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Haghdoost M, Peters EN, Roberts M, Bonn-Miller MO. Tetrahydrocannabivarin is Not Tetrahydrocannabinol. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024. [PMID: 38995871 DOI: 10.1089/can.2024.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) is a phytocannabinoid that is becoming popular across the North American cannabis market. THCV has been reported to reduce blood sugar and act as an appetite suppressant in several independent pre-clinical studies, which has earned it the popular nickname of "diet weed," despite few human studies of these effects. Additionally, THCV is usually and incorrectly categorized as an intoxicating analogue of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which causes confusion among both consumers and regulators. In this article, we examine what is known pre-clinically and clinically about THCV, as well as highlight mechanisms of action, in order to clarify the scientific differences between THCV and THC. THCV, although structurally similar to THC, has distinct pharmacological activity and physiological effects at the doses currently reported in the literature. We highlight areas of opportunity for further THCV research in order to determine the full and appropriate potential for unique health, wellness, and therapeutic applications of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica N Peters
- Emerald Mountain Consulting, LLC, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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2
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Intranuovo F, Majellaro M, Mastropasqua F, Delre P, Abatematteo FS, Mangiatordi GF, Stefanachi A, Brea J, Loza MI, Riganti C, Ligresti A, Kumar P, Esposito D, Cristino L, Nicois A, González L, Perrone MG, Colabufo NA, Sotelo E, Abate C, Contino M. N-Adamantyl-1-alkyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide Derivatives as Fluorescent Probes to Detect Microglia Activation through the Imaging of Cannabinoid Receptor Subtype 2 (CB2R). J Med Chem 2024; 67:11003-11023. [PMID: 38937147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor subtype 2 (CB2R) is emerging as a pivotal biomarker to identify the first steps of inflammation-based diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration. There is an urgent need to find specific probes that may result in green and safe alternatives to the commonly used radiative technologies, to deepen the knowledge of the CB2R pathways impacting the onset of the above-mentioned pathologies. Therefore, based on one of the CB2R pharmacophores, we developed a class of fluorescent N-adamantyl-1-alkyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide derivatives spanning from the green to the near-infrared (NIR) regions of the light spectrum. Among the synthesized fluorescent ligands, the green-emitting compound 55 exhibited a favorable binding profile (strong CB2R affinity and high selectivity). Notably, this ligand demonstrated versatility as its use was validated in different experimental settings such as flow cytometry saturation, competitive fluorescence assays, and in vitro microglia cells mimicking inflammation states where CB2R are overexpressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Intranuovo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Majellaro
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago, Spain
- Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francesco Mastropasqua
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Delre
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council of Italy, Via Amendola, 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Serena Abatematteo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Angela Stefanachi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Josè Brea
- Innopharma Screening Platform, BioFarma Research Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology. School of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Loza
- Innopharma Screening Platform, BioFarma Research Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology. School of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Dipartimento di Oncologia, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Poulami Kumar
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Daniela Esposito
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Luigia Cristino
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Alessandro Nicois
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Lucía González
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago, Spain
- Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Grazia Perrone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Antonio Colabufo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Eddy Sotelo
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago, Spain
- Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Abate
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Marialessandra Contino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Baddenhausen S, Lutz B, Hofmann C. Cannabinoid type-1 receptor signaling in dopaminergic Engrailed-1 expressing neurons modulates motivation and depressive-like behavior. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1379889. [PMID: 38660383 PMCID: PMC11042029 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1379889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system comprises highly versatile signaling functions within the nervous system. It is reported to modulate the release of several neurotransmitters, consequently affecting the activity of neuronal circuits. Investigations have highlighted its roles in numerous processes, including appetite-stimulating characteristics, particularly for palatable food. Moreover, endocannabinoids are shown to fine-tune dopamine-signaled processes governing motivated behavior. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that excitatory and inhibitory inputs controlled by the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) regulate dopaminergic neurons in the mesocorticolimbic pathway. In the present study, we show that mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) express CB1, and we investigated the consequences of specific deletion of CB1 in cells expressing the transcription factor Engrailed-1 (En1). To this end, we validated a new genetic mouse line EN1-CB1-KO, which displays a CB1 knockout in mesDA neurons beginning from their differentiation, as a tool to elucidate the functional contribution of CB1 in mesDA neurons. We revealed that EN1-CB1-KO mice display a significantly increased immobility time and shortened latency to the first immobility in the forced swim test of adult mice. Moreover, the maximal effort exerted to obtain access to chocolate-flavored pellets was significantly reduced under a progressive ratio schedule. In contrast, these mice do not differ in motor skills, anhedonia- or anxiety-like behavior compared to wild-type littermates. Taken together, these findings suggest a depressive-like or despair behavior in an inevitable situation and a lack of motivation to seek palatable food in EN1-CB1-KO mice, leading us to propose that CB1 plays an important role in the physiological functions of mesDA neurons. In particular, our data suggest that CB1 directly modifies the mesocorticolimbic pathway implicated in depressive-like/despair behavior and motivation. In contrast, the nigrostriatal pathway controlling voluntary movement seems to be unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Baddenhausen
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
| | - Clementine Hofmann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Jung KM, Lin L, Piomelli D. Overactivation of the Endocannabinoid System in Adolescence Disrupts Adult Adipose Organ Function in Mice. Cells 2024; 13:461. [PMID: 38474425 PMCID: PMC10930932 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabis use stimulates calorie intake, but epidemiological studies show that people who regularly use it are leaner than those who don't. Two explanations have been proposed for this paradoxical finding. One posits that Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in cannabis desensitizes adipose CB1 cannabinoid receptors, stopping their stimulating effects on lipogenesis and adipogenesis. Another explanation is that THC exposure in adolescence, when habitual cannabis use typically starts, produces lasting changes in the developing adipose organ, which impacts adult systemic energy use. Here, we consider these possibilities in the light of a study which showed that daily THC administration in adolescent mice produces an adult metabolic phenotype characterized by reduced fat mass, partial resistance to obesity and dyslipidemia, and impaired thermogenesis and lipolysis. The phenotype, whose development requires activation of CB1 receptors in differentiated adipocytes, is associated with overexpression of myocyte proteins in the adipose organ with unchanged CB1 expression. We propose that adolescent exposure to THC causes lasting adipocyte dysfunction and the consequent emergence of a metabolic state that only superficially resembles healthy leanness. A corollary of this hypothesis, which should be addressed in future studies, is that CB1 receptors and their endocannabinoid ligands may contribute to the maintenance of adipocyte differentiation during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Mook Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (K.-M.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (K.-M.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (K.-M.J.); (L.L.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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5
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Miller-Matero LR, Ross K, Arellano C, Zelenak L, DePascale E, Gavrilova L, Braciszewski JM, Hecht LM, Haley EN, Brescacin C, Carlin AM. Cannabis use following bariatric surgery is associated with anxiety and maladaptive eating. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2024; 20:91-97. [PMID: 37863791 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data regarding the association of cannabis use with outcomes after bariatric surgery. As such, it is challenging to know how to counsel patients using cannabis. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine whether postsurgical cannabis use was associated with psychiatric symptoms and maladaptive eating among individuals up to 4 years after bariatric surgery. SETTING Single health system. METHODS All patients who underwent bariatric surgery over a 4-year period were invited to participate. Participants (N = 765) completed questionnaires online regarding postsurgical cannabis use, psychiatric symptoms, and maladaptive eating. RESULTS Any cannabis use after bariatric surgery was associated with increased likelihood of having elevated symptoms of anxiety (odds ratio [OR] = 1.88, P = .003; 37.8% versus 24.4%), increased likelihood of grazing behaviors (OR = 1.77, P = .01; 71.2% versus 58.2%), and higher scores for eating in response to depression (P = .01; 12.13 versus 10.75). Weekly cannabis use was associated with loss of control eating (OR = 1.81, P = .04; 37.2% versus 24.7%), binge eating (OR = 2.16, P = .03; 20.0% versus 10.4%), and night eating behaviors (OR = 2.11, P = .01; 40.0% versus 24.0%). Cannabis use was not associated with depression (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Cannabis use after bariatric surgery was associated with anxiety symptoms and engaging in maladaptive eating behaviors. Frequent cannabis use (i.e., ≥1 per week) was associated with additional types of maladaptive eating. Clinicians involved in presurgical and postsurgical care may want to counsel patients currently using cannabis, especially those who are engaging in frequent use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Miller-Matero
- Henry Ford Health, Behavioral Health, Detroit, Michigan; Henry Ford Health, Center for Health Policy & Health Services Research, Detroit, Michigan.
