Zinc oxide nanoparticles cause nephrotoxicity and kidney metabolism alterations in rats

Zinc oxide nanoparticles prevent the onset of diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting multiple pathways associated with oxidative stress

BACKGROUND

Zinc deficiency is strongly correlated with prolonged diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy (DN). Previously, glucose-lowering, insulinomimetic, and β-cell proliferative activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZON) have been reported. Considering these pleiotropic effects, we hypothesized that ZON modulates multiple cellular pathways associated with necroptosis, inflammation, and renal fibrosis, which are involved in progressive loss of renal function.

AIM

This study evaluated the effect of ZON on renal function, leading to the alleviation of DN in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic Wistar rats and proposed a probable mechanism for its activity.

METHODS

Wistar rats (n = 6/group) were used as healthy controls, diabetic controls, diabetic rats treated with ZON (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg), and insulin controls. Urine and serum biochemical parameters, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and renal histology were also evaluated. Cultured E11 podocytes were evaluated in vitro for markers of oxidative stress, proteins associated with the loss of renal function, and genes associated with renal damage.

KEY FINDINGS

STZ-treated rats receiving oral doses of ZON showed enhanced renal function, with no histological alterations in the kidney tissue. ZON inhibited the TGF-β/Samd3 pathway in renal fibrosis; blocked Ripk1/Ripk3/Mlkl mediated necroptosis and protected against hyperglycemia-induced pyroptosis. In E11 podocytes, ZON reduced oxidative stress under high glucose conditions and retained podocyte-specific proteins.

SIGNIFICANCE

A probable mechanism by which ZON prevents DN has been proposed, suggesting its use as a complementary therapeutic agent for the treatment of diabetic complications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the in vitro effects of ZON in cultured podocytes.

Lipidomics Analysis Unravels Aberrant Lipid Species and Pathways Induced by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Kidney Cells

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widely used in versatile applications, from high technology to household products. While numerous studies have examined the toxic gene profile of ZnO NPs across various tissues, the specific lipid species associated with adverse effects and potential biomarkers remain elusive. In this study, we conducted a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based lipidomics analysis to uncover potential lipid biomarkers in human kidney cells following treatment with ZnO NPs. Furthermore, we employed lipid pathway enrichment analysis (LIPEA) to elucidate altered lipid-related signaling pathways. Our results demonstrate that ZnO NPs induce cytotoxicity in renal epithelial cells and modulate lipid species; we identified 64 lipids with a fold change (FC) > 2 and p < 0.01 with corrected p < 0.05 in HK2 cells post-treatment with ZnO NPs. Notably, the altered lipids between control HK2 cells and those treated with ZnO NPs were associated with the sphingolipid, autophagy, and glycerophospholipid pathways. This study unveils novel potential lipid biomarkers of ZnO NP nanotoxicity, representing the first lipidomic profiling of ZnO NPs in human renal epithelial cells.

Functionalized ZnO-Based Nanocomposites for Diverse Biological Applications: Current Trends and Future Perspectives

The wide array of structures and characteristics found in ZnO-based nanostructures offers them a versatile range of uses. Over the past decade, significant attention has been drawn to the possible applications of these materials in the biomedical field, owing to their distinctive electronic, optical, catalytic, and antimicrobial attributes, alongside their exceptional biocompatibility and surface chemistry. With environmental degradation and an aging population contributing to escalating healthcare needs and costs, particularly in developing nations, there's a growing demand for more effective and affordable biomedical devices with innovative functionalities. This review delves into particular essential facets of different synthetic approaches (chemical and green) that contribute to the production of effective multifunctional nano-ZnO particles for biomedical applications. Outlining the conjugation of ZnO nanoparticles highlights the enhancement of biomedical capacity while lowering toxicity. Additionally, recent progress in the study of ZnO-based nano-biomaterials tailored for biomedical purposes is explored, including biosensing, bioimaging, tissue regeneration, drug delivery, as well as vaccines and immunotherapy. The final section focuses on nano-ZnO particles' toxicity mechanism with special emphasis to their neurotoxic potential, as well as the primary toxicity pathways, providing an overall review of the up-to-date development and future perspectives of nano-ZnO particles in the biomedicine field.

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Renal Injury by Initiating Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Damage and Apoptosis in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widely used in many fields due to their unique physicochemical properties. However, the renal toxicity of ZnO NPs and the underlying mechanisms have not been well studied. We found that ZnO NPs induced injury in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) in a dose- and size-dependent manner, as revealed by CCK-8, LDH and Annexin V-FITC assays. Mechanistically, ZnO NPs promoted oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage by generating ROS and induced apoptosis in HK-2 cells, as evidenced by the upregulation of Bax and Caspase 3 and downregulation of Beclin 1. In vivo, ZnO NPs induced tubular epithelial cell apoptosis and increased serum creatinine, serum urea nitrogen, and urinary protein in mice, suggesting damage to renal structure and function. These findings clarified our understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying ZnO NP-induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury and contributed to estimating the risk of ZnO NPs to the kidney.

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Significant Role in Poultry and Novel Toxicological Mechanisms

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have involved a lot of consideration owing to their distinctive features. The ZnO NPs can be described as particularly synthesized mineral salts via nanotechnology, varying in size from 1 to 100 nm, while zinc oxide (ZnO), it is an inorganic substrate of zinc (Zn). The Zn is a critical trace element necessary for various biological and physiological processes in the body. Studies have revealed ZnO NPs' efficient immuno-modulatory, growth-promoting, and antimicrobial properties in poultry birds. They offer increased bioavailability as compared to their traditional sources, producing better results in terms of productivity and welfare and consequently reducing ecological harm in the poultry sector. However, they have also been reported for their toxicological effects, which are size, shape, concentration, and exposure route dependent. The investigations done so far have yielded inconsistent results, therefore, a lot of additional studies and research are required to clarify the harmful consequences of ZnO NPs and to bring them to a logical end. This review explores an overview of efficient possible role of ZnO NPs, while comparing them with other nutritional Zn sources, in the poultry industry, primarily as dietary supplements that effect the growth, health, and performance of the birds. In addition to the anti-bacterial mechanisms of ZnO NPs and their promising role as antifungal, and anti-colloidal agent, this paper also covers the toxicological mechanisms of ZnO NPs and their consequent toxicological hazards to vital organs and the reproductive system of poultry birds.

Protective potential of fresh orange juice against zinc oxide nanoparticles-induced trans-placental and trans-generational toxicity in mice

Due to the emerging applications of nanoparticles, human exposure to nanoparticles is unavoidable, particularly to zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), owing to their wide range of usage. The ongoing study aimed to evaluate trans-generational toxic potential of ZnO NPs through exposure to F0 mothers, in F1 pups and F1 mature offspring and the protective potential of fresh orange juice (OJ). Twenty-eight F0 mothers were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 7), control; untreated, dose group; exposed to ZnO NPs, dose+antidote group; coadministered ZnO NPs + OJ, antidote group; OJ, during the organogenetic period. Fifty percent of F0 mothers were subjected to cesarean sections on the 18th day of gestation and F1 pups were recovered, macro-photographed, and dissected for liver evisceration, while 50% of F0 mothers underwent standard delivery. After parturition, F1 offspring were examined, and the liver and blood samples were extracted. Observations showed that ZnO NPs exposure in F0 mothers in preparturition and postparturition resulted in decreased body weight, increased liver weight, and elevated levels of ALT and AST significantly p ≤ .05 as compared to the control and antidote groups. Histopathological analysis of maternal livers intoxicated with NPs showed the disruptive structure of central vein, hepatocytes, and Kupffer cells in F0 mothers, while F1 pups showed morphological deviations and distorted development of the liver tissue and congestion, in contrast to the control. F1 offspring of NPs exposed mothers, even at postnatal week 8 showed pyknotic nuclei and activated Kupffer cells in the liver sections against control. But in the case of the Dose+antidote group, alterations were less severe than in the dose group. It can be concluded that exposure to ZnO NPs instigates teratogenicity and hepatotoxicity in F1 pups, F0 mothers, and F1 offspring, respectively, while fresh orange juice acts as a remedial agent against the abovementioned toxicities.

