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Reamtong O, Waeonukul R, Prangthip P. Assessing the therapeutic potential of long-chain isomaltooligosaccharides in diabetic and hyperlipidemic rats. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2024; 16:165. [PMID: 39014451 PMCID: PMC11253390 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-024-01374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global rise in diabetes prevalence necessitates effective treatments. Rats, mimicking physiological changes seen in Type 2 diabetes, serve as valuable models for studying metabolic disorders. Natural health supplements, especially prebiotics, are gaining interest for improving metabolic health. Isomaltooligosaccharides (IMOs), classified as functional oligosaccharides and prebiotics, have attracted attention due to their beneficial effects on gut microbiota balance and cholesterol reduction. However, commercial IMOs often contain undesirable sugars, leading to the development of long-chain IMOs with enhanced prebiotic properties. METHODS This study assessed the therapeutic potential of long-chain IMOs derived from Bacillus subtilis strain AP-1 compared to inulin, a widely recognized prebiotic, in addressing hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in rats. RESULTS IMOs treatment effectively reduced blood sugar and triglyceride levels similarly to inulin supplementation. Proteomic analysis revealed changes in hepatic protein profiles, with upregulated pathways including glutathione metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and pentose and glucuronate interconversion, while pathways related to fatty acid and amino acid biosynthesis exhibited downregulation. These results suggest promising therapeutic effects of IMOs treatment on diabetes and hyperlipidemia by influencing key metabolic pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the potential of long-chain IMOs as targeted interventions for metabolic disorders, warranting further investigation into their clinical applicability and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rattiya Waeonukul
- Excellent Center of Enzyme Technology and Microbial Utilization, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute (PDTI), King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
- Division of Biochemical Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Pattaneeya Prangthip
- Department of Tropical Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Vasfilova ES. Fructose-Containing Plant Carbohydrates: Biological Activities and Medical Applications. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2023; 512:343-353. [PMID: 38087025 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496623700655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The review considers the chemical structure specifics and distribution in plants for fructose-containing carbohydrates (fructans). Various biological activities were observed in fructans and associated with their physicochemical features. Fructans affect many physiological and biochemical processes in the human body, improving health and reducing the risk of various disorders. Prebiotic activity is the most important physiological function of fructans. Fructans improve the microflora composition in the colon and intestinal mucosa by increasing the content of useful bacteria and decreasing the content of potentially harmful microorganisms, stimulate the physiological functions of the microflora, and provide for a better state of the intestine and a better health status. By modifying the intestinal microbiota and utilizing certain additional mechanisms, fructans can favorably affect the immune function, decrease the risk of various inflammatory processes, and to reduce the likelihood of tumorigenesis due to exposure to carcinogens. Fructans improve carbohydrate and lipid metabolism by reducing the blood levels of glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and increasing the blood content of high-density lipoprotein (HLD). Fructans are low in calories, and their use in foods reduces the risk of obesity. Fructans facilitate higher calcium absorption and increase the bone density, thus reducing the risk of osteoporosis. Fructants protect the body from oxidative stress, intestinal infections, and parasitic invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Vasfilova
- Institute Botanic Garden, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia.
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Ramírez-Pérez JI, Abud-Archila M, Ovando-Chacón SL, Soria-Guerra RE, Ruiz-Cabrera MA, Godínez-Hernández CI, Grajales-Lagunes A. Effect of coadministration of Lactiplantibacillus fabifermentans and linear/branched fructans mixtures on the intestinal health of Wistar rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125748. [PMID: 37429336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
A completely randomized experimental design was conducted to evaluate the effect of the coadministration of Lactiplantibacillus fabifermentans (Lpb. fabifermentans) and inulin/agave fructans mixtures on gut microbiota of healthy Wistar rats. Inulin, Agave salmiana fructans or fructan mixtures (1:1) at 12.5 % w/w, and Lpb. fabifermentans at 109 CFU/mL/day were used in the rats' diet for 35 days. Biochemical parameters, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), structural changes and the bacterial abundance in rats' cecum were evaluated. A significant decrease (p < 0.05) in glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides levels with fructan mixtures combined with Lpb. Fabifermentans was observed. The weight of the small and large intestines, and cecum was higher than the control; no changes were observed in the heart, liver, spleen and kidneys. SCFA concentration mainly, propionate and butyrate was improved (p < 0.05) throughout the gastrointestinal tract in all treatments. Finally, the administration of Lpb. fabifermentans alone or combined with the fructan mixtures promoted an increase in the abundance of cecum intestinal microbiota: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Prevotella, Blautia, Faecalibacterium, Butyricimonas, Coprococcus, Akkermansia, Methanobrevibacter, Adlercreutzia, Collinsella, Odoribacter, and Roseburia. The inclusion of fructan mixtures in combination with Lpb. fabifermentans could be a good alternative for the development of functional foods that enhance consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Ramírez-Pérez
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Carr. Panamericana km 1080, C.P. 29050 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - M Abud-Archila
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Carr. Panamericana km 1080, C.P. 29050 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - S L Ovando-Chacón
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Carr. Panamericana km 1080, C.P. 29050 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - R E Soria-Guerra
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, C.P. 78210 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - M A Ruiz-Cabrera
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, C.P. 78210 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - C I Godínez-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigación de Zonas Desérticas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Altair # 200, Col. del Llano, C.P. 78377 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - A Grajales-Lagunes
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, C.P. 78210 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
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Aldubayan MA, Mao X, Laursen MF, Pigsborg K, Christensen LH, Roager HM, Nielsen DS, Hjorth MF, Magkos F. Supplementation with inulin-type fructans affects gut microbiota and attenuates some of the cardiometabolic benefits of a plant-based diet in individuals with overweight or obesity. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1108088. [PMID: 37181156 PMCID: PMC10167298 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1108088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The gut microbiota has emerged as a potential therapeutic target to improve the management of obesity and its comorbidities. Objective We investigated the impact of a high fiber (∼38 g/d) plant-based diet, consumed ad libitum, with or without added inulin-type fructans (ITF), on the gut microbiota composition and cardiometabolic outcomes in subjects with obesity. We also tested if baseline Prevotella/Bacteroides (P/B) ratio predicts weight loss outcomes. Methods This is a secondary exploratory analysis from the PREVENTOMICS study, in which 100 subjects (82 completers) aged 18-65 years with body mass index 27-40 kg/m2 were randomized to 10 weeks of double-blinded treatment with a personalized or a generic plant-based diet. Changes from baseline to end-of-trial in gut microbiota composition (16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing), body composition, cardiometabolic health and inflammatory markers were evaluated in the whole cohort (n = 82), and also compared in the subgroup of subjects who were supplemented with an additional 20 g/d ITF-prebiotics (n = 21) or their controls (n = 22). Results In response to the plant-based diet, all subjects lost weight (-3.2 [95% CI -3.9, -2.5] kg) and experienced significant improvements in body composition and cardiometabolic health indices. Addition of ITF to the plant-based diet reduced microbial diversity (Shannon index) and selectively increased Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium (q < 0.05). The change in the latter was significantly associated with higher values of insulin and HOMA-IR and lower HDL cholesterol. In addition, the LDL:HDL ratio and the concentrations of IL-10, MCP-1 and TNFα were significantly elevated in the ITF-subgroup. There was no relationship between baseline P/B ratio and changes in body weight (r = -0.07, p = 0.53). Conclusion A plant-based diet consumed ad libitum modestly decreases body weight and has multiple health benefits in individuals with obesity. Addition of ITF-prebiotics on top this naturally fiber-rich background selectively changes gut microbiota composition and attenuates some of the realized cardiometabolic benefits. Clinical trial registration [https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04590989], identifier [NCT04590989].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Adnan Aldubayan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiaotian Mao
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kristina Pigsborg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars H. Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik M. Roager
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dennis S. Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Fiil Hjorth
- Obesity and Nutritional Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Tuborg Havnevej, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Birsa ML, Sarbu LG. Health Benefits of Key Constituents in Cichorium intybus L. Nutrients 2023; 15:1322. [PMID: 36986053 PMCID: PMC10058675 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Cichorium (Asteraceae) that originates from the Mediterranean area consists of six species (Cichorium intybus, Cichorium frisee, Cichorium endivia, Cichorium grouse, Cichorium chico and Cichorium pumilum). Cichorium intybus L., commonly known as chicory, has a rich history of being known as a medicinal plant and coffee substitute. A variety of key constituents in chicory play important roles as antioxidant agents. The herb is also used as a forage plant for animals. This review highlights the bioactive composition of C. intybus L. and summarizes the antioxidant activity associated with the presence of inulin, caffeic acid derivatives, ferrulic acid, caftaric acid, chicoric acid, chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acids, dicaffeoyl tartaric acid, sugars, proteins, hydroxycoumarins, flavonoids and sesquiterpene lactones. It also covers the plant's occurrence, agriculture improvement, natural biosynthesis, geographical distribution and waste valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura G. Sarbu
- Department of Chemistry, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11 Carol I Blvd., 700506 Iasi, Romania
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6
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Qin YQ, Wang LY, Yang XY, Xu YJ, Fan G, Fan YG, Ren JN, An Q, Li X. Inulin: properties and health benefits. Food Funct 2023; 14:2948-2968. [PMID: 36876591 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01096h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Inulin, a soluble dietary fiber, is widely found in more than 36 000 plant species as a reserve polysaccharide. The primary sources of inulin, include Jerusalem artichoke, chicory, onion, garlic, barley, and dahlia, among which Jerusalem artichoke tubers and chicory roots are often used as raw materials for inulin production in the food industry. It is universally acknowledged that inulin as a prebiotic has an outstanding effect on the regulation of intestinal microbiota via stimulating the growth of beneficial bacteria. In addition, inulin also exhibits excellent health benefits in regulating lipid metabolism, weight loss, lowering blood sugar, inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors, reducing the risk of colon cancer, enhancing mineral absorption, improving constipation, and relieving depression. In this review paper, we attempt to present an exhaustive overview of the function and health benefits of inulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Qin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Liu-Yan Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Xin-Yu Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Yi-Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Gang Fan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Yan-Ge Fan
- Institute of Chemistry Co. Ltd, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jing-Nan Ren
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Qi An
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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7
