1
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Gardner B, Arden MA, Brown D, Eves FF, Green J, Hamilton K, Hankonen N, Inauen J, Keller J, Kwasnicka D, Labudek S, Marien H, Masaryk R, McCleary N, Mullan BA, Neter E, Orbell S, Potthoff S, Lally P. Developing habit-based health behaviour change interventions: twenty-one questions to guide future research. Psychol Health 2023; 38:518-540. [PMID: 34779335 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2021.2003362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Habitual behaviours are triggered automatically, with little conscious forethought. Theory suggests that making healthy behaviours habitual, and breaking the habits that underpin many ingrained unhealthy behaviours, promotes long-term behaviour change. This has prompted interest in incorporating habit formation and disruption strategies into behaviour change interventions. Yet, notable research gaps limit understanding of how to harness habit to change real-world behaviours. METHODS Discussions among health psychology researchers and practitioners, at the 2019 European Health Psychology Society 'Synergy Expert Meeting', generated pertinent questions to guide further research into habit and health behaviour. RESULTS In line with the four topics discussed at the meeting, 21 questions were identified, concerning: how habit manifests in health behaviour (3 questions); how to form healthy habits (5 questions); how to break unhealthy habits (4 questions); and how to develop and evaluate habit-based behaviour change interventions (9 questions). CONCLUSIONS While our questions transcend research contexts, accumulating knowledge across studies of specific health behaviours, settings, and populations will build a broader understanding of habit change principles and how they may be embedded into interventions. We encourage researchers and practitioners to prioritise these questions, to further theory and evidence around how to create long-lasting health behaviour change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gardner
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Madelynne A Arden
- Centre for Behavioural Science and Applied Psychology, Department of Psychology, Sociology & Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Daniel Brown
- Department of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Frank F Eves
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - James Green
- School of Allied Health and Physical Activity for Health Research Cluster (Health Research Institute), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kyra Hamilton
- Griffith University and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Mt Gravatt, Qld, Australia
| | - Nelli Hankonen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jennifer Inauen
- Department of Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Keller
- Division Health Psychology, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominika Kwasnicka
- Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wrocław, Poland.,NHMRC CRE in Digital Technology to Transform Chronic Disease Outcomes, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Labudek
- Network Aging Research (NAR), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans Marien
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Radomír Masaryk
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Nicola McCleary
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Barbara A Mullan
- Behavioural Science and Health Research Group, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Efrat Neter
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Emeq Hefer, Israel
| | - Sheina Orbell
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Essex, UK
| | - Sebastian Potthoff
- Department of Social Work, Education, and Community Wellbeing, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Phillippa Lally
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
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2
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Oh GEG, Huh YE, Mukhopadhyay A. Inducing consumers to use calorie information: a multinational investigation. Psychol Health 2023; 38:459-477. [PMID: 34473007 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2021.1972111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We identify individuals who set daily intake budgets and examine if an intervention making people estimate their calorie intake up to a certain point in the day helps those setting daily budgets to regulate their calorie intake for the remainder of the day, after high prior consumption. DESIGN We conducted an online experiment in five countries: Australia, China, Germany, India, and the UK (n = 3,032) using a 2 (setting calorie budget: yes vs. no, measured) x 2 (intervention: intake reminder vs. control, manipulated) between-subjects design, with the amount of prior consumption measured. Participants were contacted in the afternoon. Those in the intervention condition were asked to estimate their prior calorie intake on that day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We measured the individual characteristics of those who set daily calorie budgets and the intended calorie intake for the remainder of the day. RESULTS Among people who set daily calorie budgets, the intervention reduced intended calorie intake for the remainder of the day by 176 calories if they had already consumed a high amount of calories that day. CONCLUSION A timely intervention to estimate one's calorie intake can lower additional intended calorie intake among those who set daily calorie budget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Eun Grace Oh
- Department of Marketing and International Business, Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong
| | - Young Eun Huh
- School of Business and Technology Management, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Anirban Mukhopadhyay
- School of Business and Management, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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3
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Madigan CD, Hill AJ, Caterson ID, Burk J, Hendy C, Chalkley A. A Qualitative Process Evaluation of Participant Experiences in a Feasibility Randomised Controlled Trial to Reduce Indulgent Foods and Beverages. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061389. [PMID: 36986119 PMCID: PMC10052994 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the effects of ultra-processed/energy-dense nutrient-poor foods on health outcomes, and few interventions to reduce their consumption have been tested. We tested a simple intervention to help people reduce the indulgences they consume (energy-dense nutrient-poor (EDNP) foods). Herein, we report the qualitative findings to understand how participants reduced their consumption by exploring intervention fidelity and the factors affecting consumption. We conducted a qualitative descriptive study of 23 adults who had taken part in a feasibility randomised controlled trial that asked participants to say no to seven indulgences/week and record what they said no to. Data were collected using face-to-face semi-structured interviews and analysed thematically. A total of 23 adults with an average BMI of 30.8 kg/m2 took part. Participants liked the term indulgence, as they could apply it to their normal dietary intake and make small changes. They found self-monitoring what they said no to helpful and reported that emotional eating and habits affected consumption. They had difficulty overcoming these. As most people are consuming too many foods that are EDNP, this simple intervention of “Say No” seven times/week has the potential to be developed as a public health campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Deborah Madigan
- The Centre for Lifestyle Medicine and Behaviour (CLiMB), Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrew J. Hill
