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Fox JT, Magoulick DD. Fish beta diversity associated with hydrologic and anthropogenic disturbance gradients in contrasting stream flow regimes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:173825. [PMID: 38857792 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the role of hydrologic variation in structuring aquatic communities is crucial for successful conservation and sustainable management of native freshwater biodiversity. Partitioning beta diversity into the additive components of spatial turnover and nestedness can provide insight into the forces driving variability in fish assemblages across stream flow regimes. We examined stream fish beta diversity across hydrologic and anthropogenic disturbance gradients using long-term (1916-2016) site occurrence records (n = 17,375) encompassing 252 species. We assessed total beta diversity (Sørensen dissimilarity), spatial turnover, and nestedness of fish assemblages in contrasting stream flow regimes across a gradient of decreasing flow stability: groundwater stable (n = 77), groundwater (n = 67), groundwater flashy (n = 175), perennial runoff (n = 141), runoff flashy (n = 255), and intermittent (n = 63) streams. Differences in total beta diversity among the stream flow regimes were driven predominantly (>86 %) by spatial turnover (i.e. species replacement) as opposed to nestedness (i.e. species loss or gain). Total fish beta diversity and spatial turnover were highest in streams with intermediate flow stability (groundwater flashy), while more flow-stable streams (groundwater stable and groundwater) had lower turnover and higher nestedness. Species turnover was also strongly associated with seasonal variation in hydrology across all flow regimes, but these relationships were most evident for assemblages in intermittent streams. Distance-based statistical comparisons showed significant correlations between beta diversity and anthropogenic disturbance variables, including dam density, dam storage volume and water withdrawals in catchments of groundwater stable streams, while hydrologic variables were more strongly correlated with beta diversity in streams with runoff-dominated and flashy flow regimes. The high spatial turnover of species implies that fish conservation actions would benefit from watershed-focused approaches targeting multiple streams with wide spatial distribution, as opposed to simply focusing on preserving sites with the greatest number of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tyler Fox
- Arkansas Cooperative and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
| | - Daniel D Magoulick
- U.S. Geological Survey, Arkansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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2
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Valentine GP, Lu X, Childress ES, Dolloff CA, Hitt NP, Kulp MA, Letcher BH, Pregler KC, Rash JM, Hooten MB, Kanno Y. Spatial asynchrony and cross-scale climate interactions in populations of a coldwater stream fish. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17029. [PMID: 37987546 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Climate change affects populations over broad geographic ranges due to spatially autocorrelated abiotic conditions known as the Moran effect. However, populations do not always respond to broad-scale environmental changes synchronously across a landscape. We combined multiple datasets for a retrospective analysis of time-series count data (5-28 annual samples per segment) at 144 stream segments dispersed over nearly 1,000 linear kilometers of range to characterize the population structure and scale of spatial synchrony across the southern native range of a coldwater stream fish (brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis), which is sensitive to stream temperature and flow variations. Spatial synchrony differed by life stage and geographic region: it was stronger in the juvenile life stage than in the adult life stage and in the northern sub-region than in the southern sub-region. Spatial synchrony of trout populations extended to 100-200 km but was much weaker than that of climate variables such as temperature, precipitation, and stream flow. Early life stage abundance changed over time due to annual variation in summer temperature and winter and spring stream flow conditions. Climate effects on abundance differed between sub-regions and among local populations within sub-regions, indicating multiple cross-scale interactions where climate interacted with local habitat to generate only a modest pattern of population synchrony over space. Overall, our analysis showed higher degrees of response heterogeneity of local populations to climate variation and consequently population asynchrony than previously shown based on analysis of individual, geographically restricted datasets. This response heterogeneity indicates that certain local segments characterized by population asynchrony and resistance to climate variation could represent unique populations of this iconic native coldwater fish that warrant targeted conservation. Advancing the conservation of this species can include actions that identify such priority populations and incorporate them into landscape-level conservation planning. Our approach is applicable to other widespread aquatic species sensitive to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Valentine
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Xinyi Lu
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | | | - C Andrew Dolloff
- U.S. Forest Service Southern Research Station, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Nathaniel P Hitt
- U.S. Geological Survey Eastern Ecological Science Center, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA
| | - Matthew A Kulp
- Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, USA
| | - Benjamin H Letcher
- U.S. Geological Survey Eastern Ecological Science Center, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA
| | - Kasey C Pregler
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jacob M Rash
- North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, Marion, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mevin B Hooten
- Department of Statistics and Data Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Yoichiro Kanno
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Mejia FH, Ouellet V, Briggs MA, Carlson SM, Casas-Mulet R, Chapman M, Collins MJ, Dugdale SJ, Ebersole JL, Frechette DM, Fullerton AH, Gillis CA, Johnson ZC, Kelleher C, Kurylyk BL, Lave R, Letcher BH, Myrvold KM, Nadeau TL, Neville H, Piégay H, Smith KA, Tonolla D, Torgersen CE. Closing the gap between science and management of cold-water refuges in rivers and streams. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:5482-5508. [PMID: 37466251 PMCID: PMC10615108 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Human activities and climate change threaten coldwater organisms in freshwater ecosystems by causing rivers and streams to warm, increasing the intensity and frequency of warm temperature events, and reducing thermal heterogeneity. Cold-water refuges are discrete patches of relatively cool water that are used by coldwater organisms for thermal relief and short-term survival. Globally, cohesive management approaches are needed that consider interlinked physical, biological, and social factors of cold-water refuges. We review current understanding of cold-water refuges, identify gaps between science and management, and evaluate policies aimed at protecting thermally sensitive species. Existing policies include designating cold-water habitats, restricting fishing during warm periods, and implementing threshold temperature standards or guidelines. However, these policies are rare and uncoordinated across spatial scales and often do not consider input from Indigenous peoples. We propose that cold-water refuges be managed as distinct operational landscape units, which provide a social and ecological context that is relevant at the watershed scale. These operational landscape units provide the foundation for an integrated framework that links science and management by (1) mapping and characterizing cold-water refuges to prioritize management and conservation actions, (2) leveraging existing and new policies, (3) improving coordination across jurisdictions, and (4) implementing adaptive management practices across scales. Our findings show that while there are many opportunities for scientific advancement, the current state of the sciences is sufficient to inform policy and management. Our proposed framework provides a path forward for managing and protecting cold-water refuges using existing and new policies to protect coldwater organisms in the face of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine H. Mejia
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Cascadia Field Station, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Valerie Ouellet
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Martin A. Briggs
- Observing Systems Division, U.S. Geological Survey, Hydrologic Remote Sensing Branch, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Carlson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Roser Casas-Mulet
- Aquatic Systems Biology Unit, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mollie Chapman
- Department of Geography, URPP Global Change and Biodiversity, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias J. Collins
- National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Joseph L. Ebersole
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Danielle M. Frechette
- Maine Department of Marine Resources, Bureau of Sea Run Fisheries and Habitat, Augusta, Maine, USA
| | - Aimee H. Fullerton
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Zachary C. Johnson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Water Science Center, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Christa Kelleher
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Barret L. Kurylyk
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Rebecca Lave
- Department of Geography, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Benjamin H. Letcher
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, S.O. Conte Fish Research Center, Turners Falls, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Knut M. Myrvold
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Tracie-Lynn Nadeau
- Region 10, Water Division, Oregon Operations Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Herve Piégay
- UMR 5600 CNRS EVS, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Kathryn A. Smith
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Diego Tonolla
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Christian E. Torgersen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Cascadia Field Station, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Conte M, de Campos DF, Eme J. Effective practices for thermal tolerance polygon experiments using mottled catfish Corydoras paleatus. J Therm Biol 2023; 115:103616. [PMID: 37437371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is an important environmental factor that affects how organisms allocate metabolic resources to physiological processes. Laboratory experiments that determine absolute thermal limits for representative species are important for understanding how fishes are affected by climate change. Critical Thermal Methodology (CTM) and Chronic Lethal Methodology (CLM) experiments were utilized to construct a complete thermal tolerance polygon for the South American fish species, Mottled catfish (Corydoras paleatus). Mottled catfish showed Chronic Lethal Maxima (CLMax) of 34.9 ± 0.52 °C and Chronic Lethal Minima (CLMin) of 3.8 ± 0.08 °C. Fish were chronically acclimated (∼2 weeks) to 6 temperatures ranging from 7.2 ± 0.05 °C →32.2 ± 0.16 °C (7 °C, 12 °C, 17 °C, 22 °C, 27 °C, and 32 °C), and CTM used to estimate upper and lower acute temperature tolerance. Linear regressions of Critical Thermal Maxima (CTMax) and Minima (CTMin) data with each acclimation temperature were used along with CLMax and CLMin to create a complete thermal tolerance polygon. The highest CTMax was 38.4 ± 0.60 °C for fish acclimated to 32.2 ± 0.16 °C, and the lowest CTMin was 3.36 ± 1.84 °C for fish acclimated to 7.2 ± 0.05 °C. Mottled catfish have a polygon measuring 785.7°C2, and the slope of the linear regressions showed the species gained 0.55 °C and 0.32 °C of upper and lower tolerance per degree of acclimation temperature, respectively. We compared slopes of CTMax or CTMin regression lines to each other using a set of comparisons between 3, 4, 5, or 6 acclimation temperatures. Our data demonstrated that 3 acclimation temperatures were as sufficient as 4 → 6 to pair with estimates of chronic upper and lower thermal limits for accurately determining a complete thermal tolerance polygon. Construction of this species' complete thermal tolerance polygon provides a template for other researchers. The following is sufficient to generate a complete thermal tolerance polygon: Three chronic acclimation temperatures that are spread somewhat evenly across a species' thermal range, include an estimation of CLMax and CLMin, and are followed by CTMax and CTMin measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Conte
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, 333 S. Twin Oaks Blvd., San Marcos, CA, USA.
| | - Derek Felipe de Campos
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Biodiversity Coordination, National Institute for the Amazonian Research, Av. Andre Araujo, 2936, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
| | - John Eme
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, 333 S. Twin Oaks Blvd., San Marcos, CA, USA.
