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Buso ME, Boshuizen HC, Naomi ND, Maho W, Diepeveen-de Bruin M, Balvers MG, de Vries JH, Harrold JA, Halford JC, Raben A, Feskens EJ, Brouwer-Brolsma EM. Relative validity of habitual sugar and low/no-calorie sweetener consumption assessed by food frequency questionnaire, multiple 24-h dietary recalls and urinary biomarkers: an observational study within the SWEET project. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:546-559. [PMID: 38043866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies investigating associations between sweeteners and health yield inconsistent results, possibly due to subjective self-report dietary assessment methods. OBJECTIVES We compared the performance of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), multiple 24-h dietary recalls (24hRs), and urinary biomarkers to estimate intake of sugars and low/no-calorie sweeteners (LNCSs). METHODS Participants (n = 848, age 54 ± 12 y) from a 2-y observational study completed 1 semiquantitative FFQ and ≥ 3 nonconsecutive 24hRs. Both methods assessed intake of sugars (mono- and disaccharides, sucrose, fructose, free and added sugars) and sweetened foods and beverages (sugary foods, fruit juice, and sugar or LNCS-containing beverages [sugar-sweetened beverages and low/no-calorie sweetened beverages (LNCSBs)]); 24hRs also included LNCS-containing foods and tabletop sweeteners (low/no-calorie sweetened foods [LNCSFs]). Urinary excretion of sugars (fructose+sucrose) and LNCSs (acesulfame K+sucralose+steviol glucuronide+cyclamate+saccharin) were simultaneously assessed using ultrapressure liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry in 288 participants with 3 annual 24-h urine samples. Methods were compared using, amongst others, validity coefficients (correlations corrected for measurement error). RESULTS Median (interquartile range) FFQ intakes ranged from 0 (0-7) g/d for LNCSBs to 94 (73-117) g/d for mono- and disaccharides. LNCSB use was reported by 32% of participants. Median LNCSB+LNCSF intake using 24hRs was 1 (0-50) g/d and reported by 58%. Total sugar excretions were detected in 100% of samples [56 (37-85) mg/d] and LNCSs in 99% of urine samples [3 (1-10) mg/d]. Comparing FFQ against 24hRs showed VCs ranging from 0.38 (fruit juice) to 0.74 (LNCSB). VCs for comparing FFQ with urinary excretions were 0.25 to 0.29 for sugars and 0.39 for LNCSBs; for 24hR they amounted to 0.31-0.38 for sugars, 0.37 for LNCSBs, and 0.45 for LNCSFs. CONCLUSIONS The validity of the FFQ against 24hRs for the assessment of sugars and LNCSBs ranged from moderate to good. Comparing self-reports and urine excretions showed moderate agreement but highlighted an important underestimation of LNCS exposure using self-reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Ec Buso
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendriek C Boshuizen
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Novita D Naomi
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Walid Maho
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michiel Gj Balvers
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanne Hm de Vries
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne A Harrold
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Cg Halford
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Edith Jm Feskens
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elske M Brouwer-Brolsma
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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2
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Phungsiangdee Y, Chaothong P, Karnpanit W, Tanaviyutpakdee P. Validation of UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS Method for Determining Steviol Glycoside and Its Derivatives in Foods and Beverages. Foods 2023; 12:3941. [PMID: 37959060 PMCID: PMC10647612 DOI: 10.3390/foods12213941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to validate a method for determining nine types of steviol glycoside and its derivatives in food and beverage products, using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (UHPLC ESI MS/MS). The performance characteristics of the analysis method were determined along with their suitability for the intended use. Coefficient of determination (R2) calibration curves from 0.2 to 1.0 mg L-1 were in the ranges of 0.9911-0.9990, 0.9939-1.0000 and 0.9973-0.9999 for a beverage, yogurt and snack, respectively. Intra-day precisions in terms of percent relative standard deviation (% RSD) of concentration, at 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1, for the beverage, yogurt and snack were lower than 15% (1.1-9.3%). At all concentrations, percentage recoveries were in the accepted range of 70-120%. For the matrix effect study, matrix-matched calibration was used for all compounds, obtaining a linear concentration range from 0.2 mg L-1 to 1.0 mg L-1. Almost all matrix-matched results presented as percentage recoveries were within the accepted range of 80-120%. The limit of detection (LOD) for steviol glycosides ranged from 0.003 to 0.078 μg g-1, while the limit of quantitation (LOQ) ranged from 0.011 to 0.261 μg g-1. These results indicate that the modified test method can be applied to determine the presence of steviol glycoside and its derivatives in a wide range of sample matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yollada Phungsiangdee
- Master of Science Program in Toxicology and Nutrition for Food Safety, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
- Food Toxicology Unit, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Pimpuk Chaothong
- Food Toxicology Unit, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Weeraya Karnpanit
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;
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3
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Pedroza Matute S, Iyavoo S. Exploring the gut microbiota: lifestyle choices, disease associations, and personal genomics. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1225120. [PMID: 37867494 PMCID: PMC10585655 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1225120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a rich and dynamic ecosystem that actively interacts with the human body, playing a significant role in the state of health and disease of the host. Diet, exercise, mental health, and other factors have exhibited the ability to influence the gut bacterial composition, leading to changes that can prevent and improve, or favor and worsen, both intestinal and extra-intestinal conditions. Altered gut microbial states, or 'dysbiosis', associated with conditions and diseases are often characterized by shifts in bacterial abundance and diversity, including an impaired Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio. By understanding the effect of lifestyle on the gut microbiota, personalized advice can be generated to suit each individual profile and foster the adoption of lifestyle changes that can both prevent and ameliorate dysbiosis. The delivery of effective and reliable advice, however, depends not only on the available research and current understanding of the topic, but also on the methods used to assess individuals and to discover the associations, which can introduce bias at multiple stages. The aim of this review is to summarize how human gut microbial variability is defined and what lifestyle choices and diseases have shown association with gut bacterial composition. Furthermore, popular methods to investigate the human gut microbiota are outlined, with a focus on the possible bias caused by the lack of use of standardized methods. Finally, an overview of the current state of personalized advice based on gut microbiota testing is presented, underlining its power and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sasitaran Iyavoo
- Nkaarco Diagnostics Limited, Norwich, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, College of Health and Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
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4
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de Souza Lopes A, Elisabete Costa Antunes A, Idelça Aires Machado K, Sartoratto A, Cristina Teixeira Duarte M. The impact of antimicrobial food additives and sweeteners on the growth and metabolite production of gut bacteria. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2023; 68:813-821. [PMID: 37480433 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders caused by the imbalance of gut microbiota have been associated with the consumption of processed foods. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of antimicrobial food additives (benzoate, sorbate, nitrite, and bisulfite) and sweeteners (saccharin, stevia, sucralose, aspartame, and cyclamate) on the growth and metabolism of some gut and potentially probiotic bacterial species. The effects on the growth of Bifidobacterium longum, Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis cultures were investigated using a turbidimetric test and by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). To evaluate the metabolic activity, the cultures were exposed to compounds with the highest antimicrobial activity, subjected to cultivation with inulin (1.5%), and analyzed by liquid chromatography for the production of short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate). The results showed that potassium sorbate (25 mg/mL), sodium bisulfite (0.7 mg/mL), sodium benzoate, and saccharin (5 mg/mL) presented greater antimicrobial activity against the studied species. L. lactis and L. acidophilus bacteria had reduced short-chain fatty acid production after exposure to saccharin and sorbate, and B. longum after exposure to sorbate, in comparison to controls (acetic acid reduction 1387 μg/mL and propionic 23 μg/mL p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline de Souza Lopes
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, School of Food Engineering, Microbiological Analysis Laboratory, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street, 80, ZIP Code: 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Karla Idelça Aires Machado
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Piauí (IFPI), Portal Dos Cerrados, ZIP Code, PI-247, Uruçui, PI, 64860-000, Brazil
| | - Adilson Sartoratto
- Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemical Division, Pluridisciplinary Center for Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Research, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Alexandre Cazellato, 999, SP, 13148-218,, Paulinia, Brazil
| | - Marta Cristina Teixeira Duarte
- Microbiology Division, Pluridisciplinary Center for Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Research, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Alexandre Cazellato, 999, SP, ZIP code 13148-218,, Paulinia, Brazil
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5
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Bayram HM, Ozturkcan A. Intake and risk assessment of nine priority food additives in Turkish adults. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Trakman GL, Lin WYY, Hamilton AL, Wilson-O’Brien AL, Stanley A, Ching JY, Yu J, Mak JWY, Sun Y, Niu J, Miao Y, Lin X, Feng R, Chen M, Shivappa N, Hebert JR, Morrison M, Ng SC, Kamm MA. Processed Food as a Risk Factor for the Development and Perpetuation of Crohn's Disease-The ENIGMA Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173627. [PMID: 36079885 PMCID: PMC9460819 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Developing countries have experienced a rapid recent rise in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) incidence and emerging evidence suggests processed foods and food additives may predispose one to the development and perpetuation of Crohn’s disease (CD). The aim of this study was to evaluate processed food and food additive intake in CD patients and controls, in Australia (high CD incidence), Hong Kong (intermediate incidence) and mainland China (emerging incidence). (2) Methods: In 274 CD patients (CD), 82 first-degree relatives (FDR), 83 household members (HM) and 92 healthy unrelated controls (HC) from Australia (n = 180), Hong Kong (HK) (n = 160) and mainland China (n = 191) we estimated early life (0–18 years), recent (12 months), and current processed and food additive intake, using validated questionnaires and a 3-day-food diary. (3) Results: Early life processed food intake: Combining all regions, CD were more likely to have consumed soft drinks and fast foods than HM, more likely to have consumed processed fruit and snacks than their FDR, and more likely to have consumed a range of processed foods than HC. HK and China CD patients were more likely to have consumed a range of processed foods than HC. Recent food-additive intake (12-months): Combining all regions, CD patients had significantly higher intakes of aspartame and sucralose, and polysorbate-80, than HC, and more total emulsifiers, artificial sweeteners, and titanium dioxide than FDR and HC. HK and China CD patients had a higher intake of almost all food additives than all controls. Current additive intake (3-days): Australian and HK CD patients had higher total food-additive intake than FDR, and HK CD patients had a higher intake of total food-additives and emulsifiers than HM. (4) Conclusions: CD patients have been exposed to more processed food and food additives than control groups, which may predispose them to CD development and ongoing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina L. Trakman