- The Boden Initiative, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, Worsley Building, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9NL, UK
| | - Ian Douglas Caterson
- The Boden Initiative, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jessica Burk
- The Boden Initiative, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Chelsea Hendy
- The Boden Initiative, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Anna Chalkley
- Centre for Physically Active Learning, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 6856 Sogndal, Norway
- Wolfson Centre for Applied Research, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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4
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de Vries R, Boesveldt S, Sotomayor Sainz A, Copier J, de Vet E. Wired for harsh food environments: Human spatial memory favours the effortless location and consumption of high-calorie foods. Food Qual Prefer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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5
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de Hoogh IM, Reinders MJ, Doets EL, Hoevenaars FPM, Top JL. Design issues in personalized nutrition advice systems (Preprint). J Med Internet Res 2022; 25:e37667. [PMID: 36989039 PMCID: PMC10131983 DOI: 10.2196/37667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The current health status of the general public can substantially benefit from a healthy diet. Using a personalized approach to initiate healthy dietary behavior seems to be a promising strategy, as individuals differ in terms of health status, subsequent dietary needs, and their desired behavior change support. However, providing personalized advice to a wide audience over a long period is very labor-intensive. This bottleneck can possibly be overcome by digitalizing the process of creating and providing personalized advice. An increasing number of personalized advice systems for different purposes is becoming available in the market, ranging from systems providing advice about just a single parameter to very complex systems that include many variables characterizing each individual situation. Scientific background is often lacking in these systems. In designing a personalized nutrition advice system, many design questions need to be answered, ranging from the required input parameters and accurate measurement methods (sense), type of modeling techniques to be used (reason), and modality in which the personalized advice is provided (act). We have addressed these topics in this viewpoint paper, and we have demonstrated the feasibility of setting up an infrastructure for providing personalized dietary advice based on the experience of 2 practical applications in a real-life setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris M de Hoogh
- Research Group Microbiology & Systems Biology, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Machiel J Reinders
- Wageningen Economic Research, Wageningen University & Research, Den Haag, Netherlands
| | - Esmée L Doets
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Femke P M Hoevenaars
- Research Group Microbiology & Systems Biology, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jan L Top
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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6
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Linder N, Giusti M, Samuelsson K, Barthel S. Pro-environmental habits: An underexplored research agenda in sustainability science. AMBIO 2022; 51:546-556. [PMID: 34519955 PMCID: PMC8800991 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01619-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Habits are the fundamental basis for many of our daily actions and can be powerful barriers to behavioural change. Still, habits are not included in most narratives, theories, and interventions applied to sustainable behaviour. One reason societies struggle to reach policy goals and people fail to change towards more pro-environmental lifestyles might be that many behaviours are now bound by strong habits that override knowledge and intentions to act. In this perspective article, we provide three arguments for why pro-environmental habits are a needed research agenda in sustainability science: (1) habit theory highlights how behaviour is heavily reliant on automatic processes, (2) the environmental context sets boundary conditions for behaviour, shape habits, and cues action responses, and (3) our habits and past behaviour shape our values and self-identity. These arguments highlight the transformative potential of looking at sustainable behaviours through a habit lens. We believe a research agenda on pro-environmental habits could generate a more holistic understanding of sustainable behaviours and complement today's dominating approaches which emphasize reasoned decisions and intrinsic motivations such as values, norms, and intentions to understand and predict pro-environmental behaviour. We highlight evident knowledge gaps and practical benefits of considering habit theory to promote pro-environmental behaviours, and how habit architecture could be utilized as a strong leverage point when designing, modifying, and building urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Linder
- Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, University of Gävle, Kungsbäcksvägen 47, 801 76 Gävle, Sweden
| | - Matteo Giusti
- Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, University of Gävle, Kungsbäcksvägen 47, 801 76 Gävle, Sweden
| | - Karl Samuelsson
- Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, University of Gävle, Kungsbäcksvägen 47, 801 76 Gävle, Sweden
| | - Stephan Barthel
- Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, University of Gävle, Kungsbäcksvägen 47, 801 76 Gävle, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Gardner B, Richards R, Lally P, Rebar A, Thwaite T, Beeken RJ. Breaking habits or breaking habitual behaviours? Old habits as a neglected factor in weight loss maintenance. Appetite 2021; 162:105183. [PMID: 33651994 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining weight loss requires long-term behaviour change. Theory and evidence around habitual behaviour - i.e., action triggered by impulses that are automatically activated upon exposure to cues, due to learned cue-action associations - can aid development of interventions to support weight loss maintenance. Specifically, weight loss is more likely to be sustained where people develop new habits that support weight management, and break old habits that may undermine such efforts. Interventions seeking to break 'bad' weight-related habits have focused on inhibiting unwanted impulses or avoiding cues. This paper draws attention to the possibility that while such approaches may discontinue habitual behaviour, underlying habit associations may remain. We use evidence from existing qualitative studies to demonstrate that, left unchecked, unwanted habit associations can render people prone to lapsing into old patterns of unhealthy behaviours when motivation or willpower is momentarily weakened, or when returning to familiar settings following temporarily discontinued exposure. We highlight six behaviour change techniques especially suited to disrupting habit associations, but show that these techniques have been underused in weight loss maintenance interventions to date. We call for intervention developers and practitioners to adopt techniques conducive to forming new habit associations to directly override old habits, and to use the persistence of unwanted habit associations as a potential indicator of long-term weight loss intervention effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phillippa Lally
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Amanda Rebar
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Australia
| | - Tanya Thwaite
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Beeken