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Howard KG, von Biela V. Adult spawners: A critical period for subarctic Chinook salmon in a changing climate. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1759-1773. [PMID: 36661402 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Concurrent, distribution-wide abundance declines of some Pacific salmon species, including Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), highlights the need to understand how vulnerability at different life stages to climate stressors affects population dynamics and fisheries sustainability. Yukon River Chinook salmon stocks are among the largest subarctic populations, near the northernmost extent of the species range. Existing research suggests that Yukon River Chinook salmon population dynamics are largely driven by factors occurring between the adult spawner life stage and their offspring's first summer at sea (second year post-hatching). However, specific mechanisms sustaining chronic poor productivity are unknown, and there is a tremendous sense of urgency to understand causes, as declines of these stocks have taken a serious toll on commercial, recreational, and indigenous subsistence fisheries. Therefore, we leveraged multiple existing datasets spanning parent and juvenile stages of life history in freshwater and marine habitats. We analyzed environmental data in association with the production of offspring that survive to the marine juvenile stage (juveniles per spawner). These analyses suggest more than 45% of the variability in the production of juvenile Chinook salmon is associated with river temperatures or water discharge levels during the parent spawning migration. Over the past two decades, parents that experienced warmer water temperatures and lower discharge in the mainstem Yukon River produced fewer juveniles per spawning adult. We propose the adult spawner life stage as a critical period regulating population dynamics. We also propose a conceptual model that can explain associations between population dynamics and climate stressors using independent data focused on marine nutrition and freshwater heat stress. It is sobering to consider that some of the northernmost Pacific salmon habitats may already be unfavorable to these cold-water species. Our findings have immediate implications, given the common assumption that northern ranges of Pacific salmon offer refugia from climate stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa von Biela
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
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6
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Niedrist GH. Substantial warming of Central European mountain rivers under climate change. REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE 2023; 23:43. [PMID: 36814931 PMCID: PMC9938829 DOI: 10.1007/s10113-023-02037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Water bodies around the world are currently warming with unprecedented rates since observations started, but warming occurs highly variable among ecoregions. So far, mountain rivers were expected to experience attenuated warming due to cold water input from snow or ice. However, air temperatures in mountain areas are increasing faster than the global average, and therefore warming effects are expected for cold riverine ecosystems. In decomposing multi-decadal water temperature data of two Central European mountain rivers with different discharge and water source regime, this work identified so far unreported (a) long-term warming trends (with river-size dependent rates between +0.24 and +0.44 °C decade-1); but also (b) seasonal shifts with both rivers warming not only during summer, but also in winter months (i.e., up to +0.52 °C decade-1 in November); (c) significantly increasing minimum and maximum temperatures (e.g., temperatures in a larger river no longer reach freezing point since 1996 and maximum temperatures increased at rates between +0.4 and +0.7 °C decade-1); and (d) an expanding of warm-water periods during recent decades in these ecosystems. Our results show a substantial warming effect of mountain rivers with significant month-specific warming rates not only during summer but also in winter, suggesting that mountain river phenology continues to change with ongoing atmospheric warming. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that apart from a general warming, also seasonal shifts, changes in extreme temperatures, and expanding warm periods will play a role for ecological components of mountain rivers and should be considered in climate change assessments and mitigation management. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10113-023-02037-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg H. Niedrist
- River and Conservation Research, Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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7
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Idenyi JN, Eya JC, Abanikannda MF, Huber DH, Gannam AL, Sealey WM. Dynamics of mitochondrial adaptation and energy metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in response to sustainable diet and temperature. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad348. [PMID: 37813378 PMCID: PMC10625652 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Impacts of plant-based ingredients and temperatures on energy metabolism in rainbow trout was investigated. A total of 288 fish (mean body weight: 45.6 g) were fed four isocaloric, isolipidic, and isonitrogenous diets containing 40% protein and 20% lipid and formulated as 100% animal-based protein (AP) and a blend of 50% fish oil (FO) and 50% camelina oil (CO); 100% AP and100% CO; 100% plant-based protein (PP) and a blend of 50% FO and 50% CO or 100% PP and 100% CO at 14 or 18 °C for 150 d. Diet did not significantly affect weight gain (WG) (P = 0.1902), condition factor (CF) (P = 0.0833) or specific growth rate (SGR) (P = 0.1511), but diet significantly impacted both feed efficiency (FE) (P = 0.0076) and feed intake (FI) (P = 0.0076). Temperature did not significantly affect WG (P = 0.1231), FE (P = 0.0634), FI (P = 0.0879), CF (P = 0.8277), or SGR (P = 0.1232). The diet × temperature interaction did not significantly affect WG (P = 0.7203), FE (P = 0.4799), FI (P = 0.2783), CF (P = 0.5071), or SGR (P = 0.7429). Furthermore, temperature did not influence protein efficiency ratio (P = 0.0633), lipid efficiency ratio (P = 0.0630), protein productive value (P = 0.0756), energy productive value (P = 0.1048), and lipid productive value (P = 0.1386); however, diet had significant main effects on PER (P = 0.0076), LPV (P = 0.0075), and PPV (P = 0.0138). Temperature regimens induced increased activities of mitochondrial complexes I (P = 0.0120), II (P = 0.0008), III (P = 0.0010), IV (P < 0.0001), V (P < 0.0001), and citrate synthase (CS) (P < 0.0001) in the intestine; complexes I (P < 0.0001), II (P < 0.0001), and CS (P = 0.0122) in the muscle; and complexes I (P < 0.0001), II (P < 0.0001), and III (P < 0.0001) in the liver. Similarly, dietary composition significantly affected complexes I (P < 0.0001), II (P < 0.0001), IV (P < 0.0001), V (P < 0.0001), and CS (P < 0.0001) in the intestine; complexes I (P < 0.0001), II (P < 0.0001), III (P = 0.0002), IV (P < 0.0001), V (P = 0.0060), and CS (P < 0.0001) in the muscle; and complexes I (P < 0.0001), II (P < 0.0001), IV (P < 0.0001), V (P < 0.0001), and CS (P < 0.0001) in the liver activities except complex III activities in intestine (P = 0.0817) and liver (P = 0.4662). The diet × temperature interaction impacted CS activity in the intestine (P = 0.0010), complex II in the muscle (P = 0.0079), and complexes I (P = 0.0009) and II (P = 0.0348) in the liver. Overall, comparing partial to full dietary substitution of FO with CO, partial dietary replacement showed similar effects on complex activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Idenyi
- Department of Biology/Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112, USA
| | - Jonathan C Eya
- Department of Biology/Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112, USA
| | - Mosope F Abanikannda
- Department of Biology/Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112, USA
| | - David H Huber
- Department of Biology/Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112, USA
| | - Ann L Gannam
- Abernathy Fish Technology Center Longview, 1440 Abernathy Creek Road, WA 98632, USA
| | - Wendy M Sealey
- USDA ARS Bozeman Fish Technology Center 4050 Bridger Canyon Road, Bozeman, MT 59715-8433, USA
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Amat‐Trigo F, Andreou D, Gillingham PK, Britton JR. Behavioural thermoregulation in cold-water freshwater fish: Innate resilience to climate warming? FISH AND FISHERIES (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2023; 24:187-195. [PMID: 37063475 PMCID: PMC10100141 DOI: 10.1111/faf.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Behavioural thermoregulation enables ectotherms to access habitats providing conditions within their temperature optima, especially in periods of extreme thermal conditions, through adjustments to their behaviours that provide a "whole-body" response to temperature changes. Although freshwater fish have been detected as moving in response to temperature changes to access habitats that provide their thermal optima, there is a lack of integrative studies synthesising the extent to which this is driven by behaviour across different species and spatial scales. A quantitative global synthesis of behavioural thermoregulation in freshwater fish revealed that across 77 studies, behavioural thermoregulatory movements by fish were detected both vertically and horizontally, and from warm to cool waters and, occasionally, the converse. When fish moved from warm to cooler habitats, the extent of the temperature difference between these habitats decreased with increasing latitude, with juvenile and non-migratory fishes tolerating greater temperature differences than adult and anadromous individuals. With most studies focused on assessing movements of cold-water salmonids during summer periods, there remains an outstanding need for work on climatically vulnerable, non-salmonid fishes to understand how these innate thermoregulatory behaviours could facilitate population persistence in warming conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Amat‐Trigo
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and TechnologyBournemouth UniversityPooleUK
| | - Demetra Andreou
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and TechnologyBournemouth UniversityPooleUK
| | - Phillipa K. Gillingham
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and TechnologyBournemouth UniversityPooleUK
| | - J. Robert Britton
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and TechnologyBournemouth UniversityPooleUK
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Snyder MN, Schumaker NH, Dunham JB, Ebersole JL, Keefer ML, Halama J, Comeleo RL, Leinenbach P, Brookes A, Cope B, Wu J, Palmer J. Tough places and safe spaces: Can refuges save salmon from a warming climate? Ecosphere 2022; 13:10.1002/ecs2.4265. [PMID: 36505090 PMCID: PMC9728623 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of thermal refuges in a rapidly warming world is particularly evident for migratory species, where individuals encounter a wide range of conditions throughout their lives. In this study, we used a spatially explicit, individual-based simulation model to evaluate the buffering potential of cold-water thermal refuges for anadromous salmon and trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) migrating upstream through a warm river corridor that can expose individuals to physiologically stressful temperatures. We considered upstream migration in relation to migratory phenotypes that were defined in terms of migration timing, spawn timing, swim speed, and use of cold-water thermal refuges. Individuals with different migratory phenotypes migrated upstream through riverine corridors with variable availability of cold-water thermal refuges and mainstem temperatures. Use of cold-water refuges (CWRs) decreased accumulated sublethal exposures to physiologically stressful temperatures when measured in degree-days above 20, 21, and 22°C. The availability of CWRs was an order of magnitude more effective in lowering accumulated sublethal exposures under current and future mainstem temperatures for summer steelhead than fall Chinook Salmon. We considered two emergent model outcomes, survival and percent of available energy used, in relation to thermal heterogeneity and migratory phenotype. Mean percent energy loss attributed to future warmer mainstem temperatures was at least two times larger than the difference in energy used in simulations without CWRs for steelhead and salmon. We also found that loss of CWRs reduced the diversity of energy-conserving migratory phenotypes when we examined the variability in entry timing and travel time outside of CWRs in relation to energy loss. Energy-conserving phenotypic space contracted by 7%-23% when CWRs were unavailable under the current thermal regime. Our simulations suggest that, while CWRs do not entirely mitigate for stressful thermal exposures in mainstem rivers, these features are important for maintaining a diversity of migration phenotypes. Our study suggests that the maintenance of diverse portfolios of migratory phenotypes and cool- and cold-water refuges might be added to the suite of policies and management actions presently being deployed to improve the likelihood of Pacific salmonid persistence into a future characterized by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcía N. Snyder
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Nathan H. Schumaker
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Jason B. Dunham
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Joseph L. Ebersole
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Matthew L. Keefer
- University of Idaho, Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Jonathan Halama