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3065, Australia
- Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Winnie Y. Y. Lin
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amy L. Hamilton
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3065, Australia
| | - Amy L. Wilson-O’Brien
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3065, Australia
| | - Annalise Stanley
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne 3065, Australia
| | - Jessica Y. Ching
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joyce W. Y. Mak
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
- Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Junkun Niu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
- Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Yinglei Miao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
- Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Xiaoqing Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Rui Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Minhu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Nitin Shivappa
- The Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Norman J Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC 29201, USA
| | - James R. Hebert
- The Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Norman J Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC 29201, USA
| | - Mark Morrison
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Siew C. Ng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael A Kamm
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3065, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3 9417-5064
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7
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Duarte LM, Ferreira SMR, Almeida CCB, Duran ACDFL, Grilo MF, Macedo MDS, Franceschini SDCC, Crispim SP. Dietary exposure to low-calorie sweeteners in a sample of Brazilian pregnant women. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1650-1662. [PMID: 35993876 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2112763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The dietary exposure to low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) was estimated in a sample of pregnant Brazilian women. Consumption data were obtained with a 24-h Dietary Recall interview. Because of the uncertainty in assessing foods with LCS, they were classified into three scenarios to ensure inclusion of the 15 LCS allowed for use in Brazil: ranging from a less to a more conservative scenario. The concentration of LCS was estimated using the amount declared on the label or the maximum permitted levels and analytical determination data for table-top sweeteners. The frequency of consumption was higher for acesulfame-K, aspartame, and cyclamate. The food groups contributing the most to the consumption of LCS were non-alcoholic beverages, table-top sweeteners, confectionary and desserts. The level of dietary exposure to LCS was within the safety limit. However, continued efforts to monitor their dietary exposure are necessary given the limitations highlighted in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Marinho Duarte
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Nutrition - Federal University of Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Mariana de Souza Macedo
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Vales do Jequitinhonha and Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra Patricia Crispim
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Nutrition - Federal University of Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
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8
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Detry P, Willame P, Van Hoeck E, Van Loco J, Goscinny S. Development, validation and application of multi-class methods for the analysis of food additives by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1349-1364. [PMID: 35728003 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2085887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Food additives are used in numerous food products and are characterised by various physicochemical properties. In European member states, their use in food is regulated by the European Union. This work aimed to develop an accurate and high-throughput analytical method enabling the simultaneous determination of additives from different functional classes to facilitate controls and generate occurrence data for exposure assessments. The QuEChERS principle was applied due to its ease of implementation and flexibility to adjust to various food matrices. However, very polar substances could not be extracted with sufficient recoveries. Consequently, an alternative basic methanol sample-preparation methodology was developed. After sample preparation, the obtained extracts were analysed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Overall, the developed methodology allowed the quantification of 27 additives from the functional classes of colours, sweeteners, preservatives, and antioxidants in various foods (e.g. beverages, dairies, processed meals). The methods were also validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, matrix effect, limit of quantification, accuracy, repeatability, and intra-laboratory reproducibility. Finally, the methods were successfully applied to eighty-four actual samples. All additives were found below authorised levels. However, irregularities were spotted in labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Detry
- Sciensano, Scientific direction "Chemical and Physical Health Risks", Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pauline Willame
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique (LCO), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Sciensano, Scientific direction "Chemical and Physical Health Risks", Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Loco
- Sciensano, Scientific direction "Chemical and Physical Health Risks", Brussels, Belgium
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- Sciensano, Scientific direction "Chemical and Physical Health Risks", Brussels, Belgium
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9
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Carvalho C, Correia D, Severo M, Magalhães V, Casal S, Ramos E, Lopes C, Torres D. Dietary exposure to artificial sweeteners and associated factors in the Portuguese population. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1206-1221. [PMID: 35604339 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2075039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the risk of the Portuguese population's exposure to six non-nutritive intense sweeteners (NNIS) and their main associated factors. A tiered approach was used to estimate the usual exposure to the NNIS obtained from two 1-day food diaries among children and two 24-hour recalls among adults in the Portuguese national dietary survey (IAN-AF 2015-2016; age: 3-84 y; n = 5005). The tiers considered were the following: Tier 2.1 represents the most conservative tier, in which all foods reported were matched with the respective maximum permitted levels (MPLs); in Tier 2.2, the MPLs were attributed only to the foods for which the brand's label information identified the presence of an added NNIS; finally, Tier 3 was identical to Tier 2.2, but analytical NNIS occurrence data were used, instead of MPLs. The usual exposure of the Portuguese population to each NNIS was very low in all tiers across all age groups, as was the estimated prevalence of exposure above the acceptable daily intake. Soft drinks were the main source of exposure for most sweeteners, and acesulfame K and aspartame were the most consumed NNIS. The odds of exposure to at least one NNIS were higher in more highly educated adults and elderly, obese elderly, women, and people with lower healthy diet scores. The estimated risk of exceeding the safety levels of NNIS intake was very low in all evaluated population groups, even when considering the most conservative approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Carvalho
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela Correia
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Milton Severo
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vânia Magalhães
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Casal
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Farmácia, LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Ramos
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Lopes
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Duarte Torres
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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10
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Beliefs concerning non-nutritive sweeteners consumption in consumers, non-consumers, and health professionals: a comparative cross-sectional study. NUTR HOSP 2022; 39:1086-1092. [DOI: 10.20960/nh.04046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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11
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Low- and No-Calorie Sweetener (LNCS) Presence and Consumption among the Portuguese Adult Population. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114186. [PMID: 34836441 PMCID: PMC8623193 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of low and no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS) in food and beverages has become increasingly common in the development and reformulation of products to reduce energy derived from added sugars. Our aim was to identify the presence and consumption of LNCS through food and beverages according to consumption patterns in a representative sample (n = 256) of the Portuguese adult population. The study had a descriptive cross-sectional observational design and was based on the application of a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Overall, it was found that 4.1% of the foods and 16.7% of the beverages consumed by the Portuguese adult population contained LNCS. Food groups mostly contributing to LNCS consumption were non-alcoholic beverages such as soft drinks and juices (34.2%); milk and dairy products (16.5%); appetizers such as chips (8.6%); sugars and sweets such as chocolates, candies, or chewing gums (6.1%); meat and derivative products (2.2%); cereals and derivatives (1.2%) and canned fruits (1.2%). Main LNCS consumed were acesulfame-K, sucralose, and aspartame, single or combined, although their prevalence of use differs greatly among foods, beverages, or tabletop sweeteners. In conclusion, LNCS were found across a wide variety of products available in the Portuguese market and their prevalence of inclusion in the diet of the population evidences the need to develop more studies on the evolution of LNCS intake and its impact on the full dietary model and health. Consequently, these food additives should be included in food composition databases and, periodically, updated to reflect the recurrent reformulation strategies adopted by the food industry in its efforts to reduce the energy contribution of added sugars.