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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8
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Ayre J, Cvejic E, Bonner C, Turner RM, Walter SD, McCaffery KJ. Effects of health literacy, screening, and participant choice on action plans for reducing unhealthy snacking in Australia: A randomised controlled trial. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003409. [PMID: 33141834 PMCID: PMC7608866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low health literacy is associated with poorer health outcomes. A key strategy to address health literacy is a universal precautions approach, which recommends using health-literate design for all health interventions, not just those targeting people with low health literacy. This approach has advantages: Health literacy assessment and tailoring are not required. However, action plans may be more effective when tailored by health literacy. This study evaluated the impact of health literacy and action plan type on unhealthy snacking for people who have high BMI or type 2 diabetes (Aim 1) and the most effective method of action plan allocation (Aim 2). METHODS AND FINDINGS We performed a 2-stage randomised controlled trial in Australia between 14 February and 6 June 2019. In total, 1,769 participants (mean age: 49.8 years [SD = 11.7]; 56.1% female [n = 992]; mean BMI: 32.9 kg/m2 [SD = 8.7]; 29.6% self-reported type 2 diabetes [n = 523]) were randomised to 1 of 3 allocation methods (random, health literacy screening, or participant selection) and 1 of 2 action plans to reduce unhealthy snacking (standard versus literacy-sensitive). Regression analysis evaluated the impact of health literacy (Newest Vital Sign [NVS]), allocation method, and action plan on reduction in self-reported serves of unhealthy snacks (primary outcome) at 4-week follow-up. Secondary outcomes were perceived extent of unhealthy snacking, difficulty using the plans, habit strength, and action control. Analyses controlled for age, level of education, language spoken at home, diabetes status, baseline habit strength, and baseline self-reported serves of unhealthy snacks. Average NVS score was 3.6 out of 6 (SD = 2.0). Participants reported consuming 25.0 serves of snacks on average per week at baseline (SD = 28.0). Regarding Aim 1, 398 participants in the random allocation arm completed follow-up (67.7%). On average, people scoring 1 SD below the mean for health literacy consumed 10.0 fewer serves per week using the literacy-sensitive action plan compared to the standard action plan (95% CI: 0.05 to 19.5; p = 0.039), whereas those scoring 1 SD above the mean consumed 3.0 fewer serves using the standard action plan compared to the literacy-sensitive action plan (95% CI: -6.3 to 12.2; p = 0.529), although this difference did not reach statistical significance. In addition, we observed a non-significant action plan × health literacy (NVS) interaction (b = -3.25; 95% CI: -6.55 to 0.05; p = 0.054). Regarding Aim 2, 1,177 participants across the 3 allocation method arms completed follow-up (66.5%). There was no effect of allocation method on reduction of unhealthy snacking, including no effect of health literacy screening compared to participant selection (b = 1.79; 95% CI: -0.16 to 3.73; p = 0.067). Key limitations include low-moderate retention, use of a single-occasion self-reported primary outcome, and reporting of a number of extreme, yet plausible, snacking scores, which rendered interpretation more challenging. Adverse events were not assessed. CONCLUSIONS In our study we observed nominal improvements in effectiveness of action plans tailored to health literacy; however, these improvements did not reach statistical significance, and the costs associated with such strategies compared with universal precautions need further investigation. This study highlights the importance of considering differential effects of health literacy on intervention effectiveness. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry ACTRN12618001409268.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ayre
- Sydney Health Literacy Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erin Cvejic
- Sydney Health Literacy Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carissa Bonner
- Sydney Health Literacy Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robin M. Turner
- Centre for Biostatistics, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen D. Walter
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kirsten J. McCaffery
- Sydney Health Literacy Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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9
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Hoevenaars FPM, Berendsen CMM, Pasman WJ, van den Broek TJ, Barrat E, de Hoogh IM, Wopereis S. Evaluation of Food-Intake Behavior in a Healthy Population: Personalized vs. One-Size-Fits-All. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092819. [PMID: 32942627 PMCID: PMC7551874 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In public health initiatives, generic nutrition advice (GNA) from national guidelines has a limited effect on food-intake improvement. Personalized nutrition advice (PNA) may enable dietary behavior change. A monocentric, randomized, parallel, controlled clinical trial was performed in males (n = 55) and females (n = 100) aged 25 to 70 years. Participants were allocated to control, GNA or PNA groups. The PNA group consisted of automatically generated dietary advice based on personal metabolic health parameters, dietary intake, anthropometric and hemodynamic measures, gender and age. Participants who received PNA (n = 51) improved their nutritional intake status for fruits P (p < 0.0001), whole grains (p = 0.008), unsalted nuts (p < 0.0001), fish (p = 0.0003), sugar-sweetened beverages (p = 0.005), added salt (p = 0.003) and less unhealthy choices (p = 0.002), whereas no improvements were observed in the control and GNA group. PNA participants were encouraged to set a goal for one or multiple food categories. Goal-setting led to greater improvement of food categories within the PNA group including; unsalted nuts (p < 0.0001), fruits (p = 0.0001), whole grains (p = 0.005), fish (p = 0.0001), dairy (p = 0.007), vegetables (p = 0.01) and unhealthy choices (p = 0.02). In a healthy population, participants receiving PNA changed their food-intake behavior more favorably than participants receiving GNA or no advice. When personal goals were set, nutritional behavior was more prone to change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke P. M. Hoevenaars
- TNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Research Group Microbiology & Systems Biology, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands; (F.P.M.H.); (C.M.M.B.); (W.J.P.); (T.J.v.d.B.); (I.M.d.H.)
| | - Charlotte M. M. Berendsen
- TNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Research Group Microbiology & Systems Biology, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands; (F.P.M.H.); (C.M.M.B.); (W.J.P.); (T.J.v.d.B.); (I.M.d.H.)
| | - Wilrike J. Pasman
- TNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Research Group Microbiology & Systems Biology, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands; (F.P.M.H.); (C.M.M.B.); (W.J.P.); (T.J.v.d.B.); (I.M.d.H.)
| | - Tim J. van den Broek
- TNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Research Group Microbiology & Systems Biology, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands; (F.P.M.H.); (C.M.M.B.); (W.J.P.); (T.J.v.d.B.); (I.M.d.H.)
| | - Emmanuel Barrat
- Laboratoire Lescuyer, Department of Research, 15 rue le Corbusier, CEDEX, F-17442 Aytré, France;
| | - Iris M. de Hoogh
- TNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Research Group Microbiology & Systems Biology, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands; (F.P.M.H.); (C.M.M.B.); (W.J.P.); (T.J.v.d.B.); (I.M.d.H.)
