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Bilgiç FŞ, Bozkurt G. The relationship between mothers' body composition and anthropometric characteristics of baby and breast milk nutrient content: A cross-sectional study. J Eval Clin Pract 2024; 30:1396-1405. [PMID: 39031868 DOI: 10.1111/jep.14060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The composition and amount of breast milk is affected by factors such as the duration and frequency of breastfeeding, the time between two breastfeeding sessions, the effectiveness of breastfeeding, breastfeeding technique, genetic characteristics of the mother and diet. Breast milk macronutrients are provided by milk synthesized in lactocytes, mother's diet and maternal stores. RESEARCH AIM This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the body composition of mothers and the anthropometric characteristics of the baby and the nutritional content of breast milk. METHOD The descriptive study was conducted between March and November 2023 in a hospital in a low socioeconomic neighbourhood in Turkey. The study sample consisted of 96 mothers and ibabies. Anthropometric measurements of mothers and babies and the nutrient content of breast milk were evaluated on the first postpartum day, Days 5 and 15. Breast milk macronutrient content was analyzed by Miris milk analyzer and body composition of mothers was analyzed by TANITA BC 730. RESULTS From the weight and body composition of the mothers in the study group; a positive correlation was found between body fat, muscle and water ratio, and breast milk carnonhydrate and protein (p < 0.05). There was no correlation between the gestational age of the baby and the content of breast milk (p > 0.05). A positive correlation was found between the weight and height of the babies and the macronutrients of breast milk (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION As the weight of mothers increases, breast milk protein and carbohydrate levels increase. As breast milk macronutrients increase, babies' weight and height increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Şule Bilgiç
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Haliç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülçin Bozkurt
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
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2
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Panzeri C, Pecoraro L, Dianin A, Sboarina A, Arnone OC, Piacentini G, Pietrobelli A. Potential Micronutrient Deficiencies in the First 1000 Days of Life: The Pediatrician on the Side of the Weakest. Curr Obes Rep 2024; 13:338-351. [PMID: 38512555 PMCID: PMC11150320 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-024-00554-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This study is to examine potential micronutrient deficiencies and any need for supplementation in children following specific diet plans in the first 1000 days of life. RECENT FINDINGS Optimal nutrition in the first 1000 days of life has a lifelong positive impact on child development. Specific intrauterine and perinatal factors, pathological conditions, and dietary restrictions can represent potential risk factors for micronutrient deficiencies in the first 1000 days of life, which can have negative systemic consequences. Preterm and low-birth-weight infants are intrinsically at risk because of immature body systems. Children affected by cystic fibrosis are prone to malnutrition because of intestinal malabsorption. The risk of micronutrient deficiency can increase in various situations, including but not limited to children following selective dietary regimens (vegetarian and vegan diets and children affected by specific neuropsychiatric conditions) or specific dietary therapies (children affected by food allergies or specific metabolic disorders and children following restricted diet as a part of therapeutic approach, i.e., ketogenic diet for epilepsy). In light of this situation, the micronutrient status in these categories of children should be investigated in order to tailor strategies specific to the individual's metabolic needs, with a particular focus on deficiencies which can impair or delay the physical and cognitive development of children, namely, vitamin B12, vitamin D and folic acid, as well as oligo-elements such as iron, zinc, calcium, sodium, magnesium, and phosphorus, and essential fatty acids such as omega-3. Identification of micronutrient deficiency in the first 1000 days of life and timely supplementation proves essential to prevent their long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolà Panzeri
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinic, University of Verona, P.Le Stefani, 1 - 37126, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Pecoraro
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinic, University of Verona, P.Le Stefani, 1 - 37126, Verona, Italy.
| | - Alice Dianin
- Regional Centre for Newborn Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment of Inherited Metabolic Diseases and Congenital Endocrine Diseases, Pediatric Clinic, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Sboarina
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, P.Le Stefani, 1 - 37126, Verona, Italy
| | - Olivia C Arnone
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinic, University of Verona, P.Le Stefani, 1 - 37126, Verona, Italy
| | - Giorgio Piacentini
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinic, University of Verona, P.Le Stefani, 1 - 37126, Verona, Italy
| | - Angelo Pietrobelli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinic, University of Verona, P.Le Stefani, 1 - 37126, Verona, Italy
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
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3
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Estay Castillo P, Tabilo Aguirre L, Muñoz Y, Sandoval Leiva T. [Vitamin B12, fatty acids EPA and DHA during pregnancy and lactation in women with a plant-based diet]. NUTR HOSP 2024. [PMID: 38896115 DOI: 10.20960/nh.05120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy and lactation represent a complex stage from a nutritional point of view, since energy, protein and micronutrient requirements increase during these stages. The literature describes that a well-planned plant-based diet can be sufficient in energy, macronutrients and micronutrients, with the exception of vitamin B12 and n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly EPA and DHA. During the last few years, adherence to this diet has increased rapidly in the population, so the main objective of this article is to review the current evidence on the intake and concentrations of vitamin B12, EPA and DHA during pregnancy and lactation in women following a plant-based diet. A literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Ovid MedLine using free terms and MESH. Eleven articles were selected in this review. Well-planned vegetarian and vegan diets, with adequate supplementation of vitamin B12, EPA and DHA, are compatible during pregnancy and lactation, being a positive predictor of their content in breast milk. A similar situation was observed in plasma levels in women supplemented with B12. However, it is important to continue with research in this area that considers an adequate dietary anamnesis, integral evaluation of nutritional status, estimation of nutritional requirements and an individualized nutritional plan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yasna Muñoz
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad de Valparaíso
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4
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Fernandes S, Oliveira L, Pereira A, Costa MDC, Raposo A, Saraiva A, Magalhães B. Exploring Vitamin B12 Supplementation in the Vegan Population: A Scoping Review of the Evidence. Nutrients 2024; 16:1442. [PMID: 38794680 PMCID: PMC11124153 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
With a significant portion of the population adopting veganism and conflicting views among nutrition professionals regarding the necessity of vitamin B12 supplementation, this review aims to explore existing studies evaluating interventions through food supplementation. It focuses on the impact of vitamin B12 deficiency across different demographics. The present study seeks to understand how research has addressed the relationship between the rise in veganism and vitamin B12 deficiency over the past decade. A scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA flow diagram. Studies from 2010 to 2023 were identified using Boolean operators and key terms in electronic databases such as PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EBSCO (Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts, and Academic Search Complete). Out of 217 articles identified, 70 studies were included. The topical analysis categorized the studies into three groups: those associating vitamin B12 deficiency with diseases (n = 14), those analyzing the dietary habits of vegetarian individuals (vegan or not) without a specific focus on vitamin B12 (n = 49), and those addressing food guides and nutrition institution positions (n = 7). The authors concluded that vitamin B12 deficiency is prevalent among vegans due to limited consumption of animal products. For vegetarians, supplementation is an efficient means of treating and preventing deficiency; a daily dose of 50 to 100 micrograms is advised. There are still significant gaps in the research, nevertheless, such as the absence of randomized controlled trials evaluating various forms or dosages of vitamin B12 among vegetarians and the requirement for more information and awareness of the vitamin's significance in vegan diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sávio Fernandes
- CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.F.); (L.O.)
| | - Leandro Oliveira
- CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.F.); (L.O.)
