysis, suggesting improved insulin sensitivity, gluconeogenesis, and glycolysis. AAPP decreased the hepatic TBC1D1 and G6PC messenger RNA level, suggesting regulation of gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis. This study indicated that AAPP and NAAB affected the plasma metabolic profile of diabetic rats differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Food
Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turun yliopisto, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Xuetao Wei
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food
Safety, School of Public Health, Peking
University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department
of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Raghunath Pariyani
- Food
Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turun yliopisto, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Johanna Jokioja
- Food
Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turun yliopisto, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Maaria Kortesniemi
- Food
Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turun yliopisto, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Kaisa M. Linderborg
- Food
Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turun yliopisto, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Jari Heinonen
- School
of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University
of Technology, Lappeenranta FI-53850, Finland
| | - Tuomo Sainio
- School
of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University
of Technology, Lappeenranta FI-53850, Finland
| | - Yumei Zhang
- Department
of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- . Phone: +8613426134251
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food
Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turun yliopisto, Turku FI-20014, Finland
- . Phone: +358 452737988
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23
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Shah AM, Wondisford FE. Tracking the carbons supplying gluconeogenesis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14419-14429. [PMID: 32817317 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.012758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As the burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) grows in the 21st century, the need to understand glucose metabolism heightens. Increased gluconeogenesis is a major contributor to the hyperglycemia seen in T2DM. Isotope tracer experiments in humans and animals over several decades have offered insights into gluconeogenesis under euglycemic and diabetic conditions. This review focuses on the current understanding of carbon flux in gluconeogenesis, including substrate contribution of various gluconeogenic precursors to glucose production. Alterations of gluconeogenic metabolites and fluxes in T2DM are discussed. We also highlight ongoing knowledge gaps in the literature that require further investigation. A comprehensive analysis of gluconeogenesis may enable a better understanding of T2DM pathophysiology and identification of novel targets for treating hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit M Shah
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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24
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Agius L, Ford BE, Chachra SS. The Metformin Mechanism on Gluconeogenesis and AMPK Activation: The Metabolite Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093240. [PMID: 32375255 PMCID: PMC7247334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin therapy lowers blood glucose in type 2 diabetes by targeting various pathways including hepatic gluconeogenesis. Despite widespread clinical use of metformin the molecular mechanisms by which it inhibits gluconeogenesis either acutely through allosteric and covalent mechanisms or chronically through changes in gene expression remain debated. Proposed mechanisms include: inhibition of Complex 1; activation of AMPK; and mechanisms independent of both Complex 1 inhibition and AMPK. The activation of AMPK by metformin could be consequent to Complex 1 inhibition and raised AMP through the canonical adenine nucleotide pathway or alternatively by activation of the lysosomal AMPK pool by other mechanisms involving the aldolase substrate fructose 1,6-bisphosphate or perturbations in the lysosomal membrane. Here we review current interpretations of the effects of metformin on hepatic intermediates of the gluconeogenic and glycolytic pathway and the candidate mechanistic links to regulation of gluconeogenesis. In conditions of either glucose excess or gluconeogenic substrate excess, metformin lowers hexose monophosphates by mechanisms that are independent of AMPK-activation and most likely mediated by allosteric activation of phosphofructokinase-1 and/or inhibition of fructose bisphosphatase-1. The metabolite changes caused by metformin may also have a prominent role in counteracting G6pc gene regulation in conditions of compromised intracellular homeostasis.
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25
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Ma X, Sun J, Zhu S, Du Z, Li D, Li W, Li Z, Tian Y, Kang X, Sun G. MiRNAs and mRNAs Analysis during Abdominal Preadipocyte Differentiation in Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030468. [PMID: 32168898 PMCID: PMC7143929 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We sequenced the miRNAs and mRNAs of preabdominal fat cells and differentiated adipocytes, and target genes of miRNA combined with mRNA transcriptome data jointly. We found that the MAPK signal pathway, insulin signal pathway, fatty acid metabolism, ECM( extracellular matrix)–receptor interaction, and other signal pathways were involved in the differentiation of preabdominal fat cells. In addition, we found that some miRNAs–mRNAs combinations were strongly related to the differentiation of fat cells (miR-214−ACSBG2, NFKB2, CAMK2A, ACLY, CCND3, PLK3, ITGB2; miR-148a-5p−ROCK2; miR-10a-5p−ELOVL5; miR-146b-5p−LAMA4; miR-6615-5p−FLNB; miR-1774−COL6A1). Our findings provide important resources for the study of adipocyte differentiation. Abstract The excessive deposition of abdominal fat has become an important factor in restricting the production efficiency of chickens, so reducing abdominal fat deposition is important for improving growth rate. It has been proven that miRNAs play an important role in regulating many physiological processes of organisms. In this study, we constructed a model of adipogenesis by isolating preadipocytes (Ab-Pre) derived from abdominal adipose tissue and differentiated adipocytes (Ab-Ad) in vitro. Deep sequencing of miRNAs and mRNAs expressed in Ab-Pre and Ab-Ad groups was conducted to explore the effect of miRNAs and mRNAs on fat deposition. We identified 80 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) candidates, 58 of which were up-regulated and 22 down-regulated. Furthermore, six miRNAs and six mRNAs were verified by qRT-PCR, and the results showed that the expression of the DEMs and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the two groups was consistent with our sequencing results. When target genes of miRNA were combined with mRNA transcriptome data, a total of 891 intersection genes were obtained, we predicted the signal pathways of cross genes enrichment to the MAPK signal pathway, insulin signal pathway, fatty acid metabolism, and ECM–receptor interaction. Meanwhile, we constructed miRNA and negatively correlated mRNA target networks, including 12 miRNA–mRNAs pairs, which showed a strong association with the abdominal adipocyte differentiation (miR-214−ACSBG2, NFKB2, CAMK2A, ACLY, CCND3, PLK3, ITGB2; miR-148a-5p−ROCK2; miR-10a-5p−ELOVL5; miR-146b-5p−LAMA4; miR-6615-5p−FLNB; miR-1774−COL6A1). Overall, these findings provide a background for further research on lipid metabolism. Thus, we can better understand the molecular genetic mechanism of chicken abdominal fat deposition.
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