| | - Suzan Wopereis
- TNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Research Group Microbiology & Systems Biology, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands; (F.P.M.H.); (C.M.M.B.); (W.J.P.); (T.J.v.d.B.); (I.M.d.H.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Meule A, Richard A, Dinic R, Blechert J. Effects of a Smartphone-Based Approach-Avoidance Intervention on Chocolate Craving and Consumption: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2019; 7:e12298. [PMID: 31682584 PMCID: PMC6858611 DOI: 10.2196/12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeatedly pushing high-calorie food stimuli away based on joystick movements has been found to reduce approach biases toward these stimuli. Some studies also found that such avoidance training reduced consumption of high-calorie foods. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to test effects of a smartphone-based approach-avoidance intervention on chocolate craving and consumption, to make such interventions suitable for daily use. METHODS Within a 10-day period, regular chocolate eaters (n=105, 86% female) performed five sessions during which they continuously avoided (ie, swiped upward) chocolate stimuli (experimental group, n=35), performed five sessions during which they approached and avoided chocolate stimuli equally often (placebo control group, n=35), or did not perform any training sessions (inactive control group, n=35). Training effects were measured during laboratory sessions before and after the intervention period and further continuously through daily ecological momentary assessment. RESULTS Self-reported chocolate craving and consumption as well as body fat mass significantly decreased from pre- to postmeasurement across all groups. Ecological momentary assessment reports evidenced no differences in chocolate craving and consumption between intervention days and rest days as a function of the group. CONCLUSIONS A smartphone-based approach-avoidance training did not affect eating-related and anthropometric measures over and above measurement-based changes in this study. Future controlled studies need to examine whether other techniques of modifying food approach tendencies show an add-on benefit over conventional, monitoring-based intervention effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION AsPredicted 8203; https://aspredicted.org/pt9df.pdf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Schoen Clinic Roseneck, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Richard
- Schoen Clinic Roseneck, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany
| | - Radomir Dinic
- Department of MultiMediaTechnology, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Puch, Austria
| | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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11
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Hagger MS, Gucciardi DF, Turrell AS, Hamilton K. Self‐control and health‐related behaviour: The role of implicit self‐control, trait self‐control, and lay beliefs in self‐control. Br J Health Psychol 2019; 24:764-786. [DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin S. Hagger
- Psychological Sciences and Health Sciences Research Institute University of California Merced California USA
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyvaskyla Jyvaskyla Finland
- School of Applied Psychology Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Mt. Gravatt Queensland Australia
- School of Psychology Curtin University Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Daniel F. Gucciardi
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science Curtin University Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Amelia S. Turrell
- School of Psychology Curtin University Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Kyra Hamilton
- School of Applied Psychology Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Mt. Gravatt Queensland Australia
- School of Psychology Curtin University Perth Western Australia Australia
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12
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Beneficial effect of personalized lifestyle advice compared to generic advice on wellbeing among Dutch seniors - An explorative study. Physiol Behav 2019; 210:112642. [PMID: 31394106 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this explorative study is to evaluate whether personalized compared to generic lifestyle advice improves wellbeing in a senior population. We conducted a nine-week single-blind randomized controlled trial including 59 participants (age 67.7 ± 4.8 years) from Wageningen and its surrounding areas in the Netherlands. Three times during the intervention period, participants received either personalized advice (PA), or generic advice (GA) to improve lifestyle behavior. Personalization was based on metabolic health measures and dietary intake resulting in an advice that highlighted food groups and physical activity types for which behavior change was most urgent. Before and after the intervention period self-perceived health was evaluated as parameter of wellbeing using a self-perceived health score (single-item) and two questionnaires (Vita-16 and Short Form-12). Additionally, anthropometry and physical functioning (short physical performance battery, SPPB) were assessed. Overall scores for self-perceived health did not change over time in any group. Resilience and motivation (Vita-16) slightly improved only in the PA group, whilst mental health (SF-12) and energy (Vita-16) showed slight improvement only in the GA group. SPPB scores improved over time in both the PA and GA group. PA participants also showed a reduction in body fat percentage and hip circumference, whereas these parameters increased in the GA group Our findings suggest that although no clear effects on wellbeing were found, still, at least on the short term, personalized advice may evoke health benefits in a population of seniors as compared to generic advice.
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Johnson BJ, Hendrie GA, Zarnowiecki D, Huynh EK, Golley RK. Examining Constructs of Parental Reflective Motivation towards Reducing Unhealthy Food Provision to Young Children. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071507. [PMID: 31266219 PMCID: PMC6682954 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Parents are an ideal target to reduce children’s unhealthy food intake. Motivation is one component of behavior change; however, there is a paucity of research exploring parental motivation in unhealthy food provision. This study aimed to understand the relationships between, and relative importance of, constructs of parents’ reflective motivation and children’s intake of unhealthy foods. An online survey captured parent-rated reflective motivation constructs based on the health action process approach (HAPA) model, and children’s intake of unhealthy food using the short food survey. The HAPA model includes constructs of self-efficacy, risk perception, outcome expectancies, intention, and planning. Structural equation modelling was used to examine relationships between constructs and the HAPA model in its structural form. Four-hundred and ninety-five parents of three to seven-year olds completed the study. Model fit statistics (X2 = 210.03, df = 83, p < 0.001; Comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.96; Tucker Lewis index (TLI) = 0.94) supported suitability of the HAPA model. The HAPA model explained 9.2% of the variance in children’s unhealthy food intake. Constructs of self-efficacy (action to maintenance β = 0.69; maintenance to recovery β = 0.70; maintenance to planning β = 0.82) were found to be the most important constructs for reducing children’s unhealthy food intake, followed by planning (to unhealthy food intake β = −0.32) and intention (to planning β = 0.21). This study provides an initial insight into parental motivation and identifies primary intervention targets to enhance parental motivation to reduce unhealthy food provision, and subsequently children’s unhealthy food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany J Johnson
- Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, South Australia, Australia.