- Coimbra Health School, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Rua 5 de Outubro—S. Martinho do Bispo, Apartado 7006, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alda Pereira
- Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal;
- University Clinic of General and Family Medicine, Ecogenetics and Human Health Unity, Institute for Environmental Health, Instituto de Saúde Ambiental (ISAMB), 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria do Céu Costa
- CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.F.); (L.O.)
- Núcleo de Investigação em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (NICiTeS), Polytechnic Institute of Lusophony, ERISA—Escola Superior de Saúde Ribeiro Sanches, 1900-693 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Raposo
- CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.F.); (L.O.)
| | - Ariana Saraiva
- Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain;
| | - Bruno Magalhães
- School of Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- RISE—Health Research Network, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (CACTMAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Dombrowska-Pali A, Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Chrustek A, Olszewska-Słonina D, Gospodarek-Komkowska E, Socha MW. Human Milk Microbiome-A Review of Scientific Reports. Nutrients 2024; 16:1420. [PMID: 38794658 PMCID: PMC11124344 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most important bioactive components of breast milk are free breast milk oligosaccharides, which are a source of energy for commensal intestinal microorganisms, stimulating the growth of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides in a child's digestive tract. There is some evidence that maternal, perinatal, and environmental-cultural factors influence the modulation of the breast milk microbiome. This review summarizes research that has examined the composition of the breast milk microbiome and the factors that may influence it. The manuscript highlights the potential importance of the breast milk microbiome for the future development and health of children. The origin of bacteria in breast milk is thought to include the mother's digestive tract (entero-mammary tract), bacterial exposure to the breast during breastfeeding, and the retrograde flow of breast milk from the infant's mouth to the woman's milk ducts. Unfortunately, despite increasingly more precise methods for assessing microorganisms in human milk, the topic of the human milk microbiome is still quite limited and requires scientific research that takes into account various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Dombrowska-Pali
- Department of Perinatology, Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Łukasiewicza 1, 85-821 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (N.W.-K.); (E.G.-K.)
| | - Agnieszka Chrustek
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.C.); (D.O.-S.)
| | - Dorota Olszewska-Słonina
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.C.); (D.O.-S.)
| | - Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (N.W.-K.); (E.G.-K.)
| | - Maciej W. Socha
- Department of Perinatology, Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Łukasiewicza 1, 85-821 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Adalberts’s Hospital in Gdańsk, Copernicus Healthcare Entity LLC, Jana Pawła II 50, 80-462 Gdańsk, Poland
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Hochman VGA, Nascimento RCFDA, da Silva CBM, Quinderé PNA, Melo RX, Velarde LGC, Bueno AC, Vieira AA. Relationship Between Maternal Age and Macronutrient Content of Colostrum. J Hum Lact 2024; 40:286-295. [PMID: 38411139 DOI: 10.1177/08903344241233500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the relationship between maternal age and the macronutrient content of colostrum. RESEARCH AIMS This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between maternal age and human milk macronutrient content by comparing the concentrations of lactose, proteins, and lipids in the colostrum of women with younger, moderate, and advanced maternal age. METHODS An observational, cross-sectional study was designed to compare the macronutrient concentrations in the colostrum of women aged < 20 years, 20 to 34 years, and > 34 years (younger, moderate, and advanced maternal age, respectively; n = 33 per group). For each participant, 3 ml of colostrum was collected by manual extraction from the right breast at 10 am, 39-48 hr after delivery, and analyzed using a Miris Human Milk Analyzer. Macronutrient concentrations were compared between the groups using analysis of variance. P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Mothers with moderate maternal age had a higher colostrum lipid concentration than those with younger or advanced maternal age (2.3 mg, SD = 1.4 mg vs. 1.5 mg, SD = 1.0 mg vs. 1.6 mg, SD = 0.9 mg, respectively; p = 0.007). Lactose and protein contents in the analyzed samples did not differ among the three study groups. CONCLUSION This study lends support to the potential variation of lipids in colostrum by maternal age and suggests individual adaptation to the nutritional components of milk to the needs of the infant may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Raquel Ximenes Melo
- National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/ FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Arnaldo Costa Bueno
- Faculty of Medicine, Maternal and Child Department, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alan Araújo Vieira
- Faculty of Medicine, Maternal and Child Department, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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7
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Falize C, Savage M, Jeanes YM, Dyall SC. Evaluating the relationship between the nutrient intake of lactating women and their breast milk nutritional profile: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:1196-1224. [PMID: 38053371 PMCID: PMC10918524 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523002775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Maternal diet influences breast milk nutritional profile; however, it is unclear which nutrients and contaminants are particularly responsive to short- and long-term changes in maternal intake, and the impact of specific exclusion diets, such as vegan or vegetarian. This study systematically reviewed the literature on the effects of maternal nutrient intake, including exclusion diets, on both the nutrient and contaminant content of breast milk. The electronic databases, PubMed, CENTRAL, Web of Science and CINALH were systematically searched until 4 June 2023, with additionally searches of reference lists (PROSPERO, CRD42020221577). The quality of the studies was examined using Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Eighty-eight studies (n 6577) met the search criteria. Due to high heterogeneity, meta-analysis was not possible. There was strong evidence of response to maternal intakes for DHA and EPA, vitamins A, E and K, iodine and Se in breast milk composition, some evidence of response for α-linolenic acid, B vitamins, vitamin C and D, ovalbumin, tyrosine and contaminants, and insufficient evidence to identify the effects arachidonic acid, Cu, Fe, Zn and choline. The paucity of evidence and high heterogeneity among studies reflects the need for more high-quality trials. However, this review identified the importance of maternal intake in the nutritional content of breast milk for a wide range of nutrients and supports the recommendation for supplementation of DHA and vitamin B12 for those on restrictive diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Falize
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - M. Savage
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Yvonne M. Jeanes
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Simon C. Dyall
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
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8
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Sahin K, Yıldıran H. A Therapeutic Approach in the Management of Chronic Kidney Disease: Plant-Based Dietary Models and Associated Parameters. Curr Nutr Rep 2024; 13:39-48. [PMID: 38172460 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic kidney disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide today. Nutrition and nutrition-related factors have a very important role in both the prevention and management of the disease. Plant-based dietary practices are one of the promising approaches to chronic kidney disease. This review aims to examine the potential benefits and risks of plant-based diet models on symptoms and indices used in diet quality in chronic kidney disease. RECENT FINDINGS Recently, a growing body of evidence has shown that, unlike animal-based diets, diets rich in plant-based nutrients may play an active role in the incidence of chronic kidney disease in many ways and the management of common symptoms, such as metabolic acidosis, uremic toxicity, and hyperphosphatemia. Implementation of existing plant-based dietary patterns in patients with chronic kidney disease may increase the efficacy of the diet and improve patients' quality of life by expanding their food choices. While there are concerns about creatine deficiency, dietary adequacy, and accessibility regarding plant-based diets, available information is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezban Sahin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Balıkesir, 10200, Turkey.