Bee venom (Apis mellifera L.) rescues zinc oxide nanoparticles induced neurobehavioral and neurotoxic impact via controlling neurofilament and GAP-43 in rat brain

This study investigated the possible beneficial role of the bee venom (BV, Apis mellifera L.) against zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNPs)-induced neurobehavioral and neurotoxic impacts in rats. Fifty male Sprague Dawley rats were alienated into five groups. Three groups were intraperitoneally injected distilled water (C 28D group), ZNPs (100 mg/kg b.wt) (ZNPs group), or ZNPs (100 mg/kg.wt) and BV (1 mg/ kg.bwt) (ZNPs + BV group) for 28 days. One group was intraperitoneally injected with 1 mL of distilled water for 56 days (C 56D group). The last group was intraperitoneally injected with ZNPs for 28 days, then BV for another 28 days at the same earlier doses and duration (ZNPs/BV group). Depression, anxiety, locomotor activity, spatial learning, and memory were evaluated using the forced swimming test, elevated plus maze, open field test, and Morris water maze test, respectively. The brain contents of dopamine, serotonin, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and Zn were estimated. The histopathological changes and immunoexpressions of neurofilament and GAP-43 protein in the brain tissues were followed. The results displayed that BV significantly decreased the ZNPs-induced depression, anxiety, memory impairment, and spatial learning disorders. Moreover, the ZNPs-induced increment in serotonin and dopamine levels and Zn content was significantly suppressed by BV. Besides, BV significantly restored the depleted TAC but minimized the augmented MDA brain content associated with ZNPs exposure. Likewise, the neurodegenerative changes induced by ZNPs were significantly abolished by BV. Also, the increased neurofilament and GAP-43 immunoexpression due to ZNPs exposure were alleviated with BV. Of note, BV achieved better results in the ZNPs + BV group than in the ZNPs/BV group. Conclusively, these results demonstrated that BV could be employed as a biologically effective therapy to mitigate the neurotoxic and neurobehavioral effects of ZNPs, particularly when used during ZNPs exposure.

Association of urinary exposure to multiple metal(loid)s with kidney function from a national cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) are hazardous for kidney function, while the effects of selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) were unexplored for the narrow safe range of intake. Interactions exists between these multiple metal/metalloid exposures, but few studies have investigated the effects.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey was performed among 2210 adults across twelve provinces in China between 2020 and 2021. Urinary As, Cd, Cu, Se and Zn were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Serum creatinine (Scr) and N-acetyl-beta-D glucosaminidases (urine NAG) were quantified in serum and urine, respectively. Kidney function was evaluated by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). We employed logistic regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models to explore the individual and joint effects of urinary metals/metalloids on the risk of impaired renal function (IRF) or chronic kidney disease (CKD), respectively.

RESULTS

Association was found between As (OR = 1.24, 95 % CI: 1.03, 1.48), Cd (OR = 1.65, 95 % CI: 1.35, 2.02), Cu (OR = 1.90, 95 % CI: 1.59, 2.29), Se (OR = 1.51, 95 % CI: 1.24, 1.85) and Zn (OR = 1.33, 95 % CI: 1.09, 1.64) and the risk of CKD. Moreover, we observed association between As (OR = 1.18, 95 % CI: 1.07, 1.29), Cu (OR = 1.14, 95 % CI: 1.04, 1.25), Se (OR = 1.15, 95 % CI: 1.06, 1.26) and Zn (OR = 1.12, 95 % CI: 1.02, 1.22) and the risk of IRF. Additionally, it was found that Se exposure may strength the association of urinary As, Cd and Cu with IRF. Furthermore, it is worth noting that Se and Cu contributed greatest to the inverse association in IRF and CKD, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggested that metal/metalloid mixtures were associated with kidney dysfunction, Se and Cu were inverse factors. Additionally, interactions between them may affect the association. Further studies are needed to assess the potential risks for metal/metalloid exposures.

Intraperitoneal hepato-renal toxicity of zinc oxide and nickel oxide nanoparticles in male rats: biochemical, hematological and histopathological studies

In recent years, zinc oxide (ZnO) and nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles (NPs) have become more prevalent in commercial and industrial products. However, questions have been raised regarding their potential harm to human health. Limited studies have been conducted on their intraperitoneal toxicity in rats, and their co-exposure effects remain uncertain. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate some biological responses induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of ZnO-NPs (200 mg/kg) and/or NiO-NPs (50 mg/kg) in rats over time intervals. Blood and organ samples were collected from 36 male rats for hematological, biochemical, oxidative stress, and histological analysis. Results showed that the administration of NPs reduced the body and organ weights as well as red blood cell (RBC) indices and altered white blood cell (WBC) and platelet (PLT) counts. The experimental groups exhibited elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), creatinine (CREA), urea, lipid profile, glucose (GLU), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and decreased uric acid (UA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH). Histological observations also revealed architectural damages in liver and kidneys. These alterations were time-dependent and varied in their degree of toxicity. Co-exposure of NPs initially lessened the damage but increased it afterwards compared to individual exposure. In conclusion, intraperitoneal injection of ZnO-NPs and/or NiO-NPs alters biological processes and induces oxidative stress in rats' liver and kidneys in a time-dependent manner, with NiO-NPs being more potent than ZnO-NPs. Furthermore, co-exposed NPs initially appeared to be antagonistic to one another while further aiming toward synergism.

Potential ecotoxicity of substrate-enriched zinc oxide nanoparticles to Physalaemus cuvieri tadpoles

Although the ecotoxicological effects of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have already been reported in different taxa, little is known about their impacts on amphibians. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the potential effects of exposure of Physalaemus cuvieri tadpoles to substrates enriched with ZnO NPs (and with its ionic counterpart, Zn+2, ZnCl2 - both at 100 mg/kg) previously used in the cultivation of Panicum maximum (Guinea grass). We showed that although exposure for 21 days did not impact the survival, growth, and development of tadpoles, we noted an increase in the frequency of erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities in the "ZnCl2" and "ZnONP" groups, which was associated with suppression of antioxidant activity in the animals (inferred by SOD and CAT activity and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity). In the tadpoles of the "ZnONP" group, we also noticed a reduction in creatinine and bilirubin levels, alpha-amylase activity, and an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity. But the treatments did not alter the activity of the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyl-transferase and total protein and carbohydrate levels. On the other hand, we report a cholinesterase and hypotriglyceridemic effect in the "ZnCl2" and "ZnONP" groups. Zn bioaccumulation in animals, from ZnO NPs, from Zn+2 released from them, or both, has been associated with causing these changes. Finally, principal component analysis (PCA) and the values of the "Integrated Biomarker Response" index revealed that the exposure of animals to substrates enriched with ZnO NPs caused more pronounced effects than those attributed to its ionic counterpart. Therefore, our study reinforces the need to consider the environmental risks of using these nanomaterials for agricultural purposes for amphibians.