| | - Kaitlin Ross
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Camila Arellano
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Logan Zelenak
- Henry Ford Health, Center for Health Policy & Health Services Research, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Eve DePascale
- Henry Ford Health, Behavioral Health, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Lyubov Gavrilova
- Henry Ford Health, Center for Health Policy & Health Services Research, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jordan M Braciszewski
- Henry Ford Health, Behavioral Health, Detroit, Michigan; Henry Ford Health, Center for Health Policy & Health Services Research, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Leah M Hecht
- Henry Ford Health, Center for Health Policy & Health Services Research, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Erin N Haley
- Henry Ford Health, Behavioral Health, Detroit, Michigan; Henry Ford Health, Center for Health Policy & Health Services Research, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Carly Brescacin
- Henry Ford Health, Behavioral Health, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Arthur M Carlin
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan
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6
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Barbonetti A, Rastrelli G, Sparano C, Castellini C, Vignozzi L, Maggi M, Corona G. Is marijuana a foe of male sexuality? Data from a large cohort of men with sexual dysfunction. Andrology 2024; 12:9-19. [PMID: 36617843 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it has been assumed that chronic cannabis use may have an unfavorable impact on male sexual function and its metabolic correlates, evidence from clinical studies remains inconclusive. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between cannabis use and sexual behavior, anthropometrics and metabolic/vascular profiles in a large series of men evaluated for sexual dysfunction. METHODS A total of 4800 men (mean age 50.8 years) attending an andrology outpatient clinic for sexual dysfunction were studied. Sexual symptoms, hormonal, metabolic, and instrumental (penile color Doppler ultrasound, PCDU) parameters were evaluated according to the reported habitual use of recreational substances (no use, 1-2 joints/week, >2 joints/week, and use of illicit drugs other than cannabis). RESULTS When compared with non-users, cannabis users were younger and exhibited a lower prevalence of comorbidities as well as better PCDU parameters, despite reporting higher alcohol and tobacco consumption. After adjustment for confounders, cannabis use was associated with a greater instability in the couple's relationship and a higher frequency of masturbation. In addition, the group smoking >2 joints/week showed a significantly lower body mass index than both controls and users of substances other than cannabis. Men who reported using recreational drugs (either cannabis or other) exhibited significantly lower levels of both total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than non-users. At the PCDU, smoking 1-2 joints/week was associated with significantly higher dynamic peak systolic velocity than both non-drug use and use of >2 joints/week. Prolactin levels were significantly higher in individuals smoking 1-2 joints/week and in those who used substances other than cannabis when compared with controls, whereas no difference in total testosterone levels was observed. DISCUSSION In men with sexual dysfunction, mild cannabis consumption may be associated with a more favorable anthropometric and lipid profile and with a better penile arterial vascular response to intracavernous prostaglandin injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arcangelo Barbonetti
- Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giulia Rastrelli
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, - Careggi Teaching Hospital, Mario Serio Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Clotilde Sparano
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, - Careggi Teaching Hospital, Mario Serio Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Castellini
- Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Linda Vignozzi
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, - Careggi Teaching Hospital, Mario Serio Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Maggi
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, - Careggi Teaching Hospital, Mario Serio Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, Careggi Teaching Hospital, Mario Serio Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Mousavi SE, Tondro Anamag F, Sanaie S. Association between cannabis use and risk of diabetes mellitus type 2: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res 2023; 37:5092-5108. [PMID: 37526051 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis consumption exerts multiple effects on metabolism via various pathways, including glucose regulation and insulin secretion. Studies concerning the association between cannabis use and diabetes mellitus type 2 are discrepant. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to evaluate the association between cannabis use and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). SEARCH METHODS We searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Proquest, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library with no time, language or study types restriction until July 1, 2022, using various forms of "cannabis" and "diabetes mellitus" search terms. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized control trials, cohort, and case-control studies investigating the relationship between cannabis consumption and diabetes mellitus type 2 were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of studies. We pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) using the random-effects model, generic inverse variance method, DerSimonian and Laird approach. MAIN RESULTS A meta-analysis of seven studies, containing 11 surveys and 4 cohorts, revealed that the odds of developing T2DM in individuals exposed to cannabis was 0.48 times (95% CI: 0.39 to 0.59) lower than in those without cannabis exposure. CONCLUSIONS A protective effect of cannabis consumption on the odds of diabetes mellitus type 2 development has been suggested. Yet given the considerable interstudy heterogeneity, the upward trend of cannabis consumption and cannabis legalization is recommended to conduct studies with higher levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ehsan Mousavi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Tondro Anamag
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sarvin Sanaie
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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8
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Creanga-Murariu I, Filipiuc LE, Cuciureanu M, Tamba BI, Alexa-Stratulat T. Should oncologists trust cannabinoids? Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1211506. [PMID: 37521486 PMCID: PMC10373070 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1211506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis enjoyed a "golden age" as a medicinal product in the late 19th, early 20th century, but the increased risk of overdose and abuse led to its criminalization. However, the 21st century have witnessed a resurgence of interest and a large body of literature regarding the benefits of cannabinoids have emerged. As legalization and decriminalization have spread around the world, cancer patients are increasingly interested in the potential utility of cannabinoids. Although eager to discuss cannabis use with their oncologist, patients often find them to be reluctant, mainly because clinicians are still not convinced by the existing evidence-based data to guide their treatment plans. Physicians should prescribe cannabis only if a careful explanation can be provided and follow up response evaluation ensured, making it mandatory for them to be up to date with the positive and also negative aspects of the cannabis in the case of cancer patients. Consequently, this article aims to bring some clarifications to clinicians regarding the sometimes-confusing various nomenclature under which this plant is mentioned, current legislation and the existing evidence (both preclinical and clinical) for the utility of cannabinoids in cancer patients, for either palliation of the associated symptoms or even the potential antitumor effects that cannabinoids may have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Creanga-Murariu
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași, Romania
- Oncology Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași, Romania
| | - Leontina Elena Filipiuc
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași, Romania
| | - Magda Cuciureanu
- Pharmacology Department, Clinical Pharmacology and Algesiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași, Romania
| | - Bogdan-Ionel Tamba
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași, Romania
- Pharmacology Department, Clinical Pharmacology and Algesiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași, Romania
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López-Gil JF, Smith L, Gaya AR, Victoria-Montesinos D, Gutiérrez-Espinoza H, Herrera-Gutiérrez E, García-Hermoso A. The moderating role of recreational substance use in the association of Mediterranean diet with academic performance among adolescents. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10816. [PMID: 37402752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37529-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
No study has examined the potential moderating role of recreational substance use in the relationship between the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and academic performance. The aim of this study was to test the potential moderating role of recreational substance use (i.e., alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis) in the association of adherence to the MedDiet with academic performance among adolescents. This cross-sectional study included a sample of 757 adolescents (55.6% girls) aged 12-17 years from the Valle de Ricote (Region of Murcia). The Region of Murcia is an autonomous community of Spain located in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula, along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Adherence to the MedDiet was assessed by the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for Children and Teenagers (KIDMED). Recreational substance use (i.e., tobacco, alcohol, cannabis) was self-reported by adolescents. Academic performance was assessed by the school records at the end of the academic year. The relationship between adherence to the MedDiet and academic performance was moderated by both tobacco and alcohol use (for grade point average and all school records). In conclusion, higher adherence to the MedDiet was related to greater academic performance in adolescents, but recreational substance use could moderate this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco López-Gil
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- One Health Research Group, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Lee Smith
- Centre for Health, Performance and Wellbeing, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anelise Reis Gaya
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Post-Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eva Herrera-Gutiérrez
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Espinardo Campus, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio García-Hermoso
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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10
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Samuel S, Michael M, Tadros M. Should gastroenterologists prescribe cannabis? The highs, the lows and the unknowns. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:4210-4230. [PMID: 37449231 PMCID: PMC10336994 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i18.4210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis, commonly known as marijuana, is a drug extracted from the Cannabis plant known for its psychotropic and medicinal properties. It has been used for healing purposes during ancient times, although its psychoactive components led to its restricted use in medicine. Nonetheless, cannabis is found to have modulatory effects on the endocannabinoid system exhibiting its medicinal role in the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Emerging animal and human studies demonstrate the influential effects of cannabis on a variety of GI diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, motility disorders and GI malignancies. It also has a regulatory role in GI symptoms including nausea and vomiting, anorexia, weight gain, abdominal pain, among others. However, both its acute and chronic use can lead to undesirable side effects such as dependency and addiction, cognitive impairment and cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. We will discuss the role of cannabis in the GI system as well as dosing strategies to help guide gastroenterologists to assess its efficacy and provide patient counseling before prescription of medical marijuana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Samuel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, United States
| | - Mark Michael
- Department of Internal Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, United States
| | - Micheal Tadros
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, United States