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12
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Samaniego-Vaesken MDL, González-Fernández B, Partearroyo T, Urrialde R, Varela-Moreiras G. Updated Database and Trends of Declared Low- and No-Calorie Sweeteners From Foods and Beverages Marketed in Spain. Front Nutr 2021; 8:670422. [PMID: 34395489 PMCID: PMC8358294 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.670422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The past few years have witnessed an increase in the availability of food products containing one or more low- and no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS) in the Spanish market, mostly due to the new massive reformulation plan. However, these are not included in food composition tables or databases, and, therefore, assessment of their intake among the population is complex. This study aims to update a database including commercialized foods and beverages. Method: A systematic search of ingredients information from the different food and beverage categories was undertaken during 2019 by recording the availability and type of LNCS declared in the information of the product from labels and online shopping platforms of retailers from Spain to update a previous food composition database compiled in 2017. Results: A total of 1,238 products were identified. The major groups were sugar and sweets (24%), non-alcoholic beverages (21%), cereals and grains (19%), and milk and dairy products (14%) accounting for >70% of total products. The mainly declared LNCS were sorbitol (19.5%), sucralose (19.5%), and acesulfame K (19.2%). Conclusion: There is a wide variety of products that include LNCS as a main ingredient with higher availability than when compared with the results of database of 2017, consequently, it might be expected that LNCS are commonly consumed at present in the Spanish diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mª de Lourdes Samaniego-Vaesken
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Teresa Partearroyo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Urrialde
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gregorio Varela-Moreiras
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain.,Fundación Española de la Nutrición, c/General Álvarez de Castro 20, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Wang Y, Li C, Li D, Yang H, Li X, Jin D, Xie W, Guo B. Estimated assessment of dietary exposure to artificial sweeteners from processed food in Nanjing, China. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1105-1117. [PMID: 33989115 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1905883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to measure the concentrations of three intensity sweeteners (Acesulfame-K, cyclamate and saccharin) in different categories of food available on the Nanjing market, and to investigate whether the Nanjing general population was at risk for exceeding the ADI of sweeteners. A set of 1885 foods was collected and analysed using the National Food Safety Standard procedure in order to establish the concentration levels of the sweeteners. Dietary exposure was estimated using probabilistic modelling software and compared directly with each sweetener's ADI. Consumption data from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey (conducted in 2010-2013) and the actual concentrations of sweeteners in the collected food products were used to perform the intake assessment. The results indicated that Acesulfame-K and cyclamate were commonly used in processed food, and processed nuts, preserved fruit, beverages, and bakery products are the main sources of sweeteners in Nanjing. The estimated exposure of sweeteners in Nanjing was well below the ADIs, as relative intakes at the 95th percentile were 29.7% for saccharin, 79.8% for cyclamate, and 35.9% for Acesulfame-K of the respective ADIs. It was concluded that adults were not at risk of exceeding ADIs for these sweeteners, but the intake of cyclamate at the higher percentiles by children may approach or slightly exceed ADI values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengguo Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dengkun Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huamei Yang
- Department of Laboratory Detection, Taizhou Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaocheng Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Di Jin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene., Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baofu Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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14
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The drivers, trends and dietary impacts of non-nutritive sweeteners in the food supply: a narrative review. Nutr Res Rev 2020; 34:185-208. [PMID: 33148371 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422420000268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Poor diets, including excess added sugar consumption, contribute to the global burden of disease. Subsequently, many nutrition policies have been implemented to reduce added sugar intake and improve population health, including taxes, education, labelling and environmental interventions. A potential consequence of these policy actions is the substitution of added sugars with non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) in a variety of foods and beverages. NNS are used to reduce the energy and sugar content of foods and beverages while maintaining their palatability. Evidence of the toxicological risks of NNS is inconsistent, though concerns have been raised over the potential substitution effects of ultra-processed foods containing NNS for whole foods. This review aimed to provide an overview of current NNS food supply and consumption patterns, assess added sugar-reduction policies and their impact on NNS, and determine the impact of NNS on food choice, energy intake and diet quality. NNS are widely available in a variety of products, though most commonly in carbonated beverages, dairy products, confectionery, table-top sweeteners and fruit drinks. However, the longitudinal trends of different product categories, and differences between geographies and economy-income levels, require further study. Few studies have examined NNS consumption trends globally, though an increase in NNS consumption in beverages has been observed in some regions. Research examining how the increased availability of low-sugar, NNS-containing products affects global dietary patterns is limited, particularly in terms of their potential substitution effects.