Effect of Sublethal Concentrations of Metal Nanomaterials on Cell Energy Metabolism

Metallic nanomaterials (MNMs) are widely used in the medical field because of their photocatalytic, optical, electrical, electronic, antibacterial, and bactericidal properties. Despite the advantages of MNMs, there is a lack of complete understanding of their toxicological behavior and their interactions with cellular mechanisms that determine cell fate. Most of the existing studies are acute toxicity studies with high doses, which is not conducive to understanding the toxic effects and mechanisms of homeostasis-dependent organelles, such as mitochondria, which are involved in many cellular functions. In this study, four types of MNMs were used to investigate the effects of metallic nanomaterials on mitochondrial function and structure. We first characterized the four MNMs and selected the appropriate sublethal concentration for application in cells. Mitochondrial characterization, energy metabolism, mitochondrial damage, mitochondrial complex activity, and expression levels were evaluated using various biological methods. The results showed that the four types of MNMs greatly inhibited mitochondrial function and cell energy metabolism and that the material entering the mitochondria damaged the mitochondrial structure. Additionally, the complex activity of mitochondrial electron transport chains is critical for assessing the mitochondrial toxicity of MNMs, which may serve as an early warning of MNM-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cytotoxicity.

Recent nanoengineered diagnostic and therapeutic advancements in management of Sepsis

COVID-19 acquired symptoms have affected the worldwide population and increased the load of Intensive care unit (ICU) patient admissions. A large number of patients admitted to ICU end with a deadly fate of mortality. A high mortality rate of patients was reported with hospital-acquired septic shock that leads to multiple organ failures and ultimately ends with death. The patients who overcome this septic shock suffer from morbidity that also affects their caretakers. To overcome these situations, scientists are exploring progressive theragnostic techniques with advanced techniques based on biosensors, biomarkers, biozymes, vesicles, and others. These advanced techniques pave the novel way for early detection of sepsis-associated symptoms and timely treatment with appropriate antibiotics and immunomodulators and prevent the undue effect on other parts of the body. There are other techniques like externally modulated electric-based devices working on the principle of piezoelectric mechanism that not only sense the endotoxin levels but also target them with a loaded antibiotic to neutralize the onset of inflammatory response. Recently researchers have developed a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) neutralizing cartridge that not only senses the LPS but also appropriately neutralizes with dual mechanistic insights of antibiotic and anti-inflammatory effects. This review will highlight recent developments in the new nanotechnology-based approaches for the diagnosis and therapeutics of sepsis that is responsible for the high number of deaths of patients suffering from this critical disease.

In-vivo (Albino Mice) and in-vitro Assimilation and Toxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Food Materials

Purpose

Recent advances in nanotechnology have given rise to the potential utilization of nanoparticles as food, nano-medicine/biomedicines.

Patient

The study aimed to investigate the effects of nano-zinc oxide (nano-zinc) on the bio-assimilation of mineral (Zn) in mice, aged 3-6 weeks.

Methods

ZnO nanoparticles were added to the basal diet as a supplement at amounts of 0.07, 0.14 and 0.21 mg/kg. The synthesized material was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, particle size, scanning electron microscope, Thermogravimetric Analysis Thermal, X-ray diffraction spectrophotometer and Zeta potential.

Results

In-vitro bioavailability of synthesized group ZnO (120 nm) was 43%, whereas for standard group ZnO (50 nm) was reported as 55%. In-vivo bioavailability of zinc oxide illustrated the maximum absorption level compared with the control. In-vivo toxicity was characterized as damage done to the liver and spleen tissues with a high dose of 0.21 mg/kg, while smaller doses indicated no toxic effects.

Conclusion

The study provided important insights on the toxicological effects of ZnO nanoparticles, depending on dose rate and bio-assimilation, as well as particles, under various conditions (in-vitro and in-vivo). These findings will motivate further detailed research on nano-based medicine for alleviating malnutrition conditions.

An in vivo toxicity assessment of piezoelectric sodium potassium niobate [NaxK1-xNbO3 (x = 0.2-0.8)] nanoparticulates towards bone tissue engineering approach

One of the recent challenges in the design/development of prosthetic orthopedic implants is to address the concern of local/systemic toxicity of debris particles, released due to wear or degradation. Such debris particles often lead to inflammation at the implanted site or aseptic loosening of the prosthesis which results in failure of the implant during long run. Several in vitro studies demonstrated the potentiality of piezoelectric sodium potassium niobate [Na_xK_1-xNbO₃ (x = 0.2, 0.5, 0.8), NKN] as an emerging next-generation polarizable orthopedic implant. In this perspective, we performed an in vivo study to examine the local and systemic toxicity of NKN nanoparticulates, as a first report. In the present study, male Wistar rats were intra-articularly injected to the knee joint with 100 μl of NKN nanoparticulates (25 mg/ml in normal saline). After 7 days of exposure, the histopathological analyses demonstrate the absence of any inflammation or dissemination of nanoparticulates in vital organs such as heart, liver, kidney and spleen. The anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) profile analyses suggest the increased anti-inflammatory response in the treated rats as compared to non-injected (control) rats, preferably for the sodium and potassium rich NKN i.e., Na_0.8K_0.2NbO₃ and Na_0.2K_0.8NbO₃. The biochemical analyses revealed no pathological changes in the liver and kidney of particulate treated rats. The present study is the first proof to confirm the non-toxic nature of NKN nanoparticulates which provides a step forward towards the development of prosthetic orthopedic implants using biocompatible piezoelectric NKN ceramics.

Acaricidal Efficacy of Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Against Hyalomma dromedarii (Acari: Ixodidae) and Their Toxic Effects on Swiss Albino Mice

Purpose

The current study aimed to investigate the efficacy of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) synthesized by Melia azedarach aqueous extract to control Hyalomma dromedarii tick, and to evaluate their toxic effects on Swiss albino mice.

Methods

ZnO NPs were synthesized using M. azedarach aqueous extract. UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy were used to characterize the synthesized NPs. Egg, nymph, larva, and adult immersion tests were used for bioassay of tick stages with the synthesized ZnO NP. A toxicity study was performed on Swiss albino mice after treatment with 1/10 of the oral LD₅₀ of ZnO NPs (8437 mg/kg) for 5 successive days by oral gavage.

Results

The LC₅₀ of ZnO NPs on the eggs, larvae, and nymphs was 11.6, 8.03, and 3.9 mg/ml, respectively. The reproductive performance of females treated with ZnO NPs was lower than that of untreated females. The hematological results showed an insignificant increase in the level of white blood cells with normal red blood cells, hemoglobin, in addition to normal platelet count. The biochemical analysis showed an insignificant increased level (P > 0.05) of alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase. The liver and kidney suffered few histopathological changes after oral administration of ZnO NPs.

Conclusion

These results suggest that ZnO NPs have good acaricidal activity against eggs, larvae, and engorged nymphs of H. dromedarii. ZnO NPs minimized the number of eggs laid by engorged females and the hatchability of their eggs. ZnO NPs did not affect unfed adults. The toxicity results of the mice revealed insignificant changes in the hemogram, biochemistry, with liver and kidney suffering few histopathological changes. Future studies are needed to assess application routes (topical vs oral). Based on these findings, ZnO NPs may be incorporated in the control of camel tick H. dromedarii.

Evaluating the cytotoxicity and pathogenicity of multi-walled carbon nanotube through weighted gene co-expression network analysis: a nanotoxicogenomics study

Background

Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) is one of the most momentous carbonaceous nanoparticles which is widely used for various applications such as electronics, vehicles, and therapeutics. However, their possible toxicity and adverse effects convert them into a major health threat for humans and animals.

Results

In this study, we employed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify the co-expressed gene groups and dysregulated pathways due to the MWCNT exposure. For this purpose, three weighted gene co-expression networks for the microarray gene expression profiles of the mouse after 1, 6, and 12-month post-exposure to MWCNT were constructed. The module-trait analysis specified the significant modules related to different doses (1, 10, 40, and 80 µg) of MWCNT. Afterward, common genes between co-regulated and differentially expressed genes were determined. The further pathway analysis highlighted the enrichment of genes including Actb, Ube2b, Psme3, Ezh2, Alas2, S100a10, Ypel5, Rhoa, Rac1, Ube2l6, Prdx2, Ctsb, Bnip3l, Gp6, Myh9, Ube2k, Mbnl1, Kbtbd8, Riok3, Itgb1, Rap1a, and Atp5h in immune-, inflammation-, and protein metabolism-related pathways.