| | - Hilal Yıldıran
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Gandino S, Bzikowska‐Jura A, Karcz K, Cassidy T, Wesolowska A, Królak‐Olejnik B, Klotz D, Arslanoglu S, Picaud J, Boquien C, Bertino E, Moro GE, Weaver G. Vegan/vegetarian diet and human milk donation: An EMBA survey across European milk banks. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2024; 20:e13564. [PMID: 37724510 PMCID: PMC10750000 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The nutritional adequacy of human milk (HM) from vegan/vegetarian mothers has been a matter of debate, and a variety of recommendations regarding the eligibility of these mothers as human milk donors exists. According to the latest evidence, HM from vegans/vegetarians is similar in its composition to that from omnivores, however, some differences may be observed regarding vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acids concentrations. Maternal supplementation of these compounds has been proven effective in increasing their HM concentration. With this survey, we aimed to explore the practices currently in use in European human milk banks (HMBs) regarding potential donors following vegan/vegetarian diets. The online survey was distributed to European HMBs between January and July 2022. A total of 188 HMBs were contacted, and 118 replied (response rate 63%). Vegan and vegetarian mothers were recommended supplements of vitamin B12 to be accepted as donors in 27% and 26% of HMBs, respectively. Additional omega-3 fatty acid supplementation was required in 8% HMBs. In the remaining HMBs, these mothers were either systematically excluded or included regardless of supplementation. The dosage of the recommended supplements was extremely variable. Fifty-one percent of HMBs were following recommendations to guide their practice, national or local recommendations mainly. Great variability in European HMBs practices towards potential donors following vegan/vegetarian diets exists. Some of these practices can result in loss of donors and/or in potential nutritional deficiencies. Standardised evidence-based recommendations on this issue and their implementation in daily HMB practice are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Gandino
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive HealthUniversity of Oxford, John Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
- Neonatology DivisionUniversity of Turin, City of Health and Science of TurinTurinItaly
| | - Agnieszka Bzikowska‐Jura
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research at Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health SciencesMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Karolina Karcz
- Department of NeonatologyMedical University in WrocławWroclawPoland
| | - Tanya Cassidy
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Health ResearchMaynooth UniversityKildareIreland
| | - Aleksandra Wesolowska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research at Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health SciencesMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | | | - Daniel Klotz
- Department of Neonatology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Sertac Arslanoglu
- Division of Neonatology, İstanbul Medeniyet UniversitySchool of MedicineİstanbulTurkiye
| | - Jean‐Charles Picaud
- Service de Neonatologie, Hopital Universitaire de la Croix‐RousseHospices civils de LyonLyonFrance
- Laboratoire CarMen, INSERM, INRAUniversite Claude Bernard Lyon1Pierre‐BeniteFrance
| | | | - Enrico Bertino
- Neonatology DivisionUniversity of Turin, City of Health and Science of TurinTurinItaly
| | - Guido E. Moro
- Italian Association of Human Milk Banks (AIBLUD)MilanItaly
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10
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Reyes SM, Brockway MM, McDermid JM, Chan D, Granger M, Refvik R, Sidhu KK, Musse S, Monnin C, Lotoski L, Geddes DT, Jehan F, Kolsteren P, Allen LH, Hampel D, Eriksen KG, Rodriguez N, Azad MB. Human Milk Micronutrients and Child Growth and Body Composition in the First 2 years: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100082. [PMID: 37315898 PMCID: PMC10831887 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) provides a plethora of nutritional and non-nutritional compounds that support infant development. For many compounds, concentrations vary substantially among mothers and across lactation, and their impact on infant growth is poorly understood. We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science to synthesize evidence published between 1980 and 2022 on HM components and anthropometry through 2 y of age among term-born infants. Outcomes included weight-for-length, length-for-age, weight-for-age, body mass index (in kg/m2)-for-age, and growth velocity. From 9992 abstracts screened, 144 articles were included and categorized based on their reporting of HM micronutrients, macronutrients, or bioactive components. Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) are reported here, based on 28 articles involving 2526 mother-infant dyads. Studies varied markedly in their designs, sampling times, geographic and socioeconomic settings, reporting practices, and the HM analytes and infant anthropometrics measured. Meta-analysis was not possible because data were sparse for most micronutrients. The most-studied minerals were zinc (15 articles, 1423 dyads) and calcium (7 articles, 714 dyads). HM iodine, manganese, calcium, and zinc concentrations were positively associated with several outcomes (each in ≥2 studies), whereas magnesium (in a single study) was negatively associated with linear growth during early lactation. However, few studies measured HM intake, adjusted for confounders, provided adequate information about complementary and formula feeding, or adequately described HM collection protocols. Only 4 studies (17%) had high overall quality scores. The biological functions of individual HM micronutrients are likely influenced by other HM components; yet, only 1 study analyzed data from multiple micronutrients simultaneously, and few addressed other HM components. Thus, available evidence on this topic is largely inconclusive and fails to address the complex composition of HM. High-quality research employing chronobiology and systems biology approaches is required to understand how HM components work independently and together to influence infant growth and to identify new avenues for future maternal, newborn, or infant nutritional interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Reyes
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Meredith Merilee Brockway
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Deborah Chan
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Matthew Granger
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Rebecca Refvik
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Karanbir K Sidhu
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Suad Musse
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Caroline Monnin
- Neil John Maclean Health Sciences Library, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Larisa Lotoski
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fyezah Jehan
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Patrick Kolsteren
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lindsay H Allen
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; United States Department of Agriculture, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Hampel
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; United States Department of Agriculture, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kamilla G Eriksen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natalie Rodriguez
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Meghan B Azad
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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11
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Wang Y, Rui B, Ze X, Liu Y, Yu D, Liu Y, Li Z, Xi Y, Ning X, Lei Z, Yuan J, Li L, Zhang X, Li W, Deng Y, Yan J, Li M. Sialic acid-based probiotic intervention in lactating mothers improves the neonatal gut microbiota and immune responses by regulating sialylated milk oligosaccharide synthesis via the gut-breast axis. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2334967. [PMID: 38630006 PMCID: PMC11028031 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2334967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are vital milk carbohydrates that help promote the microbiota-dependent growth and immunity of infants. Sialic acid (SA) is a crucial component of sialylated milk oligosaccharides (S-MOs); however, the effects of SA supplementation in lactating mothers on S-MO biosynthesis and their breastfed infants are unknown. Probiotic intervention during pregnancy or lactation demonstrates promise for modulating the milk glycobiome. Here, we evaluated whether SA and a probiotic (Pro) mixture could increase S-MO synthesis in lactating mothers and promote the microbiota development of their breastfed neonates. The results showed that SA+Pro intervention modulated the gut microbiota and 6'-SL contents in milk of maternal rats more than the SA intervention, which promoted Lactobacillus reuteri colonization in neonates and immune development. Deficient 6'-SL in the maternal rat milk of St6gal1 knockouts (St6gal1-/-) disturbed intestinal microbial structures in their offspring, thereby impeding immune tolerance development. SA+Pro intervention in lactating St6gal1± rats compromised the allergic responses of neonates by promoting 6'-SL synthesis and the neonatal gut microbiota. Our findings from human mammary epithelial cells (MCF-10A) indicated that the GPR41-PI3K-Akt-PPAR pathway helped regulate 6'-SL synthesis in mammary glands after SA+Pro intervention through the gut - breast axis. We further validated our findings using a human-cohort study, confirming that providing SA+Pro to lactating Chinese mothers increased S-MO contents in their breast milk and promoted gut Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. colonization in infants, which may help enhance immune responses. Collectively, our findings may help alter the routine supplementation practices of lactating mothers to modulate milk HMOs and promote the development of early-life gut microbiota and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushuang Wang