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Gilly A Hendrie
- Health and Biosecurity Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dorota Zarnowiecki
- Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, South Australia, Australia
- Early Prevention of Obesity in Childhood Centre for Research Excellence, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elisabeth K Huynh
- College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton 2600, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Rebecca K Golley
- Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, South Australia, Australia
- Early Prevention of Obesity in Childhood Centre for Research Excellence, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
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Ayre J, Cvejic E, Bonner C, Turner RM, Walter SD, McCaffery KJ. Accounting for health literacy and intervention preferences when reducing unhealthy snacking: protocol for an online randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e028544. [PMID: 31142536 PMCID: PMC6549624 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Health literacy describes the cognitive and social skills that individuals use to access, understand and act on health information. Health literacy interventions typically take the 'universal precautions approach' where all consumers are presented with simplified materials. Although this approach can improve knowledge and comprehension, its impact on complex behaviours is less clear. Systematic reviews also suggest that health literacy interventions underuse volitional strategies (such as planning) that play an important role in behaviour change. A recent study found volitional strategies may need to be tailored to the participant's health literacy. The current study aims to replicate these findings in a sample of people who have diabetes and/or are overweight or obese as measured by body mass index, and to investigate the most effective method of allocating an action plan to a participant to reduce unhealthy snacking. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We plan to recruit approximately 2400 participants at baseline. Participants will receive one of two alternative online action plans intended to reduce unhealthy snacking ('standard' action plan or 'literacy-sensitive' action plan). Participants will be randomised to a method of allocation to an action plan: (1) random allocation; (2) allocation by health literacy screening tool or (3) allocation by participant selection. Primary outcome is self-reported serves of unhealthy snacks during the previous month. Multiple linear regression will evaluate the impact of health literacy on intervention effectiveness. The analysis will also identify independent contributions of each action plan, method of allocation, health literacy and participant selections on unhealthy snacking at 4-week follow-up. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study was approved by the University of Sydney Human Research Ethics Committee (2017/793). Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed international journals, conferences and updates with collaborating public health bodies (Diabetes New South Wales (NSW) & Australian Capital Territory (ACT), and Western Sydney Local Health District). TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12618001409268; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ayre
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney Health Literacy Lab, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erin Cvejic
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney Health Literacy Lab, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carissa Bonner
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney Health Literacy Lab, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robin M Turner
- Division of Health Sciences, Biostatistics Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen D Walter
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kirsten J McCaffery
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney Health Literacy Lab, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Carrero I, Vilà I, Redondo R. What makes implementation intention interventions effective for promoting healthy eating behaviours? A meta-regression. Appetite 2019; 140:239-247. [PMID: 31125588 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the efficacy of implementation intentions (II), a widely used self-regulatory strategy to help people achieve their goals. Although previous research has shown that the effect of II interventions is significantly higher in promoting healthy eating behaviours than in diminishing unhealthy eating behaviours, the factors that can moderate the effectiveness of these interventions remain unclear. In a meta-analysis of 70 interventions (N = 9689), we confirmed that II interventions for healthy eating behaviours yielded a medium significant effect size (d = 0.33) and a low significant effect size for unhealthy eating behaviors (d = 0.18). We show that the moderator variables of II interventions for healthy and unhealthy eating goals are very different. Regarding healthy eating, since moderator variables explain 53% of the variance in the heterogeneity of the effect sizes, the present study helps in gaining an understanding of the previous inconsistent results and offers suggestions for designing more efficient interventions. Effect size was negatively predicted by age, indicating that for younger people the effect size is higher, and II check, showing that if the instructor checks the plan it decreases its efficacy. Moreover, the effect of II interventions on students is significantly smaller than in non-student samples. In contrast, the effect size was positively predicted by initial training, off-line delivered interventions and, specific if-then and action plans versus complex plans. For unhealthy eating behaviours, our results show that there is less room to improve the intervention; there is only one moderator variable (plan formulation), and the heterogeneity found in the studies is lower for unhealthy eating behaviours (I2 = 46.70%) than for healthy eating behaviours (I2 = 73.25%), indicating that the intervention has low efficacy regardless of the design of the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Carrero
- Universidad Pontificia Comillas-ICADE, Alberto Aguilera 23, 28015, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Raquel Redondo
- Universidad Pontificia Comillas-ICADE, Alberto Aguilera 23, 28015, Madrid, Spain.
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Ayre J, Bonner C, Cvejic E, McCaffery K. Randomized trial of planning tools to reduce unhealthy snacking: Implications for health literacy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209863. [PMID: 30653531 PMCID: PMC6336265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Guidance to address health literacy often focuses on health education rather than tools to facilitate action, despite action being important for self-management. This study evaluated an online intervention informed by health literate design principles and behavior change theory to reduce unhealthy snacking. METHODS 440 participants were recruited online and randomized to an intervention: 1) Health-literate action plan (guided implementation intention); 2) Standard action plan (self-guided implementation intention); 3) Education (healthy snacking fact-sheet). The primary outcome was self-reported unhealthy snacking. Follow-up was at 1 month. RESULTS 373 participants (84.8%) completed follow-up. Half the sample had adequate health literacy (52%), and the other half had low (24%) or possibly low (25%) health literacy, as measured by Newest Vital Sign (NVS). At follow-up, lower health literacy was associated with more unhealthy snacks and there was no overall difference between intervention groups. However, participants with lower health literacy who used the health-literate action plan reported less unhealthy snacking compared to the standard action plan; the reverse was true for those with higher health literacy scores (b = 1.7, p = 0.03). People scoring 2 points below the mean NVS (M = 3.4, SD = 2.0) using the health-literate action plan reported eating 8 fewer serves of unhealthy snacks, whereas people scoring 2 points above the mean NVS reported eating 6 more serves of unhealthy snacks using the same tool. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the universal precautions approach currently recommended for health information may be less effective for facilitating action than tailoring to health literacy level. TRIAL REGISTRATION ANZCTR identifier: ACTRN12617001194358.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ayre
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Public Health, Sydney Health Literacy Lab, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carissa Bonner
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Public Health, Sydney Health Literacy Lab, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Erin Cvejic
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kirsten McCaffery
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Public Health, Sydney Health Literacy Lab, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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West JS, Guelfi KJ, Dimmock JA, Jackson B. Preliminary Validation of the Exercise-Snacking Licensing Scale: Rewarding Exercise with Unhealthy Snack Foods and Drinks. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121866. [PMID: 30513806 PMCID: PMC6316787 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that individuals’ compensatory health beliefs may be an important psychological driver of health behavior. Only recently, however, have researchers begun to develop and seek to validate instruments that are suited to measuring specific pairings of the diverse compensatory health beliefs that exist. The aim of this study was to provide support for key aspects of validity associated with the Exercise-Snacking Licensing Scale (ESLS), an instrument that was designed to assess individuals’ endorsement (or licensing) of unhealthy snacking behaviors around exercise. Participants (N = 1095) responded to a version of the ESLS that was designed to assess their licensing responses following either “light” or “tiring” physical activity, and completed additional instruments assessing dispositional, exercise-related, and diet-related constructs. Analyses indicated that scores derived from both versions of the ESLS (“light” and “tiring” physical activity) displayed a relatively consistent factor structure, favorable alpha coefficients, and meaningful correlations with variables that are theoretically aligned with licensing. Factor analytic procedures did, however, indicate that researchers may wish, in future, to consider the use (or not) of reverse-scored items within the ESLS. Together, these findings provide important insight into the structural, external, and generalizability aspects of validity for scores derived from the ESLS, and indicate that the ESLS may be a valuable instrument for the brief assessment of unhealthy licensing beliefs around exercise. Further use of the ESLS is encouraged to determine if and how these licensing beliefs actually influence subsequent snacking behaviors, and the potential downstream effects these beliefs may have in shaping health outcomes associated with exercise participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S West