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education/US Environmental Protection Agency, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Randy L. Comeleo
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Allen Brookes
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Ben Cope
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer Wu
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John Palmer
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Seattle, Washington, USA
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10
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Warren DR, Roon DA, Swartz AG, Bladon KD. Loss of riparian forests from wildfire led to increased stream temperatures in summer, yet salmonid fish persisted. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dana R. Warren
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - David A. Roon
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Allison G. Swartz
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Kevin D. Bladon
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
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11
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Beyene MT, Leibowitz SG, Snyder M, Ebersole JL, Almquist VW. Variable wildfire impacts on the seasonal water temperatures of western US streams: A retrospective study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268452. [PMID: 35857741 PMCID: PMC9299304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent increases in the burn area and severity of wildfires in the western US have raised concerns about the impact on stream water temperature–a key determinant of cold-water fish habitats. However, the effect on seasonal water temperatures of concern, including winter and summer, are not fully understood. In this study, we assessed the impact of wildfire burns at Boulder Creek (Oregon), Elk Creek (Oregon), and Gibbon River (Wyoming) watersheds on the downstream winter and summer water temperatures for the first three post-fire years. To obtain results independent of the choice of the analytical method, we evaluated the consequence of each burn using three different statistical approaches that utilize local water temperature data. Our results from the three approaches indicated that the response of water temperatures to wildfire burns varied across seasons and sites. Wildfire burns were associated with a median increase of up to 0.56°C (Standard Error; S.E. < 0.23°C) in the summer mean water temperatures (MWT) and 62 degree-day Celsius (DDC; S.E. < 20.7 DDC) in the summer accumulated degree days (ADD) for the three subsequent years across studied stream sites. Interestingly, these burns also corresponded to a median decrease of up to 0.49°C (S.E. < 0.45°C) in the winter MWT and 39 DDC (S.E. < 40.5 DDC) in the winter ADD for the same period across sites. Wildfire effects on the downstream water temperatures diminished with increasing site distance from the burn perimeter. Our analyses demonstrated that analytical methods that utilize local watershed data could be applied to evaluate fire effects on downstream water temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mussie T. Beyene
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Post-doc, c/o U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Scott G. Leibowitz
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Marcia Snyder
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Joseph L. Ebersole
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
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12
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Santelmann MV, Harewood AG, Flitcroft RL. Effects of Stream Enhancement Structures on Water Temperature in South Sister Creek, Oregon. NORTHWEST SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary V. Santelmann
- Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, 104 CEOAS Administration Building, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Alessandra G. Harewood
- Oregon State University, Water Resources Graduate Program, 116 Gilmore Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 and
| | - Rebecca L. Flitcroft
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 Jefferson Way SW, Corvallis, Oregon 97330
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13
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Pandey A, Rajesh M, Baral P, Sarma D, Tripathi PH, Akhtar MS, Ciji A, Dubey MK, Pande V, Sharma P, Kamalam BS. Concurrent changes in thermal tolerance thresholds and cellular heat stress response reveals novel molecular signatures and markers of high temperature acclimation in rainbow trout. J Therm Biol 2021; 102:103124. [PMID: 34863487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to better understand the molecular mechanisms which regulate acclimatory responses and thermal safety margins of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at temperatures above physiological optimum. For this, we investigated the time course of changes in critical thermal tolerance thresholds and associated hepatic and renal transcript abundance of molecular markers related to cellular stress response, during high temperature acclimation. The experimental fish were initially acclimated to 17 °C and later exposed to a gradually raised elevated temperature regime (22 °C) for a period of 30 days. CTmax, CTmin and mRNA expression of candidate markers were examined before the thermal challenge (T0) and over the time-course (days) of high temperature exposure (T1, T3, T7, T15 and T30). With respect to organismal response, CTmax was significantly elevated at T3, but the degree of gain in heat tolerance was not persistent. Contrarily, we observed a gradual loss in cold tolerance with highest CTmin estimate at T30. Based on the time-course of mRNA expression, the studied markers could be categorized into those which were persistently elevated (hsp70a, hsp70b, hspa5, hsp90a, hsp90b, stip1 and serpinh1 in kidney and hsp90b in liver); those which concurred with changes in CTmin (hspbp1, hsp90b, stip1, gr1, hif1a, hyou1, tnfa and tlr5 in kidney); and those which concurred with changes in CTmax (hsp90a, serpinh1, tlr5 and lmo2 in liver). Apparently, transcriptional changes in kidney and liver reflected CTmin and CTmax trend, respectively. Expression profile of stip1 and tlr5 suggest that they are potential novel markers which could reflect thermal limits in rainbow trout. Hepatic metabolic markers were either initially elevated (alt, glud, g6pase1) or down-regulated at different time-points (ast2, gls1, fas, cpt1b, mtor), linked to gluconeogenesis and metabolic depression, respectively. Whereas, growth-axis markers showed no significant differences. Overall, this time-course analysis has revealed potential associations in organismal and tissue-specific cellular response to high temperature acclimation in a thermally sensitive coldwater ectotherm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Pandey
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, 263136, Uttarakhand, India; Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, 263136, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Manchi Rajesh
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, 263136, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pratibha Baral
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, 263136, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Debajit Sarma
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, 263136, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Priyanka H Tripathi
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, 263136, Uttarakhand, India; Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, 263136, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Md Shahbaz Akhtar
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, 263136, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Alexander Ciji
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, 263136, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Maneesh Kumar Dubey
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, 263136, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, 263136, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Prakash Sharma
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, 263136, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Biju Sam Kamalam
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, 263136, Uttarakhand, India.
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14
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O'Sullivan AM, Corey E, Cunjak RA, Linnansaari T, Curry RA. Salmonid thermal habitat contraction in a hydrogeologically complex setting. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antóin M. O'Sullivan
- FOREM University of New Brunswick 2 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
- Canadian Rivers Institute 2 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
| | - Emily Corey
- FOREM University of New Brunswick 2 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
- Biology University of New Brunswick 10 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
| | - Richard A. Cunjak
- FOREM University of New Brunswick 2 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
- Canadian Rivers Institute 2 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
- Biology University of New Brunswick 10 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
| | - Tommi Linnansaari
- FOREM University of New Brunswick 2 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
- Canadian Rivers Institute 2 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
- Biology University of New Brunswick 10 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
| | - R. Allen Curry
- FOREM University of New Brunswick 2 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
- Canadian Rivers Institute 2 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
- Biology University of New Brunswick 10 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
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15
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A riverscape approach reveals downstream propagation of stream thermal responses to riparian thinning at multiple scales. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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16
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Jager HI, Long JW, Malison RL, Murphy BP, Rust A, Silva LGM, Sollmann R, Steel ZL, Bowen MD, Dunham JB, Ebersole JL, Flitcroft RL. Resilience of terrestrial and aquatic fauna to historical and future wildfire regimes in western North America. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:12259-12284. [PMID: 34594498 PMCID: PMC8462151 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wildfires in many western North American forests are becoming more frequent, larger, and severe, with changed seasonal patterns. In response, coniferous forest ecosystems will transition toward dominance by fire-adapted hardwoods, shrubs, meadows, and grasslands, which may benefit some faunal communities, but not others. We describe factors that limit and promote faunal resilience to shifting wildfire regimes for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We highlight the potential value of interspersed nonforest patches to terrestrial wildlife. Similarly, we review watershed thresholds and factors that control the resilience of aquatic ecosystems to wildfire, mediated by thermal changes and chemical, debris, and sediment loadings. We present a 2-dimensional life history framework to describe temporal and spatial life history traits that species use to resist wildfire effects or to recover after wildfire disturbance at a metapopulation scale. The role of fire refuge is explored for metapopulations of species. In aquatic systems, recovery of assemblages postfire may be faster for smaller fires where unburned tributary basins or instream structures provide refuge from debris and sediment flows. We envision that more-frequent, lower-severity fires will favor opportunistic species and that less-frequent high-severity fires will favor better competitors. Along the spatial dimension, we hypothesize that fire regimes that are predictable and generate burned patches in close proximity to refuge will favor species that move to refuges and later recolonize, whereas fire regimes that tend to generate less-severely burned patches may favor species that shelter in place. Looking beyond the trees to forest fauna, we consider mitigation options to enhance resilience and buy time for species facing a no-analog future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette I. Jager
- Environmental Sciences DivisionOak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)Oak RidgeTNUSA
| | - Jonathan W. Long
- U.S. Department of AgriculturePacific Southwest Research StationDavisCAUSA
| | - Rachel L. Malison
- Flathead Lake Biological StationThe University of MontanaPolsonMTUSA
| | - Brendan P. Murphy
- School of Environmental ScienceSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
| | - Ashley Rust
- Civil and Environmental Engineering DepartmentColorado School of MinesGoldenCOUSA
| | - Luiz G. M. Silva
- Institute for Land, Water and SocietyCharles Sturt UniversityAlburyNSWAustralia
- Department of CivilEnvironmental and Geomatic EngineeringStocker LabInstitute of Environmental EngineeringETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Rahel Sollmann
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation BiologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCAUSA
| | - Zachary L. Steel
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and ManagementUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Mark D. Bowen
- Thomas Gast & Associates Environmental ConsultantsArcataCAUSA
| | - Jason B. Dunham
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science CenterCorvallisORUSA
| | - Joseph L. Ebersole