Conclusions

This study discloses the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity effects of various doses of MWCNT which also affect the metabolism system. The identified genes can serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic candidates. However, further studies should be performed to validate them in human cells.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12863-022-01031-3.

Histopathological evaluation of amino acid capped silver nanoconjugates in albino mice

Various molecules may modify the surface chemistry of commonly used nanomaterials (NMs), resulting in the synthesis of novel and safer NMs. The current study was delineated to evaluate the in vivo toxicity profiling of the silver nanoconjugates (AgNCs) conjugated with different amino acids. The L-glycine capped-AgNCs exhibited toxicity and caused tissue damage, while L-cystine- and L-tyrosine-capped AgNCs showed protective effects against cadmium-induced toxicity. L-cystine-capped AgNCs performed well as compared to other amino-acid AgNCs. The level of serum creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase and blood urea increased (p < 0.05) in G2, G3 and G5 in comparison to G1 (control group), while an increase in bilirubin for G2 was statistically non-significant (p > 0.05). The ALT and AST elevated (p < 0.05) in G4; however, other serological parameters in G4 and G6 did not show any noticeable change in their values. Histological analysis showed disturbed and deformed cellular structures in liver and kidney tissues of G2, G3 and G5. However, G4 and G6 samples demonstrated minute changes in comparison to G1. It is concluded that L-cystine- and L-tyrosine-capped AgNCs exhibited protective effects and should be tested further for developing safer nanoconjugates for biomedical uses.

Energy Starvation in Daphnia magna from Exposure to a Lithium Cobalt Oxide Nanomaterial

Growing evidence across organisms points to altered energy metabolism as an adverse outcome of metal oxide nanomaterial toxicity, with a mechanism of toxicity potentially related to the redox chemistry of processes involved in energy production. Despite this evidence, the significance of this mechanism has gone unrecognized in nanotoxicology due to the field's focus on oxidative stress as a universal─but nonspecific─nanotoxicity mechanism. To further explore metabolic impacts, we determined lithium cobalt oxide's (LCO's) effects on these pathways in the model organism Daphnia magna through global gene-expression analysis using RNA-Seq and untargeted metabolomics by direct-injection mass spectrometry. Our results show that a sublethal 1 mg/L 48 h exposure of D. magna to LCO nanosheets causes significant impacts on metabolic pathways versus untreated controls, while exposure to ions released over 48 h does not. Specifically, transcriptomic analysis using DAVID indicated significant enrichment (Benjamini-adjusted p ≤0.0.5) in LCO-exposed animals for changes in pathways involved in the cellular response to starvation (25 genes), mitochondrial function (70 genes), ATP-binding (70 genes), oxidative phosphorylation (53 genes), NADH dehydrogenase activity (12 genes), and protein biosynthesis (40 genes). Metabolomic analysis using MetaboAnalyst indicated significant enrichment (γ-adjusted p <0.1) for changes in amino acid metabolism (19 metabolites) and starch, sucrose, and galactose metabolism (7 metabolites). Overlap of significantly impacted pathways by RNA-Seq and metabolomics suggests amino acid breakdown and increased sugar import for energy production. Results indicate that LCO-exposed Daphnia respond to energy starvation by altering metabolic pathways, both at the gene expression and metabolite levels. These results support altered energy production as a sensitive nanotoxicity adverse outcome for LCO exposure and suggest negative impacts on energy metabolism as an important avenue for future studies of nanotoxicity, including for other biological systems and for metal oxide nanomaterials more broadly.

Metabolomics approach to study in vivo toxicity of graphene oxide nanosheets

Although graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets are widely used in different fields, the mechanism of their toxicity remains relatively unknown. NMR-based metabolomics was used to study in vivo time and dose-dependent toxicity of GO nanosheets in mice. Sixty serum samples from mice in four different time intervals including 24 and 72 h and 7 and 21 days after injection of 0-, 1-, and 10-mg/kg b.w. were analyzed based on ¹ HNMR spectra of each sample and multivariate methods. In comparison with the control group, 12 changed metabolites were identified in GO nanosheet-treated mice groups. These metabolites are involved in steroid hormone biosynthesis and steroid biosynthesis pathways. It was seen that the time factor is more important than the dose factor and the groups were separated in a time direction, completely. We found that GO nanosheets has toxicity and can affect steroidal hormones. However, this study shows that after 21 days, the treated groups regardless of their GO nanosheet dose are very close to the control group. This means that in one step exposure to GO nanosheets, their toxicity diminished after 21 days.

Evaluation of 28-day repeated oral dose toxicity of SUNACTIVE Zn-P240 in rats

This study was conducted to investigate the potential toxicity of repeated oral dose of SUNACTIVE Zn-P240, a new type of zinc supplement, in Sprague-Dawley rats. SUNACTIVE Zn-P240 was administered once daily by gavage at doses of 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day for each group over a 28-day period. At 2000 mg/kg/day, there were increases in serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase, liver weight, histopathological changes in stomach, liver, and pancreas and decreases in body weight, food consumption, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, total protein (TP), and albumin. At 1000 mg/kg/day, there was an increase in the serum ALP level and there were decreases in the MCV, MCH, and TP. There were no treatment-related adverse effects in the 500 mg/kg/day group. Under the present experimental conditions, the target organs in rats were determined to be the stomach, pancreas, liver, and erythrocyte and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) in rats was considered to be 500 mg/kg/day.

Assessment of the In Vivo Release and Biocompatibility of Novel Vesicles Containing Zinc in Rats

This paper is focused on the in vivo release and biocompatibility evaluation in rats of some novel systems entrapping zinc chloride in lipid vesicles. The particles were prepared by zinc chloride immobilization inside lipid vesicles made using phosphatidylcholine, stabilized with 0.5% chitosan solution, and dialyzed for 10 h to achieve a neutral pH. The submicrometric systems were physico-chemically characterized. White Wistar rats, assigned into four groups of six animals each, were treated orally with a single dose, as follows: Group I (control): deionized water 0.3 mL/100 g body weight; Group II (Zn): 2 mg/kg body weight (kbw) zinc chloride; Group III (LV-Zn): 2 mg/kbw zinc chloride in vesicles; Group IV (LVC-Zn): 2 mg/kbw zinc chloride in vesicles stabilized with chitosan. Haematological, biochemical, and immune parameters were assessed after 24 h and 7 days, and then liver fragments were collected for histopathological examination. The use of zinc submicrometric particles-especially those stabilized with chitosan-showed a delayed zinc release in rats. No substantial changes to blood parameters, plasma biochemical tests, serum complement activity, or peripheral neutrophils phagocytic capacity were noted; moreover, the tested substances did not induce liver architectural disturbances. The obtained systems provided a delayed release of zinc, and showed good biocompatibility in rats.

Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles and ferulic acid on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury: possible underlying mechanisms

OBJECTIVES

The present study examined the effects of ferulic acid (FA) and Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and a combination of both on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) in rats and their possible underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

two-hundreds male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allocated into the 5 groups; i) sham group, ii) control (IRI) group (occlusion of the left renal pedicle for 45 min), iii) FA group as IRI group with FA (100 mg/Kg oral 24 hrs before ischemia), iv) ZnO-NPs group as IRI group with ZnO-NPs single 5 mg/Kg i.p. 2 hrs before ischemia and v) FA + ZnO-NPs group as IRI group with both FA and ZnO-NPs in the same previous doses. According to the reperfusion times, each group was further subdivided into 4 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr and 7 days reperfusion subgroups.