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Miller-Matero LR, Ross K, DePascale E, Arellano C, Zelenak L, Braciszewski JM, Hecht LM, Haley EN, Loree AM, Carlin AM. Post-surgical cannabis use is associated with weight loss among individuals up to 4 years after bariatric surgery. Surg Endosc 2023:10.1007/s00464-023-10126-6. [PMID: 37202524 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-023-10126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although cannabis is known to stimulate appetite, it is not clear whether cannabis use may impact weight loss outcomes following bariatric surgery. Although some work has suggested that pre-surgical cannabis use is not associated with post-surgical weight loss, the role of post-surgical cannabis use has not yet been examined. The purpose of this study was to measure pre- and post-surgical cannabis use and determine whether cannabis use was associated with weight loss outcomes following bariatric surgery. METHODS Patients who underwent bariatric surgery over a 4-year period at a single health care system were invited to complete a survey regarding pre- and post-surgical cannabis use and report their current weight. Pre-surgical weight and BMI were extracted from medical records to calculate change in BMI (ΔBMI), percent total weight loss (%TWL), percent excess weight loss (%EWL), whether participants experienced a successful weight loss outcome, and whether participants had weight recurrence. RESULTS Among all participants (N = 759), 10.7% and 14.5% engaged in pre- and post-surgical cannabis use, respectively. Pre-surgical cannabis use was not associated with any weight loss outcomes (p > 0.05). Any post-surgical cannabis use was associated with lower %EWL (p = 0.04) and greater likelihood of weight recurrence (p = 0.04). Weekly cannabis use was associated with lower %EWL (p = 0.003), lower %TWL (p = 0.04), and a lower likelihood of having a successful weight loss outcome (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Although pre-surgical cannabis use may not predict weight loss outcomes, post-surgical cannabis was associated with poorer weight loss outcomes. Frequent use (i.e., weekly) may be especially problematic. Providers should consider screening patients for cannabis use and educate them about the potential impact of postoperative cannabis use on weight loss following bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Miller-Matero
- Behavioral Health, Henry Ford Health, 1 Ford Place, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
- Center for Health Policy & Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health, 1 Ford Place, 5E, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Kaitlin Ross
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Eve DePascale
- Behavioral Health, Henry Ford Health, 1 Ford Place, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | | | - Logan Zelenak
- Center for Health Policy & Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health, 1 Ford Place, 5E, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Jordan M Braciszewski
- Behavioral Health, Henry Ford Health, 1 Ford Place, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Center for Health Policy & Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health, 1 Ford Place, 5E, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Leah M Hecht
- Center for Health Policy & Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health, 1 Ford Place, 5E, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Erin N Haley
- Behavioral Health, Henry Ford Health, 1 Ford Place, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Center for Health Policy & Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health, 1 Ford Place, 5E, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Amy M Loree
- Center for Health Policy & Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health, 1 Ford Place, 5E, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Arthur M Carlin
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, USA
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12
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Munteanu C, Schwartz B. The Effect of Bioactive Aliment Compounds and Micronutrients on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040903. [PMID: 37107278 PMCID: PMC10136128 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current review, we focused on identifying aliment compounds and micronutrients, as well as addressed promising bioactive nutrients that may interfere with NAFLD advance and ultimately affect this disease progress. In this regard, we targeted: 1. Potential bioactive nutrients that may interfere with NAFLD, specifically dark chocolate, cocoa butter, and peanut butter which may be involved in decreasing cholesterol concentrations. 2. The role of sweeteners used in coffee and other frequent beverages; in this sense, stevia has proven to be adequate for improving carbohydrate metabolism, liver steatosis, and liver fibrosis. 3. Additional compounds were shown to exert a beneficial action on NAFLD, namely glutathione, soy lecithin, silymarin, Aquamin, and cannabinoids which were shown to lower the serum concentration of triglycerides. 4. The effects of micronutrients, especially vitamins, on NAFLD. Even if most studies demonstrate the beneficial role of vitamins in this pathology, there are exceptions. 5. We provide information regarding the modulation of the activity of some enzymes related to NAFLD and their effect on this disease. We conclude that NAFLD can be prevented or improved by different factors through their involvement in the signaling, genetic, and biochemical pathways that underlie NAFLD. Therefore, exposing this vast knowledge to the public is particularly important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia Munteanu
- Department of Plant Culture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Betty Schwartz
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The School of Nutritional Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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13
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Lafourcade CA, Sparks FT, Bordey A, Wyneken U, Mohammadi MH. Cannabinoid regulation of neurons in the dentate gyrus during epileptogenesis: Role of CB1R-associated proteins and downstream pathways. Epilepsia 2023. [PMID: 36869624 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampal formation plays a central role in the development of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), a disease characterized by recurrent, unprovoked epileptic discharges. TLE is a neurologic disorder characterized by acute long-lasting seizures (i.e., abnormal electrical activity in the brain) or seizures that occur in close proximity without recovery, typically after a brain injury or status epilepticus. After status epilepticus, epileptogenic hyperexcitability develops gradually over the following months to years, resulting in the emergence of chronic, recurrent seizures. Acting as a filter or gate, the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) normally prevents excessive excitation from propagating through the hippocampus, and is considered a critical region in the progression of epileptogenesis in pathological conditions. Importantly, lipid-derived endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids), which are produced on demand as retrograde messengers, are central regulators of neuronal activity in the DG circuit. In this review, we summarize recent findings concerning the role of the DG in controlling hyperexcitability and propose how DG regulation by cannabinoids (CBs) could provide avenues for therapeutic interventions. We also highlight possible pathways and manipulations that could be relevant for the control of hyperexcitation. The use of CB compounds to treat epilepsies is controversial, as anecdotal evidence is not always validated by clinical trials. Recent publications shed light on the importance of the DG as a region regulating incoming hippocampal excitability during epileptogenesis. We review recent findings concerning the modulation of the hippocampal DG circuitry by CBs and discuss putative underlying pathways. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which CBs exert their action during seizures may be useful to improve therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Lafourcade
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fraser T Sparks
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Current: Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Angelique Bordey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ursula Wyneken
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago, Chile
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14
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Huang EY, Broderick RC, Li JZ, Serra JL, Ahuja P, Wu S, Genz M, Grunvald E, Kunkel DC, Sandler BJ, Horgan S, Jacobsen GR. Weight loss outcomes are not compromised in bariatric patients using cannabis. Surg Endosc 2023; 37:2194-2201. [PMID: 35861881 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-022-09453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The legalization of cannabis in several states has led to increased documented use in the population. Bariatric surgery patients are no exception with estimates of anywhere from 6 to 8%. Cannabis is known to be associated with increased appetite, mood disorders, hyperphagia, and rarely, hyperemesis, which can potentially affect post-surgical weight loss. We aim to study the differences in bariatric surgery outcomes between cannabis users and non-users. METHODS A retrospective review identified patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Patients were divided into two groups, cannabis users (CU) and non-cannabis users (non-CU). Cannabis users (defined as using at least once weekly) and a group of non-users were called to obtain additional information. Primary outcome was weight loss. Secondary outcomes included incidence of post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV), length of stay (LOS), readmission, and need for additional intervention. RESULTS A cohort of 364 sleeve gastrectomy patients met inclusion criteria, 31 (8.5%) CU and 333 (91.5%) non-CU. There was no difference in EWL between CU and non-CU at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 1 year, and 2 years. However, the CU group trended towards greater EWL at 3 years (52.9% vs. 38.1%, p = 0.094) and at 5 years (49.8% vs. 32.7%, p = 0.068). There were no significant differences between CU and non-CU with respect to either incidence or severity of PONV at one year after surgery or longer follow-up. CONCLUSION Cannabis users did not experience inferior weight loss after bariatric surgery despite common assumptions that appetite stimulation can lead to suboptimal weight loss outcomes. Our findings add to other work challenging this dogma. Larger, long-term, multicenter studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estella Y Huang
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Center for the Future of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MET Building 845, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0740, USA.
| | - Ryan C Broderick
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Center for the Future of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MET Building 845, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0740, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Center for the Future of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MET Building 845, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0740, USA
| | - Joaquin L Serra
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Center for the Future of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MET Building 845, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0740, USA
| | - Pranav Ahuja
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Center for the Future of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MET Building 845, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0740, USA
| | - Samantha Wu
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Center for the Future of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MET Building 845, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0740, USA
| | - Michael Genz
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Center for the Future of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MET Building 845, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0740, USA
| | - Eduardo Grunvald
- Division of General Internal Medicine, UCSD Bariatric and Metabolic Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David C Kunkel
- Division of Gastroenterology, GI Motility & Physiology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bryan J Sandler
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Center for the Future of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MET Building 845, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0740, USA
| | - Santiago Horgan
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Center for the Future of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MET Building 845, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0740, USA
| | - Garth R Jacobsen
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Center for the Future of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MET Building 845, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0740, USA
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15
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Silva JP, Carvalho F. El uso terapéutico del cannabis y los cannabinoides. REVISTA ESPAÑOLA DE DROGODEPENDENCIAS 2022; 47:103-122. [DOI: 10.54108/10031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Los cannabinoides se dirigen principalmente al sistema endocannabinoide (ECS), que surge
como un objetivo terapéutico potencialmente interesante debido a su importante papel en la
modulación de procesos biológicos clave en todo el organismo. Como tal, los cannabinoides
ya se han propuesto como, por ejemplo, antieméticos, agentes antiespásticos, estimulantes del
apetito, antiepilépticos, analgésicos, depresores de la presión intraocular o como agentes para
controlar los trastornos del movimiento en el síndrome de Tourette.
Aquí revisamos las pruebas de investigación disponibles sobre el uso del cannabis y los cannabinoides
para un conjunto de aplicaciones terapéuticas sugeridas, y abordamos algunos de los
riesgos a corto y largo plazo que se han correlacionado con el uso de estas sustancias.
Encontramos escasas pruebas científicas que apoyen el uso de productos basados en el cannabis
para la mayoría de las aplicaciones sugeridas, así como ninguna necesidad médica no satisfecha
que no esté ya abordada por los medicamentos existentes (algunos basados en cannabinoides)
en el mercado. En este escenario, los riesgos potenciales asociados al uso crónico de estas sustancias
pueden disuadir su uso médico.