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Choneva M, Shishmanova-Doseva M, Dimov I, Boyanov K, Dimitrov I, Vlaykova T, Georgieva K, Hrischev P, Bivolarska A. Xylooligosaccharides and aerobic training regulate metabolism and behavior in rats with streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes. Open Med (Wars) 2022; 17:1632-1644. [PMID: 36329786 PMCID: PMC9579861 DOI: 10.1515/med-2022-0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized with decreased microbial diversity. Gut microbiota is essential for the normal physiological functioning of many organs, especially the brain. Prebiotics are selectively fermentable oligosaccharides [xylooligosaccharides (XOS), galactooligosaccharides, etc.] that promote the growth and activity of gut microbes and influence the gut-brain axis. Aerobic exercise is a non-pharmacological approach for the control of diabetes and could improve cognitive functions. The potential beneficial effect of XOS and/or aerobic training on cognition, the lipid profile and oxidative stress markers of experimental rats were evaluated in this study. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three streptozotocin-induced diabetic groups and a control group. Some of the rats, either on a XOS treatment or a standard diet, underwent aerobic training. The results showed that the aerobic training independently lowered the total cholesterol levels compared to the sedentary diabetic rats (p = 0.032), while XOS lowers the malondialdehyde levels in the trained diabetic rats (p = 0.034). What is more the exercise, independently or in combination with XOS beneficially affected all parameters of the behavioral tests. We conclude that aerobic exercises alone or in a combination with the prebiotic XOS could ameliorate the dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and cognitive abilities in experimental type 1 diabetic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Choneva
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15 A, Vassil Aprilov Blvd., Plovdiv, 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Michaela Shishmanova-Doseva
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15 A, Vassil Aprilov Blvd., Plovdiv, 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Ivica Dimov
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15 A, Vassil Aprilov Blvd., Plovdiv, 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Krasimir Boyanov
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15 A, Vassil Aprilov Blvd., Plovdiv, 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Iliyan Dimitrov
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15 A, Vassil Aprilov Blvd., Plovdiv, 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Tatyana Vlaykova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15 A, Vassil Aprilov Blvd., Plovdiv, 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Katerina Georgieva
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15 A, Vassil Aprilov Blvd., Plovdiv, 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Petar Hrischev
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15 A, Vassil Aprilov Blvd., Plovdiv, 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Anelia Bivolarska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15 A, Vassil Aprilov Blvd., Plovdiv, 4002, Bulgaria
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8
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Yamanouchi Y, Chudan S, Ishibashi R, Ohue-Kitano R, Nishikawa M, Tabuchi Y, Kimura I, Nagai Y, Ikushiro S, Furusawa Y. The Impact of Low-Viscosity Soluble Dietary Fibers on Intestinal Microenvironment and Experimental Colitis: A Possible Preventive Application of Alpha-Cyclodextrin in Intestinal Inflammation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200063. [PMID: 36181445 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The purpose of this study is to compare the impact of four low-viscosity soluble dietary fibers (DFs) on the intestinal microenvironment, in terms of microbiota composition, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, proportion of colonic peripherally induced regulatory T cells (pTregs), and experimental colitis in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice are administered 5% w/v low-viscosity soluble DFs in drinking water for 2 weeks. The gut microbiota composition is determined using 16S rRNA sequencing. Luminal SCFAs are quantified by gas chromatography, and colonic pTregs are analyzed using flow cytometry. All low-viscosity soluble DFs promote the growth of beneficial bacteria such as Akkermansia muciniphila and Bacteroides acidifaciens, while eliminating pathogenic bacteria such as Clostridium perfringens. Moreover, two low-viscosity soluble DFs significantly increase the abundance of commensal bacteria and promote the accumulation of propionate and butyrate, leading to marked induction of colonic pTregs. Consistently, these two fibers, in particular α-cyclodextrin, show remarkable anti-inflammatory properties in a colitis mouse model. CONCLUSION Mice administered any low-viscosity soluble DF show comparable gut microbiota compositions, but differ in terms of bacterial abundance, SCFA concentration, pTreg population, and colitis development. This exploratory study suggests that administration of α-cyclodextrin may be a possible strategy for the prevention of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Yamanouchi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Kurokawa, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-si, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Seita Chudan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Kurokawa, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Riko Ishibashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Kurokawa, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ohue-Kitano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-si, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Miyu Nishikawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Kurokawa, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-si, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nagai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Kurokawa, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ikushiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Kurokawa, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Furusawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Kurokawa, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
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Wang Y, Nan X, Zhao Y, Jiang L, Wang H, Zhang F, Hua D, Liu J, Yang L, Yao J, Xiong B. Changes in the Profile of Fecal Microbiota and Metabolites as Well as Serum Metabolites and Proteome After Dietary Inulin Supplementation in Dairy Cows With Subclinical Mastitis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:809139. [PMID: 35479637 PMCID: PMC9037088 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.809139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and development of mastitis is linked to dysbiostic gastrointestinal microbiota. Inulin is a dietary prebiotic that improves the profile of intestinal flora. Our previous study showed that inulin supplementation could improve the ruminal microbes of subclinical mastitis (SCM) cows. The current study attempted to further investigate the response of hindgut (fecal) microbiome and metabolites, serum metabolism, and protein expression to inulin in the in SCM cows. Different levels of inulin (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 g/day per cow) were supplemented in SCM cows. Compared with control group, Bacteroides and Bifidobacteria were increased, and Paeniclostridium, Ruminococcaceae, Coprococcus, and Clostridia were decreased in the feces of inulin groups, and accompanied with elevated propionate and butyrate concentrations, while secondary bile acid (SBA) metabolites were increased and proinflammatory lipid oxidation products were dropped in both feces and serum. In serum, inulin intake suppressed the levels of triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Serum proteome analysis found that CD44 antigen, phosphatidylinositol-glycan-specific phospholipase D, apolipoprotein A-II, and superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] were upregulated, while cathelicidin-1, haptoglobin, serpin A3, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 were downregulated in inulin groups. These findings suggested further evidence for inulin supplementation in amelioration of inflammatory symptoms in SCM cows, which might provide alternative treatment for mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xuemei Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiguang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linshu Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dengke Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Langfang Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Langfang, China
| | - Liang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junhu Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Benhai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Lee AH, Lin CY, Do S, Oba PM, Belchik SE, Steelman AJ, Schauwecker A, Swanson KS. Dietary supplementation with fiber, "biotics," and spray-dried plasma affects apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility and the fecal characteristics, fecal microbiota, and immune function of adult dogs. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6532036. [PMID: 35180312 PMCID: PMC8956131 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of functional ingredients, including fibers, prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics may be added to pet foods to support gastrointestinal and immune health. While many of these ingredients have been tested individually, commercial foods often include blends that also require testing. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of diets containing blends of fibers, "biotics," and/or spray-dried plasma on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), stool quality, fecal microbiota and metabolites, and immune health outcomes of adult dogs. A total of 12 healthy adult intact English pointer dogs (6 M, 6 F; age = 6.4 ± 2.0 yr; BW = 25.8 ± 2.6 kg) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design to test diets formulated to: 1) contain a low concentration of fermentative substances (control diet, CT); 2) be enriched with a fiber-prebiotic-probiotic blend (FPPB); and 3) be enriched with a fiber-prebiotic-probiotic blend + immune-modulating ingredients (iFFPB). In each 28-d period, 22 d of diet adaptation was followed by a 5-d fecal collection phase and 1 d for blood sample collection. All data were analyzed using SAS 9.4, with significance being P < 0.05 and trends being P < 0.10. FPPB and iFPPB diets led to shifts in numerous outcome measures. Dry matter (DM), organic matter, fat, fiber, and energy ATTD were lower (P < 0.01), fecal scores were lower (P < 0.01; firmer stools), and fecal DM% was higher (P < 0.0001) in dogs fed FPPB or iFPPB than those fed CT. Serum triglycerides and cholesterol were lower (P < 0.01) in dogs fed FPPB or iFPPB than those fed CT. Fecal protein catabolites (isobutyrate, isovalerate, indole, and ammonia) and butyrate were lower (P < 0.05), while fecal immunoglobulin A (IgA) was higher (P < 0.01) in dogs fed FPPB and iFPPB than those fed CT. Fecal microbiota populations were affected by diet, with alpha-diversity being lower (P < 0.05) in dogs fed iFPPB and the relative abundance of 20 bacterial genera being altered in dogs fed FPPB or iFPPB compared with CT. The circulating helper T cell:cytotoxic T cell ratio was higher (P < 0.05) in dogs fed iFPPB than those fed CT. Circulating B cells were lower (P < 0.05) in dogs fed FPPB than those fed iFPPB, and lower (P < 0.05) in dogs fed iFPPB than those fed CT. Our results demonstrate that feeding a fiber-prebiotic-probiotic blend may provide many benefits to canine health, including improved stool quality, beneficial shifts to fecal microbiota and metabolite profiles, reduced blood lipids, and increased fecal IgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ching-Yen Lin
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sungho Do
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Patricia M Oba
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sara E Belchik
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Andrew J Steelman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Amy Schauwecker
- PetSmart Proprietary Brand Product Development, Phoenix, AZ 85080, USA
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,Corresponding author:
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11
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Wang Y, Nan X, Zhao Y, Jiang L, Wang H, Hua D, Zhang F, Wang Y, Liu J, Yao J, Xiong B. Dietary supplementation with inulin improves lactation performance and serum lipids by regulating the rumen microbiome and metabolome in dairy cows. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:1189-1204. [PMID: 34754961 PMCID: PMC8556608 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of inulin on rumen fermentation parameters, ruminal microbiome and metabolites, as well as lactation performance and serum indexes in dairy cows. Sixteen Holstein dairy cows with similar body conditions were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 8 per group), with inulin addition at 0 and 200 g/d per cow. The experiment lasted for 6 weeks, including a 1-week adaptation period and a 5-week treatment period. At the end of the experimental period, the milk, serum and rumen fluid were sampled and analyzed. The microbiome and metabolome in the rumen fluid were analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics, respectively. The results showed that supplementation with inulin (200 g/d per cow) increased the milk yield (P = 0.001), milk protein (P = 0.032), lactose rate (P = 0.004) and proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) in milk (P < 0.001), but decreased the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) (P = 0.041). Rumen pH (P = 0.040) and the concentration of NH3–N (P = 0.024) were decreased; however, acetate (P < 0.001), propionate (P = 0.003), butyrate (P < 0.001) and lactic acid (LA) (P = 0.043) were increased. The total cholesterol (TC) (P = 0.008) and triglycerides (TG) (P = 0.01) in serum were also reduced. Additionally, inulin addition elevated the relative abundance of several beneficial symbiotic and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, such as Muribaculaceae (false discovery rate [FDR]-adjusted P < 0.01), Acetitomaculum (FDR-adjusted P = 0.043), and Butyrivibrio (FDR-adjusted P = 0.036), while elevating the levels of L-lysine (FDR-adjusted P = 4.24 × 10−3), L-proline (FDR-adjusted P = 0.0158), and L-phenylalanine (FDR-adjusted P = 0.027). In contrast, several pathogens and ruminal bacteria abundant in high-fat diets, such as Escherichia-Shigella (FDR-adjusted P = 0.022), Erysipelotrichaceae__UCG-004 (FDR-adjusted P < 0.01) and RF39 (FDR-adjusted P = 0.042) were decreased along with the reduction of lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) (18:1 (9Z)) (FDR-adjusted P = 1.03 × 10−3), LysoPC (16:0) (FDR-adjusted P = 0.0108), LysoPC (18:2 (9Z, 12Z)) (FDR-adjusted P = 1.65 × 10−3) and 8-methylnonenoate. In conclusion, dietary inulin supplementation could increase the relative abundance of commensal microbiota and SCFA-producing bacteria, upregulate amino acidmetabolism and downregulate lipid metabolism in the rumen of dairy cows, which might further improve lactation performance and the level of serum lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xuemei Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yiguang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Linshu Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dengke Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yapin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Langfang Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Langfang, 065000, China