- Center for Public Health and Environmental AssessmentPacific Ecological Systems DivisionU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyCorvallisORUSA
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17
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Clark C, Krall M, Roni P, Ceder K. Reach‐scale stream temperature response to large wood placement. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Clark
- Eastern Interior Field Office Bureau of Land Management 222 University Avenue Fairbanks AK 99709 U.S.A
| | - Michelle Krall
- Watershed Sciences Lab Cramer Fish Sciences 1125, 12th Avenue NW Issaquah WA 98027 U.S.A
| | - Phil Roni
- Watershed Sciences Lab Cramer Fish Sciences 1125, 12th Avenue NW Issaquah WA 98027 U.S.A
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of Washington 1122 NE Boat Street Seattle WA 98105 U.S.A
| | - Kevin Ceder
- Woodland Creek Consulting 8057, 20th Avenue NW Seattle WA 98117 U.S.A
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18
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Firth BL, Drake DAR, Power M. Seasonal and environmental effects on upper thermal limits of eastern sand darter ( Ammocrypta pellucida). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab057. [PMID: 35928053 PMCID: PMC8336138 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic stressors are predicted to increase water temperature, which can influence physiological, individual, and population processes in fishes. We assessed the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of eastern sand darter (Ammocrypta pellucida), a small benthic fish listed as threatened under the Species at Risk Act in Canada. Field trials were conducted stream side June-November 2019 in the Grand River, Ontario, to encompass a range of ambient water temperatures (7-25°C) for which agitation temperature (Tag) and CTmax were determined. Additional measures were taken in the comparatively more turbid Thames River to test the effect of turbidity on both measures. In the Grand, Tag and CTmax ranged from 23°C to 33°C and 27°C to 37°C, respectively, and both significantly increased with ambient water temperature, with a high acclimation response ratio (0.49). The thermal safety margin (difference between ambient temperatures and CTmax) was smallest in July and August (~11°C) indicating that eastern sand darter lives closer to its physiological limit in summer. The between-river comparison indicated that turbidity had no significant influence on Tag and CTmax. Comparison of CTmax with in-river temperatures suggested that mean stream temperature 24 hours before the trial was most important for determining CTmax. Fish mass, temperature variance and maximum temperature in the 24-hour period prior to the CTmax trial were also shown to have some effect on determining CTmax. Overall, study results better define the sensitivity of eastern sand darter to temperature changes across the growing season and provide information to assess the availability of suitable thermal habitat for conservation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britney L Firth
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - D Andrew R Drake
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Michael Power
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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19
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Gosselin JL, Buhle ER, Van Holmes C, Beer WN, Iltis S, Anderson JJ. Role of carryover effects in conservation of wild Pacific salmon migrating regulated rivers. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Gosselin
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of Washington 1122 NE Boat Street Seattle Washington 98105 USA
| | - Eric R. Buhle
- Biomark Applied Biological Services Boise Idaho 83702 USA
| | - Christopher Van Holmes
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of Washington 1122 NE Boat Street Seattle Washington 98105 USA
| | - W. Nicholas Beer
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of Washington 1122 NE Boat Street Seattle Washington 98105 USA
| | - Susannah Iltis
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of Washington 1122 NE Boat Street Seattle Washington 98105 USA
| | - James J. Anderson
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of Washington 1122 NE Boat Street Seattle Washington 98105 USA
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20
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Liu Y, Muniz MMM, Lam S, Song D, Zhang Y, Yin J, Cánovas A, Liu H. Gene expression profile of the taimen Hucho taimen in response to acute temperature changes. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 38:100824. [PMID: 33743513 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The endangered cold-water fish species taimen (Hucho taimen) suffer acute temperature changes in culture and wild conditions. Understanding the effects of acute temperature changes on physiological processes of this species is essential for aquaculture practices and conservation. Liver transcriptomic profiles of the taimen (n = 24) exposed to acute temperature decrease (from 20 °C to 10 °C) and acute temperature increase (from 10 °C to 20 °C) was evaluated using high-throughput RNA-Sequencing. Samples were collected at day 0, 1, 7 and 35 in both treatments. Compared to day 0, the total numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the taimen after acute temperature decrease were 173, 226 and 42 at day 1, 7 and 35, respectively, and the total numbers of DEGs following acute temperature increase were 260, 253 and 282 at day 1, 7 and 35, respectively. Particularly, 14 key regulatory genes were commonly found between both acute temperature treatments. Functional analysis based on the commonly identified DEGs revealed important metabolic pathways related to metabolism and immune function, suggesting a specific response mechanism of taimen against cold and heat shock. The results may assist in developing management strategies for stress mediation caused by acute temperature changes in the taimen and other cold water fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Maria Malane Magalhães Muniz
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Stephanie Lam
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Dan Song
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Yongquan Zhang
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Jiasheng Yin
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Angela Cánovas
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G2W1, Canada.
| | - Hongbai Liu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150070, China.
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21
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Manjarrés-Hernández A, Guisande C, García-Roselló E, Heine J, Pelayo-Villamil P, Pérez-Costas E, González-Vilas L, González-Dacosta J, R. Duque S, Granado-Lorencio C, Lobo JM. Predicting the effects of climate change on future freshwater fish diversity at global scale. NATURE CONSERVATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.43.58997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to predict future changes in biodiversity attributes (richness, rarity, heterogeneity, evenness, functional diversity and taxonomic diversity) of freshwater fish species in river basins around the world, under different climate scenarios. To do this, we use a new methodological approach implemented within the ModestR software (NOO3D) which allows estimating simple species distribution predictions for future climatic scenarios. Data from 16,825 freshwater fish species were used, representing a total of 1,464,232 occurrence records. WorldClim 1.4 variables representing average climate variables for the 1960–1990 period, together with elevation measurements, were used as predictors in these distribution models, as well as in the selection of the most important variables that account for species distribution changes in two scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 6.0). The predictions produced suggest the extinction of almost half of current freshwater fish species in the coming decades, with a pronounced decline in tropical regions and a greater extinction likelihood for species with smaller body size and/or limited geographical ranges.
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22
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Warriner TR, Semeniuk CAD, Pitcher TE, Heath DD, Love OP. Mimicking Transgenerational Signals of Future Stress: Thermal Tolerance of Juvenile Chinook Salmon Is More Sensitive to Elevated Rearing Temperature Than Exogenously Increased Egg Cortisol. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.548939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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23
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Jones LA, Schoen ER, Shaftel R, Cunningham CJ, Mauger S, Rinella DJ, St. Saviour A. Watershed-scale climate influences productivity of Chinook salmon populations across southcentral Alaska. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:4919-4936. [PMID: 32628814 PMCID: PMC7496363 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The ecosystems supporting Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) are changing rapidly as a result of climate change and habitat alteration. Understanding how-and how consistently-salmon populations respond to changes at regional and watershed scales has major implications for fisheries management and habitat conservation. Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) populations across Alaska have declined over the past decade, resulting in fisheries closures and prolonged impacts to local communities. These declines are associated with large-scale climate drivers, but uncertainty remains about the role of local conditions (e.g., precipitation, streamflow, and stream temperature) that vary among the watersheds where salmon spawn and rear. We estimated the effects of these and other environmental indicators on the productivity of 15 Chinook salmon populations in the Cook Inlet basin, southcentral Alaska, using a hierarchical Bayesian stock-recruitment model. Salmon spawning during 2003-2007 produced 57% fewer recruits than the previous long-term average, leading to declines in adult returns beginning in 2008. These declines were explained in part by density dependence, with reduced population productivity following years of high spawning abundance. Across all populations, productivity declined with increased precipitation during the fall spawning and early incubation period and increased with above-average precipitation during juvenile rearing. Above-average stream temperatures during spawning and rearing had variable effects, with negative relationships in many warmer streams and positive relationships in some colder streams. Productivity was also associated with regional indices of streamflow and ocean conditions, with high variability among populations. The cumulative effects of adverse conditions in freshwater, including high spawning abundance, heavy fall rains, and hot, dry summers may have contributed to the recent population declines across the region. Identifying both coherent and differential responses to environmental change underscores the importance of targeted, watershed-specific monitoring and conservation efforts for maintaining resilient salmon runs in a warming world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A. Jones
- Alaska Center for Conservation ScienceUniversity of Alaska AnchorageAnchorageAKUSA
- Present address:
State of Alaska Department of Natural ResourcesDivision of Geological & Geophysical SurveysAnchorageAKUSA
| | - Erik R. Schoen
- Institute of Arctic BiologyUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAKUSA
| | - Rebecca Shaftel
- Alaska Center for Conservation ScienceUniversity of Alaska AnchorageAnchorageAKUSA
| | - Curry J. Cunningham
- Fisheries, Aquatic Science, and Technology LaboratoryAlaska Pacific UniversityAnchorageAKUSA
- Present address:
Department of FisheriesCollege of Fisheries and Ocean SciencesUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAKUSA
| | | | - Daniel J. Rinella
- Anchorage Fish and Wildlife Conservation OfficeU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceAnchorageAKUSA
| | - Adam St. Saviour
- Alaska Department of Fish and GameDivision of Sport FishPalmerAKUSA
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24
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Step-patterned survivorship curves: Mortality and loss of equilibrium responses to high temperature and food restriction in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233699. [PMID: 32470036 PMCID: PMC7259696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
While survivorship curves typically exhibit smooth declines over time, step-patterned curves can occur with multiple stressors within a life stage. To explore this process, we examined the effects of heat (24°C) and food restriction on juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) in challenge experiments. We observed step-patterned survivorship curves determined by mortality and loss of equilibrium (LOE) endpoints. To examine the cause of heterogeneity in the stress responses from early to late mortality and LOE, we measured indices of energetic reserves. The step transition in the survivorship curves, the peak mortality rates, and start of when individuals reached a critical energetic threshold (14% dry mass; 4.0 kJ·g-1 energy) all occurred at around days 10-15 of the challenge. The coherence in these temporal patterns suggest heterogeneity in the cohort stress responses, in which an early subgroup died from heat stress and a late subgroup died from starvation. Thus, their endpoint sensitivities resulted in step-patterned survivorship curves. We discuss the implications of the study for understanding effects of multiple stressors on population heterogeneity and note the possible significance of stress response selection under climate change in which heat stress and food limitations occur in concert.
