1
|
Aumailley L, Bodein A, Adjibade P, Leclercq M, Bourassa S, Droit A, Mazroui R, Lebel M. Combined transcriptomics and proteomics unveil the impact of vitamin C in modulating specific protein abundance in the mouse liver. Biol Res 2024; 57:26. [PMID: 38735981 PMCID: PMC11088995 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-024-00509-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin C (ascorbate) is a water-soluble antioxidant and an important cofactor for various biosynthetic and regulatory enzymes. Mice can synthesize vitamin C thanks to the key enzyme gulonolactone oxidase (Gulo) unlike humans. In the current investigation, we used Gulo-/- mice, which cannot synthesize their own ascorbate to determine the impact of this vitamin on both the transcriptomics and proteomics profiles in the whole liver. The study included Gulo-/- mouse groups treated with either sub-optimal or optimal ascorbate concentrations in drinking water. Liver tissues of females and males were collected at the age of four months and divided for transcriptomics and proteomics analysis. Immunoblotting, quantitative RT-PCR, and polysome profiling experiments were also conducted to complement our combined omics studies. RESULTS Principal component analyses revealed distinctive differences in the mRNA and protein profiles as a function of sex between all the mouse cohorts. Despite such sexual dimorphism, Spearman analyses of transcriptomics data from females and males revealed correlations of hepatic ascorbate levels with transcripts encoding a wide array of biological processes involved in glucose and lipid metabolisms as well as in the acute-phase immune response. Moreover, integration of the proteomics data showed that ascorbate modulates the abundance of various enzymes involved in lipid, xenobiotic, organic acid, acetyl-CoA, and steroid metabolism mainly at the transcriptional level, especially in females. However, several proteins of the mitochondrial complex III significantly correlated with ascorbate concentrations in both males and females unlike their corresponding transcripts. Finally, poly(ribo)some profiling did not reveal significant enrichment difference for these mitochondrial complex III mRNAs between Gulo-/- mice treated with sub-optimal and optimal ascorbate levels. CONCLUSIONS Thus, the abundance of several subunits of the mitochondrial complex III are regulated by ascorbate at the post-transcriptional levels. Our extensive omics analyses provide a novel resource of altered gene expression patterns at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels under ascorbate deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Aumailley
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, 2705 Laurier Blvd., Local R-2714, Québec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Antoine Bodein
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Pauline Adjibade
- Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Mickaël Leclercq
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Bourassa
- Proteomics Platform, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Proteomics Platform, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Rachid Mazroui
- Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Michel Lebel
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, 2705 Laurier Blvd., Local R-2714, Québec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aumailley L, Bourassa S, Gotti C, Droit A, Lebel M. Vitamin C modulates the levels of several proteins of the mitochondrial complex III and its activity in the mouse liver. Redox Biol 2022; 57:102491. [PMID: 36179436 PMCID: PMC9520280 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate is a crucial antioxidant and essential cofactor of biosynthetic and regulatory enzymes. Unlike humans, mice can synthesize ascorbate thanks to the key enzyme gulonolactone oxidase (Gulo). In the present study, we used the Gulo-/- mouse model, which cannot synthesize their own ascorbate to determine the impact of this vitamin on the liver proteome of specific subcellular organelles. We performed label-free Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) global quantitative proteomic profiling to identify and quantify proteins in microsomal enriched liver extracts (MEE) from Gulo-/- mice treated with 0-0.4% (w/v) ascorbate in drinking water until the age of four months. Using a principal component analysis on normalized and imputed data of the label-free protein quantifications, a sex-based difference in MEE proteome profiles was observed for all the different ascorbate treated mice. Suboptimal hepatic ascorbate concentrations affected the levels of more proteins and hence biochemical processes in females than in males. Nevertheless, Pearson correlation analyses revealed that the MS intensities of various proteins involved in complement activation inversely correlated with liver ascorbate concentrations in both Gulo-/- males and females. Moreover, the correlation analyses also indicated that several proteins in the mitochondrial complex III of the electron transport chain positively correlated with liver ascorbate concentrations in both Gulo-/- females and males. Consequently, the mitochondrial complex III activity in Gulo-/- female and male mice treated with suboptimal hepatic concentrations of ascorbate was significantly lower than Gulo-/- mice treated with optimal ascorbate concentration. Finally, the whole liver of ascorbate-deficient Gulo-/- mice exhibited lower ATP levels and increased reactive oxygen species. These findings provide new information on how ascorbate deficiency potentially induces mitochondrial dysfunction in the liver of mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Aumailley
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sylvie Bourassa
- Proteomics Platform, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Clarisse Gotti
- Proteomics Platform, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada; Proteomics Platform, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Michel Lebel
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Licata A, Zerbo M, Como S, Cammilleri M, Soresi M, Montalto G, Giannitrapani L. The Role of Vitamin Deficiency in Liver Disease: To Supplement or Not Supplement? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114014. [PMID: 34836267 PMCID: PMC8620546 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, growing interest has been shown for the impact of dietary requirements and nutritional factors on chronic diseases. As a result, nutritional programs have been reinforced by public health policies. The precise role of micronutrients in chronic liver disease is currently receiving particular attention since abnormalities in vitamin levels are often detected. At present, treatment programs are focused on correcting vitamin deficiencies, which are frequently correlated to higher rates of comorbidities with poor outcomes. The literature reviewed here indicates that liver diseases are often related to vitamin disorders, due to both liver impairment and abnormal intake. More specific knowledge about the role of vitamins in liver disease is currently emerging from various results and recent evidence. The most significant benefits in this area may be observed when improved vitamin intake is combined with a pharmacological treatment that may also affect the progression of the liver disease, especially in the case of liver tumors. However, further studies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Licata
- Internal Medicine & Hepatology Section, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties—PROMISE, University of Palermo Medical School, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.Z.); (S.C.); (M.C.); (M.S.); (G.M.); (L.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-091-655-2280; Fax: +39-091-655-2156
| | - Maddalena Zerbo
- Internal Medicine & Hepatology Section, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties—PROMISE, University of Palermo Medical School, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.Z.); (S.C.); (M.C.); (M.S.); (G.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Silvia Como
- Internal Medicine & Hepatology Section, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties—PROMISE, University of Palermo Medical School, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.Z.); (S.C.); (M.C.); (M.S.); (G.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Marcella Cammilleri
- Internal Medicine & Hepatology Section, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties—PROMISE, University of Palermo Medical School, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.Z.); (S.C.); (M.C.); (M.S.); (G.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Maurizio Soresi
- Internal Medicine & Hepatology Section, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties—PROMISE, University of Palermo Medical School, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.Z.); (S.C.); (M.C.); (M.S.); (G.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Internal Medicine & Hepatology Section, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties—PROMISE, University of Palermo Medical School, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.Z.); (S.C.); (M.C.); (M.S.); (G.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Lydia Giannitrapani
- Internal Medicine & Hepatology Section, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties—PROMISE, University of Palermo Medical School, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.Z.); (S.C.); (M.C.); (M.S.); (G.M.); (L.G.)