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15
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Basílio M, Silva LJG, Pereira AMPT, Pena A, Lino CM. Artificial sweeteners in non-alcoholic beverages: Occurrence and exposure estimation of the Portuguese population. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:2040-2050. [PMID: 32910867 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1812734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners such as acesulfame-potassium (ACE-K). saccharin (SAC), and aspartame (ASP), play a vital role in the food industry. Despite apparent benefits, several studies report adverse reactions on consumers. EFSA is currently re-evaluating several individual sweeteners, including ASP, Ace-K and SAC that shall be completed by 31 December 2020. Our goal was to evaluate, by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (LC-UV), their levels in non-alcoholic beverages from the Portuguese market (soft drinks, sport drinks, energy drinks, and nectars), and estimate the exposure of the Portuguese adolescent/adult population. ACE-K was found in 85.7% of the samples, in mean levels of 97.4 mg/L. ASP and SAC, detected in 37.5% and 33.9% of the samples, were found in averages of 161.5 and 55.0 mg/L, respectively. The maximum limits set for ASP were exceeded in one energy drink. SAC exceeded the maximum permitted level (MPL) level in 3 soft drinks based on tea extracts. In 4 samples SAC was found but not mentioned in the label, and in one of these samples exceeded the MPL. The estimated daily intake (EDI), calculated in mg per kilogram of body weight per day, of ACE-K, SAC and ASP was found to be below the acceptable daily intake (ADI), both for Portuguese adolescents and adult population. Traditional soft drinks accounted for the highest EDIs representing 1.8%, 2.3% and 0.6% for ACE-K, SAC and ASP, respectively, of the ADI. Considering the previous report in Portugal it is observed that the population is currently exposed to a greater amount of artificial sweeteners, which may indicate a trend for more artificial sweeteners' usage in order to reduce sugar intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Basílio
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana J G Silva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
| | - André M P T Pereira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Angelina Pena
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Celeste M Lino
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
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16
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Logue C, Dowey LRC, Verhagen H, Strain JJ, O'Mahony M, Kapsokefalou M, Athanasatou A, Gallagher AM. A Novel Urinary Biomarker Approach Reveals Widespread Exposure to Multiple Low-Calorie Sweeteners in Adults. J Nutr 2020; 150:2435-2441. [PMID: 32678445 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational investigations into the health impacts of low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs) in humans fail to adequately identify or fully characterize LCS consumption. OBJECTIVES We aimed to utilize a novel biomarker approach to investigate exposure to 5 LCSs and to test whether reported low-calorie sweetened beverage (LCSB) consumption effectively identifies exposure to LCSs in adults. METHODS In this cross-sectional analysis, 2 population studies were conducted in adults. Urinary excretions of 5 LCSs, namely acesulfame-K, saccharin, cyclamate, sucralose, and steviol glycosides, were simultaneously determined using LC tandem-MS. In Study 1, previously collected 24-h urine samples (n = 357) were analyzed. In Study 2, previously collected 24-h urine samples (n = 79) were analyzed to compare urinary excretions of LCSs with self-reported LCSB consumption for identifying LCS exposure. Exposure to LCSs was characterized using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were performed to assess associations between age-groups and LCS excretion, and to assess the proportion of individuals identified as LCS consumers using biomarker data or reported LCSB consumption. RESULTS A total of 341 adults (45% men) and 79 adults (39% men) were included in the final analysis of Studies 1 and 2, respectively. In Study 1, >96% of samples contained ≥1 LCS and almost 60% contained ≥3 LCSs. A greater proportion of younger adults (<40 y old) excreted ≥3 LCSs than older adults (>40 y old) (P < 0.001). In Study 2, a much higher prevalence of LCS consumption was observed using biomarker data (92%) than reported LCSB consumption (6%) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This work indicates widespread exposure to LCSs, suggesting that population-based research to date into LCS exposure and health may be flawed. Therefore, a urinary biomarker approach offers considerable potential for more robust investigations in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caomhan Logue
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Le Roy C Dowey
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Verhagen
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom.,European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy
| | - J J Strain
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Maeve O'Mahony
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Kapsokefalou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Adelais Athanasatou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alison M Gallagher
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
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17
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Singh J, Rasane P, Kaur S, Kumar V, Dhawan K, Mahato DK, Malhotra S, Sarma C, Kaur D, Bhattacharya J. Nutritional Interventions and Considerations for the Development of Low Calorie or Sugar Free Foods. Curr Diabetes Rev 2020; 16:301-312. [PMID: 31389314 DOI: 10.2174/1573399815666190807144422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a globally prevalent chronic metabolic disease characterized by blood glucose levels higher than the normal levels. Sugar, a common constituent of diet, is also a major factor often responsible for elevating the glucose level in diabetic patients. However, diabetic patients are more prone to eat sweets amongst the human population. Therefore, we find a popular consumption of zero or low-calorie sweeteners, both natural and artificial. But, the uses of these sweeteners have proved to be controversial. Thus, the purpose of this review was to critically analyze and highlight the considerations needed for the development of sugar-free or low-calorie products for diabetic patients. For this purpose, various measures are taken such as avoiding sugary foods, using natural nectar, artificial sweeteners, etc. It cannot be ignored that many health hazards are associated with the overconsumption of artificial sweeteners only. These sweeteners are high-risk compounds and a properly balanced consideration needs to be given while making a diet plan for diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Singh
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Prasad Rasane
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sawinder Kaur
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Kajal Dhawan
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Dipendra K Mahato
- Department of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne Burwood VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Sunita Malhotra
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, Punjab, India
| | - Chayanika Sarma
- Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613005, India
| | - Damanpreet Kaur
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
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18
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Partridge D, Lloyd KA, Rhodes JM, Walker AW, Johnstone AM, Campbell BJ. Food additives: Assessing the impact of exposure to permitted emulsifiers on bowel and metabolic health - introducing the FADiets study. NUTR BULL 2019; 44:329-349. [PMID: 31866761 PMCID: PMC6899614 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Emulsifiers are common components of processed foods consumed as part of a Western diet. Emerging in vitro cell-line culture, mouse model and human intestinal tissue explant studies have all suggested that very low concentrations of the food emulsifier polysorbate 80 may cause bacterial translocation across the intestinal epithelium, intestinal inflammation and metabolic syndrome. This raises the possibility that dietary emulsifiers might be factors in conditions such as coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes and Crohn's disease. The potential mechanism behind the observed effects of this emulsifier is uncertain but may be mediated via changes in the gut microbiota or by increased bacterial translocation, or both. It is also unknown whether these effects are generalisable across all emulsifiers and detergents, including perhaps the natural emulsifier lecithin or even conjugated bile acids, particularly if the latter escape reabsorption and pass through to the distal ileum or colon. A major objective of the Medical Research Council (MRC)-funded Mechanistic Nutrition in Health (MECNUT) Emulsifier project is therefore to investigate the underlying mechanisms and effects of a range of synthetic and natural emulsifiers and detergents in vitro and in vivo, and to determine the effects of a commonly consumed emulsifier (soya lecithin) on gut and metabolic health through a controlled dietary intervention study in healthy human volunteers - the FADiets study. This report provides an overview of the relevant literature, discussing the impact of emulsifiers and other additives on intestinal and metabolic health, and gives an overview of the studies being undertaken as part of the MECNUT Emulsifier project.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Partridge
- The Rowett InstituteUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - K. A. Lloyd
- Institute of Translational MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - J. M. Rhodes
- Institute of Translational MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - A. W. Walker
- The Rowett InstituteUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | | | - B. J. Campbell
- Institute of Translational MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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19
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Jain A, Mathur P. Risk Assessment of Sulphite Exposure through Foods Among Adolescents of Delhi (India). CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401314666181002143352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:Sulphites added as preservatives in food have been associated with adverse health effects in humans.Objective:The present study was designed with an objective of assessing the risk of sulphite exposure through food in adolescents (12-16 years old) of Delhi, India.Methods:A total of 1030 adolescents selected from four private and four government schools of Delhi, were asked to record their food intake using a 24 hour food record, repeated on three days, for assessing exposure to sulphites. The risk was assessed using six different scenarios of exposure.Results:The actual intake for sulphites for average consumers was 0.15 ± 0.13 mg / kg b.w. / day which was 21.4% of acceptable daily intake (ADI). For high consumers (P95), it was 65% of the ADI. However, for 2 respondents, the actual intake exceeded the ADI. The major food contributors to sulphite intake were beverage concentrates (46%), ready to serve beverages (22%) followed by miscellaneous food items (16%), mainly ice creams and snowballs. Estimation of sulphite intake using different exposure scenarios revealed that for certain scenarios where the highest reported sulphite level or maximum permissible levels were considered for calculation, the high consumers exceeded the ADI, though, for average consumers, intake was well below the ADI.Conclusion:Actual intake of sulphite for average consumers was well below the ADI but for high consumers was approaching the ADI. People with sulphite sensitivity need to be aware of hidden food sources of sulphites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arushi Jain
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Pulkit Mathur
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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20
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Tennant DR, Vlachou A. Potential consumer exposures to low/no calorie sweeteners: a refined assessment based upon market intelligence on use frequency, and consideration of niche applications. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1173-1183. [PMID: 31170021 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1619942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Data on current use levels of E950 acesulfame K, E952 cyclamic acid and its Na and Ca salts, E954 saccharin and its Na, K and Ca salts, E955 sucralose and E957 thaumatin, have been collected by the European food and drink industry in response to an EFSA call for data in support of its upcoming review of low/no calorie sweeteners (LNCSs). Careful evaluation of these data is necessary to allow for reasonably realistic estimations of consumer intake. Consumer patterns of product use and in particular of "niche" products, which are not likely to represent general LNCS exposure, are important to consider. Market survey data can identify food categories where the frequency of use of a given LNCS is so low as to represent a niche use of the product. The subsequent incorporation of information about these niche products can provide a relevant improvement in obtaining realistic exposure calculations. Using this approach, estimates of exposure are found to be comparable with previously published papers on intake and show levels generally below current ADIs, for most population groups.