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25
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Benjamin JR, Vidergar DT, Dunham JB. Thermal heterogeneity, migration, and consequences for spawning potential of female bull trout in a river-reservoir system. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4128-4142. [PMID: 32489636 PMCID: PMC7244891 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The likelihood that fish will initiate spawning, spawn successfully, or skip spawning in a given year is conditioned in part on availability of energy reserves. We evaluated the consequences of spatial heterogeneity in thermal conditions on the energy accumulation and spawning potential of migratory bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in a regulated river-reservoir system. Based on existing data, we identified a portfolio of thermal exposures and migratory patterns and then estimated their influence on energy reserves of female bull trout with a bioenergetics model. Spawning by females was assumed to be possible if postspawning energy reserves equaled or exceeded 4 kJ/g. Given this assumption, results suggested up to 70% of the simulated fish could spawn each year. Fish that moved seasonally between a cold river segment and a warmer reservoir downstream had a greater growth rate and higher propensity to spawn in a given year (range: 40%-70%) compared with fish that resided solely in the cold river segment (25%-40%). On average, fish that spawned lost 30% of their energy content relative to their prespawn energy. In contrast, fish that skipped spawning accumulated, on average, 16% energy gains that could be used toward future gamete production. Skipped spawning occurred when water temperatures were relatively low or high, and if upstream migration occurred relatively late (mid-July or later) or early (early-May or earlier). Overall, our modeling effort suggests the configuration of thermal exposures, and the ability of bull trout to exploit this spatially and temporally variable thermal conditions can strongly influence energy reserves and likelihood of successful spawning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Benjamin
- U.S. Geological SurveyForest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science CenterBoiseIdaho
| | | | - Jason B. Dunham
- U.S. Geological SurveyForest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science CenterCorvallisOregon
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Li X, Li Y, Li G. A scientometric review of the research on the impacts of climate change on water quality during 1998-2018. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:14322-14341. [PMID: 32152856 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Research on the impacts of climate change on water quality helps to better formulate water quality strategies under the challenge of an uncertain future, which is critical for human survival and development. As a result, in recent years, there has been growing attention given to research in the field, and the attention has led to an increasing number of publications, which is why a systematic literature review on this topic has been proposed in the current paper. This study reviewed 2998 related articles extracted from the Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCI-E) database from 1998 to 2018 to analyse and visualize historical trend evolution, current research hotspots, and promising ideas for future research by combining a traditional literature review, bibliometric analysis, and scientific knowledge mapping. The results revealed that the impacts of climate change on water quality mainly included the aggravation of eutrophication, changes in the flow, hydrological and thermal conditions, and the destruction of ecosystems and biodiversity. Further exploration of the influence mechanism of climate change on cyanobacteria is an emerging research topic. Additionally, the water quality conditions of shallow lakes and drinking water are promising future research objects. In the context of climate change, the general rules of water quality management and the scientific planning of land use are of great significance and need to be further studied. This study provides a practical and valuable reference for researchers to help with the selection of future research topics, which may contribute to further development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China.
| | - Yang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Guojin Li
- Tianjin Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute, Tianjin, 300392, China
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Warriner TR, Semeniuk CAD, Pitcher TE, Love OP. Exposure to exogenous egg cortisol does not rescue juvenile Chinook salmon body size, condition, or survival from the effects of elevated water temperatures. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:2466-2477. [PMID: 32184994 PMCID: PMC7069292 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is leading to altered temperature regimes which are impacting aquatic life, particularly for ectothermic fish. The impacts of environmental stress can be translated across generations through maternally derived glucocorticoids, leading to altered offspring phenotypes. Although these maternal stress effects are often considered negative, recent studies suggest this maternal stress signal may prepare offspring for a similarly stressful environment (environmental match). We applied the environmental match hypothesis to examine whether a prenatal stress signal can dampen the effects of elevated water temperatures on body size, condition, and survival during early development in Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from Lake Ontario, Canada. We exposed fertilized eggs to prenatal exogenous egg cortisol (1,000 ng/ml cortisol or 0 ng/ml control) and then reared these dosed groups at temperatures indicative of current (+0°C) and future (+3°C) temperature conditions. Offspring reared in elevated temperatures were smaller and had a lower survival at the hatchling developmental stage. Overall, we found that our exogenous cortisol dose did not dampen effects of elevated rearing temperatures (environmental match) on body size or early survival. Instead, our eyed stage survival indicates that our prenatal cortisol dose may be detrimental, as cortisol-dosed offspring raised in elevated temperatures had lower survival than cortisol-dosed and control reared in current temperatures. Our results suggest that a maternal stress signal may not be able to ameliorate the effects of thermal stress during early development. However, we highlight the importance of interpreting the fitness impacts of maternal stress within an environmentally relevant context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa R. Warriner
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental ResearchUniversity of WindsorWindsorOntarioCanada
| | - Christina A. D. Semeniuk
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental ResearchUniversity of WindsorWindsorOntarioCanada
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of WindsorWindsorOntarioCanada
| | - Trevor E. Pitcher
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental ResearchUniversity of WindsorWindsorOntarioCanada
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of WindsorWindsorOntarioCanada
| | - Oliver P. Love
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental ResearchUniversity of WindsorWindsorOntarioCanada
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of WindsorWindsorOntarioCanada
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Faulkner BR, Brooks JR, Keenan DM, Forshay KJ. Temperature Decrease along Hyporheic Pathlines in a Large River Riparian Zone. ECOHYDROLOGY : ECOSYSTEMS, LAND AND WATER PROCESS INTERACTIONS, ECOHYDROGEOMORPHOLOGY 2020; 13:1-10. [PMID: 32983317 PMCID: PMC7513865 DOI: 10.1002/eco.2160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hyporheic zones contribute to lower temperatures in many rivers, creating a longitudinal heterogeneous array of thermal refuges. In this study, we had the unique opportunity to show temperature reduction along actual hyporheic zone pathlines in a large river system that contribute to the maintenance of refuges through discharge into off-channel habitats. Temperature was monitored in a dense network of wells that were located along pathlines in small islands, from a calibrated ground-water flow model. Temperature along one 600-m pathline was reduced about 7 °C. Among three islands that were adjacent to the river, the northern two showed exponential decrease in temperature with distance, with fitted thermal Péclet numbers of 2.7 and 6.5, while the southern island showed no significant decrease. We suggest this is due to the higher infiltration rate in the wet season in this larger, more mature island, which suppresses hyporheic flow in the wet season. Stable isotope sampling showed that values of δ2H were higher in areas where we observed lower temperatures. The overall relationship of δ2H versus temperature was significant with a slope of -0.329. This implies that lower temperatures are associated with water that has had contact with deeper groundwater or that lower temperatures have been affected by local rainfall infiltration, or water that has entered the hyporheic zone in winter. These findings are important because they allow estimation of the temperature benefit that may be achieved in similar geomorphic settings, providing implications for riparian restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barton R. Faulkner
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 919 Kerr Research Drive, Ada, OK 74820, USA
| | - J. Renée Brooks
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - Druscilla M. Keenan
- US Environmental Protection Agency (Retired), Region 10, 1200 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Forshay
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 919 Kerr Research Drive, Ada, OK 74820, USA
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Bladon KD, Bywater-Reyes S, LeBoldus JM, Keriö S, Segura C, Ritóková G, Shaw DC. Increased streamflow in catchments affected by a forest disease epidemic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:112-123. [PMID: 31319249 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural disturbances help maintain healthy forested and aquatic ecosystems. However, biotic and abiotic disturbance regimes are changing rapidly. For example, the Swiss needle cast (SNC) epidemic in the Coast Range of Oregon in the U.S. Pacific Northwest has increased in area from 53,050 to 238,705ha over the 1996-2015 period. We investigated whether the hydrologic regime (i.e., annual streamflow, runoff ratio, and magnitude and timing of peak flows and low flows) was affected by SNC in 12 catchments in western Oregon. The catchments ranged in size from 183 to 1834km2 and area affected by SNC from 0 to 90.5%. To maximize the number of catchments included in the study, we analyzed 20years of SNC aerial survey data and 15-26years of stream discharge (Q) and PRISM precipitation (P) and air temperature (Tair) data to test for trends in hydrologic variables for each catchment. As expected, we found that runoff ratios (Q/P) increased in five catchments, all with an area impacted by SNC >10%. This was likely due to the effects of SNC on the hydraulic architecture (i.e., needle retention, sapwood area, sapwood permeability) of affected trees, leading to decreased canopy interception and transpiration losses. Interestingly, two catchments with the greatest area affected by SNC showed no changes in hydrologic regime. The lack of hydrologic response could either be due to compensatory transpiration by vegetation unaffected by the disease or sub-canopy abiotic evaporation, which counteracted reductions in transpiration. This study is the first to illustrate that chronic canopy disturbance from a foliage pathogen can influence catchment scale hydrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Bladon
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management, 280 Peavy Hall, 3100 SW Jefferson Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Sharon Bywater-Reyes