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16
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Acute Ischemic Stroke Among Cannabis Users in the United States and Possible Risk Factors for Mortality. Neurologist 2022:00127893-990000000-00048. [DOI: 10.1097/nrl.0000000000000474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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March RJ, Rayamajhee V, Furton GL. Cloudy with a chance of munchies: Assessing the impact of recreational marijuana legalization on obesity. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2022; 31:2609-2629. [PMID: 36073115 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Obesity in the US arguably constitutes the most significant health epidemic over the past century. Recent legislative changes allowing for recreational marijuana use further create a need to better understand the relationship between marijuana use and health choices, leading to obesity. We examine this relationship by using a synthetic control approach to examine the impact of legalized recreational marijuana access on obesity rates by comparing Washington State to a synthetically constructed counterfactual. We find that recreational marijuana's introduction did not lead to increased obesity rates and may have led to decreases in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond J March
- Center for the Study of Public Choice and Private Enterprise, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Veeshan Rayamajhee
- Center for the Study of Public Choice and Private Enterprise, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
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18
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Augustin SM, Lovinger DM. Synaptic changes induced by cannabinoid drugs and cannabis use disorder. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 167:105670. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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19
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Razmovski-Naumovski V, Luckett T, Amgarth-Duff I, Agar MR. Efficacy of medicinal cannabis for appetite-related symptoms in people with cancer: A systematic review. Palliat Med 2022; 36:912-927. [PMID: 35360989 DOI: 10.1177/02692163221083437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorexia (loss of appetite) is a prevalent and distressing symptom in people with cancer, with limited effective interventions. Medicinal cannabis has shown promise in improving appetite-related symptoms in people with cancer. AIM To assess the efficacy of medicinal cannabis for improving appetite-related symptoms in people with cancer, considering measures and outcomes, interventions and toxicity. DESIGN Systematic review with narrative approach to synthesis and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, CENTRAL), websites and trials registries were searched from inception to February 2021. Included studies were randomised controlled trials (RCT) in English peer-reviewed journals comparing medicinal cannabis with placebo and/or another intervention. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. RESULTS Five studies were included that compared medicinal cannabis interventions (dronabinol, nabilone and cannabis extract) either with placebo (n = 4) or megestrol acetate (n = 1). Measures and trial endpoints varied, but efficacy was demonstrated in one trial only, in which dronabinol significantly improved chemosensory perception and other secondary outcomes (taste of food, premeal appetite, proportion of calories consumed as protein) compared with placebo. Cannabis interventions were generally well tolerated across studies, regardless of the product or dose, although the comprehensive measurement of toxicities was limited. CONCLUSION Evidence from RCTs that medicinal cannabis increases appetite in people with cancer is limited. Measures, outcomes and interventions were variable, and toxicities have not been comprehensively evaluated. Future research should carefully consider biological mechanisms to guide more nuanced selection of endpoints and interventions, including product, dose and administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Razmovski-Naumovski
- South West Sydney Clinical Campuses, School of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,IMPACCT - Improving Palliative, Aged and Chronic Care Through Clinical Research and Translation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), NSW, Australia
| | - Tim Luckett
- IMPACCT - Improving Palliative, Aged and Chronic Care Through Clinical Research and Translation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), NSW, Australia
| | - Ingrid Amgarth-Duff
- IMPACCT - Improving Palliative, Aged and Chronic Care Through Clinical Research and Translation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), NSW, Australia
| | - Meera R Agar
- South West Sydney Clinical Campuses, School of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,IMPACCT - Improving Palliative, Aged and Chronic Care Through Clinical Research and Translation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), NSW, Australia.,South West Sydney Local Health District (SWSLHD), Sydney, NSW, Australia
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20
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Gupta H, Gupta S, Rozatkar AR. Magnitude of Substance Use and Its Associated Factors Among the Medical Students in India and Implications for Medical Education: A Narrative Review. Indian J Psychol Med 2022; 44:218-226. [PMID: 35656413 PMCID: PMC9125464 DOI: 10.1177/02537176211032366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical students are at an increased risk of developing substance use and related problems (SURP) because of the inherent stress associated with the professional medical course apart from the developmental risk factors. However, this is under-researched. Moreover, a comprehensive review on the prevalence of SURP among the medical undergraduates (UGs) and associated factors is lacking from India. To fill this gap, the current research work is aimed to review the existing literature on the magnitude of the SURP among UGs of India and its determinants. METHODS PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar databases were searched for the original articles studying the prevalence of SURP among medical UGs of India, published from inception till date. Non-original articles, studies on behavioral addictions, and those not directly assessing the prevalence of SURP among the medical UGs were excluded. RESULTS A total of 39 studies were found eligible for the review. Alcohol (current use: 3.2%-43.8%), followed by tobacco (3.7%-28.8%) and cannabis (1.6%-15%), were the common substances used by the medical students. Among the females, an increasing trend of substance use, particularly of nonprescription sedatives (even higher than males), alcohol, and smoking, was seen. Family history, peer pressure, transition from school to college life, and progression in the medical course were important associated factors. CONCLUSION Sensitizing medical students and college authorities, increasing the duration of training on SURP in medical curricula, and providing psychological support for the students with SURP could address this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himank Gupta
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462020, India
| | - Snehil Gupta
- Dept. of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462020, India
| | - Abhijit R Rozatkar
- Dept. of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462020, India
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21
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Simon L, Baldwin C, Kalea AZ, Slee A. Cannabinoid interventions for improving cachexia outcomes in cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:23-41. [PMID: 34881518 PMCID: PMC8818598 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) is a wasting syndrome characterized by involuntary weight loss and anorexia. Clear definition and diagnostic criteria for CAC are lacking, which makes it difficult to estimate its prevalence, to interpret research and to compare studies. There is no standard treatment to manage CAC, but previous studies support the use of cannabinoids for cachexia in other chronic diseases including HIV and multiple sclerosis. However, only a few randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and one meta-analysis of this intervention in cancer populations are available. Non-randomized studies of interventions (NRSIs) are often excluded from reviews due to variable methodology and potential for biases. This review aimed to consider NRSIs alongside RCTs to provide a complete summary of the available evidence that clinical decision makers could use in future investigations. Literature searches were conducted using three databases for relevant RCTs or NRSIs according to Cochrane methodology. Abstract and full texts of retrieved manuscripts were selected and retrieved by two investigators based on the PRISMA-A guidelines, and risk of bias and quality of evidence assessments were performed. Outcome data on weight, appetite, quality of life, performance status, adverse effects, and mortality were combined by narrative synthesis and meta-analysis where possible. Ten studies were included, four of which were RCTs and six NRSIs matching the eligibility criteria. Very low-quality evidence from meta-analysis suggested no significant benefits of cannabinoids for appetite compared with control (standardized mean difference: -0.02; 95% confidence interval: -0.51, 0.46; P = 0.93). Patient-reported observations from NRSIs suggested improvements in appetite. Another meta-analysis of moderate quality evidence showed that cannabinoids were significantly less efficient than active or inactive control on quality of life (standardized mean difference: -0.25; 95% confidence interval: -0.43, -0.07; P = 0.007). The effectiveness of cannabinoids alone to improve outcomes of CAC remains unclear. Low-quality evidence from both RCTs and NRSIs shows no significant benefits of cannabinoids for weight gain, appetite stimulation, and better quality of life, three important outcomes of cachexia. Higher quality research integrating cannabinoids into multi-modal therapies may offer better opportunities for developing CAC-specific treatments. This review also highlights that findings from non-randomized studies of interventions (NRSIs) can provide evidence of the effects of an intervention and advocate for the feasibility of larger RCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Simon
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christine Baldwin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anastasia Z Kalea
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.,Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adrian Slee
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
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22
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Busetto L, Bettini S, Makaronidis J, Roberts CA, Halford JCG, Batterham RL. Mechanisms of weight regain. Eur J Intern Med 2021; 93:3-7. [PMID: 33461826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Weight regain following weight loss is frequent problem that people with obesity face. This weight recidivism is often attributed to the lack of compliance with appropriate food habits and exercise. On the contrary, it is known that body weight and fat mass are regulated by numerous physiological mechanisms, far beyond voluntary food intake and physical exercise. Thus, the aim of this paper is to review the main peripheral and central mechanisms involved in weight regain. Gut hormone secretion profiles impact upon predisposition to weight regain according to an individual variability, although it is recognised a usual pattern of compensatory changes: a reduction in anorectic hormones secretion and an increase in orexigenic hormone. These changes lead to both increased appetite and reward value of food leading to increased energye intake. In addition, resting energy expenditure after weight loss is lower than expected according to body composition changes. This gap between observed and predicted energy expenditure following weight loss is named metabolic adaptation, which has been suggested to explain partly weight regain. This complicated scenario, beyond patient motivation, makes weight regain a challenge in long-term management interventions in patients with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Busetto
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Bettini
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Janine Makaronidis
- Centre for Obesity Research, Division of Medicine, Rayne Building, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom; Bariatric Centre for Weight Managemetn and Metabolic Surgery, University College London Hospital (UCLH), London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Health Research, UCLH Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carl A Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jason C G Halford
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel L Batterham
- Centre for Obesity Research, Division of Medicine, Rayne Building, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom; Bariatric Centre for Weight Managemetn and Metabolic Surgery, University College London Hospital (UCLH), London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Health Research, UCLH Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Striatal Dopamine Transporter Availability Is Not Associated with Food Craving in Lean and Obese Humans; a Molecular Imaging Study. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111428. [PMID: 34827426 PMCID: PMC8615750 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain dopamine signaling is essential for the motivation to eat, and obesity is associated with altered dopaminergic signaling and increased food craving. We used molecular neuroimaging to explore whether striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability is associated with craving as measured with the General Food Craving Questionnaire-Trait (G-FCQ-T). We here show that humans with obesity (n = 34) experienced significantly more craving for food compared with lean subjects (n = 32), but food craving did not correlate significantly with striatal DAT availability as assessed with 123I-FP-CIT single-photon emission computed tomography. We conclude that food craving is increased in obesity, but the scores for food craving are not related to changes in striatal DAT availability.
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de Ceglia M, Decara J, Gaetani S, Rodríguez de Fonseca F. Obesity as a Condition Determined by Food Addiction: Should Brain Endocannabinoid System Alterations Be the Cause and Its Modulation the Solution? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14101002. [PMID: 34681224 PMCID: PMC8538206 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disorder, and the number of people affected is growing every day. In recent years, research has confirmed the hypothesis that food addiction is a determining factor in obesity. Food addiction is a behavioral disorder characterized by disruptions in the reward system in response to hedonic eating. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays an important role in the central and peripheral control of food intake and reward-related behaviors. Moreover, both obesity and food addiction have been linked to impairments in the ECS function in various brain regions integrating peripheral metabolic signals and modulating appetite. For these reasons, targeting the ECS could be a valid pharmacological therapy for these pathologies. However, targeting the cannabinoid receptors with inverse agonists failed when used in clinical contexts as a consequence of the induction of affective disorders. In this context, new classes of drugs acting either on CB1 and/or CB2 receptors or on synthetic and degradation enzymes of endogenous cannabinoids are being studied. However, further investigation is necessary to find safe and effective treatments that can exert anti-obesity effects, normalizing reward-related behaviors without causing important adverse mood effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa de Ceglia
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.d.C.); (F.R.d.F.)
| | - Juan Decara
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.d.C.); (F.R.d.F.)