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21
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Üstün Özgür M, Kasapoğlu M. Development and Validation of a Simple Ultra Fast Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Aspartame, Acesulfame-K, Caffeine and Sodium Benzoate in Dietic Soft Drinks. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819060133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Lee HM, Yang JS, Lee HW, Hwang IM, Hwang YS, You SY, Ha JH, Kim SH. Simultaneous Determination of Preservatives, Artificial Sweeteners, and Synthetic Dyes in Kimchi by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1612906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Min Lee
- Hygienic Safety and Analysis Center, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Su Yang
- Hygienic Safety and Analysis Center, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Lee
- Hygienic Safety and Analysis Center, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - In Min Hwang
- Hygienic Safety and Analysis Center, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Seul Hwang
- Hygienic Safety and Analysis Center, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Yeon You
- Hygienic Safety and Analysis Center, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyoung Ha
- Hygienic Safety and Analysis Center, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Kim
- Hygienic Safety and Analysis Center, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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23
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Tennant DR. Estimation of exposures to non-nutritive sweeteners from consumption of tabletop sweetener products: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:359-365. [PMID: 30747598 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1566784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Reliable estimation of intake of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) from tabletop sweetener products (TTS) is complex. Some TTS contain more than one type of NNS and more importantly, there can be considerable formula variation between different types of TTS products; that is liquid, powder and tablet products. A survey of use levels (mg NNS/kg TTS retail product) confirmed wide variations and reflected major differences in the portion size, or mass, typically used to deliver a sweetness equivalent to around one teaspoon (tsp) of sugar. This paper reviews current intake estimation models and reveals that these models may result in inappropriate intake estimations, probably because some surveys did not discriminate between powder, tablet and liquid forms. The data suggest that using upper percentile consumption figures for powdered forms is a critical factor in intake estimations and may be a more realistic method by which overall exposure estimates could be obtained.
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24
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Lim HS, Choi E, Hwang JY, Lee G, Yun SS, Kim M. Improved method for the determination of 12 non-nutritive sweeteners and monitoring in various foods using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1674-1688. [PMID: 29902385 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1486043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
An improved and highly sensitive method was developed and validated for the determination of 12 (7 permitted and 5 non-permitted in Korea) non-nutritive sweeteners in various foods using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry. The chromatographic separation was performed on an Xbridge BEH C18 column (3 mm × 100 mm, 2.5 μm) with gradient elution using 10 mM ammonium acetate in water and 10 mM ammonium acetate in methanol. Sample preparation consisted of simple dilution, homogenisation, centrifugation and purification with a C18 cartridge prior to analysis. The relative matrix effect (%ME) was within ±20% for all sweeteners. The method also showed good linearity (R2 > 0.99). The limit of detection and limit of quantification values in sample were in the range of 0.02-2.66 and 0.06-8.05 mg kg-1, respectively. The recoveries at three concentration levels ranged between 80% and 119%, with relative standard deviation values below 10%. In addition, the expanded uncertainties determined for 12 sweeteners in 5 different food matrices were confirmed to be <14%. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the analysis of sweeteners in 681 food samples purchased in Korea, Australia and Turkey. These results demonstrate that the method is suitable for the simultaneous determination of multiple-sweeteners in a variety of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Soo Lim
- a Food Additives and Packaging Division , National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju , Republic of Korea
| | - EunA Choi
- a Food Additives and Packaging Division , National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju , Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Hwang
- a Food Additives and Packaging Division , National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju , Republic of Korea
| | - Gunyoung Lee
- a Food Additives and Packaging Division , National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Soon Yun
- a Food Additives and Packaging Division , National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju , Republic of Korea
| | - MeeKyung Kim
- a Food Additives and Packaging Division , National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju , Republic of Korea
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Serra-Majem L, Raposo A, Aranceta-Bartrina J, Varela-Moreiras G, Logue C, Laviada H, Socolovsky S, Pérez-Rodrigo C, Aldrete-Velasco JA, Meneses Sierra E, López-García R, Ortiz-Andrellucchi A, Gómez-Candela C, Abreu R, Alexanderson E, Álvarez-Álvarez RJ, Álvarez Falcón AL, Anadón A, Bellisle F, Beristain-Navarrete IA, Blasco Redondo R, Bochicchio T, Camolas J, Cardini FG, Carocho M, Costa MDC, Drewnowski A, Durán S, Faundes V, Fernández-Condori R, García-Luna PP, Garnica JC, González-Gross M, La Vecchia C, Leis R, López-Sobaler AM, Madero MA, Marcos A, Mariscal Ramírez LA, Martyn DM, Mistura L, Moreno Rojas R, Moreno Villares JM, Niño-Cruz JA, Oliveira MBPP, Palacios Gil-Antuñano N, Pérez-Castells L, Ribas-Barba L, Rincón Pedrero R, Riobó P, Rivera Medina J, Tinoco de Faria C, Valdés-Ramos R, Vasco E, Wac SN, Wakida G, Wanden-Berghe C, Xóchihua Díaz L, Zúñiga-Guajardo S, Pyrogianni V, Cunha Velho de Sousa S. Ibero⁻American Consensus on Low- and No-Calorie Sweeteners: Safety, Nutritional Aspects and Benefits in Food and Beverages. Nutrients 2018; 10:E818. [PMID: 29941818 PMCID: PMC6073242 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
International scientific experts in food, nutrition, dietetics, endocrinology, physical activity, paediatrics, nursing, toxicology and public health met in Lisbon on 2⁻4 July 2017 to develop a Consensus on the use of low- and no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS) as substitutes for sugars and other caloric sweeteners. LNCS are food additives that are broadly used as sugar substitutes to sweeten foods and beverages with the addition of fewer or no calories. They are also used in medicines, health-care products, such as toothpaste, and food supplements. The goal of this Consensus was to provide a useful, evidence-based, point of reference to assist in efforts to reduce free sugars consumption in line with current international public health recommendations. Participating experts in the Lisbon Consensus analysed and evaluated the evidence in relation to the role of LNCS in food safety, their regulation and the nutritional and dietary aspects of their use in foods and beverages. The conclusions of this Consensus were: (1) LNCS are some of the most extensively evaluated dietary constituents, and their safety has been reviewed and confirmed by regulatory bodies globally including the World Health Organisation, the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Food Safety Authority; (2) Consumer education, which is based on the most robust scientific evidence and regulatory processes, on the use of products containing LNCS should be strengthened in a comprehensive and objective way; (3) The use of LNCS in weight reduction programmes that involve replacing caloric sweeteners with LNCS in the context of structured diet plans may favour sustainable weight reduction. Furthermore, their use in diabetes management programmes may contribute to a better glycaemic control in patients, albeit with modest results. LNCS also provide dental health benefits when used in place of free sugars; (4) It is proposed that foods and beverages with LNCS could be included in dietary guidelines as alternative options to products sweetened with free sugars; (5) Continued education of health professionals is required, since they are a key source of information on issues related to food and health for both the general population and patients. With this in mind, the publication of position statements and consensus documents in the academic literature are extremely desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluis Serra-Majem
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35016, Spain.
- Spanish Academy of Nutrition and Food Sciences (AEN), Barcelona 08029, Spain.
- Nutrition Research Foundation (FIN), University of Barcelona Science Park, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - António Raposo
- Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies-CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisboa 1749-024, Portugal.
| | - Javier Aranceta-Bartrina
- Spanish Academy of Nutrition and Food Sciences (AEN), Barcelona 08029, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
- Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC), Barcelona 08029, Spain.
- Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa (Bizkaia) 48940, Spain.
| | - Gregorio Varela-Moreiras
- Spanish Academy of Nutrition and Food Sciences (AEN), Barcelona 08029, Spain.
- Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), Madrid 28010, Spain.
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, Boadilla del Monte (Madrid) 28668, Spain.
| | - Caomhan Logue
- Nutritional Innovation Centre for Food & Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraines BT52 1SA, UK.
| | - Hugo Laviada
- Research Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Medical School, Marist University of Merida, Mérida Yucatan 97300, Mexico.
| | - Susana Socolovsky
- Argentine Association of Food Technologists, Buenos Aires 1088, Argentina.
| | - Carmen Pérez-Rodrigo
- Spanish Academy of Nutrition and Food Sciences (AEN), Barcelona 08029, Spain.
- Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC), Barcelona 08029, Spain.
- Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa (Bizkaia) 48940, Spain.
| | | | - Eduardo Meneses Sierra
- Mexican College of Internal Medicine, Mexico City 03910, Mexico.
- Hospital General de Especialidades del ISSSTE, Saltillo, Coahuila 25020, Mexico.
| | | | - Adriana Ortiz-Andrellucchi
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35016, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Carmen Gómez-Candela
- Clinical Nutrition Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid 28046, Spain.
- Hospital La Paz Health Research Institute - IdiPAZ, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid 28046, Spain.
| | | | - Erick Alexanderson
- Nuclear Cardiology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez, Tlalpan, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico.
- Phisiology Department, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
- Mexican Society of Cardiology, México City 14080, Mexico.
| | | | - Ana Luisa Álvarez Falcón
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35016, Spain.
- Dr. Negrin University Hospital of Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35010, Spain.
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - France Bellisle
- Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, University of Paris 13, Bobigny 93017, France.
| | | | - Raquel Blasco Redondo
- Regional Center for Sports Medicine of the Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid 47011, Spain.
| | - Tommaso Bochicchio
- Facultad Mexicana de Medicina, La Salle University, Mexico 14000, D. F., Mexico.
- Mexican Transplant Institute, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62448, Mexico.
| | - José Camolas
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Santa Maria⁻CHLN, Lisboa 1649-035, Portugal.
| | - Fernando G Cardini
- Argentine Quality Institute-Instituto Argentino para la Calidad (IAPC), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1406, Argentina.
| | - Márcio Carocho
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança 5300-253, Portugal.
| | - Maria do Céu Costa
- ASAE-Autoridade de Segurança Alimentar e Económica, CBIOS/ECTS-The Biosciences Research Center and NICiTeS/ERISA⁻Núcleo de Investigação em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Grupo Lusófona, Lisboa 1749-024, Portugal.
| | - Adam Drewnowski
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington-Center for Obesity Research, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Samuel Durán
- Chilean College of Nutritionists, Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago 7500000, Chile.
| | - Víctor Faundes
- Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile.
| | | | - Pedro P García-Luna
- Andalusian Society of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen del Rocio Hospital, Sevilla 41013, Spain.
| | | | - Marcela González-Gross
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
- ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Rosaura Leis
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Paediatric Nutrition Unit of the Santiago Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
| | - Ana María López-Sobaler
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | | | - Ascensión Marcos
- Spanish Federation of Nutrition, Food and Dietetics Societies, Madrid 28918, Spain.
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN); Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | | | - Danika M Martyn
- Intertek, HERS, Cody Technology Park, Farnborough GU14 0LX, UK.
| | - Lorenza Mistura
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome 00178, Italy.
| | - Rafael Moreno Rojas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba 14071, Spain.
| | | | - José Antonio Niño-Cruz
- Mexican Nephrological Research Institute, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
- Departamento de Nefrología y Metabolismo Mineral, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan-Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
| | | | - Nieves Palacios Gil-Antuñano
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Sport Medicine Center, AEPSAD, High Sports Council, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | | | - Lourdes Ribas-Barba
- Nutrition Research Foundation (FIN), University of Barcelona Science Park, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Rodolfo Rincón Pedrero
- Departamento de Educación Médica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan-Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Fundación Jiménez Díaz Hospital, IDC Salud, Madrid 28040, Spain.
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - Juan Rivera Medina
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima 15083, Peru.
- Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15083, Peru.
| | - Catarina Tinoco de Faria
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35016, Spain.
| | - Roxana Valdés-Ramos
- Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca 50180, Mexico.
| | - Elsa Vasco
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa 1649-016, Portugal.
| | - Sandra N Wac
- Nutrition and Public Health Working Group, Argentine Nutrition Society, La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina.
| | | | - Carmina Wanden-Berghe
- Scientific and Educational Committee, Spanish Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (SENPE), Barcelona 08017, Spain.
| | - Luis Xóchihua Díaz
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Sociedad Mexicana de Pediatria, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico.
| | - Sergio Zúñiga-Guajardo
- Mexican Diabetes Federation, Mexico. Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64630, Mexico.
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Low-/No-Calorie Sweeteners: A Review of Global Intakes. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10030357. [PMID: 29543782 PMCID: PMC5872775 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The current review examined published data on the intake of all major low-/no-calorie sweeteners-aspartame, acesulfame-K, saccharin, sucralose, cyclamate, thaumatin and steviol glycosides-globally over the last decade. The most detailed and complex exposure assessments were conducted in Europe, following a standardized approach. Japan and Korea similarly had up-to-date and regular intake data available. The data for other Asian countries, Latin America, Australia/New Zealand and global estimates, evaluated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), while available, were shown to be more limited in terms of design. Overall, the studies conducted since 2008 raised no concerns with respect to exceedance of individual sweetener acceptable daily intake (ADIs) among the general population globally. The data identified do not suggest a shift in exposure over time, with several studies indicating a reduction in intake. However, some data suggest there may have been an increase in the numbers of consumers of low-/no-calorie-sweetened products. Future research should consider a more standardized approach to allow the monitoring of potential changes in exposure based upon events such as sugar reduction recommendations, to ensure there is no shift in intake, particularly for high-risk individuals, including diabetics and children with specific dietary requirements, and to ensure risk management decisions are based on quality intake analyses.
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Kahl S, Kleinsteuber S, Nivala J, van Afferden M, Reemtsma T. Emerging Biodegradation of the Previously Persistent Artificial Sweetener Acesulfame in Biological Wastewater Treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2717-2725. [PMID: 29461049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of acesulfame (ACE) in wastewater treatment (and subsequently the aquatic environment) has led to its use as a marker substance for wastewater input into surface water and groundwater. However, ACE degradation of >85% during summer and autumn was observed in nine German wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Annual removal performance was more stable in larger plants, enhanced by low biological oxygen demand and impeded by water temperatures below 10 °C. Literature data suggest that the potential to degrade ACE emerged in WWTPs around the year 2010. This development is ongoing, as illustrated by ACE content in the German rivers Elbe and Mulde: Between 2013 and 2016 the ACE mass load decreased by 70-80%. In enrichment cultures with ACE as sole carbon source the carbonaceous fraction of ACE was removed completely, indicating catabolic biotransformation and the inorganic compound sulfamic acid formed in quantitative amounts. Sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes suggests that several species are involved in ACE degradation, with proteobacterial species affiliated to Phyllobacteriaceae, Methylophilaceae, Bradyrhizobiaceae, and Pseudomonas becoming specifically enriched. ACE appears to be the first micropollutant for which the evolution of a catabolic pathway in WWTPs has been witnessed. It can yet only be speculated whether the emergence of ACE removal in WWTPs in different regions of the world is due to independent evolution or to global spreading of genes or adapted microorganisms.