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Binqi Rui
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaolei Ze
- Microbiome Research and Application Center, BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition & Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujia Liu
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Da Yu
- The Third Ward of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Chunliu District, Dalian Women and Children Medical Center (Group), Dalian, China
| | - Yinhui Liu
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yu Xi
- Microbiome Research and Application Center, BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition & Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xixi Ning
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zengjie Lei
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jieli Yuan
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Liang Li
- Microbiome Research and Application Center, BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition & Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuguang Zhang
- Microbiome Research and Application Center, BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition & Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenzhe Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yanjie Deng
- The Third Ward of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Chunliu District, Dalian Women and Children Medical Center (Group), Dalian, China
| | - Jingyu Yan
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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12
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Yeruva L, Mulakala BK, Rajasundaram D, Gonzalez S, Cabrera-Rubio R, Martínez-Costa C, Collado MC. Human milk miRNAs associate to maternal dietary nutrients, milk microbiota, infant gut microbiota and growth. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:2528-2539. [PMID: 37931372 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal diet influences the milk composition, yet little information is available on the impact of maternal diet on milk miRNAs expression. Further, the association of human milk miRNAs to maternal diet and milk microbiota is not explored. In addition, the role of milk miRNAs on the infant gut microbiota, infant growth and development has not been investigated. METHODS Milk samples were collected from 60 healthy lactating women at ≤15d post-partum, HTG transcriptome assay was performed to examine milk miRNA profile. Maternal clinical and dietary clusters information were available and infant anthropometric measures were followed up to one year of age. Milk and infant microbiota were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and integrative multi-omics data analysis was performed to identify potential association between microRNA, maternal dietary nutrients and microbiota. RESULTS Discriminant analysis revealed that the milk miRNAs were clustered into groups according to the maternal protein source. Interestingly, 31 miRNAs were differentially expressed (P adj < 0.05) between maternal dietary clusters (Cluster 1: enriched in plant protein and fibers and Cluster 2: enriched in animal protein), with 30 miRNAs downregulated in the plant protein group relative to animal protein group. Pathway analysis revealed that the top enriched pathways (P adj < 0.01) were involved in cell growth and proliferation processes. Furthermore, significant features contributing to the clustering were associated with maternal dietary nutrients and milk microbiota (r > 0.70). Further, miR-378 and 320 family miRNAs involved in adipogenesis were positively correlated to the infant BMI-z-scores, weight, and weight for length-z-scores at 6 months of age. CONCLUSIONS Maternal dietary source impacts the milk miRNA expression profile. Further, miRNAs were associated with maternal dietary nutrients, milk microbiota and to the infant gut microbiota and infant growth and development. CLINICAL TRIAL The study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov. The identification number is NCT03552939.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmi Yeruva
- Microbiome and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-ARS, SEA, Little Rock, AR, USA; Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Bharat Kumar Mulakala
- Microbiome and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-ARS, SEA, Little Rock, AR, USA; Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA; Texas A&M AgriLife Institute for Advancing Health Through Agriculture, TX, USA
| | | | - Sonia Gonzalez
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (DIMISA, ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Raul Cabrera-Rubio
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Maria Carmen Collado
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain.
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13
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Yang C, Guo Q, Cui M, Li X, Zhang J, Peng X, Liu J, Liu P, Wang L. Association between maternal metabolic profiles in pregnancy, dietary patterns during lactation and breast milk leptin: a retrospective cohort study. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:1537-1547. [PMID: 37066691 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk leptin plays a potential role in preventing childhood obesity. However, the associations of breast milk leptin with maternal metabolism in pregnancy and dietary patterns during lactation are still unclear. We aimed to explore associations of breast milk leptin with maternal metabolic profiles in pregnancy and dietary patterns during lactation. A total of 332 participants were recruited for this retrospective cohort study. Breast milk samples were collected at approximately 6 weeks postpartum. Breast milk leptin and twenty-three metabolic profiles in pregnancy were measured in this study. A semi-quantitative FFQ was used to gather dietary information during lactation. Both principal component analysis and the diet balance index were used to derive dietary patterns. Among twenty-three maternal metabolic profiles, maternal serum glucose (β = 1·61, P = 0·009), γ-glutamyl transferase (β = 0·32, P = 0·047) and albumin (β = -2·96, P = 0·044) in pregnancy were correlated with breast milk leptin. All dietary patterns were associated with breast milk leptin. Given the joint effects of maternal metabolism in pregnancy and dietary patterns during lactation, only diet quality distance was significantly associated with leptin concentrations in breast milk (low level v. almost no diet problem: β = -0·46, P = 0·011; moderate/high level v. almost no diet problem: β = -0·43, P = 0·035). In conclusion, both maternal metabolism in pregnancy and dietary patterns during lactation were associated with breast milk leptin. Maternal diet balance during lactation was helpful to improve breast milk leptin concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianying Guo
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxuan Cui
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuening Li
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjuan Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Peng
- Ausnutria Dairy (China) Co. Ltd., Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jufen Liu
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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14