| | - Junhu Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Benhai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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12
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Schroyen M, Li B, Arévalo Sureda E, Zhang Y, Leblois J, Deforce D, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Wavreille J, Everaert N. Pre-Weaning Inulin Supplementation Alters the Ileal Transcriptome in Pigs Regarding Lipid Metabolism. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8100207. [PMID: 34679037 PMCID: PMC8539436 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics, such as inulin, are non-digestible compounds that stimulate the growth of beneficial microbiota, which results in improved gut and overall health. In this study, we were interested to see if, and how, the ileal transcriptome altered after inulin administration in the pre-weaning period in pigs. Seventy-two Piétrain–Landrace newborn piglets were divided into three groups: (a) a control (CON) group (n = 24), (b) an inulin (IN)-0.5 group (n = 24), and (c) an IN-0.75 group (n = 24). Inulin was provided as a solution and administered twice a day. At week 4, eight piglets per group, those closest to the average in body weight, were sacrificed, and ileal scrapings were collected and analyzed using 3′ mRNA massively parallel sequencing. Only minor differences were found, and three genes were differentially expressed between the CON and IN-0.5 group, at an FDR of 10%. All three genes were downregulated in the IN-0.5 group. When comparing the CON group with the IN-0.75 group, five genes were downregulated in the IN-0.75 group, including the three genes seen earlier as differentially expressed between CON and IN-0.5. No genes were found to be differential expressed between IN-0.5 and IN-0.75. Validation of a selection of these genes was done using qRT-PCR. Among the downregulated genes were Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4), Aquaporin 7 (AQP7), and Apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1). Thus, although only a few genes were found to be differentially expressed, several of them were involved in lipid metabolism, belonging to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway and known to promote lipolysis. We, therefore, conclude that these lipid metabolism genes expressed in the ileum may play an important role when supplementing piglets with inulin early in life, before weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Schroyen
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Laboratory, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (M.S.); (B.L.); (E.A.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Bing Li
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Laboratory, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (M.S.); (B.L.); (E.A.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ester Arévalo Sureda
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Laboratory, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (M.S.); (B.L.); (E.A.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuping Zhang
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Laboratory, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (M.S.); (B.L.); (E.A.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Julie Leblois
- Association Wallonne de l’Élevage asbl (AWÉ), B-5590 Ciney, Belgium;
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (D.D.); (F.V.N.)
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (D.D.); (F.V.N.)
| | - José Wavreille
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center, Department of Production and Sectors, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
| | - Nadia Everaert
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Laboratory, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (M.S.); (B.L.); (E.A.S.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-81-62-24-48
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13
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Li L, Li P, Xu L. Assessing the effects of inulin-type fructan intake on body weight, blood glucose, and lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:4598-4616. [PMID: 34401107 PMCID: PMC8358370 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inulin-type fructan (ITF) intake has been suggested to alleviate several features of metabolic syndrome including obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia; yet, results from the human trials remained inconsistent. We aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of ITF intake on body weight, glucose homeostasis, and lipid profile on human subjects with different health status, including healthy, overweight and obese, prediabetes and diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) between ITF and control groups were calculated by a random-effects model. A total of 33 randomized controlled human trials were included. Significant effect of ITF intake was only observed in the diabetics, but not in the other subject groups. Specifically, ITF intervention significantly decreased the WMD of blood glucose (-0.42 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.71, -0.14; p = .004), total cholesterol (-0.46 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.75, -0.17; p = .002), and triglycerides (TAG) (-0.21 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.37, -0.05; p = .01) compared with the control. The stability of these favorable effects of ITF on diabetics was confirmed by sensitivity analysis. Also, ITF tends to lower LDL cholesterol (p = .084). But body weight and blood insulin were not affected by ITF intake. It should be noted that blood glucose, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol exhibited high unexplained heterogeneity. In conclusion, ITF intake lowers blood glucose, total cholesterol, and TAG in the people with diabetes, and they may benefit from addition of inulin into their diets, but the underlying mechanisms responsible for these effects are inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangkui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesSchool of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesSchool of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesSchool of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
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14
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Guo H, Wu H, Sajid A, Li Z. Whole grain cereals: the potential roles of functional components in human health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8388-8402. [PMID: 34014123 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1928596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Whole grain cereals have been the basis of human diet since ancient times. Due to rich in a variety of unique bioactive ingredients, they play an important role in human health. This review highlights the contents and distribution of primary functional components and their health effects in commonly consumed whole grain cereals, especially dietary fiber, protein, polyphenols, and alkaloids. In general, cereals exert positive effects in the following ways: 1) Restoring intestinal flora diversity and increasing intestinal short-chain fatty acids. 2) Regulating plasma glucose and lipid metabolism, thereby the improvement of obesity, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes, and other chronic metabolic diseases. 3) Exhibiting antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals. 4) Preventing gastrointestinal cancer via the regulation of classical signaling pathways. In summary, this review provides a scientific basis for the formulation of whole-grain cereals-related dietary guidelines, and guides people to form scientific dietary habits, so as to promote the development and utilization of whole-grain cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Guo
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Haili Wu
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Amin Sajid
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China;,College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China
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15
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Park G, Jung S, Wellen KE, Jang C. The interaction between the gut microbiota and dietary carbohydrates in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:809-822. [PMID: 34017059 PMCID: PMC8178320 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Imbalance between fat production and consumption causes various metabolic disorders. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), one such pathology, is characterized by abnormally increased fat synthesis and subsequent fat accumulation in hepatocytes1,2. While often comorbid with obesity and insulin resistance, this disease can also be found in lean individuals, suggesting specific metabolic dysfunction2. NAFLD has become one of the most prevalent liver diseases in adults worldwide, but its incidence in both children and adolescents has also markedly increased in developed nations3,4. Progression of this disease into nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma in combination with its widespread incidence thus makes NAFLD and its related pathologies a significant public health concern. Here, we review our understanding of the roles of dietary carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, and fibers) and the gut microbiota, which provides essential carbon sources for hepatic fat synthesis during the development of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Park
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sunhee Jung
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn E Wellen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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16
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Nie Y, Luo F. Dietary Fiber: An Opportunity for a Global Control of Hyperlipidemia. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5542342. [PMID: 33897940 PMCID: PMC8052145 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5542342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fiber has a long history in the intervention study of hyperlipidemia. In this review, current understandings of structures, sources, and natures of various kinds of dietary fibers (DFs) were analyzed first. Available evidences for the use of different varieties of DFs in the lipid-lowering action both in vitro and in vivo were subsequently classified, including both soluble ones, such as glucans, pectins, and gums, and insoluble ones, including arabinooxylans and chitosans, in order to draw a primary conclusion of their dose and molecular weight relationship with lipid-lowering effect. Their potential mechanisms, especially the related molecular mechanism of protective action in the treatment and prevention of hyperlipidemia, were summarized at last. Five major mechanisms are believed to be responsible for the antihyperlipidemic benefits of DFs, including low levels of energy, bulking effect, viscosity, binding capacity, and fermentation thus ameliorating the symptoms of hyperlipidemia. From the molecular level, DFs could possibly affect the activities of HMG-CoA reductase, LDL receptors, CYP7A1, and MAPK signaling pathway as well as other lipid metabolism-related target genes. In summary, dietary fibers could be used as alternative supplements to exert certain lipid-lowering effects on humans. However, more clinical evidence is needed to strengthen this proposal and its fully underlying mechanism still requires more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Nie
- School of Food Technology and Biological Science, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, College of Food science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Processing of Rice and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Feijun Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, College of Food science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Processing of Rice and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
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17
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Barbero-Becerra V, Juárez-Hernández E, Chávez-Tapia NC, Uribe M. Inulin as a Clinical Therapeutic Intervention in Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1867997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Juárez-Hernández
- Translational Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Misael Uribe
- Gastroenterology and Obesity Unit., Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
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18
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Metabolic Profiling of Xylooligosaccharides by Lactobacilli. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102387. [PMID: 33081339 PMCID: PMC7603016 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Three lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains identified as Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, and Lactobacillus sakei isolated from meat products were tested for their ability to utilize and grow on xylooligosaccharides (XOSs). The extent of carbohydrate utilization by the studied strains was analyzed by HPLC. All three strains showed preferences for the degree of polymerization (DP). The added oligosaccharides induced the LAB to form end-products of typical mixed-acid fermentation. The utilization of XOSs by the microorganisms requires the action of three important enzymes: β-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37) exo-oligoxylanase (EC 3.2.1.156) and α-L-arabinofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.55). The presence of intracellular β-D-xylosidase in Lb. brevis, Lb. plantarum, and Lb. sakei suggest that XOSs might be the first imported into the cell by oligosaccharide transporters, followed by their degradation to xylose. The studies on the influence of XOS intake on the lipids of rat liver plasma membranes showed that oligosaccharides display various beneficial effects for the host organism, which are probably specific for each type of prebiotic used. The utilization of different types of oligosaccharides may help to explain the ability of Lactobacillus strains to compete with other bacteria in the ecosystem of the human gastrointestinal tract.