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Turcott JG, Zatarain-Barrón ZL, Cárdenas Fernández D, Castañares Bolaños DT, Arrieta O. Appetite stimulants for patients with cancer: current evidence for clinical practice. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:857-873. [PMID: 34389868 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of neoplastic diseases has increased worldwide, with an estimated global burden of 19.3 million incident cases and 10 million deaths in 2020-a considerable increase compared with 9.6 million deaths in 2018. One of the most prevalent problems faced by patients with cancer and their physicians is malnutrition. It is estimated that patients with cancer have important nutritional alterations in 25% to 70% of cases, which directly affects many spheres of patient care and well-being, including quality of life, treatment toxicity, and survival outcomes. Despite the overwhelming need to address this pressing issue, current evidence in terms of pharmacologic interventions for cancer-related anorexia remains inconclusive, and there is no current standard of care for patients with cancer-related anorexia. Nonetheless, international guidelines recommend promoting anabolism through nutritional, physical, and pharmacologic therapies. In this review, the available information is summarized regarding pharmacologic therapies to treat cancer-related anorexia and findings are highlighted from a clinical stance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny G Turcott
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Oscar Arrieta
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
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Arnabal LR. Optimal design of sin taxes in the presence of nontaxable sin goods. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2021; 30:1580-1599. [PMID: 33864322 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sin good consumption entails health damage, which is in general not fully perceived by individuals, what results in its overconsumption. One way to tackle this problem is to tax these unhealthy goods. However, not all the individual choices that affect health status can be easily observed and effectively taxed by the government. This paper considers a setting where individuals can consume two types of sin goods that differ in their observability (taxability) by the government. As a benchmark, the first-best taxes for the observable and non-observable sin good are derived, considering homogeneous individuals. In the second-best setting, where observability on sin good consumption is limited, the rule for the taxable sin good is shown to depend on the degree of complementarity or substitutability with the unobservable sin good. Finally, redistributional considerations are incorporated by extending the analysis to a setting where individuals differ in their wealth and in their degree of misperception of the health damage caused by sin good consumption. Policy implications are illustrated considering physical inactivity and illicit drugs as examples of non-taxable sin goods, while alcohol, tobacco, fat and sugar account for the taxable sin goods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Rodrigo Arnabal
- Banco Central del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), Toulouse, France
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Armitage RM, Iatridi V, Yeomans MR. Understanding sweet-liking phenotypes and their implications for obesity: Narrative review and future directions. Physiol Behav 2021; 235:113398. [PMID: 33771526 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Building on a series of recent studies that challenge the universality of sweet liking, here we review the evidence for multiple sweet-liking phenotypes which strongly suggest, humans fall into three hedonic response patterns: extreme sweet likers (ESL), where liking increases with sweetness, moderate sweet likers (MSL), who like moderate but not intense sweetness, and sweet dislikers (SD), who show increasing aversion as sweetness increases. This review contrasts how these phenotypes differ in body size and composition, dietary intake and behavioural measures to test the widely held view that sweet liking may be a key driver of obesity. Apart from increased consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in ESL, we found no clear evidence that sweet liking was associated with obesity and actually found some evidence that SD, rather than ESL, may have slightly higher body fat. We conclude that ESL may have heightened awareness of internal appetite cues that could protect against overconsumption and increased sensitivity to wider reward. We note many gaps in knowledge and the need for future studies to contrast these phenotypes in terms of genetics, neural processing of reward and broader measures of behaviour. There is also the need for more extensive longitudinal studies to determine the extent to which these phenotypes are modified by exposure to sweet stimuli in the context of the obesogenic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vasiliki Iatridi
- Department of Sport, Health Sciences and Social Work, Oxford Brookes University, UK
| | - Martin R Yeomans
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, UK.
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Phytocannabinoids-A Green Approach toward Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Treatment. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10030393. [PMID: 33498537 PMCID: PMC7864168 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10030393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most frequent chronic liver disease in adults in developed countries, with a global prevalence as high as one billion. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is a multifactorial and multi-step process. Nowadays, a growing body of research suggests the considerable role of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) as a complex cell-signaling system in NAFLD development. Although increased endocannabinoid tone in the liver highly contributes to NAFLD development, the complex effects and impacts of plant-derived cannabinoids in the aspect of NAFLD pathophysiology are yet not fully understood, and effective medications are still in demand. In our review, we present the latest reports describing the role of ECS in NAFLD, focusing primarily on two types of cannabinoid receptors. Moreover, we sum up the recent literature on the clinical use of natural cannabinoids in NAFLD treatment. This review is useful for understanding the importance of ECS in NAFLD development, and it also provides the basis for more extensive clinical phytocannabinoids testing in patients suffering from NAFLD.
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Is there an interest for hair analysis in non-intentional pediatric cannabis intoxication? Forensic Sci Int 2020; 313:110377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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The Antimicrobial Activity of Cannabinoids. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9070406. [PMID: 32668669 PMCID: PMC7400265 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9070406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A post-antibiotic world is fast becoming a reality, given the rapid emergence of pathogens that are resistant to current drugs. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new classes of potent antimicrobial agents with novel modes of action. Cannabis sativa is an herbaceous plant that has been used for millennia for medicinal and recreational purposes. Its bioactivity is largely due to a class of compounds known as cannabinoids. Recently, these natural products and their analogs have been screened for their antimicrobial properties, in the quest to discover new anti-infective agents. This paper seeks to review the research to date on cannabinoids in this context, including an analysis of structure-activity relationships. It is hoped that it will stimulate further interest in this important issue.
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Roberts CA, Giesbrecht T, Fallon N, Thomas A, Mela DJ, Kirkham TC. A Systematic Review and Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis of fMRI Studies on Sweet Taste in Humans. J Nutr 2020; 150:1619-1630. [PMID: 32271923 PMCID: PMC7269728 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reward value of palatable foods is often cited as an important influence on eating behaviors, including intake of sugars. However, human neuroimaging studies have generated conflicting evidence on the basic neural representation of taste and reward responses to caloric sweeteners (sucrose and glucose), and most relevant studies have used small subject numbers. OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review and a coordinate-based meta-analysis of studies reporting brain responses to oral sugar solutions. METHODS A systematic search of MEDLINE, Scopus, and PsycINFO through October 2019 identified fMRI studies (in healthy human adults, including those with overweight or obesity) assessing differences in responses to purified sweet and nonsweet taste stimuli. Data were extracted with the primary objective of quantifying evidence for the activation of brain regions associated with caloric sweet taste sensation. We used activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis methods. We also performed multiple sensitivity analyses to assess the generality of effects. RESULTS Of 455 unique articles, 15 met the criteria for inclusion. These contributed to 2 primary meta-analyses: 1) sucrose (13 experiments, 179 coordinates, n = 241) and 2) sucrose + glucose (16 experiments, 209 coordinates, n = 262). Consistent activation was apparent in primary taste areas: insula (69.2% of studies) and opercular cortex (76.9% of studies), precentral gyri (53.9% of studies), and globus pallidus and postcentral gyrus (30.8% of studies for each). Evidence of reward activity (caudate) was seen in the primary analyses (30.8% of studies) but not in sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSIONS We confirm the importance of primary taste areas for gustatory processing in human adults. We also provide tentative evidence for reward-related caudate activity in relation to the sweet taste of caloric sugars. A number of factors affect the observation and interpretation of brain responses, including reward-related activity. Firm conclusions require confirmation with large data set studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl A Roberts
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom,Address correspondence to CAR (e-mail: )
| | | | - Nicholas Fallon
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Tim C Kirkham
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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D'Addario C, Zaplatic E, Giunti E, Pucci M, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Scherma M, Dainese E, Maccarrone M, Nilsson IA, Cifani C, Fadda P. Epigenetic regulation of the cannabinoid receptor CB1 in an activity-based rat model of anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2020; 53:432-446. [PMID: 32275093 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both environmental and genetic factors are known to contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa (AN), but the exact etiology remains poorly understood. Herein, we studied the transcriptional regulation of the endocannabinoid system, an interesting target for body weight maintenance and the control of food intake and energy balance. METHOD We used two well-characterized animal models of AN: (a) the activity-based anorexia (ABA) model in which rats, housed with running wheels and subjected to daily food restriction, show reductions in body weight and increase in physical activity; (b) the genetic anx/anx mouse displaying the core features of AN: low food intake and emaciation. RESULTS Among the evaluated endocannabinoid system components, we observed a selective and significant down-regulation of the gene encoding for the type 1 cannabinoid receptor (Cnr1) in ABA rats' hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens and, in the latter area, a consistent, significant and correlated increase in DNA methylation at the gene promoter. No changes were evident in the anx/anx mice except for a down-regulation of Cnr1, in the prefrontal cortex. DISCUSSION Our findings support a possible role for Cnr1 in the ABA animal model of AN. In particular, its regulation in the nucleus accumbens appears to be triggered by environmental cues due to the consistent epigenetic modulation of the promoter. These data warrant further studies on Cnr1 regulation as a possible target for treatment of AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D'Addario
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeta Zaplatic
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Elisa Giunti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mariangela Pucci
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Maria Scherma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Enrico Dainese
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Lipid Neurochemistry Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ida A Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Paola Fadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neuroscience - Cagliari, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
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Navaratne PV, Wilkerson JL, Ranasinghe KD, Semenova E, Felix JS, Ghiviriga I, Roitberg A, McMahon LR, Grenning AJ. Axially Chiral Cannabinols: A New Platform for Cannabinoid‐Inspired Drug Discovery. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:728-732. [PMID: 32061146 PMCID: PMC10173896 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phytocannabinoids (and synthetic analogs thereof) are gaining significant attention as promising leads in modern medicine. Considering this, new directions for the design of phytocannabinoid-inspired molecules is of immediate interest. In this regard, we have hypothesized that axially-chiral-cannabinols (ax-CBNs), unnatural and unknown isomers of cannabinol (CBN) may be valuable scaffolds for cannabinoid-inspired drug discovery. There are two main factors directing our interest to these scaffolds: (a) ax-CBNs would have ground-state three-dimensionality; ligand-receptor interactions can be more significant with complimentary 3D-topology, and (b) ax-CBNs at their core structure are biaryl molecules, generally attractive platforms for pharmaceutical development due to their ease of functionalization and stability. Herein we report a synthesis of ax-CBNs, examine physical properties experimentally and computationally, and perform a comparative analysis of ax-CBN and THC in mice behavioral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny L. Wilkerson