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Durán Agüero S, Angarita Dávila L, Escobar Contreras MC, Rojas Gómez D, de Assis Costa J. Noncaloric Sweeteners in Children: A Controversial Theme. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4806534. [PMID: 29511682 PMCID: PMC5817296 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4806534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Noncaloric sweeteners (NCS) are food additives used to provide sweetness without adding calories. Their consumption has become more widespread around the world in all age groups, including children. The aim of this study is to show the state of the art about the intake of noncaloric sweeteners in children, as well as their benefits and consumption risk. Scientific searchers were used (PUBMED, Scopus, and Scielo) to analyze articles that included keywords (noncaloric sweeteners/saccharin/cyclamate/acesulfame potassium/aspartame/sucralose/stevia/children) in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. Authors conclude that it is imperative that health professionals judiciously and individually evaluate the overall benefits and risks of NCS use in consumers before recommending their use. Different subgroups of the population incorporate products containing NCS in their diet with different objectives, which should be considered when recommending a diet plan for the consumer. In childhood, in earlier age groups, this type of additives should be used as a dietary alternative when other forms of prevention in obesity are not sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Durán Agüero
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Lissé Angarita Dávila
- Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Sede Concepción, Talcahuano, Chile
| | | | - Diana Rojas Gómez
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge de Assis Costa
- Faculdade de Medicina/FAGOC, Ubá, MG, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Minas Gerais (UEMG), Barbacena, MG, Brazil
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Buffini M, Goscinny S, Van Loco J, Nugent AP, Walton J, Flynn A, Gibney MJ, McNulty BA. Dietary intakes of six intense sweeteners by Irish adults. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:425-438. [PMID: 29210609 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1411619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This research investigated the intakes of six intense sweeteners: acesulfame-K (E950), aspartame (E951), cyclamate (E952), saccharin (E954), sucralose (E955), and steviol glycosides (E960) in the diets of Irish adults, using data from the National Adult Nutrition Survey. A food label survey that included products currently available on the Irish market supplemented the analysis. Sweetener intakes were investigated using three different exposure scenarios; beginning with a crude assessment which assumed that all foods permitted to contain the additives of interest always did contain them, and at their maximum permitted level (Tier 1). Refined assessments estimated intakes of the six sweeteners using food consumption data up to brand level with additive occurrence data from a survey of products currently available on the Irish market (Tier 2) and sweetener concentration data (Tier 3). Results of all exposure assessment scenarios demonstrate that intakes of each of the sweeteners of interest by the total population were below the relevant ADI level (mg kg-1 bodyweight-1), even by high consumers (P99). The three sweeteners consumed in highest amounts were acesulfame-k, aspartame, and sucralose. The main sources of these sweeteners in the diet were 'cider and perry', 'energy reduced and no added sugar (ER and NAS) carbonated flavoured drinks', 'table-top sweeteners', 'dairy products', 'solid food supplements', and 'sauces'. Intakes of the six intense sweeteners are currently not a concern among Irish adults. However, exposure to these chemicals should be monitored on a regular basis due to evolving market and consumption patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Buffini
- a School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin, UCD Institute of Food and Health , Belfield , Ireland
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- b Belgian Scientific Institute of Public Health, Department of Food , Medicines and Consumer Safety, Service of Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Joris Van Loco
- b Belgian Scientific Institute of Public Health, Department of Food , Medicines and Consumer Safety, Service of Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Anne P Nugent
- a School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin, UCD Institute of Food and Health , Belfield , Ireland
| | - Janette Walton
- c School of Food and Nutritional Sciences , University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Albert Flynn
- c School of Food and Nutritional Sciences , University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Michael J Gibney
- a School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin, UCD Institute of Food and Health , Belfield , Ireland
| | - Breige A McNulty
- a School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin, UCD Institute of Food and Health , Belfield , Ireland
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Tennant DR, Bruyninckx C. The potential application of European market research data in dietary exposure modelling of food additives. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:412-424. [PMID: 29098949 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1400187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Consumer exposure assessments for food additives are incomplete without information about the proportions of foods in each authorised category that contain the additive. Such information has been difficult to obtain but the Mintel Global New Products Database (GNPD) provides information about product launches across Europe over the past 20 years. These data can be searched to identify products with specific additives listed on product labels and the numbers compared with total product launches for food and drink categories in the same database to determine the frequency of occurrence. There are uncertainties associated with the data but these can be managed by adopting a cautious and conservative approach. GNPD data can be mapped with authorised food categories and with food descriptions used in the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Surveys Database for exposure modelling. The data, when presented as percent occurrence, could be incorporated into the EFSA ANS Panel's 'brand-loyal/non-brand loyal exposure model in a quantitative way. Case studies of preservative, antioxidant, colour and sweetener additives showed that the impact of including occurrence data is greatest in the non-brand loyal scenario. Recommendations for future research include identifying occurrence data for alcoholic beverages, linking regulatory food codes, FoodEx and GNPD product descriptions, developing the use of occurrence data for carry-over foods and improving understanding of brand loyalty in consumer exposure models.
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O'Sullivan AJ, Pigat S, O'Mahony C, Gibney MJ, McKevitt AI. Predictive modelling of the exposure to steviol glycosides in Irish patients aged 1-3 years with phenylketonuria and cow's milk protein allergy. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:40-48. [PMID: 29111886 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1401737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Children with Phenylketonuria (PKU) and severe cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) consume prescribed, specially formulated, foods for special medical purposes (FSMPs) as well as restricted amounts of normal foods. These patients are exposed to artificial sweeteners from the consumption of a combination of free and prescribed foods. Young patients with PKU and CMPA have a higher risk of exceeding acceptable daily intakes (ADI) for additives than age-matched healthy children. A predictive modelling approach has been adapted successfully to assess the additive exposure of young patients with PKU and CMPA to artificial sweeteners. Steviol glycosides (E960) are at various stages of regulatory approval for the various food categories in the EU but are not as yet permitted for use in products intended for young children. The aim of this study was to predict potential steviol glycoside exposure in young children with PKU and CMPA considering the potential for future provisions for the use of this sweetener. The recent introduction of steviol glycosides means that no exposure data are available for children with CMPA and PKU. Food consumption data were derived from the food consumption survey data of healthy young children in Ireland from the National Preschool and Nutrition Survey (NPNS, 2010-11). Specially formulated amino acid-based FSMPs are used to replace whole or milk protein foods and were included in the exposure model to replace restricted foods. The recommendations to ensure adequate protein intake in these patients were used to determine FSMP intake. Exposure assessment results indicated that the maximum permitted level (MPL) for FSMPs would warrant careful consideration to avoid exposures above the ADI. These data can be used to inform recommendations for the medical nutrition industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J O'Sullivan
- a UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin , Dublin , Republic of Ireland
| | | | | | - Michael J Gibney
- a UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin , Dublin , Republic of Ireland
| | - Aideen I McKevitt
- a UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin , Dublin , Republic of Ireland
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Sjöstedt N, Deng F, Rauvala O, Tepponen T, Kidron H. Interaction of Food Additives with Intestinal Efflux Transporters. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3824-3833. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noora Sjöstedt
- Division of Pharmaceutical
Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Feng Deng
- Division of Pharmaceutical
Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oskari Rauvala
- Division of Pharmaceutical
Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Tepponen
- Division of Pharmaceutical
Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Division of Pharmaceutical
Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Critical review of the current literature on the safety of sucralose. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:324-355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Le Donne C, Mistura L, Goscinny S, Janvier S, Cuypers K, D'Addezio L, Sette S, Catasta G, Ferrari M, Piccinelli R, Van Loco J, Turrini A. Assessment of dietary intake of 10 intense sweeteners by the Italian population. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 102:186-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Lee Y, Do B, Lee G, Lim HS, Yun SS, Kwon H. Simultaneous determination of sodium saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame-K and sucralose in food consumed in Korea using high-performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light-scattering detection. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:666-677. [PMID: 28277180 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1284348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Four artificial sweeteners, i.e., sodium saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame-K and sucralose, are permitted for use in Korea, and recent regulatory changes have expanded the number of food categories in which they may be used. Four artificial sweeteners were determined simultaneously in more than 900 food items from 30 food categories that are commercially available in Korean markets, including both domestic and imported products, using high-performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light-scattering detection (ELSD). A new procedure using 75% acetone to remove fat was applied for sample preparation. The levels detected in all samples were below the maximum permitted use levels established in Korea. Despite the increased number of categories, the only one in which sodium saccharin was newly found was takju, an alcoholic beverage. Sodium saccharin was not found in other beverages in the food analysis or in the food label survey, even though its use was reported in a previous study, suggesting that consumer preference outweighs regulatory decisions. When the analytical results were combined with food-consumption data obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-14, the estimated daily intakes of all the sweeteners were considered safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsun Lee