- Institute for Biochemical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fu Y, Xu F, Jiang L, Miao Z, Liang X, Yang J, Larsson SC, Zheng JS. Circulating vitamin C concentration and risk of cancers: a Mendelian randomization study. BMC Med 2021; 19:171. [PMID: 34325683 PMCID: PMC8323227 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating vitamin C concentrations have been associated with several cancers in observational studies, but little is known about the causal direction of the associations. This study aims to explore the potential causal relationship between circulating vitamin C and risk of five most common cancers in Europe. METHODS We used summary-level data for genetic variants associated with plasma vitamin C in a large vitamin C genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis on 52,018 Europeans, and the corresponding associations with lung, breast, prostate, colon, and rectal cancer from GWAS consortia including up to 870,984 participants of European ancestry. We performed two-sample, bi-directional Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses using inverse-variance-weighted method as the primary approach, while using 6 additional methods (e.g., MR-Egger, weighted median-based, and mode-based methods) as sensitivity analysis to detect and adjust for pleiotropy. We also conducted a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials to examine the association of vitamin C intakes with cancer outcomes. RESULTS The MR analysis showed no evidence of a causal association of circulating vitamin C concentration with any examined cancer. Although the odds ratio (OR) per one standard deviation increase in genetically predicted circulating vitamin C concentration was 1.34 (95% confidence interval 1.14 to 1.57) for breast cancer in the UK Biobank, this association could not be replicated in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium with an OR of 1.05 (0.94 to 1.17). Smoking initiation, as a positive control for our reverse MR analysis, showed a negative association with circulating vitamin C concentration. However, there was no strong evidence of a causal association of any examined cancer with circulating vitamin C. Sensitivity analysis using 6 different analytical approaches yielded similar results. Moreover, our MR results were consistent with the null findings from the meta-analysis exploring prospective associations of dietary or supplemental vitamin C intakes with cancer risk, except that higher dietary vitamin C intake, but not vitamin C supplement, was associated with a lower risk of lung cancer (risk ratio: 0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.71 to 0.99). CONCLUSIONS These findings provide no evidence to support that physiological-level circulating vitamin C has a large effect on risk of the five most common cancers in European populations, but we cannot rule out very small effect sizes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Rd, Cloud Town, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Westlake Intelligent Biomarker Discovery Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengzhe Xu
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Rd, Cloud Town, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Westlake Intelligent Biomarker Discovery Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Longda Jiang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Zelei Miao
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Rd, Cloud Town, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Westlake Intelligent Biomarker Discovery Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinxiu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Rd, Cloud Town, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Westlake Intelligent Biomarker Discovery Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Rd, Cloud Town, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Westlake Intelligent Biomarker Discovery Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ju-Sheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Rd, Cloud Town, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- Westlake Intelligent Biomarker Discovery Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yuan S, Zheng JS, Mason AM, Burgess S, Larsson SC. Genetically predicted circulating vitamin C in relation to cardiovascular disease. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2021; 28:1829-1837. [PMID: 34057996 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to assess the associations of genetically predicted circulating vitamin C levels with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). METHODS AND RESULTS Ten lead single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with plasma vitamin C levels at the genome-wide significance level were used as instrumental variables. Summary-level data for 15 CVDs were obtained from corresponding genetic consortia, the UK Biobank study, and the FinnGen consortium. The inverse-variance-weighted method was the primary analysis method, supplemented by the weighted median and MR-Egger methods. Estimates for each CVD from different sources were combined. Genetically predicted vitamin C levels were not associated with any CVD after accounting for multiple testing. However, there were suggestive associations of higher genetically predicted vitamin C levels (per 1 standard deviation increase) with lower risk of cardioembolic stroke [odds ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.64, 0.99; P = 0.038] and higher risk of atrial fibrillation (odds ratio, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.00, 1.18; P = 0.049) in the inverse-variance-weighted method and with lower risk of peripheral artery disease (odds ratio, 0.76, 95% CI, 0.62, 0.93; P = 0.009) in the weighted median method. CONCLUSION We found limited evidence with MR techniques for an overall protective role of vitamin C in the primary prevention of CVD. The associations of vitamin C levels with cardioembolic stroke, atrial fibrillation, and peripheral artery disease need further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobelsväg 13, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Ju-Sheng Zheng
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Shilongshan Road 18, Cloud Town, Xihu District, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Shilongshan Road 18, Cloud Town, Xihu District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Amy M Mason
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Wort's Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stephen Burgess
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, East Forvie Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobelsväg 13, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.,Unit of Medical Epidemiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska sjukhuset, ingång 78, 1tr, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vitamin C and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121227. [PMID: 33287462 PMCID: PMC7761826 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential beneficial effects of the antioxidant properties of vitamin C have been investigated in a number of pathological conditions. In this review, we assess both clinical and preclinical studies evaluating the role of vitamin C in cardiac and vascular disorders, including coronary heart disease, heart failure, hypertension, and cerebrovascular diseases. Pitfalls and controversies in investigations on vitamin C and cardiovascular disorders are also discussed.
Collapse
|
7
|
Optimization of starch-based candy supplemented with date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) and tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.). ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
|
8
|
Lykkesfeldt J. On the effect of vitamin C intake on human health: How to (mis)interprete the clinical evidence. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101532. [PMID: 32535545 PMCID: PMC7296342 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, the potential beneficial effect of vitamin C on human health-beyond that of preventing scurvy-has been subject of much controversy. Hundreds of articles have appeared either in support of increased vitamin C intake through diet or supplements or rejecting the hypothesis that increased intake of vitamin C or supplementation may influence morbidity and mortality. The chemistry and pharmacology of vitamin C is complex and has unfortunately rarely been taken into account when designing clinical studies testing its effect on human health. However, ignoring its chemical lability, dose-dependent absorption and elimination kinetics, distribution via active transport, or complex dose-concentration-response relationships inevitably leads to poor study designs, inadequate inclusion and exclusion criteria and misinterpretation of results. The present review outlines the differences in vitamin C pharmacokinetics compared to normal low molecular weight drugs, focusses on potential pitfalls in study design and data interpretation, and re-examines major clinical studies of vitamin C in light of these.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kaźmierczak-Barańska J, Boguszewska K, Adamus-Grabicka A, Karwowski BT. Two Faces of Vitamin C-Antioxidative and Pro-Oxidative Agent. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051501. [PMID: 32455696 PMCID: PMC7285147 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C has been known for decades. It is common in everyday use as an element of the diet, supplementation, and a preservative. For years, research has been conducted to precisely determine the mechanism of action of ascorbate in the cell. Available results indicate its multi-directional cellular effects. Vitamin C, which belongs to antioxidants scavenging free radicals, also has a ‘second face’—as a pro-oxidative factor. However, whether is the latter nature a defect harmful to the cell, or whether a virtue that is a source of benefit? In this review, we discuss the effects of vitamin C treatment in cancer prevention and the role of ascorbate in maintaining redox balance in the central nervous system (CNS). Finally, we discuss the effect of vitamin C supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative DNA damage and review the evidence that vitamin C has radioprotective properties.
Collapse
|
10
|