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19
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Basavaiah R, Gurudutt PS. Prebiotic Carbohydrates for Therapeutics. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 21:230-245. [PMID: 32990546 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200929140522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The food industry is constantly shifting focus based on prebiotics as health-promoting substrates rather than just food supplements. A prebiotic is "a selectively fermented ingredient that allows specific changes, both in the composition and/or activity in the gastrointestinal microflora that confers benefits upon host well-being and health." Prebiotics exert a plethora of health-promoting effects, which has lead to the establishment of multimillion food and pharma industries. The following are the health benefits attributed to prebiotics: mineral absorption, better immune response, increased resistance to bacterial infection, improved lipid metabolism, possible protection against cancer, relief from poor digestion of lactose, and reduction in the risk of diseases such as intestinal disease, non-insulin-dependent diabetes, obesity and allergy. Numerous studies in both animals and humans have demonstrated the health benefits of prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Basavaiah
- Department of Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore - 570 020, Karnataka, CSIR, India
| | - Prapulla S Gurudutt
- Department of Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore - 570 020, Karnataka, CSIR, India
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20
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Phungviwatnikul T, Valentine H, de Godoy MRC, Swanson KS. Effects of diet on body weight, body composition, metabolic status, and physical activity levels of adult female dogs after spay surgery. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5739032. [PMID: 32064516 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutering is a risk factor for pet obesity, which reduces the quality and length of life. Dietary interventions may serve as preventive and therapeutic options for pet obesity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of specially formulated diets on body weight (BW), body composition, and blood hormones and metabolites of adult female dogs after spay surgery. All procedures were approved by the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee prior to experimentation. Twenty-eight healthy adult intact female Beagles (3.02 ± 0.7 yr; 10.28 ± 0.8 kg; body condition score [BCS]: 4.98 ± 0.57) were used in a longitudinal study. Twenty-four dogs were spayed and randomly allotted to one of three experimental diets: 1) moderate-protein, moderate-fiber diet (control; COSP), 2) high-protein, high-fiber diet (HP-HF), or 3) high-protein, high-fiber diet plus omega-3 and medium-chain fatty acids (HP-HF-O). Four dogs were sham-operated and fed the control diet (COSH). Food intake, BW, BCS, blood hormones and metabolites, body composition (via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans), and voluntary physical activity (via Actical devices) were measured over time. After spay, dogs were fed to maintain BW for 12 wk (restricted phase), then allowed to overeat for 12 wk (ad libitum phase). Change from baseline data was analyzed for treatment, time, and treatment × time effects as well as treatment, feeding regimen, and treatment × feeding regimen effects. During the first 12 wk, HP-HF and HP-HF-O had lower (P < 0.01) blood cholesterol than COSH and COSP. During the second 12 wk, HP-HF and HP-HF-O ate more (P < 0.01) food (g/d) than COSH. BCS change for COSP was greater (P < 0.01) than COSH from week 21 to 24, but HP-HF and HP-HF-O were not different. When comparing data by feeding regimen, HP-HF and HP-HF-O had a greater reduction in serum cholesterol (P < 0.001) than COSH and COSP. During the second 12 wk, all spayed dogs consumed more (P < 0.01) food than COSH. However, COSH, HP-HF, and HP-HF-O had a lower (P < 0.001) increase in BCS than COSP. HP-HF-O and COSH had similar serum leptin during weeks 12 to 24. COSP had higher (P ≤ 0.01) serum C-reactive protein than HP-HF-O. Overall, body fat increase in COSP was greater (P < 0.05) than for COSH at week 24, while HP-HF and HP-HF-O were intermediate. Our results indicate that an HP-HF diet can limit weight gain and body fat increase and attenuate serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and leptin concentrations in dogs after spay surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Valentine
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Maria R C de Godoy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
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Hassan OMS, Di Folco U, Nardone MR, Tubili F, Tubili C. Fiber enrichment of pasta: metabolic effects and diet adherence in obese subjects. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2020. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-190351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ugo Di Folco
- Diabetes Unit, “S. Camillo-Forlanini” Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Flavia Tubili
- Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit, Meyer Children Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudio Tubili
- Diabetes Unit, “S. Camillo-Forlanini” Hospital, Rome, Italy
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22
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DIONÍSIO AP, SILVA MDFGD, CARIOCA AAF, ADRIANO LS, ABREU FAPD, WURLITZER NJ, PINTO CDO, PONTES DF. Effect of yacon syrup on blood lipid, glucose and metabolic endotoxemia in healthy subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.38218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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23
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Xu C, Liu J, Gao J, Wu X, Cui C, Wei H, Zheng R, Peng J. Combined Soluble Fiber-Mediated Intestinal Microbiota Improve Insulin Sensitivity of Obese Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020351. [PMID: 32013093 PMCID: PMC7071167 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber, an important regulator of intestinal microbiota, is a promising tool for preventing obesity and related metabolic disorders. However, the functional links between dietary fiber, intestinal microbiota, and obesity phenotype are still not fully understood. Combined soluble fiber (CSF) is a synthetic mixture of polysaccharides and displays high viscosity, water-binding capacity, swelling capacity, and fermentability. We found that supplementing high-fat diet (HFD) with 6% CSF significantly improved the insulin sensitivity of obese mice without affecting their body weight. Replacing the HFD with normal chow basal diet (NCD), the presence of CSF in the feed significantly enhanced satiety, decreased energy intake, promoted weight and fat loss, and augmented insulin sensitivity. CSF also improved the intestinal morphological integrity, attenuated systemic inflammation, promoted intestinal microbiota homeostasis, and stabilized the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that was perturbed during HFD-induced obesity, and these stabilizing effects were more prominent when the basal diet was switched to NCD. The enrichment of bacteria of the S24-7 family and Allobaculum genus increased markedly in the intestine following 6% CSF supplementation- and correlated with decreased adiposity and insulin resistance. Five bacterial genera that were decreased by CSF, including Oscillospira, unclassified Lachonospitaceae, unclassified Clostridiales, unclassified Desulfovibrionaceae, and unclassified Ruminococcae, were subjected to co-occurrence network analysis and were positively correlated to adiposity and insulin resistance, indicating a key role in the microbial response to CSF. Thus, CSF has a potential to promote insulin sensitivity and even reduce obesity via beneficial regulation of the gut microecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhui Xu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.X.); (X.W.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.P.)
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (J.G.)
| | - Jianwei Gao
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (J.G.)
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.X.); (X.W.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.P.)
| | - Chenbin Cui
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.X.); (X.W.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.P.)
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.X.); (X.W.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.P.)
| | - Rong Zheng
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-134-1952-7039
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.X.); (X.W.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.P.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
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24
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Transcriptomic and metabolomic responses in the livers of pigs to diets containing different non-starchy polysaccharides. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Deng P, Hoffman JB, Petriello MC, Wang CY, Li XS, Kraemer MP, Morris AJ, Hennig B. Dietary inulin decreases circulating ceramides by suppressing neutral sphingomyelinase expression and activity in mice. J Lipid Res 2019; 61:45-53. [PMID: 31604806 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated circulating levels of ceramides (Cers) are associated with increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases, and Cers may play a causative role in metabolic dysfunction that precedes cardiac events, such as mortality as a result of coronary artery disease. Although the mechanisms involved are likely complex, these associations suggest that lowering circulating Cer levels could be protective against cardiovascular diseases. Conversely, dietary fibers, such as inulin, have been reported to promote cardiovascular and metabolic health. However, the mechanisms involved in these protective processes also are not well understood. We studied the effects of inulin on lipid metabolism with a model of atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice using lipidomics and transcriptomics. Plasma and tissues were collected at 10 days and/or 12 weeks after feeding mice an atherogenic diet supplemented with inulin or cellulose (control). Compared with controls, inulin-fed mice displayed a decreased C16:0/C24:0 plasma Cer ratio and lower levels of circulating Cers associated with VLDL and LDL. Liver transcriptomic analysis revealed that Smpd3, a gene that encodes neutral SMase (NSMase), was downregulated by 2-fold in inulin-fed mice. Hepatic NSMase activity was 3-fold lower in inulin-fed mice than in controls. Furthermore, liver redox status and compositions of phosphatidylserine and FFA species, the major factors that determine NSMase activity, were also modified by inulin. Taken together, these results showed that, in mice, inulin can decrease plasma Cer levels through reductions in NSMase expression and activity, suggesting a mechanism by which fiber could reduce cardiometabolic disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Deng
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536; Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Jessie B Hoffman
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Michael C Petriello
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine and Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Chun-Yan Wang
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536; Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Xu-Sheng Li
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536; Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China 510632
| | - Maria P Kraemer
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine and Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Andrew J Morris
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine and Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Bernhard Hennig
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536; Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536.