RESULTS

administration of either FA or ZnO-NPs caused significant improvement in the elevated serum creatinine and BUN and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations and expression of TNF-α, Bax, caspase-3 in kidney tissues with significant rise in the creatinine clearance, the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the expression of HO-1, HIF-1α genes and proliferation marker (ki67) in kidney tissues compared to IRI group (p < 0.05). Moreover, a combination of both agents produced more significant improvement in the studied parameters than each agent did alone (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Both FA and ZnO-NPs exerted cytoprotective effects against ischemic kidney injury and a combination of both exhibited more powerful renoprotective effect. This renoprotective effect might be due to suppression of oxidative stress, enhancement of cell proliferation (ki67), upregulation of antioxidant genes (Nrf2, HO-1 and HIF-1α) and downregulation of inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) and apoptotic genes (caspase-3 and Bax).

Nanoparticle delivery system, highly active antiretroviral therapy, and testicular morphology: The role of stereology

The conjugation of nanoparticles (NPs) with antiretroviral drugs is a drug delivery approach with great potential for managing HIV infections. Despite their promise, recent studies have highlighted the toxic effects of nanoparticles on testicular tissue and their impact on sperm morphology. This review explores the role of stereological techniques in assessing the testicular morphology in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) when a nanoparticle drug delivery system is used. Also, NPs penetration and pharmacokinetics concerning the testicular tissue and blood-testis barrier form the vital part of this review. More so, various classes of NPs employed in biomedical and clinical research to deliver antiretroviral drugs were thoroughly discussed. In addition, considerations for minimizing nanoparticle-drugs toxicity, ensuring enhanced permeability of nanoparticles, maximizing drug efficacy, ensuring adequate bioavailability, and formulation of HAART-NPs fabrication are well discussed.

Toxic effects of TiO2 NPs in the blood-milk barrier of the maternal dams and growth of offspring

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) are amongst the most frequently used nanomaterial in everyday consumer products, and their widespread applications have raised concerns of the consequent deleterious effects on human health, particularly to vulnerable populations, such as lactating females remains elusive. Therefore, this study was initiated to investigate the detrimental effects and toxic mechanisms induced by TiO₂ NPs in maternal dams and offspring during the lactation period. Dams were randomly divided into three groups. The water (Control; Group I) and TiO₂ NPs (100 mg/kg; Group II) were orally administered from postnatal day 1-20, respectively. The results indicated that TiO₂ NPs could cause toxicity in the dams, such as pathological damages to mammary gland tissues. The excessive accumulation of TiO₂ NPs could induce oxidative stress in the mammary gland, leading to the dysfunctional blood-milk barrier; besides, TiO₂ NPs could also be transferred to offspring via breastfeeding, causing abnormal development of infant. We further accessed the possible underlying molecular mechanism; for this, we orally administered TiO₂ NPs with vitamin E (100 mg/kg; Group III). The results revealed that toxicity induced by TiO₂ NPs was rescued. Collectively, this study presented the deleterious pathological effects of oral exposure to TiO₂ NPs in the mammary gland tissues and blood-milk barrier via the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in dams and developmental concerns in offspring. However, the administration of VE could mitigate the toxic effects induced by the TiO₂ NPs.

Antitumor and Radiosensitizing Effects of Zinc Oxide-Caffeic Acid Nanoparticles against Solid Ehrlich Carcinoma in Female Mice

This study aimed to evaluate the anticancer and radio-sensitizing efficacy of Zinc Oxide-Caffeic Acid Nanoparticles (ZnO-CA NPs). ZnO-CA NPs were formulated by the conjugation of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with caffeic acid (CA) that were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra (FT-IR), X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). In vitro anticancer potential of ZnO-CA NPs was evaluated by assessing cell viability in the human breast (MCF-7) and hepatocellular (HepG2) carcinoma cell lines. In vivo anticancer and radio-sensitizing effects of ZnO-CA NPs in solid Ehrlich carcinoma-bearing mice (EC mice) were also assessed. Treatment of EC mice with ZnO-CA NPs resulted in a considerable decline in tumor size and weight, down-regulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) gene expressions, decreased vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) level, downregulation of phosphorylated-extracellular-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (p-ERK1/2) protein expression, DNA fragmentation and a recognizable peak at sub-G0/G1 indicating dead cells' population in cancer tissues. Combined treatment of ZnO-CA NPs with γ-irradiation improved these effects. In conclusion: ZnO-CA NPs exhibit in-vitro as well as in-vivo antitumor activity, which is augmented by exposure of mice to γ-irradiation. Further explorations are warranted previous to clinical application of ZnO-CA NPs.

Role of Olive leaves Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Alleviating The Molecular and Histological Changes of Kidney in Female Goats-Induced by Gentamicin (Part III)

This study aimed to investigate the protective influence of olive leave extract zinc oxide nanoparticles (OLEZnONPs) complex against gentamicin–induced kidney dysfunctions in goats. Twenty five adult female goats were randomly divided into five equal groups and treated as follows: control group (C) administered sterile distilled water (IM) for 10 days, group G administered 25 mg/kg BW gentamicin (IM) for 7 days, group Z administered 10 ìg/kg BW of OLEZnONPs (IP) for 3 days, group GTZ administered 25 mg/kg BW gentamicin (IM) for 7 days and then 10 ìg/kg BW of OLEZnONPs (IP) for 3 days, group GWZ administered 25 mg/kg BWs gentamicin (IM) and 10 ìg/kg BW of OLEZnONPs (IP) together for first 3 days and then followed by gentamicin only for 4 days. After seven days of the experiment, the gene expression of kidney injury molcule-1(KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-association lipocalin (NGAL) gene expression of kidney tissue were measured. In addition, samples of kidney were obtained for histopathological examination. Gentamicin medication induced a marked elevation in kidney tissue KIM-1 and NGAL gene expression in G and GTZ groups compared to control and other groups. Intraperitoneal treatment of goats with OLEZnONPs did not significantly affect NGAL and KIM-1 gene expression in Z, GWZ, and control groups. Histologically, in contrast to control, gentamicin induced more extensive kidney damages such as necrotized glomeruli, atrophic glomeruli, and renal tubular epithelial necrosis, while it was found that these alterations in kidney tissues wereimproved in goats given OLEZnONPs with gentamicin compared to group G. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that OLEZnONPs reduce the deleterious effects of gentamicin with significantly decreasing of KIM-1 and NGAL gene expression and remodeling the histological changes of kidney in goats.

Protein Fe-S Centers as a Molecular Target of Toxicity of a Complex Transition Metal Oxide Nanomaterial with Downstream Impacts on Metabolism and Growth

Oxidative stress is frequently identified as a mechanism of toxicity of nanomaterials. However, rarely have the specific underlying molecular targets responsible for these impacts been identified. We previously demonstrated significant negative impacts of transition metal oxide (TMO) lithium-ion battery cathode nanomaterial, lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), on the growth, development, hemoglobin, and heme synthesis gene expression in the larvae of a model sediment invertebrate Chironomus riparius. Here, we propose that alteration of the Fe-S protein function by LCO is a molecular initiating event leading to these changes. A 10 mg/L LCO exposure causes significant oxidation of the aconitase 4Fe-4S center after 7 d as determined from the electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements of intact larvae and a significant reduction in the aconitase activity of larval protein after 48 h (p < 0.05). Next-generation RNA sequencing identified significant changes in the expression of genes involved in 4Fe-4S center binding, Fe-S center synthesis, iron ion binding, and metabolism for 10 mg/L LCO at 48 h (FDR-adjusted, p < 0.1). We propose an adverse outcome pathway, where the oxidation of metabolic and regulatory Fe-S centers of proteins by LCO disrupts metabolic homeostasis, which negatively impacts the growth and development, a mechanism that may apply for these conserved proteins across species and for other TMO nanomaterials.