Alachkar A, Azimullah S, Ojha SK, Beiram R, Łażewska D, Kieć-Kononowicz K, Sadek B. The Neuroprotective Effects of Histamine H3 Receptor Antagonist E177 on Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus in Rats. Molecules 2019; 24:E4106. [PMID: 31739417 PMCID: PMC6891424 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a multifaceted neurological disorder which severely affects neuronal function. Some patients may experience status epilepticus (SE), a life-threatening state of ongoing seizure activity linked to cognitive dysfunction, necessitating an immediate intervention. The potential of histamine H3 receptors in several neuropsychiatric diseases including epilepsy is well recognized. In the current study, we aimed to explore the effect of H3R antagonist E177 on prevention and termination of pilocarpine (PLC)-induced SE in rats as well as evaluating the effects of E177 on the levels of oxidative stress in hippocampus tissues. The results showed that the survival rate of animals pretreated with E177 (5 and 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)) was significantly increased during the first hour of observation, and animals were protected from SE incidence and showed a prolonged average of latency to the first seizure when compared with animals pretreated with PLC (400 mg/kg, i.p.). Moreover, the protective effect of E177 (10 mg/kg) on SE was partially reversed when rats were co- administered with H3R agonist R-(α)-methylhistamine (RAM) and with the H2R antagonist zolantidine (ZOL), but not with the H1R antagonist pyrilamine (PYR). Furthermore, pretreatment with E177 (5 and 10 mg/kg) significantly decreased the abnormal levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), and increased levels of glutathione (GSH) in the hippocampal tissues of the treated rats. However, E177 failed to modulate the levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), or acetylcholine esterase activity (AChE). Our findings suggest that the newly developed H3R antagonist E177 provides neuroprotection in a preclinical PLC-induced SE in rats, highlighting the histaminergic system as a potential therapeutic target for the therapeutic management of SE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Alachkar
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE
| | - Sheikh Azimullah
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE
| | - Shreesh K. Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE
| | - Rami Beiram
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE
| | - Dorota Łażewska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Aune D, Keum N, Giovannucci E, Fadnes LT, Boffetta P, Greenwood DC, Tonstad S, Vatten LJ, Riboli E, Norat T. Dietary intake and blood concentrations of antioxidants and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:1069-1091. [PMID: 30475962 PMCID: PMC6250988 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High dietary intake or blood concentrations (as biomarkers of dietary intake) of vitamin C, carotenoids, and vitamin E have been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality, but these associations have not been systematically assessed. Objective We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies of dietary intake and blood concentrations of vitamin C, carotenoids, and vitamin E in relation to these outcomes. Design We searched PubMed and Embase up to 14 February 2018. Summary RRs and 95% CIs were calculated with the use of random-effects models. Results Sixty-nine prospective studies (99 publications) were included. The summary RR per 100-mg/d increment of dietary vitamin C intake was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.79, 0.98, I2 = 65%, n = 11) for coronary heart disease, 0.92 (95% CI: 0.87, 0.98, I2 = 68%, n = 12) for stroke, 0.89 (95% CI: 0.85, 0.94, I2 = 27%, n = 10) for cardiovascular disease, 0.93 (95% CI: 0.87, 0.99, I2 = 46%, n = 8) for total cancer, and 0.89 (95% CI: 0.85, 0.94, I2 = 80%, n = 14) for all-cause mortality. Corresponding RRs per 50-μmol/L increase in blood concentrations of vitamin C were 0.74 (95% CI: 0.65, 0.83, I2 = 0%, n = 4), 0.70 (95% CI: 0.61, 0.81, I2 = 0%, n = 4), 0.76 (95% CI: 0.65, 0.87, I2 = 56%, n = 6), 0.74 (95% CI: 0.66, 0.82, I2 = 0%, n = 5), and 0.72 (95% CI: 0.66, 0.79, I2 = 0%, n = 8). Dietary intake and/or blood concentrations of carotenoids (total, β-carotene, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene) and α-tocopherol, but not dietary vitamin E, were similarly inversely associated with coronary heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and/or all-cause mortality. Conclusions Higher dietary intake and/or blood concentrations of vitamin C, carotenoids, and α-tocopherol (as markers of fruit and vegetable intake) were associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, and all-cause mortality. These results support recommendations to increase fruit and vegetable intake, but not antioxidant supplement use, for chronic disease prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagfinn Aune
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Nutrition, Bjørknes University College, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - NaNa Keum
- Departments of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Departments of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lars T Fadnes
- Bergen Addiction Research Group, Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Darren C Greenwood
- Biostatistics Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Serena Tonstad
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars J Vatten
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Norat
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Haftbaradaran S, Khoshgoftarmanesh AH, Malakouti MJ. Potential health impacts from different vegetable nitrate intake scenarios and providing strategies to manage the risks for Iranian population. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:25432-25442. [PMID: 29951761 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Health risk from nitrate was predicted for different scenarios of vegetable consumption and nitrate contents in Iran. Finally, certain management scenarios were presented for nitrate risk mitigation under worst-case scenario considering each vegetable contribution in nitrate intake. Two fruit (bell pepper and tomato) and two leafy vegetables (lettuce and mint) were sampled in a combined randomized method from fields, greenhouses, and markets of Isfahan province, Iran during October to December 2015. To assess the potential health impacts of nitrate from the vegetable ingestion, the present status and three different scenarios of increasing vegetable consumption and/or increasing plant nitrate concentrations were considered. Two management scenarios for reducing the total nitrate intake below the allowable values were predicted. By increasing vegetable consumption under scenario 1 and nitrate concentration under scenario 3, the total hazard quotient (THQs) was increased, although the highest increase (12-fold) in the THQs was provided by lettuce. Health risk from nitrate for sensitive groups was effectively reduced by a 70% decrease in lettuce nitrate concentration. In the second management scenario, decreasing upper nitrate concentrations in the other sources (except lettuce) by 30% declined nitrate intake in children (< 6 years old) and boys (7-14 years old) below acceptable daily intake (ADI). By taking into account the increases in the amounts of consumption and nitrate in vegetables at different scenarios, it was revealed that the critical factor for a high dietary exposure to nitrate is not the absolute amount of vegetables consumed but the type of vegetable (lettuce) and the concentration of nitrate related to the conditions of production. Therefore, to manage any risks to human health from dietary nitrate exposure resulting from vegetable consumption, focus on lettuce instead of taking other vegetables equally into account is needed.
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Vitamin C is essential to prevent scurvy in humans and is implicated in the primary prevention of common and complex diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke, and cancer. This chapter reviews the latest knowledge about dietary vitamin C in human health with an emphasis on studies of the molecular mechanisms of vitamin C maintenance as well as gene-nutrient interactions modifying these relationships. Epidemiological evidence indicates 5% prevalence for vitamin C deficiency and 13% prevalence for suboptimal status even in industrialized countries. The daily intake (dose) and the corresponding systemic concentrations (response) are related in a saturable relationship, and low systemic vitamin C concentrations in observational studies are associated with negative health outcomes. However, there is no evidence that vitamin C supplementation impacts the risks for all-cause mortality, impaired cognitive performance, reduced quality of life, the development of eye diseases, infections, cardiovascular disease, and cancers. This might be related to the fact that prevention would not be realized by supplementation in populations already adequately supplied through dietary sources. Recent genetic association studies indicate that the dietary intake might not be the sole determinant of systemic concentrations, since variations in genes participating in redox homeostasis and vitamin C transport had been associated with lowered plasma concentrations. However, impact sizes are generally low and these phenomena might only affect individual of suboptimal dietary supply.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Granger
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Peter Eck
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Vitamin C is an essential micronutrient for humans, with pleiotropic functions related to its ability to donate electrons. It is a potent antioxidant and a cofactor for a family of biosynthetic and gene regulatory enzymes. Vitamin C contributes to immune defense by supporting various cellular functions of both the innate and adaptive immune system. Vitamin C supports epithelial barrier function against pathogens and promotes the oxidant scavenging activity of the skin, thereby potentially protecting against environmental oxidative stress. Vitamin C accumulates in phagocytic cells, such as neutrophils, and can enhance chemotaxis, phagocytosis, generation of reactive oxygen species, and ultimately microbial killing. It is also needed for apoptosis and clearance of the spent neutrophils from sites of infection by macrophages, thereby decreasing necrosis/NETosis and potential tissue damage. The role of vitamin C in lymphocytes is less clear, but it has been shown to enhance differentiation and proliferation of B- and T-cells, likely due to its gene regulating effects. Vitamin C deficiency results in impaired immunity and higher susceptibility to infections. In turn, infections significantly impact on vitamin C levels due to enhanced inflammation and metabolic requirements. Furthermore, supplementation with vitamin C appears to be able to both prevent and treat respiratory and systemic infections. Prophylactic prevention of infection requires dietary vitamin C intakes that provide at least adequate, if not saturating plasma levels (i.e., 100–200 mg/day), which optimize cell and tissue levels. In contrast, treatment of established infections requires significantly higher (gram) doses of the vitamin to compensate for the increased inflammatory response and metabolic demand.