- Department of PharmacodynamicsUniversity of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | | | - Evgeniya Semenova
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Jasmine S. Felix
- Department of PharmacodynamicsUniversity of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Adrian Roitberg
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Lance R. McMahon
- Department of PharmacodynamicsUniversity of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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Farokhnia M, McDiarmid GR, Newmeyer MN, Munjal V, Abulseoud OA, Huestis MA, Leggio L. Effects of oral, smoked, and vaporized cannabis on endocrine pathways related to appetite and metabolism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, human laboratory study. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:71. [PMID: 32075958 PMCID: PMC7031261 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0756-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As perspectives on cannabis continue to shift, understanding the physiological and behavioral effects of cannabis use is of paramount importance. Previous data suggest that cannabis use influences food intake, appetite, and metabolism, yet human research in this regard remains scant. The present study investigated the effects of cannabis administration, via different routes, on peripheral concentrations of appetitive and metabolic hormones in a sample of cannabis users. This was a randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Twenty participants underwent four experimental sessions during which oral cannabis, smoked cannabis, vaporized cannabis, or placebo was administered. Active compounds contained 6.9 ± 0.95% (~50.6 mg) ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Repeated blood samples were obtained, and the following endocrine markers were measured: total ghrelin, acyl-ghrelin, leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and insulin. Results showed a significant drug main effect (p = 0.001), as well as a significant drug × time-point interaction effect (p = 0.01) on insulin. The spike in blood insulin concentrations observed under the placebo condition (probably due to the intake of brownie) was blunted by cannabis administration. A significant drug main effect (p = 0.001), as well as a trend-level drug × time-point interaction effect (p = 0.08) was also detected for GLP-1, suggesting that GLP-1 concentrations were lower under cannabis, compared to the placebo condition. Finally, a significant drug main effect (p = 0.01) was found for total ghrelin, suggesting that total ghrelin concentrations during the oral cannabis session were higher than the smoked and vaporized cannabis sessions. In conclusion, cannabis administration in this study modulated blood concentrations of some appetitive and metabolic hormones, chiefly insulin, in cannabis users. Understanding the mechanisms underpinning these effects may provide additional information on the cross-talk between cannabinoids and physiological pathways related to appetite and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Farokhnia
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Center on Compulsive Behaviors, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Gray R. McDiarmid
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Matthew N. Newmeyer
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA ,grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Vikas Munjal
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Osama A. Abulseoud
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD USA ,grid.265008.90000 0001 2166 5843Lambert Center for the Study of Medicinal Cannabis and Hemp, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD, USA. .,Center on Compulsive Behaviors, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. .,Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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Increasing Warmth in Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial Examining the Efficacy of Mustard and Ginger Footbaths. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:2416582. [PMID: 32076439 PMCID: PMC7013347 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2416582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective To analyze the thermogenic effects of footbaths with medicinal powders in adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) in comparison to healthy controls (HCs). Intervention and Outcomes. Forty-one female participants (21 AN, 20 HCs; 14.22 ± 1.54 years) received three footbaths-warm water and mustard (MU, Sinapis nigra), warm water and ginger (GI, Zingiber officinale), or warm water only (WA), in random order within a crossover design. Data were collected before (t1), immediately after foot immersion (maximum 20 minutes) (t2), and after 10 minutes subsequently (t3). Actual skin temperature (high resolution thermography) and perceived warmth (HeWEF questionnaire) were assessed at each time point for various body parts. The primary outcome measure was self-perceived warmth at the feet at t3. Secondary outcome measures were objective skin temperature and subjective warmth at the face, hands, and feet. Results Perceived warmth at the feet at t3 was significantly higher after GI compared to WA (mean difference -1.02) and MU (-1.07), with no differences between those with AN and HC (-0.29). For the secondary outcome measures, a craniocaudal temperature gradient for the skin temperature (thermography) was noted at t1 for patients with AN and HC (AN with colder feet). The craniocaudal gradient for subjective warmth was only seen for patients with AN. Conclusion Footbaths with ginger increased warmth perception at the feet longer than with mustard or warm water only for adolescents with AN as well as for HC. The impact of ginger footbaths on recovery of thermoregulatory disturbances in patients with AN repeated over extended periods merits further investigation.
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Giorgetti A, Mogler L, Halter S, Haschimi B, Alt A, Rentsch D, Schmidt B, Thoma V, Vogt S, Auwärter V. Four cases of death involving the novel synthetic cannabinoid 5F-Cumyl-PEGACLONE. Forensic Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-019-00514-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Cumyl-PEGACLONE was the first synthetic cannabinoid (SC) with a γ-carbolinone core structure detected in forensic casework and, since then, it has dominated the German SC-market. Here the first four cases of death involving its fluorinated analog, 5F-Cumyl-PEGACLONE, a recently emerged γ-carbolinone derived SC, are reported.
Methods
Complete postmortem examinations were performed. Postmortem samples were screened by immunoassay, gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. For quantification of SCs, the standard addition method was employed. Herbal blends were analyzed by GC–MS. In each case of death, the Toxicological Significance Score (TSS) was assigned to the compound.
Results
5F-Cumyl-PEGACLONE was identified at concentrations ranging 0.09–0.45 ng/mL in postmortem femoral blood. In case 1, signs of hypothermia and kidney bleedings were noted. Despite a possible tolerance due to long term SC use, a TSS of 3 was assigned. In case 2, an acute heroin intoxication occurred and a contributory role (TSS = 1) of 5F-Cumyl-PEGACLONE was suggested. In case 3, a prisoner was found dead. GC–MS analysis of herbal blends, retrieved in his cell together with paraphernalia, confirmed the presence of 5F-Cumyl-PEGACLONE and a causative role was deemed probable (TSS = 2). In case 4, the aspiration of gastric content due to a SC-induced coma was observed (TSS = 3).
Conclusions
5F-Cumyl-PEGACLONE is an emerging and extremely potent SC which raises serious public health concerns. A comprehensive analysis of circumstantial, clinical, and postmortem findings, as well as an in-depth toxicological analysis is necessary for a valid interpretation and for the assessment of the toxicological significance.
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Wouters E, Walraed J, Banister SD, Stove CP. Insights into biased signaling at cannabinoid receptors: synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Mousa A, Petrovic M, Fleshner NE. Prevalence and predictors of cannabis use among men receiving androgen-deprivation therapy for advanced prostate cancer. Can Urol Assoc J 2019; 14:E20-E26. [PMID: 31658007 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.5911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer patients receiving androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) often experience a combination of disease symptoms and treatment side effects. The therapeutic use of cannabis to alleviate these side effects has not been studied, despite increasing patient interest. With the increasing availability of cannabis, it is important for clinicians to understand the prevalence, predictors, and perceived benefits of cannabis use among patients with prostate cancer. METHODS A total of 222 men undergoing ADT were assessed in this two-part study. In part one, the cannabis-use questionnaire was administered to 56 men, probing demographics, usage habits, perspectives, and degrees of symptom relief related to cannabis use. In part two, 191 cryopreserved urine samples were retrieved and analyzed for the presence of tetrahydrocannabidiol (THC) metabolite 11-nor-Δ9-THC-COOH. The respondents were then stratified into two groups, users vs. non-users, and statistical analyses were conducted. RESULTS Questionnaire data revealed that 23.2% of surveyed men had recently used cannabis. In contrast, 5.8% of men had detectable levels of THC metabolite in their urine. Combined questionnaire and urine data revealed that cannabis users were significantly younger (p=0.003) and had lower testosterone levels (p=0.003) than non-users. The majority of men experiencing common ADT side effects reported some degree of relief following cannabis use. CONCLUSIONS Cannabis use among men with advanced prostate cancer receiving ADT is more prevalent than in the general population and the majority of other oncological cohorts. Lower testosterone levels and reported therapeutic benefit among cannabis users warrants confirmation in appropriate clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Mousa
- University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michele Petrovic
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neil E Fleshner
- University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Roberts CA, Jager G, Christiansen P, Kirkham TC. Exploring the munchies: An online survey of users' experiences of cannabis effects on appetite and the development of a Cannabinoid Eating Experience Questionnaire. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:1149-1159. [PMID: 31347452 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119862526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis intoxication is commonly reported to increase appetite and enhance appreciation of food (the 'munchies'). These effects are attributed to activation of the endocannabinoid system. However, the psychological changes that underlie these phenomena are under-researched. We report here the results of an extensive online survey of cannabis users with an exploratory Cannabinoid Eating Experience Questionnaire (CEEQ). METHOD Frequent cannabis users completed a 46-item questionnaire about their eating behaviour under the influence of cannabis. An English-speaking sample (n=591) provided data for the initial exploratory validation of the scale. A second Dutch-language survey (n=163) was used for confirmatory factor analysis. Test-retest reliability was based on a third English-speaking sample (n=40) who completed the revised, 28-item CEEQ twice across 2 weeks. RESULTS Principal components analysis provided a two-factor solution. Factor 1 (hedonic) comprised 14 items that related primarily to the enjoyment and altered sensory aspects of eating. Factor 2 (appetitive) comprised a further 14 items related to motivational factors that instigate or promote eating. The two-factor structure was supported by confirmatory factor analysis. Both the hedonic and appetitive subscales had good internal reliability (α=0.92 for each subscale, in two independent samples). Good test-retest reliability was obtained for the revised 28-item questionnaire (ps<.01 for Total CEEQ and each subscale). CONCLUSION The Cannabinoid Eating Experience Questionnaire provided a valid, reliable assessment of the psychological features of cannabis-induced alterations to appetite. Our data confirm that cannabis principally influences the motivational factors that lead to the initiation of eating and the hedonic factors implicated in maintaining eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl A Roberts
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gerry Jager
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul Christiansen
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tim C Kirkham