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management, 280 Peavy Hall, 3100 SW Jefferson Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, 501 20th St Box 100, Greeley, CO, 80639, USA
| | - Jared M LeBoldus
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management, 280 Peavy Hall, 3100 SW Jefferson Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 2082 Cordley Hall, 2701 SW Campus Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Susanna Keriö
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 2082 Cordley Hall, 2701 SW Campus Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Catalina Segura
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management, 280 Peavy Hall, 3100 SW Jefferson Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Gabriela Ritóková
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management, 280 Peavy Hall, 3100 SW Jefferson Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - David C Shaw
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management, 280 Peavy Hall, 3100 SW Jefferson Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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White SL, Kline BC, Hitt NP, Wagner T. Individual behaviour and resource use of thermally stressed brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis portend the conservation potential of thermal refugia. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 95:1061-1071. [PMID: 31309548 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Individual aggression and thermal refuge use were monitored in brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis in a controlled laboratory to determine how fish size and personality influence time spent in forage and thermal habitat patches during periods of thermal stress. On average, larger and more exploratory fish initiated more aggressive interactions and across all fish there was decreased aggression at warmer temperatures. Individual personality did not explain changes in aggression or habitat use with increased temperature; however, larger individuals initiated comparatively fewer aggressive interactions at warmer temperatures. Occupancy of forage patches generally declined as ambient stream temperatures approached critical maximum and fish increased thermal refuge use, with a steeper decline in forage patch occupancy observed in larger fish. These findings suggest that larger individuals may be more vulnerable to stream temperature rise. Importantly, even at thermally stressful temperatures, all fish periodically left the thermal refuge to forage. This indicates that the success of refugia at increasing population survival during periods of stream temperature rise may depend on the location of thermal refugia relative to forage locations within the larger habitat mosaic. These results provide insights into the potential for thermal refugia to improve population survival and can be used to inform predictions of population vulnerability to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L White
- Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamen C Kline
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nathaniel P Hitt
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA
| | - Tyler Wagner
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Temperature and oxygen related ecophysiological traits of snow trout (Schizothorax richardsonii) are sensitive to seasonal changes in a Himalayan stream environment. J Therm Biol 2019; 83:22-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Avoiding Conflicts between Future Freshwater Algae Production and Water Scarcity in the United States at the Energy-Water Nexus. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11040836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable production of algae will depend on understanding trade-offs at the energy-water nexus. Algal biofuels promise to improve the environmental sustainability profile of renewable energy along most dimensions. In this assessment of potential US freshwater production, we assumed sustainable production along the carbon dimension by simulating placement of open ponds away from high-carbon-stock lands (forest, grassland, and wetland) and near sources of waste CO 2 . Along the water dimension, we quantified trade-offs between water scarcity and production for an ‘upstream’ indicator (measuring minimum water supply) and a ‘downstream’ indicator (measuring impacts on rivers). For the upstream indicator, we developed a visualization tool to evaluate algae production for different thresholds for water surplus. We hypothesized that maintaining a minimum seasonal water surplus would also protect river habitat for aquatic biota. Our study confirmed that ensuring surplus water also reduced the duration of low-flow events, but only above a threshold. We also observed a trade-off between algal production and the duration of low-flow events in streams. These results can help to guide the choice of basin-specific sustainability targets to avoid conflicts with competing water users at this energy-water nexus. Where conflicts emerge, alternative water sources or enclosed photobioreactors may be needed for algae cultivation.
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Snyder MN, Schumaker NH, Ebersole JL, Dunham J, Comeleo R, Keefer M, Leinenbach P, Brookes A, Cope B, Wu J, Palmer J, Keenan D. Individual Based Modelling of Fish Migration in a 2-D River System: Model Description and Case Study. LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY 2019; 34:737-754. [PMID: 33424124 PMCID: PMC7788051 DOI: 10.1007/s10980-019-00804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Diadromous fish populations in the Pacific Northwest face challenges along their migratory routes from declining habitat quality, harvest, and barriers to longitudinal connectivity. These stressors complicate the prioritization of proposed management actions intended to improve conditions for migratory fishes including anadromous salmon and trout. OBJECTIVES We describe a multi-scale hybrid mechanistic-probabilistic simulation model linking migration corridor conditions to fish fitness outcomes. We demonstrate the model's utility using a case study of salmon and steelhead adults in the Columbia River migration corridor exposed to spatially- and temporally-varying stressors. METHODS The migration corridor simulation model is based on a behavioral decision tree that governs individual interactions with the environment, and an energetic submodel that estimates the hourly costs of migration. Emergent properties of the migration corridor simulation model include passage time, energy use, and survival. RESULTS We observed that the simulated fishes' initial energy density, the migration corridor temperatures they experienced, and their history of behavioral thermoregulation were the primary determinants of their fitness outcomes. Insights gained from use of the model might be exploited to identify management interventions that increase successful migration outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This paper describes new methods that extend the suite of tools available to aquatic biologists and conservation practitioners. We have developed a 2-dimensional spatially-explicit behavioral and physiological model and illustrated how it can be used to simulate fish migration within a river system. Our model can be used to evaluate trade-offs between behavioral thermoregulation and fish fitness at population scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcía N. Snyder
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Western Ecology Division, 200 35 St., Corvallis, OR 97333
| | - Nathan H. Schumaker
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Western Ecology Division, 200 35 St., Corvallis, OR 97333
| | - Joseph L. Ebersole
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Western Ecology Division, 200 35 St., Corvallis, OR 97333
| | - Jason Dunham
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Randy Comeleo
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Western Ecology Division, 200 35 St., Corvallis, OR 97333
| | - Matthew Keefer
- University of Idaho, Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, 975 W. Sixth Street, Moscow, Idaho 83844
| | - Peter Leinenbach
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, 1200 6 Ave., Suite 155, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Allen Brookes
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Western Ecology Division, 200 35 St., Corvallis, OR 97333
| | - Ben Cope
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, 1200 6 Ave., Suite 155, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Jennifer Wu
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, 1200 6 Ave., Suite 155, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - John Palmer
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, 1200 6 Ave., Suite 155, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Druscilla Keenan
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, 1200 6 Ave., Suite 155, Seattle, WA 98101
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Arismendi I, Groom JD. A novel approach for examining downstream thermal responses of streams to contemporary forestry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:736-748. [PMID: 30245429 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is a fundamental driver of aquatic environments. Changes in thermal regimes due to timber harvest may be detrimental for cold-water instream biota. Although it is understood that stream temperature may increase immediately below timber harvest operations, the understanding of how thermal responses propagate downstream is less clear. Here, we examine the effects of timber harvest on stream temperature pre- (2-3 years) and post-harvest (5 years) at 16 sites (average annual streamflow rates <0.283 m3 s-1) located in the Coast Range, Oregon, USA. At each site, an array of temperature sensors were deployed on the extremes of three consecutive reaches: an upstream unharvested reference reach, a treatment reach, and a downstream unharvested reach. We used several metrics to describe and evaluate changes over time and space focusing on the responses of downstream reaches. Primarily, we evaluated the differences over time in daily maximum temperature between the two sensors located at the downstream unharvested reach. Furthermore, using a statistical ordination technique, we examined the spatial and temporal variability of an array of sensors for daily maximum temperature. Moreover, we assessed distributional shifts (statistical moments) of hourly temperature differences between the two sensors at the downstream unharvested reach over time. Lastly, we used a combination of statistical moments and the ordination technique to provide an index that describes the behavior of site-specific thermal disturbance over time. We found that stream reaches responded differently to upstream timber harvest operations between pre and post-harvest summer seasons. In addition, we showed distinct patterns of longitudinal variability of temperature across sites and summer seasons with increases, decreases or mixed responses including no change downstream. Overall, the net change of daily maximum temperature at the downstream reach revealed that the highest difference occurred during the first and second year post-harvest and, in some cases, a distinctive shift in stream warming and cooling occurred between the day and the night. Observed temperature patterns in downstream reaches were most similar to the pre-harvest conditions at the fifth year post-harvest. Collectively, we offer a novel approach for assessing stream temperature regime change using multiple metrics that can improve our understanding of thermal effects downstream of timber harvest, taking in consideration idiosyncratic responses across sites and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Arismendi
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Jeremiah D Groom
- Oregon Department of Forestry, 2600 State St., Salem, Oregon 97310, USA.