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Esmaeilnejad Moghadam B, Keivaninahr F, Fouladi M, Rezaei Mokarram R, Nazemi A. Inulin addition to yoghurt: Prebiotic activity, health effects and sensory properties. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Keivaninahr
- Department of Food Science and Technology Faculty of Agriculture Tabriz University TabrizIran
| | - Masoumeh Fouladi
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Sistan and Baluchestan Zahedan Iran
| | - Reza Rezaei Mokarram
- Department of Food Science and Technology Faculty of Agriculture Tabriz University TabrizIran
| | - Aylar Nazemi
- Department of Food Science and Technology Faculty of Agriculture Tabriz University TabrizIran
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27
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Jangra S, K. RS, Sharma RK, Pothuraju R, Mohanty AK. Ameliorative effect of fermentable fibres on adiposity and insulin resistance in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat and sucrose diet. Food Funct 2019; 10:3696-3705. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02578a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of diets rich in fat and refined sugars is recognized to be one of the causes of lifestyle disorders, and dietary fibres are being advocated to ameliorate the complications associated with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surender Jangra
- Division of Animal Biochemistry
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute
- Karnal
- India
| | - Raja Shekar K.
- Division of Animal Biochemistry
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute
- Karnal
- India
| | - Raj Kumar Sharma
- Division of Animal Biochemistry
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute
- Karnal
- India
| | - Ramesh Pothuraju
- Division of Animal Biochemistry
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute
- Karnal
- India
| | - A. K. Mohanty
- Animal Biotechnology Centre
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute
- Karnal
- India
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28
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Cai X, Yu H, Liu L, Lu T, Li J, Ji Y, Le Z, Bao L, Ma W, Xiao R, Yang Y. Milk Powder Co-Supplemented with Inulin and Resistant Dextrin Improves Glycemic Control and Insulin Resistance in Elderly Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 12-Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800865. [PMID: 30346655 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The objective of the present study is to evaluate the effects of milk powder co-supplemented with inulin and resistant dextrin (MPCIR) on elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS AND RESULTS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial is carried out among elderly T2DM patients. The subjects recruited from the community are randomly assigned to either the MPCIR group or placebo group for 12 weeks intervention. Each group receives 45 g milk powder with or without inulin and resistant dextrin. Anthropometric and metabolic variables are measured. For the MPCIR group, systolic blood pressure (BP) and diastolic BP are reduced significantly by 5.45 and 4.56 mm Hg (p < 0.001, vs placebo group), respectively. Compared with the placebo group, the fasting and 2-h postprandial plasma glucose levels, glycosylated serum protein, and insulin resistance index of the MPCIR group are significantly decreased by 0.96 mmol L-1 , 1.47 mmol L-1 , 16.33 μmol L-1 , and 0.65 respectively (p < 0.001). The MPCIR group shows an increase by 7.09 μIU mL-1 and 20.43 in 2-h postprandial insulin (p = 0.016) and β-cell function index (p < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSION MPCIR supplementation helps to improve glycemic control, insulin resistance, and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxia Cai
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
| | - Huanling Yu
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
| | - Lan Liu
- Beijing Dietetic Association, Beijing, 100000, P. R. China
| | - Tong Lu
- Department of Nutrition, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, P. R. China
| | - Jingjie Li
- Wang SiYing Community Health Service Center, Beijing, 100023, P. R. China
| | - Yacheng Ji
- Wang SiYing Community Health Service Center, Beijing, 100023, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyin Le
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
| | - Lei Bao
- Nutrition Department, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
| | - Rong Xiao
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
| | - Yuexin Yang
- National Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
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Honoré SM, Grande MV, Gomez Rojas J, Sánchez SS. Smallanthus sonchifolius (Yacon) Flour Improves Visceral Adiposity and Metabolic Parameters in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Rats. J Obes 2018; 2018:5341384. [PMID: 30510798 PMCID: PMC6230400 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5341384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacon), a native plant of South America, was observed to improve lipid profile in rodents and humans. This study aimed to investigate the antiobesity properties of yacon roots in a high-fat-diet (HFD) model and the underlying mechanisms. A total of 30 Wistar male rats were divided into five groups (n=6): the standard chow diet (SD) group was fed a SD; the HFD group was fed a HFD; and the HFD Y340 and HFD Y680 groups were fed a HFD plus yacon flour (340 and 680 mg FOS/kg b. w./day, respectively). HFD Y340 and HFD Y680 rats exhibited marked attenuation of weight gain, a decrease in visceral fat pad weight, a restoration of the serum lipid profile and atherogenic index in a dose-dependent manner, being the higher dose more effective (p < 0.05). In addition, we found that HFD Y680 rats showed lower glucose and insulin levels, improved glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity (p < 0.5). A downregulation of several adipocyte specific-transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 (PPAR-γ2), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein a (C/EBP-a) and activating protein (aP2) mRNA levels, was determined in the visceral adipose tissue of HFD Y680 rats (p < 0.05). An improvement of adipokine profile in HFD Y680 rats and decreased serum proinflammatory cytokine levels (p < 0.05) were determined by ELISA. Decreased macrophage infiltration and F4/80 and MCP-1 expression in the visceral adipose tissue of HFD Y680 rats (p < 0.5), together with a higher pAkt/Akt expression (p < 0.05) were also observed by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. A significant increase in glucagon (Gcg) and PYY mRNA levels in distal ileum of HFD Y680 rats (p < 0.05) were also detected. In the second approach, we determined that yacon supplementation potentiates the effects of the HFD reversion to a standard diet. In conclusion, yacon showed antiobesity properties by inhibiting adipogenesis and improving the visceral adipose tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Maris Honoré
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (CONICET-UNT), Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Maria Virginia Grande
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (CONICET-UNT), Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Jorge Gomez Rojas
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (CONICET-UNT), Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Sara Serafina Sánchez
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (CONICET-UNT), Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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Korcz E, Kerényi Z, Varga L. Dietary fibers, prebiotics, and exopolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria: potential health benefits with special regard to cholesterol-lowering effects. Food Funct 2018; 9:3057-3068. [PMID: 29790546 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00118a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GIT) microbiota, which plays a crucial role in human health, is influenced by a number of factors including diet. Consumption of specific dietary ingredients, such as dietary fibers and prebiotics, is an avenue by which the microbiota can be positively modulated. These substances may also reduce serum cholesterol levels through various mechanisms. Interest has increased in methods of reducing blood cholesterol level, because dyslipidemia is recognized as a contributory risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Several drugs have been developed for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia; however, undesirable side effects were observed, which have caused concerns about their long-term therapeutic use. Alternatively, many nonpharmacological approaches were tested to reduce elevated serum cholesterol levels. Dietary fibers and prebiotics have particularly beneficial effects on the GIT microbiome, and can also reduce serum cholesterol level through various mechanisms. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are potentially capable of synthesizing different polysaccharides, e.g. exopolysaccharides (EPS), which may play a role as prebiotics. LAB-based EPS have the potential to affect the gastrointestinal microbiome and reduce cholesterol. However, as dietary fibers comprise a complex group of substances with remarkably diverse structures, properties, and impacts, EPS also differ greatly and show a multitude of beneficial health effects. This review discusses the current knowledge related to the effects of dietary fibers and prebiotics on the human GIT microbiome, the prebiotic properties of EPS produced by LAB, and the health-promoting benefits of these polymers with special emphasis being given to cholesterol lowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Korcz
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Széchenyi István University, Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary.
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Liu Z, Xia B, Saric J, Utzinger J, Holmes E, Keiser J, Li JV. Effects of Vancomycin and Ciprofloxacin on the NMRI Mouse Metabolism. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:3565-3573. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Liu
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Bing Xia
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmina Saric
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jia V. Li
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Cao Y, Ma ZF, Zhang H, Jin Y, Zhang Y, Hayford F. Phytochemical Properties and Nutrigenomic Implications of Yacon as a Potential Source of Prebiotic: Current Evidence and Future Directions. Foods 2018; 7:E59. [PMID: 29649123 PMCID: PMC5920424 DOI: 10.3390/foods7040059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut is densely populated with diverse microbial communities that are essential to health. Prebiotics and fiber have been shown to possess the ability to modulate the gut microbiota. One of the plants being considered as a potential source of prebiotic is yacon. Yacon is an underutilized plant consumed as a traditional root-based fruit in South America. Yacon mainly contains fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin. Therefore, it has bifidogenic benefits for gut health, because FOS are not easily broken down by digestive enzymes. Bioactive chemical compounds and extracts isolated from yacon have been studied for their various nutrigenomic properties, including as a prebiotic for intestinal health and their antimicrobial and antioxidant effects. This article reviewed scientific studies regarding the bioactive chemical compounds and nutrigenomic properties of extracts and isolated compounds from yacon. These findings may help in further research to investigate yacon-based nutritional products. Yacon can be considered a potential prebiotic source and a novel functional food. However, more detailed epidemiological, animal, and human clinical studies, particularly mechanism-based and phytopharmacological studies, are lacking for the development of evidence-based functional food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- Department of Health Promotion, Pudong Maternal and Child Health Care Institution, Shanghai 201399, China.
| | - Zheng Feei Ma
- Department of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China.
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 15200, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Yifan Jin
- Department of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Yihe Zhang
- Division of Medicine, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University College London, London WC1E6BT, UK.
| | - Frank Hayford
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 25, Ghana.