Collapse
|
15
|
Helm L, Macdonald IA. Impact of beverage intake on metabolic and cardiovascular health. Nutr Rev 2015; 73 Suppl 2:120-9. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
|
16
|
Polidori MC, Ruggiero C, Croce MF, Raichi T, Mangialasche F, Cecchetti R, Pelini L, Paolacci L, Ercolani S, Mecocci P. Association of increased carotid intima-media thickness and lower plasma levels of vitamin C and vitamin E in old age subjects: implications for Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 122:523-30. [PMID: 25585970 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In light of the recent advances regarding the role of vascularity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology, the relationship between plasma levels and activities of the major antioxidant molecules and the carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT) of older persons with no or very mild cognitive impairment was evaluated. The underlying hypothesis is that the IMT may be an indirect index of vascular damage in persons with low levels of plasma antioxidants. Plasma levels of vitamins A, C, E, of uric acid as well as activities of the plasma antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured. Plasma levels of vitamins C and E significantly decreased among participants from the first to the fourth IMT quartile, with a linear slope only for vitamin C. Compared to participants in the lowest vitamin C quartile, the probability to have IMT >1.2 mm significantly decreased among persons from the second to the fourth quartile independent of confounders. In conclusion, only vitamin C plasma levels appear to be selectively associated with the risk of increasing C-IMT. An adequate vitamin C status might be particularly important for protection against AD and other clinical manifestations of vascular and cognitive ageing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Polidori
- Geriatrics Department, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ipsen DH, Tveden-Nyborg P, Lykkesfeldt J. Does vitamin C deficiency promote fatty liver disease development? Nutrients 2014; 6:5473-99. [PMID: 25533004 PMCID: PMC4276979 DOI: 10.3390/nu6125473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and the subsequent reprogramming of the white adipose tissue are linked to human disease-complexes including metabolic syndrome and concurrent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The dietary imposed dyslipidemia promotes redox imbalance by the generation of excess levels of reactive oxygen species and induces adipocyte dysfunction and reprogramming, leading to a low grade systemic inflammation and ectopic lipid deposition, e.g., in the liver, hereby promoting a vicious circle in which dietary factors initiate a metabolic change that further exacerbates the negative consequences of an adverse life-style. Large epidemiological studies and findings from controlled in vivo animal studies have provided evidence supporting an association between poor vitamin C (VitC) status and propagation of life-style associated diseases. In addition, overweight per se has been shown to result in reduced plasma VitC, and the distribution of body fat in obesity has been shown to have an inverse relationship with VitC plasma levels. Recently, a number of epidemiological studies have indicated a VitC intake below the recommended daily allowance (RDA) in NAFLD-patients, suggesting an association between dietary habits, disease and VitC deficiency. In the general population, VitC deficiency (defined as a plasma concentration below 23 μM) affects around 10% of adults, however, this prevalence is increased by an adverse life-style, deficiency potentially playing a broader role in disease progression in specific subgroups. This review discusses the currently available data from human surveys and experimental models in search of a putative role of VitC deficiency in the development of NAFLD and NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Højland Ipsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, Frederiksberg C, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Pernille Tveden-Nyborg
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, Frederiksberg C, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, Frederiksberg C, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ford ES, Li C, Cunningham TJ, Croft JB. Associations between antioxidants and all-cause mortality among US adults with obstructive lung function. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:1662-73. [PMID: 25315508 PMCID: PMC4560207 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514002669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterised by oxidative stress, but little is known about the associations between antioxidant status and all-cause mortality in adults with this disease. The objective of the present study was to examine the prospective associations between concentrations of α- and β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, Se, vitamin C and α-tocopherol and all-cause mortality among US adults with obstructive lung function. Data collected from 1492 adults aged 20-79 years with obstructive lung function in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (1988-94) were used. Through 2006, 629 deaths were identified during a median follow-up period of 14 years. After adjustment for demographic variables, the concentrations of the following antioxidants modelled as continuous variables were found to be inversely associated with all-cause mortality among adults with obstructive lung function: α-carotene (P= 0·037); β-carotene (P= 0·022); cryptoxanthin (P= 0·022); lutein/zeaxanthin (P= 0·004); total carotenoids (P= 0·001); vitamin C (P< 0·001). In maximally adjusted models, only the concentrations of lycopene (P= 0·013) and vitamin C (P= 0·046) were found to be significantly and inversely associated with all-cause mortality. No effect modification by sex was detected, but the association between lutein/zeaxanthin concentrations and all-cause mortality varied by smoking status (P interaction= 0·048). The concentrations of lycopene and vitamin C were inversely associated with all-cause mortality in this cohort of adults with obstructive lung function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Earl S. Ford
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F78, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Chaoyang Li
- Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Timothy J. Cunningham
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F78, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Janet B. Croft
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F78, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ascorbic acid and the brain: rationale for the use against cognitive decline. Nutrients 2014; 6:1752-81. [PMID: 24763117 PMCID: PMC4011065 DOI: 10.3390/nu6041752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is focused upon the role of ascorbic acid (AA, vitamin C) in the promotion of healthy brain aging. Particular attention is attributed to the biochemistry and neuronal metabolism interface, transport across tissues, animal models that are useful for this area of research, and the human studies that implicate AA in the continuum between normal cognitive aging and age-related cognitive decline up to Alzheimer’s disease. Vascular risk factors and comorbidity relationships with cognitive decline and AA are discussed to facilitate strategies for advancing AA research in the area of brain health and neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Rengo G, Parisi V, Femminella GD, Pagano G, de Lucia C, Cannavo A, Liccardo D, Giallauria F, Scala O, Zincarelli C, Perrone Filardi P, Ferrara N, Leosco D. Molecular aspects of the cardioprotective effect of exercise in the elderly. Aging Clin Exp Res 2013; 25:487-97. [PMID: 23949971 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-013-0117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a well-recognized risk factor for several different forms of cardiovascular disease. However, mechanisms by which aging exerts its negative effect on outcome have been only partially clarified. Numerous evidence indicate that aging is associated with alterations of several mechanisms whose integrity confers protective action on the heart and vasculature. The present review aims to focus on the beneficial effects of exercise, which plays a pivotal role in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, in counteracting age-related deterioration of protective mechanisms that are crucially involved in the homeostasis of cardiovascular system. In this regard, animal and human studies indicate that exercise training is able: (1) to improve the inotropic reserve of the aging heart through restoration of cardiac β-adrenergic receptor signaling; (2) to rescue the mechanism of cardiac preconditioning and angiogenesis whose integrity has been shown to confer cardioprotection against ischemia and to improve post-myocardial infarction left ventricular remodeling; (3) to counteract age-related reduction of antioxidant systems that is associated to decreased cellular resistance to reactive oxygen species accumulation. Moreover, this review also describes the molecular effects induced by different exercise training protocols (endurance vs. resistance) in the attempt to better explain what kind of exercise strategy could be more efficacious to improve cardiovascular performance in the elderly population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Rengo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Association between the plasma proteome and serum ascorbic acid concentrations in humans. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:842-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
23
|
Frei B, Birlouez-Aragon I, Lykkesfeldt J. Authors' perspective: What is the optimum intake of vitamin C in humans? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2012; 52:815-29. [PMID: 22698272 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.649149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of vitamin C has traditionally been based on the prevention of the vitamin C deficiency disease, scurvy. While higher intakes of vitamin C may exert additional health benefits, the limited Phase III randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) of vitamin C supplementation have not found consistent benefit with respect to chronic disease prevention. To date, this has precluded upward adjustments of the current RDA. Here we argue that Phase III RCTs-designed principally to test the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical drugs-are ill suited to assess the health benefits of essential nutrients; and the currently available scientific evidence is sufficient to determine the optimum intake of vitamin C in humans. This evidence establishes biological plausibility and mechanisms of action for vitamin C in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease, stroke, and cancer; and is buttressed by consistent data from prospective cohort studies based on blood analysis or dietary intake and well-designed Phase II RCTs. These RCTs show that vitamin C supplementation lowers hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and Helicobacter pylori infection, which are independent risk factors of cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers. Furthermore, vitamin C acts as a biological antioxidant that can lower elevated levels of oxidative stress, which also may contribute to chronic disease prevention. Based on the combined evidence from human metabolic, pharmacokinetic, and observational studies and Phase II RCTs, we conclude that 200 mg per day is the optimum dietary intake of vitamin C for the majority of the adult population to maximize the vitamin's potential health benefits with the least risk of inadequacy or adverse health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balz Frei
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nojiri S, Daida H, Inaba Y. Antioxidants and cardiovascular disease: Still a topic of interest. Environ Health Prev Med 2012; 9:200-13. [PMID: 21432304 DOI: 10.1007/bf02898101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2002] [Accepted: 06/25/2004] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease constitutes a major public health concern in industrialised nations. Over recent decades, a large body of evidence has accumulated indicating that free radicals play a critical role in cellular processes implicated in atherosclerosis. Herein, we present a mechanism of oxidative stress, focusing mainly on the development of an oxidised low density lipoprotein, and the results of a clinical trial of antioxidant therapy and epidemiological studies on the relationships between nutrient antioxidants, such as vitamin E, vitamin C, β-carotene, coenzyme Q, flavonoids and L-arginine, and coronary events. These studies indicated that a diet high in antioxidants is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, but did not confirm a strong causality link. With regard to vitamin E, observational studies suggested that the daily use of at least 400 International Units of vitamin E is associated with beneficial effects on coronary events. However, it is apparently too early to define the clinical benefits of vitamin E for cardiovascular disease. From the results of several randomised interventional trials, it appears that no single antioxidant given to subjects at high doses has substantial benefits, and the question of whether nutrient antioxidants truly protect against cardiovascular disease remains open. This article provides an overview of the epidemiological and clinical studies related to antioxidants and cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuko Nojiri