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Kym J Guelfi
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - James A Dimmock
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Ben Jackson
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
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Madigan CD, Hill AJ, Hendy C, Burk J, Caterson ID. 'Say no': a feasibility trial of a brief intervention to reduce instances of indulgent energy-intake episodes. Clin Obes 2018; 8:313-322. [PMID: 30066362 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the feasibility of a brief intervention to reduce instances of indulgent energy intake. Forty-five participants with a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg m-2 were randomized to one of three groups for 8 weeks. The control group was asked to complete a questionnaire every 4 days, the self-monitoring group was given the same instructions but also asked to 'say no' to indulgences. The self-monitoring and feedback group was asked to do the same but in addition to send a photograph or description of that to which they had 'said no' and were then provided with feedback. All participants reported on indulgences for 7 days prospectively at baseline and 8-week follow-up. The follow-up rate was 80%; completion of questionnaires was 63% and 87 text messages were sent. The control group reduced their indulgences by 4.1 (SD 10.0), the self-monitoring group by 13.8 (SD 16.8) and self-monitoring and feedback group by 9.0 (SD 11.7) per week. All bar one, feasibility progression criteria were met and this was the return of the indulgence diaries during the intervention period. The study demonstrates the feasibility of a brief intervention to reduce the number of indulgences people ate. The progression criteria were met and areas of improvement are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Madigan
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Primary Care, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Oxford, UK
| | - A J Hill
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, Leeds, UK
| | - C Hendy
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J Burk
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - I D Caterson
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Cognitive and neuromodulation strategies for unhealthy eating and obesity: Systematic review and discussion of neurocognitive mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 87:161-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Prinsen S, Evers C, Wijngaards L, van Vliet R, de Ridder D. Does Self-Licensing Benefit Self-Regulation Over Time? An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study of Food Temptations. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2018; 44:914-927. [PMID: 29383977 PMCID: PMC5946654 DOI: 10.1177/0146167218754509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Self-licensing, employing reasons to justify indulgence, may help resolve the
conflict between immediate temptations and long-term goals in favor of the
former. It was hypothesized that this conflict-resolving potential of
self-licensing may benefit self-regulation over time. With a momentary
assessment design, we examined how self-licensing affects self-regulatory
ability and the capacity to deal with subsequent self-regulatory conflicts. One
hundred thirty-six female participants filled out surveys eight times per day
for one week. Food temptation strength, conflict, resistance, and enactment were
assessed, as well as license opportunity and perceived self-regulatory ability.
When self-licensing opportunity was high (vs. low), a weaker association between
temptation strength and conflict was observed. High license opportunity was
associated with higher perceived self-regulatory ability for instances of low
degrees of temptation enactment and predicted better handling of subsequent
conflict after high degrees of prior temptation enactment. These results suggest
that self-licensing can support self-regulation after initial failure.
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21
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Gardner B, Dewitt S, Smith L, Buckley JP, Biddle SJH, Mansfield L. The ReSiT study (reducing sitting time): rationale and protocol for an exploratory pilot study of an intervention to reduce sitting time among office workers. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2017; 3:47. [PMID: 29209512 PMCID: PMC5704376 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-017-0191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Desk-based workers engage in long periods of uninterrupted sitting time, which has been associated with morbidity and premature mortality. Previous workplace intervention trials have demonstrated the potential of providing sit-stand workstations, and of administering motivational behaviour change techniques, for reducing sitting time. Yet, few studies have combined these approaches or explored the acceptability of discrete sitting-reduction behaviour change strategies. This paper describes the rationale for a sitting-reduction intervention that combines sit-stand workstations with motivational techniques, and procedures for a pilot study to explore the acceptability of core intervention components among university office workers. Methods The intervention is based on a theory and evidence-based analysis of why office workers sit, and how best to reduce sitting time. It seeks to enhance motivation and capability, as well as identify opportunities, required to reduce sitting time. Thirty office workers will participate in the pilot study. They will complete an initial awareness-raising monitoring and feedback task and subsequently receive a sit-stand workstation for a 12-week period. They will also select from a 'menu' of behaviour change techniques tailored to self-declared barriers to sitting reduction, effectively co-producing and personally tailoring their intervention. Interviews at 1, 6, and 12 weeks post-intervention will explore intervention acceptability. Discussion To our knowledge, this will be the first study to explore direct feedback from office workers on the acceptability of discrete tailored sitting-reduction intervention components that they have received. Participants' choice of and reflections on intervention techniques will aid identification of strategies suitable for inclusion in the next iteration of the intervention, which will be delivered in a self-administered format to minimise resource burden. Trial registration ISRCTN29395780 (registered 21 November 2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gardner
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Room 2.11, Addison House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - Stephen Dewitt
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Room 2.11, Addison House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - Lee Smith
- The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - John P Buckley
- Institute of Medicine, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | | | - Louise Mansfield
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
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Evans R, Norman P, Webb TL. Using Temporal Self-Regulation Theory to understand healthy and unhealthy eating intentions and behaviour. Appetite 2017; 116:357-364. [PMID: 28522307 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present research investigated whether Temporal Self-Regulation Theory (TST) can be used to help understand healthy and unhealthy eating intentions and behaviour. DESIGN A prospective design with two waves of data collection one week apart. METHOD An online survey measured the key components of TST (i.e., connectedness, timing and valence beliefs, intentions, past behaviour, habit strength, perceived environmental cues, and self-control) with respect to eating fruit and vegetables (F&V; N = 133) or unhealthy snacks (N = 125). Eating behaviour was assessed one week later. RESULTS The components of TST explained significant amounts of the variance in intentions and behaviour for intake of F&Vs (22% and 64%, respectively) and unhealthy snacks (18% and 35%, respectively). Beliefs about positive and negative short-term outcomes significantly predicted intentions to perform both behaviours. Intentions and past behaviour significantly predicted consumption of F&Vs, and past behaviour moderated the relationship between intention and behaviour which became stronger as past behaviour increased. Past behaviour and habit strength significantly predicted unhealthy snacking. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that TST may be a useful framework for understanding eating intentions and behaviour. However, research did not find support for all of the hypothesised relationships (e.g., self-regulatory capacity did not significantly predict eating behaviour and also failed to moderate the relationships between intentions and behaviour). Research using alternative measures of self-regulatory capacity, along with experimental manipulations of TST variables, may be needed to further understand eating intentions and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Evans
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, Sheffield, S1 2LT, UK.
| | - Paul Norman
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, Sheffield, S1 2LT, UK.
| | - Thomas L Webb
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, Sheffield, S1 2LT, UK.