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Vasanth Rao VRB, Candasamy M, Bhattamisra SK. Obesity an overview: Genetic conditions and recent developments in therapeutic interventions. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:2112-2120. [PMID: 31235145 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disorder that is linked to many coexisting disorders. Recent epidemiological data have suggested that the prevalence of obesity is at an all-time high, growing to be one of the world's biggest problems. There are several mechanisms on how individuals develop obesity which includes genetic and environmental factors. Not only does obesity contribute to other health issues but it also greatly affects the quality of life, physical ability, mental strength and imposes a huge burden in terms of healthcare costs. Along with that, obesity is associated with the risk of mortality and has been shown to reduce the median survival rate. Obesity is basically when the body is not able to balance energy intake and output. When energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, excess calories will be stored as fat leading to weight gain and eventually obesity. The therapeutic market for treating obesity is composed of many different interventions from lifestyle intervention, surgical procedures to pharmacotherapeutic approaches. All of these interventions have their respective benefits and disadvantages and are specifically prescribed to a patient based on the severity of their obesity as well as the existence of other health conditions. This review discusses the genetic and environmental causes of obesity along with the recent developments in anti-obesity therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Rao B Vasanth Rao
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, No 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Mayuren Candasamy
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Subrat Kumar Bhattamisra
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Weltens N, Depoortere I, Tack J, Van Oudenhove L. Effect of acute Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration on subjective and metabolic hormone responses to food stimuli and food intake in healthy humans: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:1051-1063. [PMID: 30949710 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is considered a key player in the neurophysiology of food reward. Animal studies suggest that the ECS stimulates the sensory perception of food, thereby increasing its incentive-motivational and/or hedonic properties and driving consumption, possibly via interactions with metabolic hormones. However, it remains unclear to what extent this can be extrapolated to humans. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the effect of oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on subjective and metabolic hormone responses to visual food stimuli and food intake. METHODS Seventeen healthy subjects participated in a single-blinded, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 crossover trial. In each of the 4 visits, subjective "liking" and "wanting" ratings of high- and low-calorie food images were acquired after oral THC or placebo administration. The effect on food intake was quantified in 2 ways: via ad libitum oral intake (half of the visits) and intragastric infusion (other half) of chocolate milkshake. Appetite-related sensations and metabolic hormones were measured at set time points throughout each visit. RESULTS THC increased "liking" (P = 0.031) and "wanting" ratings (P = 0.0096) of the high-calorie, but not the low-calorie images, compared with placebo. Participants consumed significantly more milkshake after THC than after placebo during oral intake (P = 0.0005), but not intragastric infusion, of milkshake. Prospective food consumption ratings during the food image paradigm were higher after THC than after placebo (P = 0.0039). THC also increased plasma motilin (P = 0.0021) and decreased octanoylated ghrelin (P = 0.023) concentrations before milkshake consumption (i.e., in both oral intake and intragastric infusion test sessions), whereas glucagon-like peptide 1 responses to milkshake intake were attenuated by THC during both oral (P = 0.0002) and intragastric (P = 0.0055) administration. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the ECS drives food intake by interfering with anticipatory, cephalic phase, and metabolic hormone responses. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02310347.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Tack
- GI Motility and Sensitivity Group, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism, and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Al Massadi O, Nogueiras R, Dieguez C, Girault JA. Ghrelin and food reward. Neuropharmacology 2019; 148:131-138. [PMID: 30615902 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Food intake is tightly regulated by homeostatic and reward mechanisms and the adequate function of both is necessary for the proper maintenance of energy balance. Ghrelin impacts on these two levels to induce feeding. In this review, we present the actions of ghrelin in food reward, including their dependence on other relevant modulators implicated in the motivational aspects of feeding, including dopamine, opioid peptides, and endocannabinoids. We also describe the interaction between brain areas involved in homeostatic regulation of feeding and the reward system, with a special emphasis on the role of arcuate nucleus melanocortins and lateral hypothalamus orexins in ghrelin function. Finally, we briefly discuss the actions of ghrelin in food reward in obesity. We propose that new insights into the mechanism of action of ghrelin in the rewarding and motivational control of food intake will help to understand food-related disorders including obesity and anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Al Massadi
- Inserm UMR-S 839, 75005, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Sciences and Engineering Faculty, 75005 Paris, France; Institut du Fer a Moulin, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Carlos Dieguez
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- Inserm UMR-S 839, 75005, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Sciences and Engineering Faculty, 75005 Paris, France; Institut du Fer a Moulin, 75005, Paris, France
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Ames ME, Leadbeater BJ, Merrin GJ, Thompson K. Patterns of marijuana use and physical health indicators among Canadian youth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 55:1-12. [PMID: 30511434 PMCID: PMC7003924 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We examine how trajectories of marijuana use in Canadian youth (ages 15 to 28) are related to physical health indicators in adolescence and young adulthood. Youth were initially recruited in 2003 (N = 662; 48% male; ages 12 to 18) and followed for six waves. Five trajectories of marijuana use (Abstainers-29%, Occasional users-27%, Decreasers-14%, Increasers-20% and Chronic users-11%) were identified. Chronic users reported more physical symptoms, poorer physical self-concept, less physical activity, poorer eating practices, less sleep, and higher number of sexual partners during adolescence than other classes. Decreasers also reported poorer physical self-concept and poorer eating practices than abstainers. Other trajectory classes showed few significant health problems. Chronic users also reported more acute health problems (i.e. serious injuries, early sexual debut, higher number of sexual partners, greater likelihood of having a STI) in young adulthood than all other classes contributing to costs of healthcare. Youth who engage in early, frequent and continued use of marijuana from adolescence to young adulthood are at-risk of physical health problems in adolescence and young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kara Thompson
- St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
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Krishnan S, Agrawal K, Tryon RR, Welch LC, Horn WF, Newman JW, Keim NL. Structural equation modeling of food craving across the menstrual cycle using behavioral, neuroendocrine, and metabolic factors. Physiol Behav 2018; 195:28-36. [PMID: 30031087 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sridevi Krishnan
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis CA, United States.
| | - Karan Agrawal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis CA, United States
| | - Rebecca R Tryon
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis CA, United States
| | - Lucas C Welch
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis CA, United States
| | - William F Horn
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis CA, United States; USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, 430 West Health Sciences Dr., Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - John W Newman
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis CA, United States; USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, 430 West Health Sciences Dr., Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Nancy L Keim
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis CA, United States; USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, 430 West Health Sciences Dr., Davis, CA 95616, United States
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Gattere G, Stojanovic-Pérez A, Monseny R, Martorell L, Ortega L, Montalvo I, Solé M, Algora MJ, Cabezas Á, Reynolds RM, Vilella E, Labad J. Gene-environment interaction between the brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism, psychosocial stress and dietary intake in early psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry 2018; 12:811-820. [PMID: 27629407 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a major participant in the regulation of food intake and may play a role in the regulation of the stress response. We aimed to investigate whether there is a gene-environment interaction in the relationship between stress and BDNF Val66Met polymorphism in relation to dietary patterns in a sample of subjects with early psychosis. METHODS We studied 124 early psychotic disorder (PD) patients, 36 At-Risk Mental States (ARMS) and 62 healthy subjects (HS). Dietary patterns were examined by a dietician. Physical activity, life stress and perceived stress were assessed by validated questionnaires. BDNF Val66Met polymorphism (rs6265) was genotyped. A gene-environment interaction was tested with multiple linear regression analysis while adjusting for covariates. RESULTS Perceived stress was not associated with calorie intake in HS. In ARMS subjects, Met-carriers who presented low-perceived stress were associated with increased caloric intake. Conversely, those who presented high-perceived stress were associated with reduced caloric intake. In PD, perceived stress was neither associated with increased calorie intake without an effect by BDNF genotype nor a gene-environment interaction. Perceived stress was associated with food craving in PD patients, independent of genotype, and in ARMS or HS who were Val homozygous. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the common Val66Met polymorphism of the BDNF gene may modulate the relationship between life stress and calorie intake in subjects at risk for psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Gattere
- Early Intervention Service and Research Department, Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Alexander Stojanovic-Pérez
- Early Intervention Service and Research Department, Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Rosa Monseny
- Early Intervention Service and Research Department, Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Lourdes Martorell
- Early Intervention Service and Research Department, Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Laura Ortega
- Early Intervention Service and Research Department, Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Itziar Montalvo
- Department of Psychiatry, Corporació Sanitària Universitaria Parc Taulí, I3PT, UAB, CIBERSAM, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Montse Solé
- Early Intervention Service and Research Department, Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - María José Algora
- Early Intervention Service and Research Department, Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Ángel Cabezas
- Early Intervention Service and Research Department, Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Rebecca M Reynolds
- Endocrinology Unit, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Elisabet Vilella
- Early Intervention Service and Research Department, Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Javier Labad
- Department of Psychiatry, Corporació Sanitària Universitaria Parc Taulí, I3PT, UAB, CIBERSAM, Sabadell, Spain
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Adolescent cannabinoid exposure induces irritability-like behavior and cocaine cross-sensitization without affecting the escalation of cocaine self-administration in adulthood. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13893. [PMID: 30224774 PMCID: PMC6141462 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis use is typically initiated during adolescence and is a significant risk factor for the development of cocaine use in adulthood. However, no preclinical studies have examined the effects of adolescent cannabinoid exposure on cocaine dependence in adulthood using the escalation model of cocaine self-administration and the assessment of negative emotional states. In the present study, we found that exposure to the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 (WIN) in adolescence produced irritability-like behavior and psychomotor cross-sensitization to cocaine in adolescence. In adulthood, rats were allowed to self-administer cocaine. The acquisition of cocaine self-administration was lower in rats with adolescent WIN exposure compared with controls. However, both WIN-exposed and control rats escalated their cocaine intake at the same rate, had similar responding under a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement, and had similar psychomotor responses to cocaine. Interestingly, the increase in irritability-like behavior that was previously observed in adolescence after WIN exposure persisted into adulthood. Whether the persisting increase in irritability-like behavior after WIN exposure has translational relevance remains to be studied. In summary, these results suggest that psychoactive cannabinoid exposure during adolescence is unlikely to have a major effect on the escalation of cocaine intake or the development of compulsive-like responding per se in adulthood in a rat model of cocaine self-administration. However, whether the persisting irritability-like behavior may predispose an individual to mood-related impairments in adulthood or predict such impairments warrants further investigation.