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-6-721, Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, 80-0023, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
dos Santos PS, Costa JP, Tomé ADR, Saldanha GB, de Souza GF, Feng D, de Freitas RM. Oxidative stress in rat striatum after pilocarpine-induced seizures is diminished by alpha-tocopherol. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 668:65-71. [PMID: 21745465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-tocopherol has numerous nonenzymatic actions and is a powerful liposoluble antioxidant. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of alpha-tocopherol in rats against oxidative stress caused by pilocarpine-induced seizures. Wistar rats were intraperitoneally treated with 0.9% saline (control group), alpha-tocopherol (200 mg/kg, alpha-tocopherol group), pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, pilocarpine group), or the combination of alpha-tocopherol (200 mg/kg) and pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, i.p.; alpha-tocopherol plus pilocarpine group). After the treatments, all groups were observed for 24 h. The superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) and catalase activities, lipid peroxidation and nitrite concentrations were measured using spectrophotometrically methods. To clarify the mechanism of alpha-tocopherol on oxidative stress in pilocarpine model, Western blot analysis of Mn-SOD and catalase in rat striatum were performed. In the pilocarpine group, rats showed a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels. However, there were no alterations on Mn-SOD activity. On the other hand, the catalase activity augmented in pilocarpine group. In the alpha-tocopherol and pilocarpine co-administered rats, antioxidant treatment significantly reduced the lipid peroxidation level and nitrite content and increased the Mn-SOD and catalase activities in rat striatum after seizures. Pilocarpine, alpha-tocopherol plus pilocarpine and alpha-tocopherol groups did not affect of the Mn-SOD and catalase mRNA or protein levels. Our findings strongly support the hypothesis that oxidative stress occurs in striatum during pilocarpine-induced seizures, indicating that brain damage induced by the oxidative process plays a crucial role in seizures pathogenic consequences, which implies that strong protective effect could be achieved using alpha-tocopherol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Sousa dos Santos
- Laboratory of Research in Experimental Neurochemistry of Post-Graduation Program in Pharmaceutics Science, Federal University of Piaui, CEP 64.049-550, Teresina, Piaui, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Seefeldt TM, Bennet LL. The Role of Antioxidant Vitamins in Cardiovascular Disease. J Pharm Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/875512251102700105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To review the current data on the role of antioxidant vitamins in cardiovascular disease. Data Sources: Articles were obtained from a MEDLINE search covering all years. Terms used in the search included combinations of antioxidant, vitamin, vitamin E, vitamin C, beta-carotene, and cardiovascular disease. Reference lists from articles were examined for additional references. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Randomized clinical trials were selected and evaluated for study design and data obtained. Observational studies, meta-analyses, and basic science articles were also reviewed for background. Data Synthesis: The use of dietary supplements, including vitamins, minerals, and herbal products, is common among patients in the US. Vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta-carotene are all supplements with reported antioxidant activity. Because oxidative stress has been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease, there has been significant research at the basic science level as well as observational studies and randomized placebo-controlled trials examining the potential impact of vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta-carotene in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. While basic science data and data from observational studies have identified benefit from antioxidant vitamin supplementation, randomized clinical trials have failed to support a role for antioxidant vitamin supplementation in the prevention or treatment of cardiovascular disease. Conclusions: Data from randomized clinical trials do not support the use of antioxidant vitamins in cardiovascular disease. Therefore, antioxidant vitamins should not be recommended to patients for prevention or treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Seefeldt
- TERESA M SEEFELDT PhD PharmD, Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
| | - Lunawati L Bennet
- LUNAWATI L BENNET PhD PharmD, Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bates CJ, Hamer M, Mishra GD. Redox-modulatory vitamins and minerals that prospectively predict mortality in older British people: the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over. Br J Nutr 2011; 105:123-32. [PMID: 20807458 PMCID: PMC3361131 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510003053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The predictive power, for total, vascular, cancer and respiratory mortality, of selected redox-modulatory (vitamin and mineral nutrient) indices measured at baseline, was studied in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey (community-living subset) of people aged 65 years and over. Mortality status and its primary and underlying causes were recorded for 1054 (mean age 76·6 (sd 7·4) years and 49·0 % female) participants, from the baseline survey in 1994–5 until September 2008. During this interval, 74 % of the male and 62 % of the female participants died. Total mortality was significantly predicted by baseline plasma concentrations (per sd) of vitamin C (hazard ratio (HR) 0·81; 95 % CI 0·74, 0·88), α-carotene (HR 0·90; 95 % CI 0·81, 0·99), Se (HR 0·76; 95 % CI 0·69, 0·84), Zn (HR 0·79; 95 % CI 0·72, 0·87), Cu (HR 1·27; 95 % CI 1·14, 1·42) and Fe (HR 0·81; 95 % CI 0·74, 0·89). Total mortality was also significantly predicted by baseline dietary intakes (per sd) of food energy (HR 0·86; 95 % CI 0·79, 0·94), vitamin C (HR 0·88; 95 % CI 0·80, 0·94), carotenoids (HR 0·89; 95 % CI 0·83, 0·96), Zn (HR 0·89; 95 % CI 0·82, 0·96) and Cu (HR 0·91; 95 % CI 0·84, 1·00). Prediction patterns and significance for primary vascular, cancer and respiratory mortality differed in certain respects, but not fundamentally. Model adjustment for known disease or mortality risk predictors resulted in loss of significance for some of the indices; however, plasma Se and Zn, and food energy remained significant predictors. We conclude that total and primary vascular, cancer and respiratory mortality in older British people of both sexes is predicted by several biochemical indices of redox-modulatory nutrients, some of which may reflect the respondents' acute-phase status at baseline, whereas others may reflect the healthiness of their lifestyle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Bates
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cahill LE, El-Sohemy A. Haptoglobin genotype modifies the association between dietary vitamin C and serum ascorbic acid deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92:1494-500. [PMID: 20926521 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haptoglobin (which is encoded by the Hp gene) is a hemoglobin-binding protein that has antioxidant properties and a common polymorphism that consists of 2 structurally different alleles: Hp1 and Hp2. The capacity of Hp2 to inhibit oxidation and vitamin C depletion is less than that of Hp1, but the influence on vitamin C requirements remains unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine whether the Hp polymorphism modifies the association between dietary vitamin C and serum ascorbic acid deficiency (<11 μmol/L). DESIGN Nonsmoking men and women (n = 1046) between 20 and 29 y of age participated in the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health Study. Blood samples were collected after the subjects had fasted overnight to determine serum ascorbic acid concentrations by HPLC and for genotyping. A 196-item food-frequency questionnaire was used to estimate vitamin C intake. RESULTS A gene-diet interaction on serum ascorbic acid was observed (P = 0.02). The overall odds ratio (95% CI) for serum ascorbic acid deficiency was 2.84 (1.73, 4.65) for subjects who did not meet the Recommended Dietary Allowance for vitamin C compared with those who did. The corresponding odds ratios were 4.77 (2.36, 9.65) for the Hp2-2 genotype and 1.69 (0.80, 3.63) for carriers of the Hp1 allele. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with the Hp2-2 genotype had an increased risk of deficiency if they did not meet the Recommended Dietary Allowance for vitamin C, whereas carriers of the Hp1 allele did not. The findings suggest that the greater antioxidant capacity of Hp1 might spare serum ascorbic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah E Cahill
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Widhalm HK, Herkner K, Kiefer I, Seemann R, Rieder A, Kunze M, Widhalm K. Effect of daily intake of yoghurt and bread enriched with biologically active substances on blood lipids and vitamin A in adolescents and young adults. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2010; 62:52-9. [PMID: 20715906 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2010.507186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to investigate whether the daily intake of special nutrients, enriched with supplements from natural origins, has any effect on blood parameters. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS In this double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, 80 healthy subjects (mean age 26.3 years) were statistically assigned to two groups. Group I had to eat two special yoghurt and bread products a day. The other probands represented the control group (II). SETTING Plasma concentrations of blood parameters were measured at the beginning and at the end of the study, and dietary intake was calculated. RESULTS In group I, total cholesterol decreased. This was due to a significant drop of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol from 106.0 to 99.0 mg/dl. A significant reduction of the apolipoprotein B and an increase of vitamin A in group I were also observed. CONCLUSION Regular intake of specially fortified food influences parameters, especially lipids and lipoproteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald K Widhalm
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yoshihara D, Fujiwara N, Suzuki K. Antioxidants: benefits and risks for long-term health. Maturitas 2010; 67:103-7. [PMID: 20627629 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative modification hypothesis postulates that oxidative stress is one of the major factors in aging and the development of age-related disorders, including cardiovascular diseases. In this scenario, the oxidative modification of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids in vascular walls contributes to the etiology of cardiovascular disease, implying that consumption or therapeutic use of antioxidants could prevent the onset of such pathological disorders. Because of this, a number of studies have been conducted to address the question of whether cardiovascular diseases can be modulated by antioxidant treatment or consumption. Although some of the earliest data, collected in animal studies and epidemiologic studies have shown a measure of success, numerous clinical trials indicate that this approach is of minimal or no benefit. These conclusions represent a challenge to design more sensitive antioxidant trials in order to confirm or alter these conclusions. The focus of this review is on the benefits and disadvantages associated with the use of antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, polyphenols, or antioxidant therapies, including hormone replacement therapy and iron reduction therapy, on overall vascular health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisaku Yoshihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Is vitamin C supplementation beneficial? Lessons learned from randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr 2009; 103:1251-9. [PMID: 20003627 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509993229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the promised 'antioxidant miracle' of the 1980s, several randomised controlled trials have shown no effect of antioxidant supplements on hard endpoints such as morbidity and mortality. The former over-optimistic attitude has clearly called for a more realistic assessment of the benefit:harm ratio of antioxidant supplements. We have examined the literature on vitamin C intervention with the intention of drawing a conclusion on its possible beneficial or deleterious effect on health and the result is discouraging. One of several important issues is that vitamin C uptake is tightly controlled, resulting in a wide-ranging bioavailability depending on the current vitamin C status. Lack of proper selection criteria dominates the currently available literature. Thus, while supplementation with vitamin C is likely to be without effect for the majority of the Western population due to saturation through their normal diet, there could be a large subpopulation with a potential health problem that remains uninvestigated. The present review discusses the relevance of the available literature on vitamin C supplementation and proposes guidelines for future randomised intervention trials.