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Yang J, Zhang S, Henning SM, Lee R, Hsu M, Grojean E, Pisegna R, Ly A, Heber D, Li Z. Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary pomegranate extract and inulin in mice fed an obesogenic diet. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 52:62-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ahmadi S, Mainali R, Nagpal R, Sheikh-Zeinoddin M, Soleimanian-Zad S, Wang S, Deep G, Kumar Mishra S, Yadav H. Dietary Polysaccharides in the Amelioration of Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis and Metabolic Diseases. OBESITY & CONTROL THERAPIES : OPEN ACCESS 2017; 4. [PMID: 30474051 DOI: 10.15226/2374-8354/4/2/00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic diseases including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and cancer has evolved into a global epidemic over the last century. The rate of these disorders is continuously rising due to the lack of effective preventative and therapeutic strategies. This warrants for the development of novel strategies that could help in the prevention, treatment and/ or better management of such disorders. Although the complex pathophysiology of these metabolic diseases is one of the major hurdles in the development of preventive and/or therapeutic strategies, there are some factors that are or can speculated to be more effective to target than others. Recently, gut microbiome has emerged as one of the major contributing factors in metabolic diseases, and developing positive modulators of gut microbiota is being considered to be of significant interest. Natural non-digestible polysaccharides from plants and food sources are considered potent modulators of gut microbiome that can feed certain beneficial microbes in the gut. This has led to an increased interest in the isolation of novel bioactive polysaccharides from different plants and food sources and their application as functional components to modulate the gut microbiome composition to improve host's health including metabolism. Therefore, polysaccharides, as prebiotics components, are being speculated to confer positive effects in managing metabolic diseases like obesity and diabetes. In this review article, we summarize some of the most common polysaccharides from plants and food that impact metabolic health and discuss why and how these could be helpful in preventing or ameliorating metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokouh Ahmadi
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine- Molecular Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rabina Mainali
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine- Molecular Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ravinder Nagpal
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine- Molecular Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mahmoud Sheikh-Zeinoddin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sabihe Soleimanian-Zad
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran.,Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine- Molecular Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Gagan Deep
- Deparment of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar Mishra
- Molecular Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Hariom Yadav
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine- Molecular Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Lepczyński A, Herosimczyk A, Ożgo M, Marynowska M, Pawlikowska M, Barszcz M, Taciak M, Skomiał J. Dietary chicory root and chicory inulin trigger changes in energetic metabolism, stress prevention and cytoskeletal proteins in the liver of growing pigs - a proteomic study. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 101:e225-e236. [PMID: 27859709 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Currently, a wide array of plant preparations exerting health-promoting properties are commonly used as feed additives. Among them, Cichorium intybus L. have gained considerable attention as a source of compounds showing prebiotic character. Large body of evidence suggests that products of prebiotic fermentation (short-chain fatty acids) may influence the expression of genes encoding liver enzymes involved in the regulation of energetic metabolism. Given the above, the present study was aimed at estimating the influence of a diet supplemented with chicory root or water extract of chicory inulin on liver proteome in growing pigs. The study was performed on 24 castrated male piglets (PIC × Penarlan P76). Animals were assigned to three equal groups (n = 8) and fed cereal-based isoenergetic diets: control and supplemented with 2% of inulin extract from chicory root or 4% of dried chicory root. Liver proteins were separated using two-dimensional electrophoresis, followed by the identification of statistically valid protein spots with the aid of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Both experimental factors significantly modulated the expression of liver proteins associated with energetic metabolism, particularly those involved in cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism. Additionally, both dietary additives induced increased expression of proteins involved in hepatocyte protection against oxidative stress. In the present study, we have shown for the first time that diet supplementation with dried chicory root or inulin caused significant changes in the expression of liver cytoskeletal proteins. Close attention should be paid to the downregulation of cytokeratin 18, hepatic acute phase protein that can enhance the anti-inflammatory properties of inulin-type fructans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lepczyński
- Department of Physiology, Cytobiology and Proteomics, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - A Herosimczyk
- Department of Physiology, Cytobiology and Proteomics, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - M Ożgo
- Department of Physiology, Cytobiology and Proteomics, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - M Marynowska
- Department of Physiology, Cytobiology and Proteomics, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - M Pawlikowska
- Department of Physiology, Cytobiology and Proteomics, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - M Barszcz
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - M Taciak
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - J Skomiał
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
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Dietary Composition Independent of Weight Loss in the Management of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9080800. [PMID: 28933748 PMCID: PMC5579594 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor dietary composition is an important factor in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The majority of NAFLD patients follow diets with overconsumption of simple carbohydrates, total and saturated fat, with reduced intake of dietary fiber and omega-3 rich foods. Although lifestyle modifications including weight loss and exercise remain the keystone of NAFLD management, modifying dietary composition with or without a calorie-restricted diet may also be a feasible and sustainable strategy for NAFLD treatment. In the present review article, we highlight the potential therapeutic role of a “high quality healthy diet” to improve hepatic steatosis and metabolic dysfunction in patients with NAFLD, independent of caloric restriction and weight loss. We provide a literature review evaluating the evidence behind dietary components including fiber-, meat- and omega-3-rich diets and, pending further evidence, we concur with the EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Guidelines recommendation of the Mediterranean diet as the diet of choice in these patients.
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Hira T, Suto R, Kishimoto Y, Kanahori S, Hara H. Resistant maltodextrin or fructooligosaccharides promotes GLP-1 production in male rats fed a high-fat and high-sucrose diet, and partially reduces energy intake and adiposity. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:965-979. [PMID: 28161724 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1381-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increasing secretion and production of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) by continuous ingestion of certain food components has been expected to prevent glucose intolerance and obesity. In this study, we examined whether a physiological dose (5% weight in diet) of digestion-resistant maltodextrin (RMD) has a GLP-1-promoting effect in rats fed a high-fat and high-sucrose (HFS) diet. METHODS Rats were fed a control diet or the HFS (30% fat, 40% sucrose wt/wt) diet supplemented with 5% RMD or fructooligosaccharides (FOS) for 8 weeks or for 8 days in separated experiments. Glucose tolerance, energy intake, plasma and tissue GLP-1 concentrations, and cecal short-chain fatty acids concentrations were assessed. RESULTS After 4 weeks of feeding, HFS-fed rats had significantly higher glycemic response to oral glucose than control rats, but rats fed HFS + RMD/FOS did not (approx. 50% reduction vs HFS rats). HFS + RMD/FOS-fed rats had higher GLP-1 responses (~twofold) to oral glucose, than control rats. After 8 weeks, visceral adipose tissue weight was significantly higher in HFS-fed rats than control rats, while HFS + RMD/FOS rats had a trend of reduced gain (~50%) of the tissue weight. GLP-1 contents and luminal propionate concentrations in the large intestine increased (>twofold) by adding RMD/FOS to HFS. Eight days feeding of RMD/FOS-supplemented diets reduced energy intake (~10%) and enhanced cecal GLP-1 production (~twofold), compared to HFS diet. CONCLUSIONS The physiological dose of a prebiotic fiber promptly (within 8 days) promotes GLP-1 production in rats fed an obesogenic diet, which would help to prevent excess energy intake and fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Hira
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Ryoya Suto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuka Kishimoto
- Research & Development, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Itami, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Sumiko Kanahori
- Research & Development, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Itami, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hara
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
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Rahat-Rozenbloom S, Fernandes J, Cheng J, Gloor GB, Wolever TMS. The acute effects of inulin and resistant starch on postprandial serum short-chain fatty acids and second-meal glycemic response in lean and overweight humans. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:227-233. [PMID: 27966565 PMCID: PMC5298923 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Colonic fermentation of dietary fiber to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) may protect against obesity and diabetes, but excess production of colonic SCFA has been implicated in the promotion of obesity. We aimed to compare the effects of two fermentable fibers on postprandial SCFA and second-meal glycemic response in healthy overweight or obese (OWO) vs lean (LN) participants. SUBJECTS/METHODS Using a randomized crossover design, 13 OWO and 12 LN overnight fasted participants were studied for 6 h on three separate days after consuming 300 ml water containing 75 g glucose (GLU) as control or with 24 g inulin (IN) or 28 g resistant starch (RS). A standard lunch was served 4 h after the test drink. RESULTS Within the entire group, compared with control, IN significantly increased serum SCFA (P<0.001) but had no effect on free-fatty acids (FFA) or second-meal glucose and insulin responses. In contrast, RS had no significant effect on SCFA but reduced FFA rebound (P<0.001) and second-meal glucose (P=0.002) and insulin responses (P=0.024). OWO had similar postprandial serum SCFA and glucose concentrations but significantly greater insulin and FFA than LN. However, the effects of IN and RS on SCFA, glucose, insulin and FFA responses were similar in LN and OWO. CONCLUSIONS RS has favorable second-meal effects, likely related to changes in FFA rather than SCFA concentrations. However, a longer study may be needed to demonstrate an effect of RS on SCFA. We found no evidence that acute increases in SCFA after IN reduce glycemic responses in humans, and we were unable to detect a significant difference in SCFA responses between OWO vs LN subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Rahat-Rozenbloom