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Chouraqui JP. Vegetarian diets and diets which restrict animal-source foods during childhood in high-income countries. Paediatr Int Child Health 2023; 43:57-82. [PMID: 37649436 DOI: 10.1080/20469047.2023.2245186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of populations in the West are restricting their intake of meat and other animal products for reasons relating to health or ethics; in many countries, these restrictions are already common for cultural, religious, or socio-economic reasons. By following their parent's diet, children are exposed in parallel. This narrative review aims at assessing current data regarding vegetarian diets in children from birth to 18 years of age, which include, by increasing degree of restriction, flexitarian, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, lacto-vegetarian, pescatarian, vegan and macrobiotic diets. The 202 references include 45 studies in children. The more restrictive the diet and the younger the child, the greater the risk of nutritional deficiency. Of particular concern are vitamin B12, iron, zinc, calcium, n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and protein and energy intake, especially in pregnant and nursing women, infants and young children. Providing an adequate lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet is relatively easy, whereas the maintenance of more restrictive diets may be challenging. The benefits and risks of vegetarian diets in adults are relatively well documented, but data for children are scarce. Vegan and macrobiotic diets should be discouraged in pregnant and lactating mothers as well as in young children, who, otherwise, should pay careful attention to ensuring nutritional adequacy, blood testing and appropriate supplementation. The health consequences of a chosen diet should be discussed with parents and adolescents to ensure the best possible adherence to advice and prescriptions. There is a need for well conducted studies in children but also for better knowledge of nutrition in healthcare professionals.Abbreviations: ALA: α-linolenic acid; ARA: arachidonic acid; ASF: animal source foods; BMC: bone mineral content; BMD: bone mineral density; DHA: docosahexaenoic acid; DRV: dietary reference value; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; FLD: flexitarian diet; LA: linoleic acid; LC-PUFA: long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids; LOVD: lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet; LVD: lacto-vegetarian diet; MAD: macrobiotic diet; OMD: omnivorous diet; PSF: plant-source foods; SFA: saturated fatty acids; VGD: vegetarian diets; VND: vegan diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Chouraqui
- Paediatric Division of Nutrition and Gastro-Enterology, Department of Paediatric, Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital (CHUGA), Grenoble, France
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15
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Perrin MT, Pawlak R, Judd N, Cooper J, Donati GL. Major and trace mineral composition of milk from lactating women following vegan, vegetarian and omnivore diets. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:1005-1012. [PMID: 36562211 PMCID: PMC10442794 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522004007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one-in-ten reproductive age adults in the USA follow a plant-based diet, yet there is limited information on the influence of vegan and vegetarian diets on the mineral composition of breast milk. This study explored the major and trace mineral composition in breast milk and associations with maternal diet patterns. We used a cross-sectional design to collect a single sample of breast milk from individuals following vegan (n 23), vegetarian (n 19) and omnivore (n 21) diet patterns. Plant-based diet (n 42) was defined as following either vegan or vegetarian diets. Sixteen minerals were assessed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Data were evaluated using traditional statistical techniques and five different machine learning approaches. The distribution of Se (median; quartile 1 and 3) was significantly different between groups (vegetarians 21, 18-26 µg/l; vegans 19, 18-25 µg/l and omnivores 17, 14-20 µg/l; P = 0·007) using a Kruskal-Wallis test. Machine learning techniques also identified Se as a potential biomarker for differentiating breast milk by maternal diet pattern. Individuals following a plant-based diet generally had a lower BMI, higher breast milk Se and lower breast milk I and Fe concentrations compared with those following omnivore diets. This suggests that maternal dietary pattern (plant-based v. omnivore) may be helpful clinical information to consider when caring for the breast-feeding dyad, with the strongest evidence related to differences in Se concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryanne T. Perrin
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, 319 College Ave, 318 Stone Building, Greensboro, NC27412, USA
| | - Roman Pawlak
- Department of Nutrition Science, East Carolina University, Health Science Building, Greenville, NC27858, USA
| | - Nicholas Judd
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Salem Hall, Winston-Salem, North Carolina27109, USA
| | - Jessica Cooper
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, 319 College Ave, 318 Stone Building, Greensboro, NC27412, USA
| | - George L. Donati
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Salem Hall, Winston-Salem, North Carolina27109, USA
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16
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Juncker HG, van den Akker CHP, Meerdink PL, Korosi A, Vaz FM, van Goudoever JB, van Keulen BJ. The influence of a maternal vegan diet on carnitine and vitamin B2 concentrations in human milk. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1107768. [PMID: 37599690 PMCID: PMC10436295 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1107768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The maternal diet greatly influences the nutritional composition of human milk. With the rise of vegan diets by lactating mothers, there are concerns about the nutritional adequacy of their milk. Two important nutrients, vitamin B2 and carnitine, are mostly ingested via animal products. Objective We investigated the influence of a vegan diet on the vitamin B2 and carnitine concentrations in milk and serum of lactating women. Methods In this case-control study, 25 lactating mothers following an exclusive vegan diet were comparted to 25 healthy lactating mothers with an omnivorous diet without use of supplements. High-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were used to measure vitamin B2 and carnitine concentrations, respectively. A linear regression model was used to determine differences in human milk and serum concentrations between study groups. Results Vitamin B2 concentrations in human milk and serum did not differ between study groups. While the human milk free carnitine (C0) and acetyl carnitine (C2) concentrations did not differ between study groups, serum carnitine concentrations were lower in participants following a vegan diet than in omnivorous women (p < 0.0001). Conclusion A maternal vegan diet did not affect human milk concentration of vitamin B2 and carnitine. Breastfed infants of mothers following an exclusive vegan diet therefore are likely not at increased risk of developing a vitamin B2 or carnitine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G. Juncker
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences—Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Chris H. P. van den Akker
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics—Neonatology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pauline L. Meerdink
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frédéric M. Vaz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- United for Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johannes B. van Goudoever
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics—Neonatology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Britt J. van Keulen
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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17
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Xue Q, Huang Y, Cheng C, Wang Y, Liao F, Duan Q, Wang X, Miao C. Progress in epigenetic regulation of milk synthesis, with particular emphasis on mRNA regulation and DNA methylation. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:1675-1693. [PMID: 37409592 PMCID: PMC10446801 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2023.2225939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate milk secretion and a lack of nutrients in humans and mammals are serious problems. It is of great significance to clarify the mechanisms of milk synthesis and treatment methods. Epigenetic modification, represented by RNA methylation, is an important way of gene expression regulation that profoundly affects human gene expression and participates in various physiological and pathological mechanisms. Epigenetic disorders also have an important impact on the production and secretion of milk. This review systematically summarized the research results of epigenetics in the process of lactation in PubMed, Web of Science, NSTL, and other databases and reviewed the effects of epigenetics on human and mammalian lactation, including miRNAs, circRNAs, lncRNAs, DNA methylations, and RNA methylations. The abnormal expression of miRNAs was closely related to the synthesis and secretion of milk fat, milk protein, and other nutrients in the milk of cattle, sheep, and other mammals. MiRNAs are also involved in the synthesis of human milk and the secretion of nutrients. CircRNAs and lncRNAs mainly target miRNAs and regulate the synthesis of nutrients in milk by ceRNA mechanisms. The abnormal expression of DNA and RNA methylation also has an important impact on milk synthesis. Epigenetic modification has the potential to regulate the milk synthesis of breast epithelial cells. Analyzing the mechanisms of human and mammalian milk secretion deficiency and nutrient deficiency from the perspective of epigenetics will provide a new perspective for the treatment of postpartum milk deficiency in pregnant women and mammalian milk secretion deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yurong Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Chenglong Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Faxue Liao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China