Collapse
|
32
|
The Effects of Alpha-Tocopherol on Hippocampal Oxidative Stress Prior to in Pilocarpine-Induced Seizures. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:580-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
33
|
Cahill LE, Fontaine-Bisson B, El-Sohemy A. Functional genetic variants of glutathione S-transferase protect against serum ascorbic acid deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90:1411-7. [PMID: 19710200 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are detoxifying enzymes that contribute to the glutathione-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) antioxidant cycle. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine whether GST genotypes modify the association between dietary vitamin C and serum ascorbic acid. DESIGN Nonsmoking men and women (n = 905) between 20 and 29 y of age were participants in the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health Study. Overnight fasting blood samples were collected to determine serum ascorbic acid concentrations by HPLC and to genotype for deletion polymorphisms in GSTM1 and GSTT1 and an Ile105Val substitution in GSTP1. A 196-item food-frequency questionnaire was used to estimate vitamin C intake. RESULTS A gene-diet interaction on serum ascorbic acid was observed for GSTM1 (P = 0.04) and GSTT1 (P = 0.01) but not for GSTP1 (P = 0.83). The odds ratio (95% CI) for serum ascorbic acid deficiency (<11 micromol/L) was 3.20 (1.88, 5.44) for subjects who did not meet the Recommended Dietary Allowance of vitamin C compared with those who did. The corresponding odds ratios (95% CIs) were 2.17 (1.10, 4.28) and 12.28 (4.26, 33.42), respectively, for individuals with the GSTT1*1/*1 +*1/*0 (functional) and GSTT1*0/*0 (null) genotypes and 2.29 (0.96, 5.45) and 4.03 (2.01, 8.09), respectively, for the GSTM1*1/*1+GSTM1*1/*0 and GSTM1*0/*0 genotypes. CONCLUSIONS The recommended intake of vitamin C protects against serum ascorbic acid deficiency, regardless of genotype. Individuals with GST null genotypes had an increased risk of deficiency if they did not meet the Recommended Dietary Allowance for vitamin C, which suggests that the GST enzymes protect against serum ascorbic acid deficiency when dietary vitamin C is insufficient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah E Cahill
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Santos ÍMS, da Rocha Tomé A, Saldanha GB, Ferreira PMP, Militão GCG, de Freitas RM. Oxidative stress in the hippocampus during experimental seizures can be ameliorated with the antioxidant ascorbic acid. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2009; 2:214-21. [PMID: 20716907 PMCID: PMC2763259 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.2.4.8876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid has many nonenzymatic actions and is a powerful water-soluble antioxidant. It protects low density lipoproteins from oxidation and reduces harmful oxidants in the central nervous system. Pilocarpine-induced seizures have been suggested to be mediated by increases in oxidative stress. Current studies have suggested that antioxidant compounds may afford some level of neuroprotection against the neurotoxicity of seizures. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of ascorbic acid (AA) in rats, against the observed oxidative stress during seizures induced by pilocarpine. Wistar rats were treated with 0.9% saline (i.p., control group), ascorbic acid (500 mg/kg, i.p., AA group), pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, i.p., pilocarpine group), and the association of ascorbic acid (500 mg/kg, i.p.) plus pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, i.p.), 30 min before of administration of ascorbic acid (AA plus pilocarpine group). After the treatments all groups were observed for 6h. The enzyme activities as well as the lipid peroxidation and nitrite concentrations were measured using spectrophotometric methods and the results compared to values obtained from saline and pilocarpine-treated animals. Protective effects of ascorbic acid were also evaluated on the same parameters. In pilocarpine group there was a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and nitrite level. However, no alteration was observed in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Antioxidant treatment significantly reduced the lipid peroxidation level and nitrite content as well as increased the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in hippocampus of adult rats after seizures induced by pilocarpine. Our findings strongly support the hypothesis that oxidative stress in hippocampus occurs during seizures induced by pilocarpine, proving that brain damage induced by the oxidative process plays a crucial role in seizures pathogenic consequences, and also imply that a strong protective effect could be achieved using ascorbic acid.
Collapse
|
35
|
Cahill L, Corey PN, El-Sohemy A. Vitamin C deficiency in a population of young Canadian adults. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 170:464-71. [PMID: 19596710 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study of the 979 nonsmoking women and men aged 20-29 years who participated in the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health Study from 2004 to 2008 was conducted to determine the prevalence of serum ascorbic acid (vitamin C) deficiency and its association with markers of chronic disease in a population of young Canadian adults. High performance liquid chromatography was used to determine serum ascorbic acid concentrations from overnight fasting blood samples. A 1-month, 196-item food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intakes. Results showed that 53% of subjects had adequate, 33% had suboptimal, and 14% had deficient levels of serum ascorbic acid. Subjects with deficiency had significantly higher measurements of mean C-reactive protein, waist circumference, body mass index, and blood pressure than did subjects with adequate levels of serum ascorbic acid. The odds ratio for serum ascorbic acid deficiency was 3.43 (95% confidence interval: 2.14, 5.50) for subjects who reported not meeting the recommended daily intake of vitamin C compared with those who did. Results suggest that 1 of 7 young adults has serum ascorbic acid deficiency, in part, because of unmet recommended dietary intakes. Furthermore, serum ascorbic acid deficiency is associated with elevated markers of chronic disease in this population of young adults, which may have long-term adverse health consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah Cahill
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sánchez-Moreno C, de Ancos B, Plaza L, Elez-Martínez P, Cano MP. Nutritional Approaches and Health-Related Properties of Plant Foods Processed by High Pressure and Pulsed Electric Fields. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2009; 49:552-76. [DOI: 10.1080/10408390802145526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
37
|
Inoue T, Komoda H, Uchida T, Node K. Tropical fruit camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) has anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. J Cardiol 2008; 52:127-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
38
|
Abstract
The free radical theory of aging posits that oxidative stress is among the major mechanisms in aging and age-related disease, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). Numerous in vitro and animal studies have supported the role of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in atherosclerosis. This has led to the hypothesis that antioxidants could be used as an inexpensive means of prevention and possibly, treatment of coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and other CVD-related diseases. Epidemiologic cohort studies with large numbers of men, women, and diverse populations have been largely supportive of this hypothesis. However, interventional trials have been controversial, with some positive findings, many null findings, and some suggestion of harm in certain high-risk populations. Because of the mismatch between the epidemiologic studies and the interventional trials, some researchers have advocated ending antioxidant work. Others have questioned the validity of the LDL oxidative hypothesis itself. Clearly, further research is needed to understand the reasons for the mismatch between the epidemiologic and interventional work. Recent smaller interventional studies with carefully chosen populations, such as those under high levels of oxidative stress, have yielded largely positive results. This suggests that we need more hypothesis-driven and rigorous clinical trial designs. This should help clarify the true potential utility of antioxidants in CVD and may lead to a better understanding of the role of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis.