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Judlyn Fernandes
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ji Cheng
- Biostatistics Unit, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton East, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory B Gloor
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas MS Wolever
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Connolly ML, Tzounis X, Tuohy KM, Lovegrove JA. Hypocholesterolemic and Prebiotic Effects of a Whole-Grain Oat-Based Granola Breakfast Cereal in a Cardio-Metabolic "At Risk" Population. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1675. [PMID: 27872611 PMCID: PMC5098205 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RTC) have confirmed the hypocholesterolaemic effect of oats and oat based fibers. However, the mechanisms by which oats or oat fractions lower cholesterol is not totally clear. Recognizing the important role of the gut microbiome in metabolism and metabolic disease risk, we examined the impact of whole grain oat Granola (WGO) on the human gut microbiota and cardio-metabolic risk factors using a randomized crossover dietary intervention in at risk individuals (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01925365). We randomized 32 individuals at risk of developing cardio-metabolic disease by virtue of mild hypercholesterolaemia or glucose intolerance, into two groups consuming either 45 g of WGO or non-whole grain (NWG) breakfast cereals daily for two 6-week intervention periods separated by a 4-week wash out period in a randomized, controlled, crossover, double-blinded design. Confirming the cholesterol lowering effect of WGO, we observed a significant time by treatment interaction, for total cholesterol (TC) (P = 0.0001) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) (P = 0.02) compared to NWG. A significant time by treatment interaction was also observed for the relative abundance of fecal bifidobacteria (P = 0.0001), lactobacilli (P = 0.001) and total bacterial count (P = 0.008), which were all elevated after consumption of WGO. Daily consumption of WGO resulted in a prebiotic effect on the human gut microbiota composition and significant reductions in TC and LDL-C concentrations. Prebiotic modulation of the human gut microbiota may thus constitute a previously unrecognized mechanism contributing to the hypocholesterolaemic effects of whole grain oat Granola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Connolly
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, University of ReadingReading, UK; Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of ReadingReading, UK
| | - Xenofon Tzounis
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, University of ReadingReading, UK; Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of ReadingReading, UK
| | - Kieran M Tuohy
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, University of ReadingReading, UK; Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre - Fondazione Edmund MachTrento, Italy
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, University of ReadingReading, UK; Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of ReadingReading, UK
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Inulin oligofructose attenuates metabolic syndrome in high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-fed rats. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:1502-1511. [PMID: 27805541 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516003627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Prebiotics alter bacterial content in the colon, and therefore could be useful for obesity management. We investigated the changes following addition of inulin oligofructose (IO) in the food of rats fed either a corn starch (C) diet or a high-carbohydrate, high-fat (H) diet as a model of diet-induced metabolic syndrome. IO did not affect food intake, but reduced body weight gain by 5·3 and 12·3 % in corn starch+inulin oligofructose (CIO) and high-carbohydrate, high-fat with inulin oligofructose (HIO) rats, respectively. IO reduced plasma concentrations of free fatty acids by 26·2 % and TAG by 75·8 % in HIO rats. IO increased faecal output by 93·2 %, faecal lipid excretion by 37·9 % and weight of caecum by 23·4 % and colon by 41·5 % in HIO rats. IO improved ileal morphology by reducing inflammation and improving the density of crypt cells in HIO rats. IO attenuated H diet-induced increases in abdominal fat pads (C 275 (sem 19), CIO 264 (sem 40), H 688 (sem 55), HIO 419 (sem 32) mg/mm tibial length), fasting blood glucose concentrations (C 4·5 (sem 0·1), CIO 4·2 (sem 0·1), H 5·2 (sem 0·1), HIO 4·3 (sem 0·1) mmol/l), systolic blood pressure (C 124 (sem 2), CIO 118 (sem 2), H 152 (sem 2), HIO 123 (sem 3) mmHg), left ventricular diastolic stiffness (C 22·9 (sem 0·6), CIO 22·9 (sem 0·5), H 27·8 (sem 0·5), HIO 22·6 (sem 1·2)) and plasma alanine transaminase (C 29·6 (sem 2·8), CIO 32·1 (sem 3·0), H 43·9 (sem 2·6), HIO 33·6 (sem 2·0) U/l). IO attenuated H-induced increases in inflammatory cell infiltration in the heart and liver, lipid droplets in the liver and plasma lipids as well as impaired glucose and insulin tolerance. These results suggest that increasing soluble fibre intake with IO improves signs of the metabolic syndrome by decreasing gastrointestinal carbohydrate and lipid uptake.
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Soare A, Del Toro R, Khazrai YM, Di Mauro A, Fallucca S, Angeletti S, Skrami E, Gesuita R, Tuccinardi D, Manfrini S, Fallucca F, Pianesi M, Pozzilli P. A 6-month follow-up study of the randomized controlled Ma-Pi macrobiotic dietary intervention (MADIAB trial) in type 2 diabetes. Nutr Diabetes 2016; 6:e222. [PMID: 27525817 PMCID: PMC5022142 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2016.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the MADIAB trial (a 21-day randomized, controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D)), intervention with the Ma-Pi 2 macrobiotic diet resulted in significantly greater improvements in metabolic control compared with a standard recommended diet for patients with T2D. We report on a 6-month follow-up study, which investigated, whether these benefits extended beyond the 21-day intensive dietary intervention, in real-world conditions. SUBJECTS At the end of the MADIAB trial (baseline of this follow-up study), all participants continued their assigned diet (Ma-Pi or control) for 6 months. The Ma-Pi 2 group followed the Ma-Pi 4 diet during this follow-up study. Forty of the original 51 subjects (78.4%) participated in the follow-up (body mass index, 27-45 kg m(-2); age, 40-75 years). Primary outcome was percentage change from baseline in HbA1c; secondary outcomes were anthropometric data and lipid panel. RESULTS A significantly greater median percentage reduction was observed for HbA1c in the Ma-Pi group (-11.27% (95% confidence interval (CI): -10.17; -12.36)) compared with the control group (-5.88% (95% CI: -3.79; -7.98)) (P < 0.001). Total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol increased in both groups with no differences between groups (P=0.331 and P=0.082, respectively). After correcting for age and gender, the Ma-Pi diet was associated with a higher percentage reduction in HbA1c (95% CI: 2.56; 7.61) and body weight (95% CI: 0.40; 3.99), and a higher percentage increase in LDL cholesterol (95% CI: -1.52; -33.16). However, all participants' total and LDL cholesterol levels remained within recommended ranges (<200 mg dl(-1) and <100 mg dl(-1), respectively). The Ma-Pi diet group achieved the target median HbA1c value (<5.7% (39 mmol mol(-1))) at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Both the Ma-Pi and control diets maintained their benefits beyond the 21-day intensive monitored intervention over a 6-month follow-up in real-world conditions. The Ma-Pi diet resulted in greater improvement in glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Soare
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - R Del Toro
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Y M Khazrai
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - A Di Mauro
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - S Fallucca
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - S Angeletti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - E Skrami
- Center of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Medical Information Technology, Polytechnic Marche University, Ancona, Italy
| | - R Gesuita
- Center of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Medical Information Technology, Polytechnic Marche University, Ancona, Italy
| | - D Tuccinardi
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - S Manfrini
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - F Fallucca
- Department of Clinical Sciences, La Sapienza University II Faculty, Rome, Italy
| | - M Pianesi
- International Study Center for Environment, Agriculture, Food, Health and Economics, Tolentino, Italy
| | - P Pozzilli
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
- Centre for Immunobiology, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Robak P, Ożgo M, Michałek K, Kolasa-Wołosiuk A, Taciak M, Barszcz M, Marynowska M. Identification of TRPM6 and TRPM7 expression changes in response to a diet supplemented with inulin in porcine kidney. Arch Anim Breed 2016. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-59-267-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral element in vertebrates and the second most common intracellular cation. Recently identified Mg2+-specific channels – TRPM6 and TRPM7 – have been shown to be essential for whole-body and cellular Mg2+ homeostasis. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of inulin on the expression of TRPM6 and TRPM7 in the renal cortex and medulla of growing pigs. The study was carried out on 16 Danbred × Duroc castrated male piglets fed a cereal-based diet without inulin or with 2 % addition of inulin from chicory root from the 10th day of life. In pigs fed a diet with inulin, TRPM6 expression was greater in both the renal cortex and medulla compared to the control group. The expression of TRPM7 in both the renal cortex and medulla in the control group and in piglets fed a diet enriched with inulin was relatively stable. To our knowledge, this is the first study aimed at the identification of TRPM6 and TRPM7 in the kidneys of pig. It is proposed that inulin addition to fodder resulted not only in a magnesium absorption increase, but also, due to prolonged low plasma Mg concentration of examined piglets, renal magnesium retention. Therefore, higher magnesium reabsorption via increased TRPM6 expression in the kidney was probably observed in order to supplement deficiencies of this element. Diet-unresponsive expression of TRPM7 supports the concept that this channel is not involved in the extracellular magnesium homeostasis.
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Woloszynek S, Pastor S, Mell JC, Nandi N, Sokhansanj B, Rosen GL. Engineering Human Microbiota: Influencing Cellular and Community Dynamics for Therapeutic Applications. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 324:67-124. [PMID: 27017007 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The complex relationship between microbiota, human physiology, and environmental perturbations has become a major research focus, particularly with the arrival of culture-free and high-throughput approaches for studying the microbiome. Early enthusiasm has come from results that are largely correlative, but the correlative phase of microbiome research has assisted in defining the key questions of how these microbiota interact with their host. An emerging repertoire for engineering the microbiome places current research on a more experimentally grounded footing. We present a detailed look at the interplay between microbiota and host and how these interactions can be exploited. A particular emphasis is placed on unstable microbial communities, or dysbiosis, and strategies to reestablish stability in these microbial ecosystems. These include manipulation of intermicrobial communication, development of designer probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Woloszynek
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - S Pastor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - J C Mell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - N Nandi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - B Sokhansanj
- McKool Smith Hennigan, P. C., Redwood Shores, CA, United States of America
| | - G L Rosen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.