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Liu Y, Liu J, Ye S, Bureau DP, Liu H, Yin J, Mou Z, Lin H, Hao F. Global metabolic responses of the lenok (Brachymystax lenok) to thermal stress. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 29:308-319. [PMID: 30669055 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High temperature is a powerful stressor for fish living in natural and artificial environments, especially for cold water species. Understanding the impact of thermal stress on physiological processes of fish is crucial for better cultivation and fisheries management. However, the metabolic mechanism of cold water fish to thermal stress is still not completely clear. In this study, a NMR-based metabonomic strategy in combination with high-throughput RNA-Seq was employed to investigate global metabolic changes of plasma and liver in a typical cold water fish species lenok (Brachymystax lenok) subjected to a sub-lethal high temperature. Our results showed that thermal stress caused multiple dynamic metabolic alterations of the lenok with prolonged stress, including repression of energy metabolism, shifts in lipid metabolism, alterations in amino acid metabolism, changes in choline and nucleotide metabolisms. Specifically, thermal stress induced an activation of glutamate metabolism, indicating that glutamate could be an important biomarker associated with thermal stress. Evidence from Hsp 70 gene expression, blood biochemistry and histology confirmed that high temperature exposure had negative effects on health of the lenok. These findings imply that thermal stress has a severe adverse effect on fish health and demonstrate that the integrated analyses combining NMR-based metabonomics and transcriptome strategy is a powerful approach to enhance our understanding of metabolic mechanisms of fish to thermal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Jiashou Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shaowen Ye
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Dominique P Bureau
- Fish Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Hongbai Liu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Jiasheng Yin
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Zhenbo Mou
- Institute of Fisheries Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850002, China
| | - Hong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Fuhua Hao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Keefer ML, Clabough TS, Jepson MA, Johnson EL, Peery CA, Caudill CC. Thermal exposure of adult Chinook salmon and steelhead: Diverse behavioral strategies in a large and warming river system. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204274. [PMID: 30240404 PMCID: PMC6150539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising river temperatures in western North America have increased the energetic costs of migration and the risk of premature mortality in many Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) populations. Predicting and managing risks for these populations requires data on acute and cumulative thermal exposure, the spatio-temporal distribution of adverse conditions, and the potentially mitigating effects of cool-water refuges. In this study, we paired radiotelemetry with archival temperature loggers to construct continuous, spatially-explicit thermal histories for 212 adult Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) and 200 adult steelhead (O. mykiss). The fish amassed ~500,000 temperature records (30-min intervals) while migrating through 470 kilometers of the Columbia and Snake rivers en route to spawning sites in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. Spring- and most summer-run Chinook salmon migrated before river temperatures reached annual highs; their body temperatures closely matched ambient temperatures and most had thermal maxima in the lower Snake River. In contrast, many individual fall-run Chinook salmon and most steelhead had maxima near thermal tolerance limits (20–22 °C) in the lower Columbia River. High temperatures elicited extensive use of thermal refuges near tributary confluences, where body temperatures were ~2–10 °C cooler than the adjacent migration corridor. Many steelhead used refuges for weeks or more whereas salmon use was typically hours to days, reflecting differences in spawn timing. Almost no refuge use was detected in a ~260-km reach where a thermal migration barrier may more frequently develop in future warmer years. Within population, cumulative thermal exposure was strongly positively correlated (0.88 ≤ r ≤ 0.98) with migration duration and inconsistently associated (-0.28 ≤ r ≤ 0.09) with migration date. All four populations have likely experienced historically high mean and maximum temperatures in recent years. Expected responses include population-specific shifts in migration phenology, increased reliance on patchily-distributed thermal refuges, and natural selection favoring temperature-tolerant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Keefer
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Tami S Clabough
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Michael A Jepson
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Eric L Johnson
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Christopher A Peery
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Christopher C Caudill
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
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Spanjer AR, Moran PW, Larsen KA, Wetzel LA, Hansen AG, Beauchamp DA. Juvenile coho salmon growth and health in streams across an urbanization gradient. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:1003-1012. [PMID: 29996397 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Expanding human population and urbanization alters freshwater systems through structural changes to habitat, temperature effects from increased runoff and reduced canopy cover, altered flows, and increased toxicants. Current stream assessments stop short of measuring health or condition of species utilizing these freshwater habitats and fail to link specific stressors mechanistically to the health of organisms in the stream. Juvenile fish growth integrates both external and internal conditions providing a useful indicator of habitat quality and ecosystem health. Thus, there is a need to account for ecological and environmental influences on fish growth accurately. Bioenergetics models can simulate changes in growth and consumption in response to environmental conditions and food availability to account for interactions between an organism's environmental experience and utilization of available resources. The bioenergetics approach accounts for how thermal regime, food supply, and food quality affect fish growth. This study used a bioenergetics modeling approach to evaluate the environmental factors influencing juvenile coho salmon growth among ten Pacific Northwest streams spanning an urban gradient. Urban streams tended to be warmer, have earlier emergence dates and stronger early season growth. However, fish in urban streams experienced increased stress through lower growth efficiencies, especially later in the summer as temperatures warmed, with as much as a 16.6% reduction when compared to fish from other streams. Bioenergetics modeling successfully characterized salmonid growth in small perennial streams as part of a more extensive monitoring program and provides a powerful assessment tool for characterizing mixed life-stage specific responses in urban streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Spanjer
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Patrick W Moran
- Washington Water Science Center, US Geological Survey, Tacoma, WA, United States
| | - Kimberly A Larsen
- Western Fisheries Research Center, US Geological Survey, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lisa A Wetzel
- Western Fisheries Research Center, US Geological Survey, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Adam G Hansen
- Colorado Parks and Wildlife, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - David A Beauchamp
- Western Fisheries Research Center, US Geological Survey, Seattle, WA, United States
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Cook CJ, Wilson CC, Burness G. Impacts of environmental matching on the routine metabolic rate and mass of native and mixed-ancestry brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis) fry. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 6:coy023. [PMID: 30364295 PMCID: PMC6194207 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coy023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The environment an organism experiences during early development can impact its physiology and survival later in life. The objective of this study was to determine if temperatures experienced at embryonic life stages of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) affected mass and routine metabolic rate (RMR) of a subsequent life stage (free-swimming fry). As part of this, we assessed the contributions and importance of hierarchical levels of biological organization [ancestral type (native vs. hatchery-introgressed), population, and family] to variability in mass and RMR of fry. As embryos and alevin, individuals were reared at either natural environmental (5°C) or elevated (9°C) temperatures and then acclimated to either matched or mismatched temperature treatments once yolk sacs were resorbed. Mass differences among fry were strongly influenced by population of origin as well as initial rearing and final acclimation temperatures. Variation in mass-adjusted RMR of fry was also strongly accounted for by source population, acclimation temperature, and individual mass. A significant interaction between population RMR and final acclimation temperature indicated that not all brook trout populations responded the same way to temperature changes. In contrast to expectations, the highest ancestry category (native vs. introgressed) did not significantly influence mass or mass-adjusted RMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine J Cook
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada K9L 0G2
| | - Chris C Wilson
- Aquatic Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada K9L 0G2
| | - Gary Burness
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada K9L 0G2
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Fullerton AH, Torgersen CE, Lawler JJ, Steel EA, Ebersole JL, Lee SY. Longitudinal thermal heterogeneity in rivers and refugia for coldwater species: effects of scale and climate change. AQUATIC SCIENCES 2018; 80:1-15. [PMID: 29556118 PMCID: PMC5854952 DOI: 10.1007/s00027-017-0557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Climate-change driven increases in water temperature pose challenges for aquatic organisms. Predictions of impacts typically do not account for fine-grained spatiotemporal thermal patterns in rivers. Patches of cooler water could serve as refuges for anadromous species like salmon that migrate during summer. We used high-resolution remotely sensed water temperature data to characterize summer thermal heterogeneity patterns for 11,308 km of 2nd- to 7th-order rivers throughout the Pacific Northwest and northern California (USA). We evaluated (1) water temperature patterns at different spatial resolutions, (2) the frequency, size, and spacing of cool thermal patches suitable for Pacific salmon (i.e., contiguous stretches ≥0.25 km, ≤15°C and ≥2°C cooler than adjacent water), and (3) potential influences of climate change on availability of cool patches. Thermal heterogeneity was nonlinearly related to the spatial resolution of water temperature data, and heterogeneity at fine resolution (<1 km) would have been difficult to quantify without spatially continuous data. Cool patches were generally >2.7 and <13.0 km long, and spacing among patches was generally >5.7 and <49.4 km. Thermal heterogeneity varied among rivers, some of which had long uninterrupted stretches of warm water ≥20°C, and others had many smaller cool patches. Our models predicted little change in future thermal heterogeneity among rivers, but within-river patterns sometimes changed markedly compared to contemporary patterns. These results can inform long-term monitoring programs as well as near-term climate-adaptation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Fullerton
- Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle WA, 98112, USA; phone: 206-302-2415; fax: 206-860-3267
| | - C E Torgersen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Cascadia Field Station, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J J Lawler
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - E A Steel
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J L Ebersole
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - S Y Lee
- Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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40
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Gosselin JL, Zabel RW, Anderson JJ, Faulkner JR, Baptista AM, Sandford BP. Conservation planning for freshwater-marine carryover effects on Chinook salmon survival. Ecol Evol 2017; 8:319-332. [PMID: 29321874 PMCID: PMC5756849 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Experiences of migratory species in one habitat may affect their survival in the next habitat, in what is known as carryover effects. These effects are especially relevant for understanding how freshwater experience affects survival in anadromous fishes. Here, we study the carryover effects of juvenile salmon passage through a hydropower system (Snake and Columbia rivers, northwestern United States). To reduce the direct effect of hydrosystem passage on juveniles, some fishes are transported through the hydrosystem in barges, while the others are allowed to migrate in-river. Although hydrosystem survival of transported fishes is greater than that of their run-of-river counterparts, their relative juvenile-to-adult survival (hereafter survival) can be less. We tested for carryover effects using generalized linear mixed effects models of survival with over 1 million tagged Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum) (Salmonidae), migrating in 1999-2013. Carryover effects were identified with rear-type (wild vs. hatchery), passage-type (run-of-river vs. transported), and freshwater and marine covariates. Importantly, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index characterizing cool/warm (i.e., productive/nonproductive) ocean phases had a strong influence on the relative survival of rear- and passage-types. Specifically, transportation benefited wild Chinook salmon more in cool PDO years, while hatchery counterparts benefited more in warm PDO years. Transportation was detrimental for wild Chinook salmon migrating early in the season, but beneficial for later season migrants. Hatchery counterparts benefited from transportation throughout the season. Altogether, wild fish could benefit from transportation approximately 2 weeks earlier during cool PDO years, with still a benefit to hatchery counterparts. Furthermore, we found some support for hypotheses related to higher survival with increased river flow, high predation in the estuary and plume areas, and faster migration and development-related increased survival with temperature. Thus, pre- and within-season information on local- and broad-scale conditions across habitats can be useful for planning and implementing real-time conservation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Gosselin
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Richard W Zabel
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Seattle WA USA
| | - James J Anderson
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - James R Faulkner
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Seattle WA USA
| | | | - Benjamin P Sandford
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pasco WA USA
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41