Collapse
|
39
|
Dehghan M, Akhtar-Danesh N, McMillan CR, Thabane L. Is plasma vitamin C an appropriate biomarker of vitamin C intake? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr J 2007; 6:41. [PMID: 17997863 PMCID: PMC2200644 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-6-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As the primary source of dietary vitamin C is fruit and to some extent vegetables, the plasma level of vitamin C has been considered a good surrogate or predictor of vitamin C intake by fruit and vegetable consumption. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the relationship between dietary vitamin C intakes measured by different dietary methods and plasma levels of vitamin C. Method We searched the literature up to May 2006 through the OVID interface: MEDLINE (from 1960) and EMBASE (from 1988). We also reviewed the reference lists in the articles, reviews, and textbooks retrieved. A total of 26 studies were selected and their results were combined using meta-analytic techniques with random-effect model approach. Results The overall result of this study showed a positive correlation coefficient between Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and biomarker (r = 0.35 for "both" genders, 0.39 for females, and 0.46 for males). Also the correlation between Dietary Recalls (DR)/diary and biomarker was 0.46 for "both" genders, 0.44 for females, and 0.36 for males. An overall correlation of 0.39 was found when using the weight record method. Adjusting for energy intake improved the observed correlation for FFQ from 0.31 to 0.41. In addition, we compared the correlation for smokers and non-smokers for both genders (FFQ: for non-smoker r = 0.45, adjusted for smoking r = 0.33). Conclusion Our findings show that FFQ and DR/diary have a moderate relationship with plasma vitamin C. The correlation may be affected/influenced by the presence of external factors such as vitamin bioavailability, absorption condition, stress and food processing and storage time, or by error in reporting vitamin C intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Dehghan
- Population Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Jia X, Aucott LS, McNeill G. Nutritional status and subsequent all-cause mortality in men and women aged 75 years or over living in the community. Br J Nutr 2007; 98:593-9. [PMID: 17442130 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507725163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We prospectively investigated relationships between blood markers of Fe, vitamin B12, folate, vitamin C and vitamin D status and subsequent all-cause mortality in 208 men and 191 women aged 75 years or over living in the community in Aberdeen, Scotland. The participants had been recruited for a cross-sectional study in 1999-2000 when they completed health and lifestyle questionnaires and had blood samples taken for analysis of serum ferritin, serum vitamin B12, erythrocyte folate, plasma vitamin C and serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. Mortality was ascertained on national databases up to December 2005, with a median time of follow up of 69.2 (range 1.0-79.9) months. Participants were divided into sex-specific quintiles of baseline levels for each nutrient, and hazard ratios were estimated with Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for age and sex with the significance of linear trends in the associations assessed by logistic regression. There was no significant association between blood markers of Fe, vitamin B12 or folate status at baseline and mortality, but vitamin D status at baseline was inversely related to mortality (P for trend < 0.001). For vitamin C there was no evidence of a linear trend but participants in the lowest quintile of plasma levels had a significantly higher risk of death than those in the highest quintile. Randomized controlled trials of lifestyle changes which improve vitamin status are needed to assess whether these associations could be causal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Jia
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Esteve MJ, Frígola A. Refrigerated fruit juices: quality and safety issues. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2007; 52:103-39. [PMID: 17425945 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(06)52003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Fruit juices are an important source of bioactive compounds, but techniques used for their processing and subsequent storage may cause alterations in their contents so they do not provide the benefits expected by the consumer. In recent years consumers have increasingly sought so-called "fresh" products (like fresh products), stored in refrigeration. This has led the food industry to develop alternative processing technologies to produce foods with a minimum of nutritional, physicochemical, or organoleptic changes induced by the technologies themselves. Attention has also focused on evaluating the microbiological or toxicological risks that may be involved in applying these processes, and their effect on food safety, in order to obtain safe products that do not present health risks. This concept of minimal processing is currently becoming a reality with conventional technologies (mild pasteurization) and nonthermal technologies, some recently introduced (pasteurization by high hydrostatic pressure) and some perhaps with a more important role in the future (pulsed electric fields). Nevertheless, processing is not the only factor that affects the quality of these products. It is also necessary to consider the conditions for refrigerated storage and to control time and temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Esteve
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Valencia, Avda Vicent Andres Estelles, s/n 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
There is a clear role for inflammation in the development of type 2 diabetes and its associated co-morbidities. Circulating inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, sialic acid, and interleukin- 6 are all significant independent predictors of disease. A number of nutritional components are hypothesized to modulate inflammation, and hence impact on disease risk. The most extensively studied nutrients are the long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, evidence is also emerging with respect to whole grain or low glycemic index foods and antioxidant vitamins. Obesity, resulting from long-term dietary energy excess, is also strongly linked to raised inflammatory status and type 2 diabetes. To date, much of the evidence for the effect of nutrients or foods on disease risk has been based on epidemiological associations. However, the links among diet, inflammation, and type 2 diabetes are supported by some data from human dietary intervention trials and/or mechanistic studies in animals. Further research is required to quantify the precise role and refine the evidence base. However, the proposed "anti-inflammatory" strategies to tackle type 2 diabetes are broadly consistent with current public health nutrition guidelines: to achieve and maintain a healthy weight, to reduce saturated fat, to increase the proportion of less refined forms of carbohydrate, and to increase intake of fruits and vegetables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy M Browning
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Darmon N, Darmon M, Maillot M, Drewnowski A. A Nutrient Density Standard for Vegetables and Fruits: Nutrients per Calorie and Nutrients per Unit Cost. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 105:1881-7. [PMID: 16321593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 recommended that consumers give priority to nutrient-dense foods, those that contain substantial amounts of key nutrients in relation to the dietary energy they provide. This study developed a scoring system to estimate the nutritional adequacy of vegetables and fruits, on a per weight, per calorie, and per unit cost basis. DATA We used a French national food composition database for 637 foods, including 129 vegetables and fruits. Mean national retail prices were obtained for each food. METHODS The nutrient adequacy score was defined as the mean of percent daily values for 16 nutrients, based on 100 g of food. The nutrient density score and the nutrient-to-price ratio were the mean of percent daily values for 16 nutrients, expressed per 100 kcal and per 1 euro of food, respectively. Relationships between energy density of vegetables and fruits, nutrient adequacy score, nutrient density score, and nutrient-to-price ratio were tested using linear regression. RESULTS Energy density and nutrient density score were negatively correlated, confirming the widely accepted notion that energy-dense foods tend to be nutrient-poor. As expected, fruits and vegetables had the highest nutrient density score because they were nutrient-rich in relation to their low energy content. They also had a relatively high nutrient-to-price ratio, showing that they provided nutrients at a reasonable cost when compared with other foods. CONCLUSIONS Foods ranked differently when nutritional adequacy was calculated per weight (nutrient adequacy score), per calorie (nutrient density score), or per unit cost (nutrient-to-price ratio). The present results showed that although fruits and vegetables are an expensive source of dietary energy, they provide key nutrients at a reasonable cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Darmon
- Institut Scientifique et Technique de la Nutrition et de l'Alimentation, Paris, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Higdon JV, Frei B. Is there a gender difference in the effect of antioxidants on cancer risk? Br J Nutr 2005; 94:139-40. [PMID: 16115345 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane V Higdon