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Chang BPI, Webb TL, Benn Y, Stride CB. Which Factors Are Associated with Monitoring Goal Progress? Front Psychol 2017; 8:434. [PMID: 28392775 PMCID: PMC5364185 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three studies examined how people assess their progress on personal goals (e.g., whether they compare their progress to the past and/or to a desired target state), along with factors that might influence the nature of progress monitoring (e.g., whether the goal involves attaining a positive outcome or avoiding a negative outcome). Study 1 involved semi-structured interviews with 40 participants, in which we examined how participants monitored their progress and whether this was related to: (a) their level of self-efficacy, (b) whether the goal was prevention focused, and (c) whether goal progress was represented in quantifiable terms. Studies 2 (N = 492) and 3 (N = 481) were conducted online and additionally examined whether how participants monitored their progress differed as a function of the domain of the goal (i.e., whether it was related to physical development/health, finances, work/study, or social relationships). The findings suggest that participants: (i) were less likely to monitor their progress toward goals that were related to avoiding negative outcomes, (ii) were less likely to monitor their progress toward goals related to finances, work, or study with reference to the past, than progress toward other goals (e.g., those relating to physical development and health), (iii) found it easier to monitor their progress toward goals that they felt confident of attaining, but harder to monitor their progress toward goals related to work or study. Finally, the more participants thought about their goal in quantifiable terms, the more likely they were to monitor their progress, and the easier they found monitoring their progress to be. Taken together, these studies begin to describe the nature of progress monitoring and the factors that influence this important self-regulatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty P I Chang
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas L Webb
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK
| | - Yael Benn
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester, UK
| | - Chris B Stride
- Management School, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK
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Vilà I, Carrero I, Redondo R. Reducing fat intake using implementation intentions: A meta-analytic review. Br J Health Psychol 2017; 22:281-294. [DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Vilà
- Comillas Pontifical University-ICADE; Madrid Spain
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25
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Gillebaart M, Adriaanse MA. Self-control Predicts Exercise Behavior by Force of Habit, a Conceptual Replication of Adriaanse et al. (2014). Front Psychol 2017; 8:190. [PMID: 28243217 PMCID: PMC5303741 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent study suggests that habits play a mediating role in the association between trait self-control and eating behavior, supporting a notion of effortless processes in trait self-control (Adriaanse et al., 2014). We conceptually replicated this research in the area of exercise behavior, hypothesizing that these associations would generalize to other self-control related behaviors. Sufficient exercise is essential for several health and well-being outcomes, and therefore many people intend to exercise. However, the majority of the population does not actually exercise to a sufficient or intended extent, due to competing temptations and short-term goals. This conflict makes exercise a typical example of a self-control dilemma. A within-subjects survey study was conducted to test associations between trait self-control, habit strength, and exercise behavior. Participants were recruited at a local gym. Results demonstrated that trait self-control predicted exercise behavior. Mediation analysis revealed that the association between self-control and exercise was mediated by stronger exercise habits, replicating findings by Adriaanse et al. (2014). These results highlight the relevance of self-control in the domain of exercise. In addition, they add to a growing body of knowledge on the underlying mechanisms of trait self-control on behavior that point to habit—rather than effortful impulse inhibition—as a potential key to self-control success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Gillebaart
- Self-regulation Lab, Social, Health, and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marieke A Adriaanse
- Self-regulation Lab, Social, Health, and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
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Determinants of self-regulation in obesity: formation of implicit food preferences. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY REPORT 2017. [DOI: 10.5114/hpr.2017.63823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
<b>Background</b><br />
The objective of this study was to investigate whether motor behavior can impact self-regulation of food intake in individuals with obesity. We utilized purposeful movement of the hand as a means to influence tendencies to approach and avoid foods compatible and incompatible with the weight loss goals. <br />
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<b>Participants and procedure</b><br />
One hundred individuals with obesity (BMI ≥ 30) participated in this study. The participants were randomized into 2 experimental groups. The first experimental group was induced to prefer dietary foods and to avoid fattening foods. The second experimental group was induced to prefer fattening food and to avoid dietary food. <br />
<b>Results</b><br />
Experimental group 1 chose dietary products and avoided fattening items more often than group 2. We observed the increased importance of goals to lose weight and improve body shape as a result of manipulation consistent with its direction.<br />
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<b>Conclusions</b><br />
Implicit manipulation of food preferences by approach/avoidance tasks can alter food preferences and attitudes.
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de Bruijn GJ, Nguyen MH, Rhodes RE, van Osch L. Effects of preparatory and action planning instructions on situation-specific and general fruit and snack intake. Appetite 2017; 108:161-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Prinsen S, Evers C, de Ridder D. Oops I Did it Again: Examining Self-Licensing Effects in a Subsequent Self-Regulation Dilemma. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2016; 8:104-26. [PMID: 26970112 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have mainly examined the immediate effects of self-licensing on self-regulation failure. The present vignette studies examined what happens when a second self-regulation dilemma is encountered. METHODS In Studies 1 (N = 52) and 2 (N = 166), participants read a vignette in which the protagonist chooses to buy a treat while being on a diet, which was preceded by a license (License condition) or not (Control condition). The self-reported likelihood of indulging again when a second dilemma was presented in the same situation served as the dependent variable. Study 2 included measures of self-regulatory ability (motivation and self-efficacy) and also presented the dilemma in a new situation. RESULTS Study 1 showed that participants were more likely to indulge again after an initial indulgent choice with a license. This was replicated in Study 2, which also showed that self-licensing had no effect on goal re-engagement in a new situation. A marginally significant positive effect of self-licensing was found for self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained suggest that self-licensing negatively affects goal re-engagement in the same situation, but not in a new situation. Whether self-licensing maintains or increases feelings of self-efficacy needs to be validated in future studies.