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Scheffler F, Kilian S, Chiliza B, Asmal L, Phahladira L, du Plessis S, Kidd M, Murray RM, Di Forti M, Seedat S, Emsley R. Effects of cannabis use on body mass, fasting glucose and lipids during the first 12 months of treatment in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr Res 2018. [PMID: 29519756 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
While acute cannabis use stimulates appetite, general population studies suggest that chronic use is associated with reduced risk of obesity and other cardiometabolic risk factors. In this study we investigated changes in body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose and lipids, and rates of metabolic syndrome risk factors in cannabis users vs. non-users in 109 minimally treated patients with first-episode schizophrenia, schizophreniform or schizo-affective disorder who were treated according to a standardized treatment regime with depot antipsychotic medication over 12 months. Participants underwent repeated urine toxicology tests for cannabis and those testing positive at any time during the study (n = 40), were compared with those who tested negative at all time points (n = 69). There was a significant group*time interaction effect (p = 0.002) with the cannabis negative group showing a greater increase in BMI than the cannabis positive group, after adjusting for age, sex, methamphetamine use and modal dose of antipsychotic. There were no group*time interaction effects for fasting blood glucose or lipids. Post hoc tests indicated significant increases in fasting blood glucose and triglycerides and a decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol for the cannabis negative group, with no significant changes in the cannabis positive group. Rates of metabolic syndrome did not differ significantly between groups, although more cannabis negative patients had elevated waist-circumference at endpoint (p = 0.003). It may be that chronic cannabis use directly suppresses appetite, thereby preventing weight gain in users. However, other indirect effects such as dietary neglect and smoking may be contributory and could explain our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Scheffler
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | - S Kilian
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - B Chiliza
- Centre for Statistical Consultation, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - L Asmal
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - L Phahladira
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - S du Plessis
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - M Kidd
- Centre for Statistical Consultation, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - R M Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - M Di Forti
- Department of Psychiatry, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - S Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - R Emsley
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
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McCoy B, Wang L, Zak M, Al-Mehmadi S, Kabir N, Alhadid K, McDonald K, Zhang G, Sharma R, Whitney R, Sinopoli K, Snead OC. A prospective open-label trial of a CBD/THC cannabis oil in dravet syndrome. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:1077-1088. [PMID: 30250864 PMCID: PMC6144444 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Both Δ9 Tetrahydrocannabidiol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) components of cannabis, have been shown to have anticonvulsant effects. Cannabis oils are used to treat seizures in drug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE). Recent trials provide data on dosing, side effects, and efficacy of CBD, yet there is a paucity of information on THC in epilepsy. Primary objective was to establish dosing and tolerability of TIL‐TC150 ‐ a cannabis plant extract produced by Tilray®, containing 100 mg/mL CBD and 2 mg/mL THC‐ in children with Dravet syndrome. Secondary objectives were to assess impact of therapy on seizures, electroencephalogram (EEG) and quality of life. Methods Twenty children received add‐on therapy with TIL‐TC150. The dose ranged from 2 to 16 mg/kg/day of CBD and 0.04 to 0.32 mg/kg/day of THC. Patients were monitored for tolerability and adverse events, and secondary objectives. Results Nineteen participants completed the 20‐week intervention. Mean dose achieved was 13.3 mg/kg/day of CBD (range 7–16 mg/kg/day) and 0.27 mg/kg/day of THC (range 0.14–0.32 mg/kg/day). Adverse events, common during titration included somnolence, anorexia, and diarrhea. Abnormalities of liver transaminases and platelets were observed with concomitant valproic acid therapy. There was a statistically significant improvement in quality of life, reduction in EEG spike activity, and median motor seizure reduction of 70.6%, with 50% responder rate of 63%. Conclusions TIL‐TC150 was safe and well tolerated in our subjects. TIL‐TC150 treatment resulted in a reduction in seizure counts, spike index on EEG, and improved quality of life measures. This study provides safety and dosing information for THC‐containing cannabinoid preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bláthnaid McCoy
- Division of Neurology the Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Canada.,Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto Toronto Canada
| | - Laura Wang
- Department of Pharmacy Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Canada
| | - Maria Zak
- Division of Neurology the Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Canada
| | | | - Nadia Kabir
- Division of Neurology the Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Canada
| | - Kenda Alhadid
- Division of Neurology the Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Canada
| | - Kyla McDonald
- Department of Psychology the Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Grace Zhang
- Department of Psychology the Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Division of Neurology the Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Canada
| | - Robyn Whitney
- Division of Neurology the Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Canada.,Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto Toronto Canada
| | - Katia Sinopoli
- Department of Psychology the Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - O Carter Snead
- Division of Neurology the Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Canada
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Moreira FP, Wiener CD, Oliveira JFD, Souza LDM, da Silva RA, Portela LV, Lara DR, Jansen K, Oses JP. Gender differences of cannabis smoking on serum leptin levels: population-based study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 40:216-219. [PMID: 29412334 PMCID: PMC6900773 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the serum leptin levels in cannabis smokers. METHODS This was a cross-sectional population-based study of participants between the ages of 18 and 35 years. The data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire covering sociodemographic data and the use of psychoactive substances. Leptin levels were measured using a commercial ELISA kit. RESULTS Of the 911 participants, 6.7% were identified as cannabis smokers and had significantly lower leptin levels (p = 0.008). When stratified by gender, there was a significant decrease in leptin levels among male smokers (p = 0.039). CONCLUSION Cannabis smoking was linked to leptin levels in men, suggesting that the response to biological signals may be different between men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda P Moreira
- Ciência Translacional em Transtornos Cerebrais, Departamento de Saúde e Comportamento, Centro de Ciências da Vida e da Saúde, Universidade Católica de Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina D Wiener
- Ciência Translacional em Transtornos Cerebrais, Departamento de Saúde e Comportamento, Centro de Ciências da Vida e da Saúde, Universidade Católica de Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline F de Oliveira
- Ciência Translacional em Transtornos Cerebrais, Departamento de Saúde e Comportamento, Centro de Ciências da Vida e da Saúde, Universidade Católica de Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciano D M Souza
- Ciência Translacional em Transtornos Cerebrais, Departamento de Saúde e Comportamento, Centro de Ciências da Vida e da Saúde, Universidade Católica de Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A da Silva
- Ciência Translacional em Transtornos Cerebrais, Departamento de Saúde e Comportamento, Centro de Ciências da Vida e da Saúde, Universidade Católica de Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis V Portela
- Laboratório de Neurotrauma, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo R Lara
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Karen Jansen
- Ciência Translacional em Transtornos Cerebrais, Departamento de Saúde e Comportamento, Centro de Ciências da Vida e da Saúde, Universidade Católica de Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil.,Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jean Pierre Oses
- Ciência Translacional em Transtornos Cerebrais, Departamento de Saúde e Comportamento, Centro de Ciências da Vida e da Saúde, Universidade Católica de Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil.,Aplicações Tecnológicas em Neurociências, Departamento de Engenharia Eletrônica e Computação, UCPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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Gancheva S, Galunska B, Zhelyazkova-Savova M. Diets rich in saturated fat and fructose induce anxiety and depression-like behaviours in the rat: is there a role for lipid peroxidation? Int J Exp Pathol 2017; 98:296-306. [PMID: 29210119 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies reveal associations between obesity/metabolic syndrome and mood disorders. We assessed behavioural changes in rats fed diets enriched in fat and fructose in different proportions and correlated the observed alterations with biochemical changes induced by the diets. Three groups of rats were used as follows: control (C) animals fed regular rat chow, rats fed high-fat diet (HF) and rats fed high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFHF). HF and HFHF animals were also given a 10% fructose solution as drinking water. Behavioural and biochemical parameters were determined. Anxiety was measured by the open-field and the social interaction test. Depression-like behaviour was evaluated by the forced swimming test. The object recognition test was utilized to assess effects on memory. Diet-exposed animals displayed signs of anxiety in the open-field (HF rats had reduced central time; HFHF rats had reduced number of central entries) and in the social interaction test (decreased time of interaction in HF group). In the forced swimming test, the immobility time was prolonged in the HFHF group. While different measures of anxiety scores correlated with visceral adiposity and dyslipidemia, results from both social interaction and forced swimming tests were significantly associated with lipid peroxidation, which in turn also correlated with the metabolic parameters. The experimental diets did not affect the object recognition memory. Both experimental diets induced metabolic derangements in rats and provoked similar anxiety- and depression-like behaviours. Lipid peroxidation seems to play a role in translating diet-induced metabolic alterations into behavioural disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gancheva
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Bistra Galunska
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Maria Zhelyazkova-Savova
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
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