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-6512, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ghayour-Mobarhan M, New SA, Lamb DJ, Starkey BJ, Livingstone C, Wang T, Vaidya N, Ferns GA. Dietary antioxidants and fat are associated with plasma antibody titers to heat shock proteins 60, 65, and 70 in subjects with dyslipidemia. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81:998-1004. [PMID: 15883421 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/81.5.998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heat shock proteins (HSPs) are protein chaperones. Higher titers of antibody to HSPs (anti-HSPs) have been reported in atherosclerosis, which may contribute to immunoactivation in this process. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether dietary antioxidants and fat intake are associated with changes in anti-HSP titers in dyslipidemic subjects. DESIGN Patients (n = 238) were recruited from hospital lipid clinics. Control subjects (n = 188) were recruited from university and hospital employees. Food-frequency questionnaires were used to estimate dietary antioxidants and fat. RESULTS Dyslipidemic patients had significantly higher titers of anti-HSPs than did control subjects; expressed in medians and interquartile ranges of absorbance units, anti-HSP-60 titers were 0.27 (0.18-0.37) and 0.22 (0.16-0.30), anti-HSP-65 titers were 0.45 (0.28-0.79) and 0.31 (0.22-0.50), and anti-HSP-70 titers were 0.22 (0.17-0.30) and 0.19 (0.13-0.27), respectively. Median and interquartile ranges of serum concentrations of C-reactive protein [1.25 (0.42-3.26) and 0.58 (0.17-1.42)] and mean (+/-SEM) concentrations of vitamin E (16.36 +/- 0.31 and 14.08 +/- 0.38) were also significantly higher in patients than in control subjects, respectively. In dyslipidemic patients, the major dietary predictors of the variability in anti-HSP-60 titers were vitamin C (P = 0.005), vitamin E (P = 0.04), and total fat (P = 0.009) intakes; for anti-HSP-65 titers, vitamin C was the major predictor (P = 0.002). These findings remained significant after adjustment for confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS Anti-HSP-60, -65, and -70 titers are significantly higher in dyslipidemic patients with or without established coronary disease. Our data indicate an association between dietary constituents and the immune response to HSPs in dyslipidemic subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Centre for Clinical Science & Measurement and the Centre for Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sánchez-Moreno C, Cano MP, de Ancos B, Plaza L, Olmedilla B, Granado F, Elez-Martínez P, Martín-Belloso O, Martín A. Pulsed electric fields-processed orange juice consumption increases plasma vitamin C and decreases F2-isoprostanes in healthy humans. J Nutr Biochem 2005; 15:601-7. [PMID: 15542351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2004.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2004] [Revised: 04/16/2004] [Accepted: 04/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Orange juice, a rich source of vitamin C, accounts for 60% of all fruit juices and juice-based drinks consumed in western Europe. Orange juice preservation is currently accomplished by traditional pasteurization. Pulsed electric fields (PEF) have been studied as a nonthermal food preservation method. Food technology needs in the area of processing are driven by nutrition. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to assess the bioavailability of vitamin C from pulsed electric fields-treated orange juice in comparison with freshly squeezed orange juice and its impact on 8-epiPGF(2alpha) concentrations (biomarker of lipid peroxidation) in a healthy human population. Six subjects consumed 500 mL/day of pulsed electric fields-treated orange juice and six subjects consumed 500 mL/day of freshly squeezed orange juice for 14 days, corresponding to an intake of about 185 mg/day of ascorbic acid. On the first day of the study, subjects drank the juice in one dose, and on days 2-14 they consumed 250 mL in the morning and 250 mL in the afternoon. Blood was collected every hour for 6 hours on the first day and again on days 7 and 14. In the dose-response study, the maximum increase in plasma vitamin C occurred 4 hours postdose. Vitamin C remained significantly higher on days 7 and 14 in both orange juice groups. Plasma 8-epiPGF(2alpha) concentrations was lower at the end of the study (P < 0.001) in both groups. Plasma levels of vitamin C and 8-epiPGF(2alpha) were inversely correlated. Pulsed electric fields-preservation of orange juice retains the vitamin C bioavailability and antioxidant properties of fresh juice with a longer shelf-life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Sánchez-Moreno
- Nutrition and Neurocognition Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA--Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Knekt P, Ritz J, Pereira MA, O'Reilly EJ, Augustsson K, Fraser GE, Goldbourt U, Heitmann BL, Hallmans G, Liu S, Pietinen P, Spiegelman D, Stevens J, Virtamo J, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Ascherio A. Antioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease risk: a pooled analysis of 9 cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80:1508-20. [PMID: 15585762 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies have suggested a lower risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) at higher intakes of fruit, vegetables, and whole grain. Whether this association is due to antioxidant vitamins or some other factors remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We studied the relation between the intake of antioxidant vitamins and CHD risk. DESIGN A cohort study pooling 9 prospective studies that included information on intakes of vitamin E, carotenoids, and vitamin C and that met specific criteria was carried out. During a 10-y follow-up, 4647 major incident CHD events occurred in 293 172 subjects who were free of CHD at baseline. RESULTS Dietary intake of antioxidant vitamins was only weakly related to a reduced CHD risk after adjustment for potential nondietary and dietary confounding factors. Compared with subjects in the lowest dietary intake quintiles for vitamins E and C, those in the highest intake quintiles had relative risks of CHD incidence of 0.84 (95% CI: 0.71, 1.00; P=0.17) and 1.23 (1.04, 1.45; P=0.07), respectively, and the relative risks for subjects in the highest intake quintiles for the various carotenoids varied from 0.90 to 0.99. Subjects with higher supplemental vitamin C intake had a lower CHD incidence. Compared with subjects who did not take supplemental vitamin C, those who took >700 mg supplemental vitamin C/d had a relative risk of CHD incidence of 0.75 (0.60, 0.93; P for trend <0.001). Supplemental vitamin E intake was not significantly related to reduced CHD risk. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest a reduced incidence of major CHD events at high supplemental vitamin C intakes. The risk reductions at high vitamin E or carotenoid intakes appear small.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Knekt
- National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Nam CM, Oh KW, Lee KH, Jee SH, Cho SY, Shim WH, Suh I. Vitamin C intake and risk of ischemic heart disease in a population with a high prevalence of smoking. J Am Coll Nutr 2004; 22:372-8. [PMID: 14559929 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2003.10719320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiological data on the relationship between vitamin C intake and ischemic heart disease (IHD) risk are limited in the Asian population, with a high prevalence of smoking. This study aims to investigate the association between vitamin C intake and the incidence of non-fatal IHD in Korean men. METHODS The case group consisted of 108 patients with electrocardiogram-confirmed myocardial infarction or angiographically confirmed (>or=50% stenosis) coronary artery disease (CAD) who were admitted to a university teaching hospital in Seoul, Korea. The controls were 142 age-matched patients admitted to the departments of ophthalmology and orthopedic surgery at the same hospital. Vitamin C intake was assessed by a nutritionist using a semi-quantitative food frequency method, and body mass index (BMI), tobacco use and past history of cardiovascular disease were determined by examination and interview. RESULTS After controlling for cardiovascular risk factors, including BMI, smoking, past history of hypertension, past history of hyperlipidemia, dietary intakes of energy, total fat (or subtype of fat), cholesterol, beta-carotene, and vitamin E, the odds ratio (OR) of non-fatal IHD was 0.34 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.13-0.90) in the highest tertile of vitamin C intake compared with those in the lowest tertile. In a subgroup analysis, which compared nonsmokers in the highest tertile of vitamin C intake to current smokers in the lowest tertile of vitamin C intake, the odds ratio of developing non-fatal IHD was 0.12 (95% CI 0.02-0.77). CONCLUSION This study suggests that higher intake of vitamin C is associated with the decreased risk of non-fatal IHD in a population with a high prevalence of smoking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung Mo Nam
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sánchez-Moreno C, Cano MP, de Ancos B, Plaza L, Olmedilla B, Granado F, Martín A. Effect of orange juice intake on vitamin C concentrations and biomarkers of antioxidant status in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78:454-60. [PMID: 12936929 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/78.3.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of fruit and vegetables is associated with improved health and a decreased prevalence of chronic degenerative processes. OBJECTIVES The objectives were to assess the bioavailability of vitamin C from orange juice and its influence on plasma vitamin C and 8-epi-prostaglandin F(2 alpha) (8-epi-PGF(2 alpha)) concentrations in a healthy human population. DESIGN Six men and 6 women consumed 500 mL commercial fresh-squeezed orange juice/d for 14 d, corresponding to an intake of 250 mg ascorbic acid/d. On the first day of the study, the subjects drank the juice in one dose (dose-response study), and on days 2-14 they consumed 250 mL in the morning and 250 mL in the afternoon. Blood was collected every hour for 6 h on the first day and again on days 7 and 14. RESULTS Baseline plasma vitamin C concentrations were significantly higher (P = 0.03) among the women than among the men (56.4 +/- 4.4 compared with 44.3 +/- 3.5 micromol/L). In the dose-response study, the maximum increase in plasma vitamin C occurred 3 h postdose in both the men and the women. Vitamin C concentrations remained significantly higher on days 7 and 14 than at baseline. Baseline concentrations of 8-epi-PGF(2 alpha) were significantly higher (P = 0.03) among the men than among the women (249.6 +/- 25.4 compared with 177.7 +/- 6.2 pg/mL) but decreased significantly (P = 0.04) by day 14 of the intervention. A significant inverse correlation was observed between vitamin C and 8-epi-PGF(2 alpha) (r = -0.791, P = 0.0022). Among smokers, baseline vitamin C was lower and 8-epi-PGF(2 alpha) higher than among nonsmokers. CONCLUSIONS Drinking orange juice (500 mL/d) increases plasma concentrations of vitamin C and reduces concentrations of 8-epi-PGF(2 alpha) in humans. These effects were significantly more pronounced in smokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Sánchez-Moreno
- Nutrition and Neurocognitive Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|