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Hagger MS, Luszczynska A, de Wit J, Benyamini Y, Burkert S, Chamberland PE, Chater A, Dombrowski SU, van Dongen A, French DP, Gauchet A, Hankonen N, Karekla M, Kinney AY, Kwasnicka D, Hing Lo S, López-Roig S, Meslot C, Marques MM, Neter E, Plass AM, Potthoff S, Rennie L, Scholz U, Stadler G, Stolte E, Ten Hoor G, Verhoeven A, Wagner M, Oettingen G, Sheeran P, Gollwitzer PM. Implementation intention and planning interventions in Health Psychology: Recommendations from the Synergy Expert Group for research and practice. Psychol Health 2016; 31:814-39. [PMID: 26892502 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2016.1146719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The current article details a position statement and recommendations for future research and practice on planning and implementation intentions in health contexts endorsed by the Synergy Expert Group. The group comprised world-leading researchers in health and social psychology and behavioural medicine who convened to discuss priority issues in planning interventions in health contexts and develop a set of recommendations for future research and practice. The expert group adopted a nominal groups approach and voting system to elicit and structure priority issues in planning interventions and implementation intentions research. Forty-two priority issues identified in initial discussions were further condensed to 18 key issues, including definitions of planning and implementation intentions and 17 priority research areas. Each issue was subjected to voting for consensus among group members and formed the basis of the position statement and recommendations. Specifically, the expert group endorsed statements and recommendations in the following areas: generic definition of planning and specific definition of implementation intentions, recommendations for better testing of mechanisms, guidance on testing the effects of moderators of planning interventions, recommendations on the social aspects of planning interventions, identification of the preconditions that moderate effectiveness of planning interventions and recommendations for research on how people use plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Hagger
- a Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine, School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences , Curtin University , Perth , Australia.,b School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Brisbane , Australia.,c School of Human, Health and Social Sciences , Central Queensland University , Rockhampton , Australia.,d Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Department of Sport Sciences , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Aleksandra Luszczynska
- e University of Social Sciences and Humanities , Wroclaw , Poland.,f Trauma, Health, & Hazards Center , University of Colorado at Colorado Springs , Colorado Springs , USA
| | - John de Wit
- g Centre for Social Research in Health, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Yael Benyamini
- h Bob Shapell School of Social Work , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Silke Burkert
- i Institut für Medizinische Psychologie , Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Pier-Eric Chamberland
- j Département de psychologie , Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières , Trois-Rivières , Canada
| | - Angel Chater
- k School of Pharmacy, Centre for Behavioural Medicine, Department of Practice and Policy , University College London , London , UK
| | - Stephan U Dombrowski
- l School of Natural Sciences, Division of Psychology , University of Stirling , Stirling , UK
| | - Anne van Dongen
- m Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - David P French
- n School of Psychological Science , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Aurelie Gauchet
- o Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Psychologie Personnalité, Cognition, et Changement Social , Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France
| | - Nelli Hankonen
- p Department of Social Research , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Maria Karekla
- q Department of Psychology , University of Cyprus , Nicosia , Cyprus
| | - Anita Y Kinney
- r Department of Internal Medicine , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , USA
| | - Dominika Kwasnicka
- a Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine, School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences , Curtin University , Perth , Australia
| | - Siu Hing Lo
- s Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Behaviour Research Centre , University College London , London , UK
| | - Sofía López-Roig
- t Departamento de Psicología de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche , Elche , Spain
| | - Carine Meslot
- o Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Psychologie Personnalité, Cognition, et Changement Social , Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France
| | | | - Efrat Neter
- v Ruppin Academic Centre , Emek Hefer , Netanya , Israel
| | - Anne Marie Plass
- w Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL) , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | | | - Laura Rennie
- y B-Research/Université Paris-Ouest Nanterre La Défense , Paris , France
| | - Urte Scholz
- z Department of Psychology, Applied Social Psychology , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Gertraud Stadler
- aa Department of Psychology , Columbia University , New York , USA
| | - Elske Stolte
- ab Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences , VU Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Gill Ten Hoor
- ac Psychology and Neuroscience, Work and Social Psychology, Applied Social Psychology , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Aukje Verhoeven
- ad Clinical & Health Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,ae Department of Clinical Psychology , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Monika Wagner
- af Department of Medical Psychology , Medizinischen Universität Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Gabriele Oettingen
- ag Department of Psychology , New York University , New York , USA.,ah Department of Psychology and Human Movement , University of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Paschal Sheeran
- ai Department of Psychology , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , USA
| | - Peter M Gollwitzer
- ag Department of Psychology , New York University , New York , USA.,aj Department of Psychology , University of Konstanz , Konstanz , Germany
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Fennis BM, Andreassen TW, Lervik-Olsen L. Behavioral Disinhibition Can Foster Intentions to Healthy Lifestyle Change by Overcoming Commitment to Past Behavior. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142489. [PMID: 26559409 PMCID: PMC4641622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To curb the trend towards obesity and unhealthy living, people may need to change their entire lifestyle to a healthier alternative, something that is frequently perceived to be problematic. The present research, using a large, representative community sample, hypothesized and found that a key factor responsible for why people do not intend to change lifestyles is a sense of commitment to past behavior. However we also found that the contribution of commitment was attenuated for individuals with a stronger tendency for behavioral disinhibition thus underscoring the “bright side” of this individual difference characteristic that traditionally has been mainly associated with impulsive and indulging behavior. Overall, the present findings add to our understanding of factors inhibiting and promoting healthy behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob M. Fennis
- University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Line Lervik-Olsen
- BI, Norwegian Business School & Center for Service Innovation (CSI), Oslo, Norway
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