Nanometals in Dentistry: Applications and Toxicological Implications-a Systematic Review

Nanotechnology is a vital part of health care system, including the dentistry. This branch of technology has been incorporated into various fields of dentistry ranging from diagnosis to prevention and treatment. The latter involves application of numerous biomaterials that help in restoration of esthetic and functional dentition. Over the past decade, these materials were modified through the incorporation of metal nanoparticles (NP) like silver (Ag), gold (Au), titanium (Ti), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and zirconia (Zr). They enhanced antimicrobial, mechanical, and regenerative properties of these materials. However, lately, the toxicological implications of these nanometal particles have been realized. They were associated with cytotoxicity, genotoxicity altered inflammatory processes, and reticuloendothelial system toxicity. As dental biomaterials containing metal NPs remain functional in oral cavity over prolonged periods, it is important to know their toxicological effects in humans. With this background, the present systematic review is aimed to gain an insight into the plausible applications and toxic implications of nano-metal particles as related to dentistry.

Nanotechnology-based Drug Delivery, Metabolism and Toxicity

BACKGROUND

Nanoparticles (NPs) are being used extensively owing to their increased surface area, targeted delivery and enhanced retention. NPs have the potential to be used in many disease conditions. Despite widespread use, their toxicity and clinical safety still remain a major concern.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to explore the metabolism and toxicological effects of nanotherapeutics.

METHODS

Comprehensive, time-bound literature search was done covering the period from 2010 till date. The primary focus was on the metabolism of NP including their adsorption, degradation, clearance, and bio-persistence. This review also focuses on updated investigations on NPs with respect to their toxic effects on various in vitro and in vivo experimental models.

RESULTS

Nanotechnology is a thriving field of biomedical research and an efficient drug delivery system. Further their applications are under investigation for diagnosis of disease and as medical devices.

CONCLUSION

The toxicity of NPs is a major concern in the application of NPs as therapeutics. Studies addressing metabolism, side-effects and safety of NPs are desirable to gain maximum benefits of nanotherapeutics.

Does Pharmacodynamics of Drugs Change After Presenting them as Nanoparticles Like their Pharmacokinetics?

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Nowadays, the breakthrough in different medical branches makes it feasible to designate new methods of drug delivery to achieve the most cost-effective and the least unpleasant consequenceimposing solutions to overcome a wide range of diseases.

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Nanoparticle (NP) drugs entered the therapeutic system, especially in cancer chemotherapy. These drugs are quite well-known for two traits of being long-acting and less toxic. For a long time, it has been investigated how NPs will change the kinetics of drugs. However, there are a few studies that inclined their attention to how NPs affect the dynamics of drugs. In this review, the latter point will mainly be discussed in an example-based manner. Besides, other particular features of NPs will be briefly noted.

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NPs are capable of affecting the biologic system as much as a drug. Moreover, NPs could arise a wide variety of effects by triggering their own receptors. NPs are able to change a receptor function and manipulate its downstream signaling cascade.

Serum zinc levels and multiple health outcomes: Implications for zinc-based biomaterials

BACKGROUND

Zinc-based biomaterials, including biodegradable metal, nanoparticles, and coatings used in medical implants release zinc ions that may increase the whole-body and serum zinc concentrations. The impact of serum zinc concentrations on major health outcomes can provide insights for device design and clinical transformation of zinc-based biomaterials.

METHODS

This nationally representative cross-sectional study enrolled participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2011-2014) including 3607 participants. Using unadjusted and multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analyses, two-piecewise linear regression model with a smoothing function and threshold level analysis, we evaluated the associations between elevated serum zinc levels and major health outcomes.

RESULTS

Elevated serum zinc levels were significantly associated with an increase in total spine and total femur bone mineral density (BMD). Every 10 μg/dL increase was associated with a 1.12-fold increase in diabetes mellitus (DM) and 1.23-fold and 1.29-fold increase in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and coronary heart disease (CHD), in participants with serum zinc levels ≥ 100 μg/dL. It had no significant linear or nonlinear associations with risk of fractures, congestive heart failure, heart attack, thyroid disease, arthritis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, dyslipidemia and cancer.

CONCLUSION

Serum zinc levels are significantly associated with increased BMD in the total spine and total femur, and risk of DM, and CVD/CHD among participants with serum zinc levels ≥100 μg/dL.

Heavy metals interfere with plasma metabolites, including lipids and amino acids, in patients with breast cancer

The aim of the present study was to examine the association between plasma heavy metals and the metabolome in patients with breast cancer (BC), and the association with cancer development. Nuclear magnetic resonance was used to determine the metabolites involved and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry system was used to quantify the heavy metals in the plasma samples. It was indicated that cadmium was significantly higher in the plasma of patients with BC compared with that in the control population (~15-fold increase). Chromium, arsenic and lead were also elevated in the plasma of patients with BC by ~3.24, 2.14 and 1.52 fold, respectively. A number of small molecules, including amino acids and salts, were altered in the plasma of patients with BC compared with the control population. Another notable finding in this investigation was that plasma lipid levels were elevated in patients with BC compared with those in the control population. The findings of the present study suggest that exposure to heavy metals, including cadmium, arsenic, chromium and lead, may influence blood lipid levels and other small molecule metabolites, which in turn may be involved in BC development. Further studies surrounding urinary heavy metals and the metabolome are required to further determine the impact of metals on metabolism and on BC development.

Metal-Based Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents: An Overview

Metal-based nanoparticles have been extensively investigated for a set of biomedical applications. According to the World Health Organization, in addition to their reduced size and selectivity for bacteria, metal-based nanoparticles have also proved to be effective against pathogens listed as a priority. Metal-based nanoparticles are known to have non-specific bacterial toxicity mechanisms (they do not bind to a specific receptor in the bacterial cell) which not only makes the development of resistance by bacteria difficult, but also broadens the spectrum of antibacterial activity. As a result, a large majority of metal-based nanoparticles efficacy studies performed so far have shown promising results in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The aim of this review has been a comprehensive discussion of the state of the art on the use of the most relevant types of metal nanoparticles employed as antimicrobial agents. A special emphasis to silver nanoparticles is given, while others (e.g., gold, zinc oxide, copper, and copper oxide nanoparticles) commonly used in antibiotherapy are also reviewed. The novelty of this review relies on the comparative discussion of the different types of metal nanoparticles, their production methods, physicochemical characterization, and pharmacokinetics together with the toxicological risk encountered with the use of different types of nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents. Their added-value in the development of alternative, more effective antibiotics against multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria has been highlighted.

Evaluation of heavy metals and metabolites in the urine of patients with breast cancer

Epidemiologic studies demonstrated that the environment serves a crucial role in cancer development. Heavy metals, including arsenic (As), cadmium (cd), chromium (Cr), lead and mercury, are considered to be carcinogens or co-carcinogens. Furthermore, Cd has been detected in breast cancer (BC) tissue at high concentrations. The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between heavy metals detected in urine and urine metabolome of patients with BC, and their association with cancer development. Nuclear magnetic resonance was used to determine urine metabolites and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry system was used to detect heavy metals in urine samples. The results demonstrated that Cd was markedly increased in the urine of patients with BC compared with the control population (approximately 2-fold). Cr and As were also increased in the urine of patients with BC. In addition, numerous small molecule metabolites were altered in the urine of patients with BC compared with the control population. This study also demonstrated that alterations in small molecule metabolites in the urine of patients with BC were very similar to results from a previous report. These findings indicated that environmental exposure to Cd, As, or Cr could influence the urine levels of metabolites, which may be involved in BC development. Further investigation is therefore required to examine a larger range of samples from different countries or areas in order to understand the impact of heavy metals on metabolism and BC development.