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44
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Wu W, Xie J, Zhang H. Dietary fibers influence the intestinal SCFAs and plasma metabolites profiling in growing pigs. Food Funct 2016; 7:4644-4654. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01406b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fibers (DFs), widely used as food additives to replace fat, can benefit metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition
- Institute of Animal Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Beijing
- PR China
| | - J. Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition
- Institute of Animal Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Beijing
- PR China
| | - H. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition
- Institute of Animal Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Beijing
- PR China
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Dolan L, Matulka R, Worn J, Nizio J. Safety studies conducted on pecan shell fiber, a food ingredient produced from ground pecan shells. Toxicol Rep 2015; 3:87-97. [PMID: 28959526 PMCID: PMC5615425 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of pecan shell fiber in human food is presently limited, but could increase pending demonstration of safety. In a 91-day rat study, pecan shell fiber was administered at dietary concentrations of 0 (control), 50 000, 100 000 or 150 000 ppm. There was no effect of the ingredient on body weight of males or females or food consumption of females. Statistically significant increases in food consumption were observed throughout the study in 100 000 and 150 000 ppm males, resulting in intermittent decreases in food efficiency (150 000 ppm males only) that were not biologically relevant. All animals survived and no adverse clinical signs or functional changes were attributable to the test material. There were no toxicologically relevant changes in hematology, clinical chemistry or urinalysis parameters or organ weights in rats ingesting pecan shell fiber. Any macroscopic or microscopic findings were incidental, of normal variation and/or of minimal magnitude for test substance association. Pecan shell fiber was non-mutagenic in a bacterial reverse mutation test and non-clastogenic in a mouse peripheral blood micronucleus test. Based on these results, pecan shell fiber has an oral subchronic (13-week) no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 150 000 ppm in rats and is not genotoxic at the doses analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ray Matulka
- Burdock Group, Orlando, FL 32801, United States
| | - Jeffrey Worn
- South Georgia Pecan Company, Valdosta, GA 31601, United States
| | - John Nizio
- Southeastern Reduction Company, Valdosta, GA 31601, United States
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Tsurumaki M, Kotake M, Iwasaki M, Saito M, Tanaka K, Aw W, Fukuda S, Tomita M. The application of omics technologies in the functional evaluation of inulin and inulin-containing prebiotics dietary supplementation. Nutr Diabetes 2015; 5:e185. [PMID: 26619369 PMCID: PMC4672356 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2015.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inulin, a natural renewable polysaccharide resource produced by various plants in nature, has been reported to possess a significant number of diverse pharmaceutical and food applications. Recently, there has been rapid progress in high-throughput technologies and platforms to assay global mRNA, proteins, metabolites and gut microbiota. In this review, we will describe the current status of utilizing omics technologies of elucidating the impact of inulin and inulin-containing prebiotics at the transcriptome, proteome, metabolome and gut microbiome levels. Although many studies in this review have addressed the impact of inulin comprehensively, these omics technologies only enable us to understand physiological information at each different stage of mRNA, protein, metabolite and gut microbe. We believe that a synergistic approach is vital in order to fully illustrate the intricate beauty behind the relatively modest influence of food factors like inulin on host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tsurumaki
- Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - M Kotake
- Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - M Iwasaki
- Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - M Saito
- Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - K Tanaka
- Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - W Aw
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
- Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - S Fukuda
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
- Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - M Tomita
- Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
- Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan
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47
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Chambers ES, Viardot A, Psichas A, Morrison DJ, Murphy KG, Zac-Varghese SEK, MacDougall K, Preston T, Tedford C, Finlayson GS, Blundell JE, Bell JD, Thomas EL, Mt-Isa S, Ashby D, Gibson GR, Kolida S, Dhillo WS, Bloom SR, Morley W, Clegg S, Frost G. Effects of targeted delivery of propionate to the human colon on appetite regulation, body weight maintenance and adiposity in overweight adults. Gut 2015; 64:1744-54. [PMID: 25500202 PMCID: PMC4680171 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 825] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The colonic microbiota ferment dietary fibres, producing short chain fatty acids. Recent evidence suggests that the short chain fatty acid propionate may play an important role in appetite regulation. We hypothesised that colonic delivery of propionate would increase peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion in humans, and reduce energy intake and weight gain in overweight adults. DESIGN To investigate whether propionate promotes PYY and GLP-1 secretion, a primary cultured human colonic cell model was developed. To deliver propionate specifically to the colon, we developed a novel inulin-propionate ester. An acute randomised, controlled cross-over study was used to assess the effects of this inulin-propionate ester on energy intake and plasma PYY and GLP-1 concentrations. The long-term effects of inulin-propionate ester on weight gain were subsequently assessed in a randomised, controlled 24-week study involving 60 overweight adults. RESULTS Propionate significantly stimulated the release of PYY and GLP-1 from human colonic cells. Acute ingestion of 10 g inulin-propionate ester significantly increased postprandial plasma PYY and GLP-1 and reduced energy intake. Over 24 weeks, 10 g/day inulin-propionate ester supplementation significantly reduced weight gain, intra-abdominal adipose tissue distribution, intrahepatocellular lipid content and prevented the deterioration in insulin sensitivity observed in the inulin-control group. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate for the first time that increasing colonic propionate prevents weight gain in overweight adult humans. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00750438.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S Chambers
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alexander Viardot
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Arianna Psichas
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Douglas J Morrison
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kevin G Murphy
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sagen E K Zac-Varghese
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Tom Preston
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Catriona Tedford
- School of Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK
| | | | - John E Blundell
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jimmy D Bell
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Research Group, MRC Clinical Science Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - E Louise Thomas
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Research Group, MRC Clinical Science Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Shahrul Mt-Isa
- Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Deborah Ashby
- Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Glen R Gibson
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Sofia Kolida
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Wayne Morley
- Leatherhead Food Research, Randall's Road Leatherhead, Surrey, UK
| | - Stuart Clegg
- Leatherhead Food Research, Randall's Road Leatherhead, Surrey, UK
| | - Gary Frost
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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48
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Xiao J, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Zebeli Q. Gut Function-Enhancing Properties and Metabolic Effects of Dietary Indigestible Sugars in Rodents and Rabbits. Nutrients 2015; 7:8348-65. [PMID: 26426045 PMCID: PMC4632417 DOI: 10.3390/nu7105397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Indigestible sugars (iS) have received particular interest in food and nutrition research due to their prebiotic properties and other health benefits in humans and animals. The main aim of this review article is to summarize the current knowledge regarding digestive and health-enhancing properties of iS such as sugar alcohols, oligosacharides, and polysaccharides, in rodents and rabbits. Besides ameliorating gut health, iS ingestion also elicits laxative effects and stimulate intestinal permeability and fluid secretions, thereby shortening digesta transit time and increasing stool mass and quality. In rodents and rabbits, as hindgut fermenters, consumption of iS leads to an improved nutrient digestibility, too. Cecal fermentation of iS reduces luminal pH and extends wall tissue facilitating absorption of key dietary minerals across hindgut. The microbial fermentation of iS also enhances excessive blood nitrogen (N) flowing into the cecum to be used as N source for bacterial growth, enhancing N retention in cecotrophic animals. This review also highlights the impact of iS on improving lipid metabolism, mainly by lowering cholesterol and triglycerides levels in the blood. The paper serves as an index of the current knowledge of iS effects in rodents and rabbits and also identifies gaps of knowledge that need to be addressed by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xiao
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria.
| | - Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria.
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria.
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49
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Shalini R, Antony U. Fructan distribution in banana cultivars and effect of ripening and processing on Nendran banana. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2015; 52:8244-51. [PMID: 26604400 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-1927-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many plants store fructan as reserve carbohydrate. Fructans naturally present in almost all plant foods, are also used as functional ingredients by the food industry to modify the texture and taste due to their properties as gelling agents, fat substitutes, soluble dietary fibers and low calorie sweeteners. Seven banana cultivars were analysed for fructans and Nendran banana was selected for the next set of experiments as it had the highest fructan content (1433.3 mg/100 g) among the cultivars studied. Low temperature ripening (16 °C) of Nendran banana resulted in higher fructan accumulation of these carbohydrates in cold conditions. Pectinase pre-treatment significantly increased yield of total fructans from 1.4/100 g to 6.5 g/100 g i.e., 370 %. Fructan composition was affected by processing, namely steaming and puree preparation in Nendran. The fructan composition data documented in this study will enable including banana, naturally high in fructans in the diet and will facilitate storage and processing for nutritional formulation for higher fructan consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shalini
- Centre for Food Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, 600025 India
| | - Usha Antony
- Centre for Food Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, 600025 India
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50
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Weitkunat K, Schumann S, Petzke KJ, Blaut M, Loh G, Klaus S. Effects of dietary inulin on bacterial growth, short-chain fatty acid production and hepatic lipid metabolism in gnotobiotic mice. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:929-37. [PMID: 26033744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In literature, contradictory effects of dietary fibers and their fermentation products, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), are described: On one hand, they increase satiety, but on the other hand, they provide additional energy and promote obesity development. We aimed to answer this paradox by investigating the effects of fermentable and non-fermentable fibers on obesity induced by high-fat diet in gnotobiotic C3H/HeOuJ mice colonized with a simplified human microbiota. Mice were fed a high-fat diet supplemented either with 10% cellulose (non-fermentable) or inulin (fermentable) for 6 weeks. Feeding the inulin diet resulted in an increased diet digestibility and reduced feces energy, compared to the cellulose diet with no differences in food intake, suggesting an increased intestinal energy extraction from inulin. However, we observed no increase in body fat/weight. The additional energy provided by the inulin diet led to an increased bacterial proliferation in this group. Supplementation of inulin resulted further in significantly elevated concentrations of total SCFA in cecum and portal vein plasma, with a reduced cecal acetate:propionate ratio. Hepatic expression of genes involved in lipogenesis (Fasn, Gpam) and fatty acid elongation/desaturation (Scd1, Elovl3, Elovl6, Elovl5, Fads1 and Fads2) were decreased in inulin-fed animals. Accordingly, plasma and liver phospholipid composition were changed between the different feeding groups. Concentrations of omega-3 and odd-chain fatty acids were increased in inulin-fed mice, whereas omega-6 fatty acids were reduced. Taken together, these data indicate that, during this short-term feeding, inulin has mainly positive effects on the lipid metabolism, which could cause beneficial effects during obesity development in long-term studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Weitkunat
- German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbruecke Group of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Sara Schumann
- German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbruecke Group of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Klaus Jürgen Petzke
- German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbruecke Group of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Michael Blaut
- German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbruecke Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Gunnar Loh
- German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbruecke Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Susanne Klaus
- German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbruecke Group of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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