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McHugh PA, Saunders WC, Bouwes N, Wall CE, Bangen S, Wheaton JM, Nahorniak M, Ruzycki JR, Tattam IA, Jordan CE. Linking models across scales to assess the viability and restoration potential of a threatened population of steelhead ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) in the Middle Fork John Day River, Oregon, USA. Ecol Modell 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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42
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Steel EA, Beechie TJ, Torgersen CE, Fullerton AH. Envisioning, Quantifying, and Managing Thermal Regimes on River Networks. Bioscience 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/bix047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Weber N, Bouwes N, Pollock MM, Volk C, Wheaton JM, Wathen G, Wirtz J, Jordan CE. Alteration of stream temperature by natural and artificial beaver dams. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176313. [PMID: 28520714 PMCID: PMC5435143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Beaver are an integral component of hydrologic, geomorphic, and biotic processes within North American stream systems, and their propensity to build dams alters stream and riparian structure and function to the benefit of many aquatic and terrestrial species. Recognizing this, beaver relocation efforts and/or application of structures designed to mimic the function of beaver dams are increasingly being utilized as effective and cost-efficient stream and riparian restoration approaches. Despite these verities, the notion that beaver dams negatively impact stream habitat remains common, specifically the assumption that beaver dams increase stream temperatures during summer to the detriment of sensitive biota such as salmonids. In this study, we tracked beaver dam distributions and monitored water temperature throughout 34 km of stream for an eight-year period between 2007 and 2014. During this time the number of natural beaver dams within the study area increased by an order of magnitude, and an additional 4 km of stream were subject to a restoration manipulation that included installing a high-density of Beaver Dam Analog (BDA) structures designed to mimic the function of natural beaver dams. Our observations reveal several mechanisms by which beaver dam development may influence stream temperature regimes; including longitudinal buffering of diel summer temperature extrema at the reach scale due to increased surface water storage, and creation of cool—water channel scale temperature refugia through enhanced groundwater—surface water connectivity. Our results suggest that creation of natural and/or artificial beaver dams could be used to mitigate the impact of human induced thermal degradation that may threaten sensitive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Weber
- Eco-Logical Research Inc., Providence, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicolaas Bouwes
- Eco-Logical Research Inc., Providence, Utah, United States of America
- Watershed Sciences Department, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Michael M. Pollock
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Carol Volk
- South Fork Research Inc., North Bend, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Wheaton
- Watershed Sciences Department, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Gus Wathen
- Eco-Logical Research Inc., Providence, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jacob Wirtz
- Eco-Logical Research Inc., Providence, Utah, United States of America
| | - Chris E. Jordan
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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44
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Isaak DJ, Wenger SJ, Young MK. Big biology meets microclimatology: defining thermal niches of ectotherms at landscape scales for conservation planning. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:977-990. [PMID: 28083949 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Temperature profoundly affects ecology, a fact ever more evident as the ability to measure thermal environments increases and global changes alter these environments. The spatial structure of thermalscapes is especially relevant to the distribution and abundance of ectothermic organisms, but the ability to describe biothermal relationships at extents and grains relevant to conservation planning has been limited by small or sparse data sets. Here, we combine a large occurrence database of >23 000 aquatic species surveys with stream microclimate scenarios supported by an equally large temperature database for a 149 000-km mountain stream network to describe thermal relationships for 14 fish and amphibian species. Species occurrence probabilities peaked across a wide range of temperatures (7.0-18.8°C) but distinct warm- or cold-edge distribution boundaries were apparent for all species and represented environments where populations may be most sensitive to thermal changes. Warm-edge boundary temperatures for a native species of conservation concern were used with geospatial data sets and a habitat occupancy model to highlight subsets of the network where conservation measures could benefit local populations by maintaining cool temperatures. Linking that strategic approach to local estimates of habitat impairment remains a key challenge but is also an opportunity to build relationships and develop synergies between the research, management, and regulatory communities. As with any data mining or species distribution modeling exercise, care is required in analysis and interpretation of results, but the use of large biological data sets with accurate microclimate scenarios can provide valuable information about the thermal ecology of many ectotherms and a spatially explicit way of guiding conservation investments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Isaak
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, US Forest Service, 322 East Front Street Suite 401, Boise, Idaho, 83702, USA
| | - Seth J Wenger
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 203 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Michael K Young
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, 800 East Beckwith Avenue, Missoula, Montana, 59801, USA
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45
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Casas-Mulet R, Saltveit SJ, Alfredsen KT. Hydrological and thermal effects of hydropeaking on early life stages of salmonids: A modelling approach for implementing mitigation strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:1660-1672. [PMID: 27720256 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in hydrological and thermal regimes can potentially affect salmonid early life stages development and survival. The dewatering of salmon spawning redds due to hydropeaking can lead to mortality in early life stages, with higher impact on the alevins as they have lower tolerance to dewatering than the eggs. Flow-related mitigation measures can reduce early life stage mortality. We present a set of modelling tools to assess impacts and mitigation options to minimise the risk of mortality in early life stages in hydropeaking rivers. We successfully modelled long-term hydrological and thermal alterations and consequences for development rates. We estimated the risk of early life stages mortality and assessed the cost-effectiveness of implementing three release-related mitigation options (A,B,C). The economic cost of mitigation was low and ranged between 0.7% and 2.6% of the annual hydropower production. Options reducing the flow during spawning (B and C) in addition to only release minimum flows during development (A) were considered more effective for egg and alevin survival. Options B and C were however constraint by water availability in the system for certain years, and therefore only option A was always feasible. The set of modelling tools used in this study were satisfactory and their applications can be useful especially in systems where little field data is available. Targeted measures built on well-informed modelling tools can be tested on their effectiveness to mitigate dewatering effects vs. the hydropower system capacity to release or conserve water for power production. Environmental flow releases targeting specific ecological objectives can provide better cost-effective options than conventional operational rules complying with general legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Casas-Mulet
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Svein Jakob Saltveit
- Freshwater and Inland Fisheries Laboratory (LFI), Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, N-0562, Norway.
| | - Knut Tore Alfredsen
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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46
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Xia J, Ma Y, Fu C, Fu S, Cooke SJ. Effects of temperature acclimation on the critical thermal limits and swimming performance of Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis: a threatened fish in Qinling Mountain region of China. Ecol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-016-1418-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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47
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Thompson JN, Beauchamp DA. Growth of juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss under size-selective pressure limited by seasonal bioenergetic and environmental constraints. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 89:1720-1739. [PMID: 27397641 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Increased freshwater growth of juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss improved survival to smolt and adult stages, thus prompting an examination of factors affecting growth during critical periods that influenced survival through subsequent life stages. For three tributaries with contrasting thermal regimes, a bioenergetics model was used to evaluate how feeding rate and energy density of prey influenced seasonal growth and stage-specific survival of juvenile O. mykiss. Sensitivity analysis examined target levels for feeding rate and energy density of prey during the growing season that improved survival to the smolt and adult stages in each tributary. Simulated daily growth was greatest during warmer months (1 July to 30 September), whereas substantial body mass was lost during cooler months (1 December to 31 March). Incremental increases in annual feeding rate or energy density of prey during summer broadened the temperature range at which faster growth occurred and increased the growth of the average juvenile to match those that survived to smolt and adult stages. Survival to later life stages could be improved by increasing feeding rate or energy density of the diet during summer months, when warmer water temperatures accommodated increased growth potential. Higher growth during the summer period in each tributary could improve resiliency during subsequent colder periods that lead to metabolic stress and weight loss. As growth and corresponding survival rates in fresh water are altered by shifting abiotic regimes, it will be increasingly important for fisheries managers to better understand the mechanisms affecting growth limitations in rearing habitats and what measures might maintain or improve growth conditions and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Thompson
- Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, Washington, 98195, U.S.A
| | - D A Beauchamp
- U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, Washington, 98195, U.S.A
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48
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Pletterbauer F, Graf W, Schmutz S. Effect of biotic dependencies in species distribution models: The future distribution of Thymallus thymallus under consideration of Allogamus auricollis. Ecol Modell 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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49
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Uno H, Power ME. Mainstem-tributary linkages by mayfly migration help sustain salmonids in a warming river network. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:1012-20. [PMID: 26248587 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Animal migrations can link ecosystems across space. We discovered an aquatic insect that migrates between a river mainstem and its tributaries, and provides an important trophic subsidy for tributary predators. A mayfly, Ephemerella maculata, rears in a warm, sunlit productive river mainstem, then migrates as adults to cool, shaded unproductive tributaries where they oviposit and die. This migration tripled insect flux into a tributary for 1 month in summer. A manipulative field experiment showed that this E. maculata subsidy nearly tripled the growth of the young of the year steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the recipient tributary over the summer months, and was more important than terrestrial invertebrate subsidies, which have been considered the primary food source for predators in small, forested creeks. By delivering food subsidies from productive but warming river mainstems to cool but food-limited tributaries, aquatic insect migrations could enhance resilience to cool-water predators in warming river networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Uno
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mary E Power
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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50
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Simčič T, Jesenšek D, Brancelj A. Effects of increased temperature on metabolic activity and oxidative stress in the first life stages of marble trout (Salmo marmoratus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 41:1005-1014. [PMID: 25935664 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate change may result in future alterations in thermal regime which could markedly affect the early developmental stages of cold water fish due to their expected high sensitivity to increasing temperature. In the present study, the effect of temperature increase of 2, 4 and 6°C on the oxygen consumption rate (R), the activity of respiratory electron transport system (ETS) and oxidative stress have been studied in four developmental stages of the marble trout (Salmo marmoratus)-eyed eggs, yolk-sac larvae and juveniles of 1 and 3 months. Oxygen consumption rate and ETS activity increased with level of development and with temperature in all four stages. ETS/R ratios decreased during development and correlated with temperature in eyed eggs, larvae and juveniles of 1 month, but not in juveniles of 3 months. Low ETS/R ratios at higher temperatures indicate stress response in eyed eggs, the most temperature sensitive developmental stage. Catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities increased during development, but responded differently to elevated temperature in the different developmental stages. Stress in eyed eggs, caused by higher temperatures, resulted in increased oxygen consumption rate and increased activities of CAT and GR. Larvae were sensitive to increased temperature only at the highest experimental temperature of 16°C. Increased temperature did not stress the metabolism of the juveniles, since they were able to compensate their metabolic activity. The earlier developmental stages of marble trout are thus more sensitive to temperature increase than juveniles and therefore more endangered by higher water temperatures. This is the first report connecting oxygen consumption, ETS activity and ETS/R ratio with the activities of antioxidant enzymes in relation to increased temperature in salmonids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Simčič
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia,
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