Bio-Inspired Silver Nanoparticles Impose Metabolic and Epigenetic Toxicity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have many applications in various fields, including biomedical applications. Due to the broad range of applications, they are considered as the leading fraction of manufactured nanoparticles. AgNPs are synthesized by different types of chemical and biological (green) methods. Previously, biologically synthesized AgNPs were considered safe for the environment and humans. However, new toxicity evidence have initiated a more careful assessment to delineate the toxicity mechanisms associated with these nanoparticles. This study demonstrates the use of aqueous gooseberry extract for AgNP preparation in a time- and cost-effective way. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering confirm the formation of AgNPs, with an average size between 50 and 100 nm. Untargeted ¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics revealed manyfold up- and down-regulation in the concentration of 55 different classes of annotated metabolites in AgNP-exposed yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Based on their chemical nature and cellular functions, these metabolites are classified into amino acids, glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, organic acids, nucleotide metabolism, urea cycle, and lipid metabolism. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the genes involved in oxidative stress mitigation maintain their expression levels, whereas the genes of the TCA cycle and lipid metabolism show drastic down-regulation upon AgNP exposure. Moreover, they can induce alteration in histone epigenetic marks by altering the methylation and acetylation of selected histone H3 and H4 proteins. Altogether, we conclude that the selected dose of biologically synthesized AgNPs impose toxicity by modulating the transcriptome, epigenome, and metabolome of eukaryotic cells, which eventually cause disequilibrium in cellular metabolism leading to toxicity.

Protective effect of Zingerone against mouse testicular damage induced by zinc oxide nanoparticles

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Zingerone (Zing) on zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZNP)-induced spermatogenesis defects in mice. To this end, 50 mg/kg of ZNP was prescribed to the mice as an intoxicated group for 35 days. In protection groups, Zing (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) was given prior to ZNP treatment for seven days and then co-administration of ZNP for 35 days. Epididymal sperm parameters, testicular histology, Johnsen's scoring, morphometric parameters, TUNEL staining, oxidative stress, and serum testosterone level were evaluated for determining ZNP and Zing effects on the mouse testicles. Effects of Zing and ZNP on the viability of mouse Leydig (TM3) and mouse Sertoli (TM4) cell lines were also done. Testicular weights, testosterone levels, sperm quality, morphometric parameters, Johnsen's score, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were significantly decreased in ZNP-intoxicated mice, while apoptotic index, Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and histological features, including epithelial vacuolization, sloughing, and germ cell detachment, were improved significantly in ZNP-intoxicated mice. Pretreatment with 20 or 40 mg/kg Zing significantly reduced the histological criteria, increased morphometric parameters, enhanced testosterone levels, attenuated apoptotic index, improved sperm quality, and reversed oxidative stress by reducing the level of MDA and incrementing the activity level of SOD and CAT enzymes. Zing dose-dependently enhanced the viability of ZNP-treated TM3 and TM4 cells in comparison with only ZNP-exposed cells. According to the results of our study, Zing effectively prevented the defects in spermatogenesis among mice treated by ZNP.

Assessment of the structural reorganization of liver and biochemical parameters of blood serum after introduction of zinc nanoparticles and its oxides

The demand for nanoparticles of metals and their oxides in medicine and biology is indisputable. To ensure the safe use of the unique capabilities of nanostructures, in particular, essential metals and their oxides, and to further search for ways leveling side effects of toxic effects in biomedical applications, a multifaceted approach to the study of their properties is needed, primarily affecting the effects on the organism level. In this connection, the purpose of the present research was to study the effect of zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on structural reorganization of the liver and morpho-biochemical parameters of rat blood. The test substances exhibit a hepatotoxic effect upon their single intraperitoneal administration to rats. In the experiment, increased activity of gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), increased expression of caspase-3, the presence of signs of oxidative stress, inflammation, and capillary-trophic insufficiency, and induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage) (GM-CSF) were registered in the experiment. The level of interferon-γ in the experimental groups tended to decrease in comparison with the control group. The observed effects progressed in time, most noticeably manifested in the case of ZnONPs. Comparing the dosages, ZnNPs are less toxic than ZnONPs.

Long-Term Effects of Unmodified 50 nm ZnO in Mice

Nanometer zinc oxide (nano-ZnO) is widely used in many kinds of fields. However, information about the toxicity and toxic mechanism of nano-ZnO is limited. The aims of this study were to investigate the long-term toxic effects of unmodified 50 nm ZnO administered by gavage in mice. After 90 days, hematological parameters, hepatic and renal functions, and oxidative and anti-oxidative status were measured. Pathological damages in livers, kidneys, and other tissues were also examined by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The results showed that oral nano-ZnO exposure induced anemia and damages to liver and kidney, influenced the antioxidant system, and impacted functions of liver and kidney in mice after a 90-day exposure. The main cause for oxidative stress in vivo induced by nano-ZnO might be hydroxyl free radical. The lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) was 40 mg/kg·bw, and the livers, kidneys, lungs, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tracts are the target organs.

Hepato-renal toxicity of oral sub-chronic exposure to aluminum oxide and/or zinc oxide nanoparticles in rats

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Oral sub-chronic exposure to Aluminum oxide or zinc oxide nanoparticles has hepato-renal toxicity.

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The toxicities of Aluminum oxide and/or zinc oxide NPs mediated through different correlated pathways.

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The pathways including; epigenetic changes, impaired antioxidant systems, induced oxidative stress and disturbed cytokine production.

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Exaggerated hepatic and renal toxicities of combined exposure to both NPs.

Aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al₂O₃NPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have been involved in many industries and they are extensively abundant in many aspects of human life. Consequently, concerns have been raised about their potentially harmful effects. However the toxicities of Al₂O₃NPs and ZnONPs are well documented, the effect of co-exposure to both nanoparticles remains strictly obscure. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to address this issue. Four groups of male Wistar rats (10 rats each) were used; control, Al₂O₃NPs treated, ZnONPs treated and Co-treated groups. Rats were orally administered their respective treatment daily for 75 days. The effects of each nanoparticle alone or in combination were assessed at different levels including; hepatic and renal function, structure, and redox status, nuclear DNA fragmentation, hepatic expression of mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA) gene and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), systemic inflammation, and hematologic parameters. The results confirmed the hepatorenal toxicities of each nanoparticle used at the level of all parameters with suppression of the hepatic expression of mtTFA and PGC-1α. The co-exposure to both nanoparticles results in synergistic effects. From these results, we can conclude that co-exposure to aluminum oxide nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanoparticles results in more pronounced hepatorenal toxicities and systemic inflammation.

Nephron ultrastructural alterations induced by zinc oxide nanoparticles: an electron microscopic study

Due to their unique properties, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are invested in many industries, commercial products, and nanomedicine with potential risk for human health and the environment. The present study aims to focus on alterations that might be induced by ZnO NPs in the nephron ultrastructure. Male Wister Albino rats were subjected to ZnO NPs at a daily dose of 2 mg/kg for 21 days. Kidney biopsies were processed to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ultrastructural pathology examinations. Exposure to ZnO NPs‐induced ultrastructural alterations in the proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs) and to lesser extent in the distal ones (DCTs), while the loops of Henle were almost not affected. The glomeruli demonstrated dilatation, partial mesangial cells loss, matrix ballooning, slits filtration widening, and basement membrane thickening. Moreover, PCT revealed cytoplasmic necrosis, vacuolation, erosion, and disorganisation of the apical microvilli together with mitochondrial swelling and cristae destruction. The nuclei of the renal cells exhibited nuclear deformity, heterochromatin accumulation, and apoptotic activities. The findings indicate that ZnO nanomaterial have the potential to affect the nephron ultrastructure suggesting alteration in the kidney functions. More work is needed for better understanding the toxicity and pathogenesis of ZnO oxide nanomaterial.