| | - Qiangjun Duan
- Department of Experimental (Practical Training) Teaching Center, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Chenggui Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Rheumatism, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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18
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Chouraqui JP. Risk Assessment of Micronutrients Deficiency in Vegetarian or Vegan Children: Not So Obvious. Nutrients 2023; 15:2129. [PMID: 37432244 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vegetarian diets have gained in popularity worldwide and therefore an increasing number of children may be exposed to the resulting nutritional consequences. Among them, the risk of micronutrient shortfall is particularly of concern. This narrative review aims to assess and discuss the relevance of micronutrient deficiency risk based on the available data. It mainly draws attention to iron, zinc, iodine, and vitamins B12 and D intake. Diets that are more restrictive in animal source foods, such as vegan diets, have a greater likelihood of nutritional deficiencies. However, the actual risk of micronutrient deficiency in vegetarian children is relatively difficult to assert based on the limitations of evidence due to the lack of well-designed studies. The risk of vitamin B12 deficiency must be considered in newborns from vegan or macrobiotic mothers and children with the most restrictive diet, as well as the risk of iron, zinc, and iodine deficiency, possibly by performing the appropriate tests. A lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet exposes a low risk if it uses a very varied diet with a sufficient intake of dairy products. Vegan and macrobiotic diets should be avoided during pregnancy and childhood. There is a need for education and nutrition guidance and the need for supplementation should be assessed individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Chouraqui
- Paediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Paediatrics Department, University Hospital of Grenoble-Alpes (CHUGA), Quai Yermoloff, 38700 La Tronche, France
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19
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Ureta-Velasco N, Keller K, Escuder-Vieco D, Fontecha J, Calvo MV, Megino-Tello J, Serrano JCE, Romero Ferreiro C, García-Lara NR, Pallás-Alonso CR. Human Milk Composition and Nutritional Status of Omnivore Human Milk Donors Compared with Vegetarian/Vegan Lactating Mothers. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081855. [PMID: 37111074 PMCID: PMC10146700 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Women of childbearing age in Western societies are increasingly adopting vegetarian diets. These women are sometimes rejected as milk donors, but little about the composition of their milk is known. The present study aimed to compare the intake, nutritional status, and nutritional composition of human milk from omnivore human milk donors (Donors) and vegetarian/vegan lactating mothers (Veg). Milk, blood, and urine samples from 92 Donors and 20 Veg were used to determine their fatty acid profiles, as well as vitamins and minerals. In a representative sample of both groups, we also determined the lipid class profile as a distribution of neutral and polar lipids, the molecular species of triacylglycerols, and the relative composition of phospholipids in their milk. A dietary assessment was conducted with a five-day dietary record (while considering the intake of supplements). We highlight the following results, expressed as the mean (SE), for the Veg vs. Donors: (1) Their docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake was 0.11 (0.03) vs. 0.38 (0.03) g/day; the plasma DHA was 0.37 (0.07) vs. 0.83 (0.06)%; and the milk DHA was 0.15 (0.04) vs. 0.33 (0.02)%. (2) Their milk B12 levels were 545.69 (20.49) vs. 482.89 (4.11) pM; 85% of the Veg reported taking B12 supplements (mean dose: 312.1 mcg/day); and the Veg group showed no differences with Donors in terms of total daily intake or plasma B12. (3) Their milk phosphatidylcholine levels were 26.88 (0.67) vs. 30.55 (1.10)%. (4) Their milk iodine levels were 126.42 (13.37) vs. 159.22 (5.13) mcg/L. In conclusion, the Vegs' milk was shown to be different from the Donors' milk, mainly due to its low DHA content, which is concerning. However, raising awareness and ensuring proper supplementation could bridge this gap, as has already been achieved for cobalamin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Ureta-Velasco
- Department of Neonatology, Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kristin Keller
- "Aladina-MGU"-Regional Human Milk Bank, Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Escuder-Vieco
- "Aladina-MGU"-Regional Human Milk Bank, Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Fontecha
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María V Calvo
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Megino-Tello
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José C E Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain
| | - Carmen Romero Ferreiro
- Scientific Support Unit, Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Raquel García-Lara
- Department of Neonatology, Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- "Aladina-MGU"-Regional Human Milk Bank, Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen R Pallás-Alonso
- Department of Neonatology, Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain
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Karbasi S, Mohamadian M, Naseri M, Khorasanchi Z, Zarban A, Bahrami A, Ferns GA. A Mediterranean diet is associated with improved total antioxidant content of human breast milk and infant urine. Nutr J 2023; 22:11. [PMID: 36823634 PMCID: PMC9948319 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-023-00841-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The composition of breast milk (BM) is dynamic and can be influenced by maternal variables that include the diet and nutritional status. This study examined the association between maternal adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and total antioxidant content of BM and infant urine. METHODS We collected 350 BM samples from mothers and urine samples from their infants. The dietary intakes of the mothers were recorded using a validated 65 items-food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The total antioxidant status of the samples was assessed using the ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and thiol quantification assays. Milk protein, calcium, and triglyceride (TG) were also determined using standard biochemical kits. RESULTS Subjects with the highest MedDiet scores were among the women in the highest tertile (T3) for consumption of dietary fiber, fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, and seeds, low-fat dairy, whole grains, and the lowest consumption of red meat, sweetened beverages, and sodium, compared to women in the first tertile (T1) with the lowest MedDiet scores. After adjustment for potential confounders, the individuals in the highest tertile for MedDiet score had a significantly higher level of milk DPPH, and infant urinary DPPH than the lowest tertile and had a significantly higher level of milk protein, FRAP and infant urinary FRAP compared to the T2 (P < 0.05). In addition, the mothers in the T3 for the MedDiet pattern had a significantly lower level of milk TG compared to those within the T1 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings show that a high maternal adherence to a MedDiet can affect BM composition and their infants' urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Karbasi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Malihe Mohamadian
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohsen Naseri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Zahra Khorasanchi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Asghar Zarban
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
| | - Afsane Bahrami
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Akbar Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9PH, Sussex, UK
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21
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Donda K, Maheshwari A. Human Milk Lipids Induce Important Metabolic and Epigenetic Changes in Neonates. Clin Perinatol 2022; 49:331-353. [PMID: 35659090 PMCID: PMC9179119 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are a major source of energy during the fetal/neonatal period. Most are received from the mother, transplacentally during the intrauterine period or via maternal milk after birth. However, in addition to the known nutritional roles, lipids are now known to bind a variety of cellular receptors to regulate specific patterns in metabolism and gene expression. The expression of these receptors is regulated by various genetic and environmental stimuli, and ligation can activate positive-feedback loops in the expression and the activity of downstream signaling pathways. The authors summarize the role of lipid ligands, cognate receptors, epigenetic regulation, and downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyur Donda