Health hazards of nanoparticles: understanding the toxicity mechanism of nanosized ZnO in cosmetic products

In recent years, nanoparticles are being used extensively in personal healthcare products such as cosmetics, sunscreens, soaps, and shampoos. Particularly, metal oxide nanoparticles are gaining competence as key industrial constituents, progressing toward a remarkable rise in their applications. Zinc oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles are the most commonly employed metal oxide nanoparticles in sunscreens, ointments, foot care, and over the counter topical products. Dermal exposure to these metal oxides predominantly occurs through explicit use of cosmetic products and airway exposure to nanoparticle dusts is primarily mediated via occupational exposure. There is a compelling need to understand the toxicity effects of nanoparticles which can easily enter the cells and induce oxidative stress. Consequently, these products have become a direct source of pollution in the environment and thereby greatly impact our ecosystem. A complete understanding of the toxicity mechanism of nano-ZnO is intended to resolve whether and to what extent such nanoparticles may pose a threat to the environment and to human beings. In this review article, we have discussed the characteristics of metal oxide nanoparticles and its applications in the cosmetic industry. We have also highlighted about their toxicity effects and their impact on human health.

Curcumin attenuates nephrotoxicity induced by zinc oxide nanoparticles in rats

Curcumin (Cur) effects on renal injury induced by zinc oxide nanoparticles (NZnO) in rats were investigated. NZnO at a dose of 50 mg/kg for 14 days was administered to rats as intoxicated group. In protection group, Cur at a dose of 200 mg/kg was administered for 7 days prior to NZnO treatment and followed by concomitant administration of NZnO for 14 days. Plasma concentrations of uric acid, creatinine (Cr), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were detected to evaluate renal injury. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels were determined for evaluation oxidative stress. TUNEL staining and histological changes were also performed. Administration of NZnO caused a significant elevation in the uric acid, Cr, and BUN levels. Oxidative stress was increased in the kidney by NZnO through enhancing MDA contents and reducing activities of SOD and GPx enzymes. According to histological examinations, treatment with NZnO caused proximal tubule damages, which was accompanied by the accumulation of red blood cells, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and reducing glomerular diameters. Significant increase was observed in the apoptotic index of the renal tubules in NZnO-treated rats. In present work, pretreatment of Cur reduced the histological changes, decreased biomarker levels, attenuated apoptotic index, and ameliorated oxidative stress by decreasing the MDA contents and increasing the activities of SOD and GPx enzymes. These findings indicate that Cur effectively protects against NZnO-induced nephrotoxicity in the rats.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles impose metabolic toxicity by de-regulating proteome and metabolome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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Untargeted proteomic and metabolic approaches provide complete toxicity assessment.

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ZnO-NPs de-regulate the proteome and metabolome of S. cerevisiae.

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ZnO-NPs affect the key metabolites of central metabolic pathways.

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Protein and/or metabolite can be used as biomarker specific to the ZnO-NPs induced toxicity.

As zinc oxide nanoparticles are being increasingly used in various applications, it is important to assess their potential toxic implications. Stress responses and adaptations are primarily controlled by modulation in cellular proteins (enzyme) and concentration of metabolites. To date proteomics or metabolomics applications in nanotoxicity assessment have been applied to a restricted extent. Here we utilized 2DE and ¹H NMR based proteomics and metabolomics respectively to delineate the toxicity mechanism of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) in budding yeast S. cerevisiae. We found that the physiological and metabolic processes were altered in the S. cerevisiae upon ZnO-NPs exposure. Almost 40% proteins were down-regulated in ZnO-NPs (10 mg L⁻¹) exposed cell as compared to control. Metabolomics and system biology based pathway analysis, revealed that ZnO-NPs repressed a wide range of key metabolites involved in central carbon metabolism, cofactors synthesis, amino acid and fatty acid biosynthesis, purines and pyrimidines, nucleoside and nucleotide biosynthetic pathways. These metabolic changes may be associated with the energy metabolism, antioxidation, DNA and protein damage and membrane stability. We concluded that untargeted proteomic and metabolic approaches provide more complete measurements and suggest probable molecular mechanisms of nanomaterials toxicity.

Acute and Cumulative Effects of Unmodified 50-nm Nano-ZnO on Mice

Nanometer zinc oxide (nano-ZnO) is widely used in diverse industrial and agricultural fields. Due to the extensive contact humans have with these particles, it is crucial to understand the potential effects that nano-ZnO have on human health. Currently, information related to the toxicity and mechanisms of nano-ZnO is limited. The aim of the present study was to investigate acute and cumulative toxic effects of 50-nm unmodified ZnO in mice. This investigation will seek to establish median lethal dose (LD50), a cumulative coefficient, and target organs. The acute and cumulative toxicity was investigated by Karber's method and via a dose-increasing method, respectively. During the experiment, clinical signs, mortality, body weights, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross pathology, organ weight, and histopathology were examined. The LD50 was 5177-mg/kg·bw; the 95% confidence limits for the LD50 were 5116-5238-mg/kg·bw. It could be concluded that the liver, kidney, lung, and gastrointestinal tract were target organs for the 50-nm nano-ZnO acute oral treatment. The cumulative coefficient (K) was 1.9 which indicated that the cumulative toxicity was apparent. The results also indicated that the liver, kidney, lung, and pancrea were target organs for 50-nm nano-ZnO cumulative oral exposure and might be target organs for subchronic and chronic toxicity of oral administered 50-nm ZnO.

Health Concerns of Various Nanoparticles: A Review of Their in Vitro and in Vivo Toxicity

Nanoparticles (NPs) are currently used in diagnosis and treatment of many human diseases, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. However, cytotoxic effects of NPs on normal cells and living organs is a severe limiting factor that hinders their use in clinic. In addition, diversity of NPs and their physico-chemical properties, including particle size, shape, surface area, dispersity and protein corona effects are considered as key factors that have a crucial impact on their safe or toxicological behaviors. Current studies on toxic effects of NPs are aimed to identify the targets and mechanisms of their side effects, with a focus on elucidating the patterns of NP transport, accumulation, degradation, and elimination, in both in vitro and in vitro models. NPs can enter the body through inhalation, skin and digestive routes. Consequently, there is a need for reliable information about effects of NPs on various organs in order to reveal their efficacy and impact on health. This review covers the existing knowledge base on the subject that hopefully prepares us better to address these challenges.

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Caused Plasma Metabolomic Perturbations Correlate with Hepatic Steatosis

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), known for their chemical stability and strong adsorption, are used in everyday items such as cosmetics, sunscreens, and prophylactic drugs. However, they have also been found to adversely affect organisms; previously we found that ZnO NPs disrupt pubertal ovarian development, inhibit embryonic development by upsetting γ-H2AX and NF-κB pathways, and even disturb skin stem cells. Non-targeted metabolomic analysis of biological organisms has been suggested as an unbiased tool for the investigation of perturbations in response to NPs and their underlying mechanisms. Although metabolomics has been used in nanotoxicological studies, very few reports have used it to investigate the effects of ZnO NPs exposure. In the current investigation, through a metabolomics-based approach, we discovered that ZnO NPs caused changes in plasma metabolites involved in anti-oxidative mechanisms, energy metabolism, and lipid metabolism in hen livers. These results are in line with earlier findings that ZnO NPs perturb the tricarboxylic acid cycle and in turn result in the use of alternative energy sources. We also found that ZnO NPs disturbed lipid metabolism in the liver and consequently impacted blood lipid balance. Changes in plasma metabolomes were correlated with hepatic steatosis.