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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22
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Světnička M, Sigal A, Selinger E, Heniková M, El-Lababidi E, Gojda J. Cross-Sectional Study of the Prevalence of Cobalamin Deficiency and Vitamin B12 Supplementation Habits among Vegetarian and Vegan Children in the Czech Republic. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030535. [PMID: 35276893 PMCID: PMC8838497 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetarian (VG) and vegan (VN) diets in childhood are of growing interest due to their perceived health and environmental benefits. Concerns remain due to the possible disruption of healthy growth and development of children because of the scarcity of evidence-based studies. Among the nutrients of special concern is vitamin B12. Therefore, the Czech Vegan Children Study (CAROTS) decided to examine the relationship between B12 metabolism parameters and B12 intake through diet and supplementation. We analyzed laboratory parameters within n = 79 VG, n = 69 VN, and n = 52 omnivores (OM) children (0−18 years old). There were no significant differences in levels of holotranscobalamin (aB12), folate, homocysteine (hcys), or mean corpuscular volume. However, there was a significant difference in levels of cyanocobalamin (B12) (p = 0.018), even though we identified only n = 1 VG and n = 2 VN children as B12 deficient. On the other hand, we identified n = 35 VG, n = 28 VN, and n = 9 OM children with vitamin B12 hypervitaminosis (p = 0.004). This finding was related to a high prevalence of over-supplementation in the group (mean dose for VG 178.19 ± 238.5 µg per day; VN 278.35 ± 394.63 µg per day). Additionally, we found a significant (p < 0.05) difference between B12, aB12, and hcys levels of supplemented vs. non-supplemented VG/VN children. This can show that the intake of vitamin B12 via diet in the VG group might not be sufficient. Secondly, we analyzed a relation between supplement use in pregnancy and breastfeeding and its impact on vitamin B12 levels of children aged 0−3 years. Out of n = 46 mothers, only n = 3 (e.g., 6.5%) were not supplemented at all. We have not identified any clinical manifestation of B12 deficiency and only n = 1 child with low serum cobalamin, a child who did not receive vitamin B12 supplementation and whose mother took only low doses of vitamin B12 (25/µg/day).To conclude, we did not observe any life-threatening or severe consequences of laboratory-stated vitamin B12 deficiency; thus, our group was well supplemented. On the other hand, we have identified many subjects with vitamin B12 hypervitaminosis of unknown impact on their health. Further research and new guidelines for B12 supplementation among VG and VN children are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Světnička
- Centre for Research on Diabetes Metabolism, Nutrition of Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (E.S.); (M.H.); (E.E.-L.); (J.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Charles University, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Charles University, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-725-569-697
| | - Anat Sigal
- Centre for Research on Diabetes Metabolism, Nutrition of Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (E.S.); (M.H.); (E.E.-L.); (J.G.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Charles University, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Selinger
- Centre for Research on Diabetes Metabolism, Nutrition of Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (E.S.); (M.H.); (E.E.-L.); (J.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Charles University, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic
- Centre for Public Health Promotion, The National Institute of Public Health, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marina Heniková
- Centre for Research on Diabetes Metabolism, Nutrition of Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (E.S.); (M.H.); (E.E.-L.); (J.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Charles University, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva El-Lababidi
- Centre for Research on Diabetes Metabolism, Nutrition of Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (E.S.); (M.H.); (E.E.-L.); (J.G.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Charles University, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Gojda
- Centre for Research on Diabetes Metabolism, Nutrition of Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (E.S.); (M.H.); (E.E.-L.); (J.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Charles University, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic
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23
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Moreno LA, Meyer R, Donovan SM, Goulet O, Haines J, Kok FJ, van't Veer P. Perspective: Striking a Balance between Planetary and Human Health: Is There a Path Forward? Adv Nutr 2021; 13:S2161-8313(22)00067-9. [PMID: 34849542 PMCID: PMC8970843 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The global adoption of predominantly plant-based sustainable healthy diets will help reduce the risk of obesity- and malnutrition-related non-communicable diseases while protecting the future health of our planet. This review examines the benefits and limitations of different types of plant-based diets in terms of health and nutrition, affordability and accessibility, cultural (ethical and religious) acceptability, and the environment (i.e., the four pillars underlying sustainable healthy diets). Results suggest that, without professional supervision, traditional plant-based diets (vegan, vegetarian and pescatarian diets) can increase the risk of nutritional deficiencies among infants, children/adolescents, adult females, pregnant/lactating women and the elderly. In contrast, flexitarian diets and territorial diversified diets (TDDs, e.g., Mediterranean and New Nordic diets) that include large quantities of plant-sourced foods, low levels of red meat and moderate amounts of poultry, fish, eggs and dairy can meet the energy and nutrition needs of different populations without the need for dietary education or supplementation. Compared to vegan, vegetarian and pescatarian diets, more diverse flexitarian diets and TDDs are associated with reduced volumes of food waste and may be more acceptable and easier to maintain for people who previously followed western diets. Although flexitarian diets and TDDs have a greater impact on the environment than vegan, vegetarian and pescatarian diets, the negative effects are considerably reduced compared to western diets, especially if diets include locally-sourced seasonal foods. Further studies are required to define more precisely optimal sustainable healthy diets for different populations and to ensure that diets are affordable and accessible to people in all countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosan Meyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon M Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Olivier Goulet
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology-Hepatology-Nutrition, University Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, University Paris-Centre, Paris, France
| | - Jess Haines
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frans J Kok
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter van't Veer
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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24
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The Maternal Milk Microbiome in Mammals of Different Types and Its Potential Role in the Neonatal Gut Microbiota Composition. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123349. [PMID: 34944125 PMCID: PMC8698027 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal milk, a main source of nutrition for neonates in early life, has attracted attention. An increasing number of studies have found that maternal milk has a high microbial diversity, as well as factors that might influence this diversity. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the effects of host diet and phylogeny on maternal milk microbes and the contribution of the maternal milk microbiota to the neonatal gut microbiota. Here, we analyzed the maternal milk and fecal microbiota of nine species (lion, dog, panda, human, mouse, rhesus macaque, cow, goat, and rabbit) of mammals of three type groups (herbivore, omnivore, and carnivore) using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Our study provided evidence of host diet and phylogeny on the maternal milk microbiota. Moreover, functional prediction revealed that the carnivores had a significantly higher percentage of base excision repair, glycerolipid metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, inorganic ion transport and metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism; while arginine and proline metabolism showed enrichment in the herbivore group. Source-tracking analysis showed that the contributions of bacteria from maternal milk to the microbiota of neonates of different mammals were different at day 3 after neonatal birth. Overall, our findings provided a theoretical basis for the maternal milk microbiota to affect neonatal fecal microbiota at day 3 after neonatal birth.
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25
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Craig WJ, Mangels AR, Fresán U, Marsh K, Miles FL, Saunders AV, Haddad EH, Heskey CE, Johnston P, Larson-Meyer E, Orlich M. The Safe and Effective Use of Plant-Based Diets with Guidelines for Health Professionals. Nutrients 2021; 13:4144. [PMID: 34836399 PMCID: PMC8623061 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based diets, defined here as including both vegan and lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets, are growing in popularity throughout the Western world for various reasons, including concerns for human health and the health of the planet. Plant-based diets are more environmentally sustainable than meat-based diets and have a reduced environmental impact, including producing lower levels of greenhouse gas emissions. Dietary guidelines are normally formulated to enhance the health of society, reduce the risk of chronic diseases, and prevent nutritional deficiencies. We reviewed the scientific data on plant-based diets to summarize their preventative and therapeutic role in cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and osteoporosis. Consuming plant-based diets is safe and effective for all stages of the life cycle, from pregnancy and lactation, to childhood, to old age. Plant-based diets, which are high in fiber and polyphenolics, are also associated with a diverse gut microbiota, producing metabolites that have anti-inflammatory functions that may help manage disease processes. Concerns about the adequate intake of a number of nutrients, including vitamin B12, calcium, vitamin D, iron, zinc, and omega-3 fats, are discussed. The use of fortified foods and/or supplements as well as appropriate food choices are outlined for each nutrient. Finally, guidelines are suggested for health professionals working with clients consuming plant-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston J. Craig
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyles, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (F.L.M.); (E.H.H.); (C.E.H.); (P.J.)
| | | | - Ujué Fresán
- eHealth Group, Instituto de Salud Global Barcelona (ISGlobal), 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Kate Marsh
- Private Practice, Chatswood, NSW 2067, Australia;
| | - Fayth L. Miles
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyles, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (F.L.M.); (E.H.H.); (C.E.H.); (P.J.)
- School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA;
| | - Angela V. Saunders
- Nutrition Insights, Sanitarium Health Food Company, Berkeley Vale, NSW 2261, Australia;
| | - Ella H. Haddad
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyles, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (F.L.M.); (E.H.H.); (C.E.H.); (P.J.)
| | - Celine E. Heskey
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyles, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (F.L.M.); (E.H.H.); (C.E.H.); (P.J.)
| | - Patricia Johnston
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyles, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (F.L.M.); (E.H.H.); (C.E.H.); (P.J.)
| | - Enette Larson-Meyer
- Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Michael Orlich
- School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA;
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Gates A, Marin T, De Leo G, Waller JL, Stansfield BK. Nutrient composition of preterm mother's milk and factors that influence nutrient content. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:1719-1728. [PMID: 34293087 PMCID: PMC10157816 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast milk feedings are the optimal feeding choice for premature infants. Clinicians depend on accurate nutrient profiles of the breast milk in order to make informed decisions regarding the need for nutrient supplementation. Existing data for nutrient composition of preterm breast milk are dated and not representative of the current population of women delivering prematurely in the United States. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this prospective, longitudinal, single-center observational study was to measure the macronutrient and micronutrient composition of breast milk expressed by mothers, including women who self-identify as black, delivering preterm infants at ≤33 completed weeks of gestation. METHODS We collected breast milk samples from mothers of preterm infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at Augusta University Medical Center from January 2019 through November 2019. Mother's milk samples were collected on postpartum days 7, 14, 21, and 28 and analyzed for macronutrients (energy, fat, protein, and carbohydrates) and micronutrients (sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and zinc). RESULTS Thirty-eight mothers, mean age 27 ± 5.1 y and majority black (66%), provided milk for the study. The mean estimated gestational age and birth weight were 28.2 ± 2.8 weeks of gestation and 1098 ± 347 g, respectively, with 42% of mothers in the cohort delivering before week 28 of pregnancy. Differences in protein, sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and zinc concentrations based on race, day, and milk volume were identified. Dilution effects for protein, sodium, chloride, and vitamin D concentrations over time were identified. CONCLUSIONS Our study is among the first to characterize breast milk composition from women who delivered extremely preterm infants and adds to the evidence that race, gestational age, and volume influence the composition of preterm mother's milk. These factors should be considered when designing mother's milk-based feeds for premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Gates
- College of Allied Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Terri Marin
- College of Nursing, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Gianluca De Leo
- College of Allied Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Waller
- Division of Biostatistics and Data Science, Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Brian K Stansfield
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Zhou Y, Yu Z, Wang X, Chen W, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Yin J, Han S. Exosomal circRNAs contribute to intestinal development via the VEGF signalling pathway in human term and preterm colostrum. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:11218-11233. [PMID: 33820870 PMCID: PMC8109075 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human breast milk (HBM) provides essential nutrients for newborn growth and development, and contains a variety of biologically active ingredients that can affect gastrointestinal tract and immune system development in breastfed infants. HBM also contains mRNAs, microRNAs and lncRNAs, most of which are encapsulated in milk-derived exosomes and exhibit various important infant development related biological functions. While previous studies have shown that exosomal circRNAs are involved in the intestinal epithelial cells’ proliferation and repair. However, the effect of HBM exosomal circRNAs on intestinal development is not clear. In this study, we identified 6756 circRNAs both in preterm colostrum (PC) and term colostrum (TC), of which 66 were upregulated, and 42 were downregulated (|fold change>2|, p < 0.05) in PC. Pathway analysis showed that the VEGF signalling pathway was involved, and network analysis revealed that the differentially expressed circRNAs bound various miRNAs. Further analyses showed that has_circRNA_405708 and has_circRNA_104707 were involved in the VEGF signalling pathway, and that they all bound various mirRNAs. Exosomes found in preterm colostrum (PC) and term colostrum (TC) promoted VEGF protein expression and induced the proliferation and migration of small intestinal epithelial cells (FHCs). Exosomal circRNAs found in human colostrum (HC) binding to related miRNAs may regulate VEGF signalling, and intestinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zhangbin Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Xingyun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Wenjuan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Yiwen Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Yinghui Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Jing Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Shuping Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, China
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28
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The Triad Mother-Breast Milk-Infant as Predictor of Future Health: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020486. [PMID: 33540672 PMCID: PMC7913039 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The benefits of human milk for both mother and infant are widely acknowledged. Human milk could represent a link between maternal and offspring health. The triad mother-breast milk-infant is an interconnected system in which maternal diet and lifestyle might have effects on infant's health outcome. This link could be in part explained by epigenetics, even if the underlining mechanisms have not been fully clarified yet. The aim of this paper is to update the association between maternal diet and human milk, pointing out how maternal diet and lifestyle could be associated with breast-milk composition, hence with offspring's health outcome.
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29
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Relationship between Fatty Acids Composition/Antioxidant Potential of Breast Milk and Maternal Diet: Comparison with Infant Formulas. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122910. [PMID: 32599866 PMCID: PMC7356699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The fatty acid composition of human breast milk is relevant for the energy, immunity and eicosanoid production in infants. Additionally, the antioxidant properties of foods are essential for human health. Therefore, in the present study we aimed to investigate the relationship between maternal diet and fatty acids composition as well as the antioxidant potential of breast milk from donors to human milk bank of Perugia's hospital, Italy. Results were compared with infant formulas. We observed increased levels of total fatty acids and, in particular, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in milk from mothers fed on a vegetable and fruit-rich diet compared with a Mediterranean diet. In the same milk, a reduced antioxidant potential was found. All infant formulas resulted in richer total fatty acid content than human breast milk. Only some formulas were qualitatively similar to breast milk. Of note, the antioxidant potential of the formulas was higher or lower than the human milk with the exception of one sample. The antioxidant potential of four formulas was very high. Dietary supplementation with antioxidants has been shown to have a teratogenic effect and to increase the formation of metastases in adult. There are no data on the effects of excess antioxidants in the infants, but the possibility that they can be harmful cannot be excluded.
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