- a Department of Food and Nutrition , Seoul National University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Byungkyung Do
- a Department of Food and Nutrition , Seoul National University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Gunyoung Lee
- b Food Additives and Packaging Division , Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Cheongju-si , Korea
| | - Ho Soo Lim
- b Food Additives and Packaging Division , Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Cheongju-si , Korea
| | - Sang Soon Yun
- b Food Additives and Packaging Division , Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Cheongju-si , Korea
| | - Hoonjeong Kwon
- a Department of Food and Nutrition , Seoul National University , Seoul , Korea.,c Research Institute of Human Ecology , Seoul National University , Seoul , Korea
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36
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Jo JH, Kim S, Jeon TW, Jeong TC, Lee S. Investigation of the Regulatory Effects of Saccharin on Cytochrome P450s in Male ICR Mice. Toxicol Res 2017; 33:25-30. [PMID: 28133510 PMCID: PMC5266375 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2017.33.1.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharin, the first artificial sweetener, was discovered in 1879 that do not have any calories and is approximately 200~700 times sweeter than sugar. Saccharin was the most common domestically produced sweetener in Korea in 2010, and it has been used as an alternative to sugar in many products. The interaction between artificial sweeteners and drugs may affect the drug metabolism in patients with diabetes, cancer, and liver damage, this interaction has not been clarified thus far. Here, we examined the effects of the potential saccharin-drug interaction on the activities of 5 cytochrome P450 (CYPs) in male ICR mice; further, we examined the effects of saccharin (4,000 mg/kg) on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion after pretreatment of mice with saccharin for 7 days and after concomitant administration of bupropion and saccharin. Our results showed saccharin did not have a significant effect on the 5 CYPs in the S9 fractions obtained from the liver of mice. In addition, we observed no differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of bupropion between the control group and the groups pretreated with saccharin and that receiving concomitant administration of saccharin. Thus, our results showed that saccharin is safe and the risk of saccharin-drug interaction is very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hyeon Jo
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sunjoo Kim
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Tae Won Jeon
- Toxicological Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, Korea
| | | | - Sangkyu Lee
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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37
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Shah R, de Jager LS. Recent Analytical Methods for the Analysis of Sweeteners in Food: A Regulatory Perspective. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119160588.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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38
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O'Sullivan AJ, Pigat S, O'Mahony C, Gibney MJ, McKevitt AI. Probabilistic modelling to assess exposure to three artificial sweeteners of young Irish patients aged 1-3 years with PKU and CMPA. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1660-1671. [PMID: 27612000 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1227479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The choice of suitable normal foods is limited for individuals with particular medical conditions, e.g., inborn errors of metabolism (phenylketonuria - PKU) or severe cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA). Patients may have dietary restrictions and exclusive or partial replacement of specific food groups with specially formulated products to meet particular nutrition requirements. Artificial sweeteners are used to improve the appearance and palatability of such food products to avoid food refusal and ensure dietary adherence. Young children have a higher risk of exceeding acceptable daily intakes for additives than adults due to higher food intakes kg-1 body weight. The Budget Method and EFSA's Food Additives Intake Model (FAIM) are not equipped to assess partial dietary replacement with special formulations as they are built on data from dietary surveys of consumers without special medical requirements impacting the diet. The aim of this study was to explore dietary exposure modelling as a means of estimating the intake of artificial sweeteners by young PKU and CMPA patients aged 1-3 years. An adapted validated probabilistic model (FACET) was used to assess patients' exposure to artificial sweeteners. Food consumption data were derived from the food consumption survey data of healthy young children in Ireland from the National Preschool and Nutrition Survey (NPNS, 2010-11). Specially formulated foods for special medical purposes were included in the exposure model to replace restricted foods. Inclusion was based on recommendations for adequate protein intake and dietary adherence data. Exposure assessment results indicated that young children with PKU and CMPA have higher relative average intakes of artificial sweeteners than healthy young children. The reliability and robustness of the model in the estimation of patient additive exposures was further investigated and provides the first exposure estimates for these special populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J O'Sullivan
- a UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin , Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Sandrine Pigat
- b Creme Global , The Tower, Trinity Technology and Enterprise Campus , Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Cian O'Mahony
- b Creme Global , The Tower, Trinity Technology and Enterprise Campus , Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Michael J Gibney
- a UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin , Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Aideen I McKevitt
- a UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin , Dublin 4 , Ireland
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39
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Bel S, Van den Abeele S, Lebacq T, Ost C, Brocatus L, Stiévenart C, Teppers E, Tafforeau J, Cuypers K. Protocol of the Belgian food consumption survey 2014: objectives, design and methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 74:20. [PMID: 27186370 PMCID: PMC4868031 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-016-0131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Dietary patterns are one of the major determinants as far as health and burden of disease is concerned. Food consumption data are essential to evaluate and develop nutrition and food safety policies. The last national food consumption survey in Belgium took place in 2004 among the Belgian population aged 15 years and older. Since dietary habits are prone to change over time a new Belgian National Food Consumption Survey (BNFCS2014) was conducted in 2014–2015. Methods The BNFCS2014 is a cross-sectional study. A representative sample (n = 3200) of the Belgian population aged 3 to 64 years old was randomly selected from the National Population Register following a multistage stratified sampling procedure. Data collection was divided equally over the four seasons and days of the week in order to incorporate seasonal effects and day-to-day variation in food intake. Information on food intake was collected in adults with two non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls (using the GloboDiet® software). In children food intake was collected with two non-consecutive one-day food diaries followed by a completion interview with GloboDiet. Additional data on socio-demographic characteristics, eating habits, lifestyle, food safety (at household level), physical activity and sedentary behaviour were collected with a face-to-face questionnaire using a computer-assisted personal interviewing technique. In the time between the two visits, participants were asked to complete a self-administered food frequency questionnaire and health questionnaire. Height, weight and waist circumference were measured. In addition, children and adolescents were asked to wear an accelerometer and keep a logbook for seven consecutive days to objectively measure physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Conclusion The main objective of the BNFCS2014 is to evaluate the habitual food, energy and nutrient intake in the Belgian population and to compare these with recommendations from the national dietary guidelines. A second objective is to monitor eating habits and food safety aspects of the food consumption in Belgium. The results of this dietary monitoring survey, together with the information on the level of physical activity, may underpin future nutrition, food safety and physical activity policies at national and European level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bel
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Unit Surveys, Lifestyle and Chronic Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofie Van den Abeele
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Unit Surveys, Lifestyle and Chronic Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thérésa Lebacq
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Unit Surveys, Lifestyle and Chronic Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cloë Ost
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Unit Surveys, Lifestyle and Chronic Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Loes Brocatus
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Unit Surveys, Lifestyle and Chronic Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Stiévenart
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Unit Surveys, Lifestyle and Chronic Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eveline Teppers
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Unit Surveys, Lifestyle and Chronic Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean Tafforeau
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Unit Surveys, Lifestyle and Chronic Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Koenraad Cuypers
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Unit Surveys, Lifestyle and Chronic Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
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40
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Martyn DM, Nugent AP, McNulty BA, O'Reilly E, Tlustos C, Walton J, Flynn A, Gibney MJ. Dietary intake of four artificial sweeteners by Irish pre-school children. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:592-602. [PMID: 26939625 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1152880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In spite of rigorous pre- and post-market reviews of safety, there remains a high level of debate regarding the use of artificial sweeteners in foods. Young children are of particular interest when assessing food chemical exposure as a result of their unique food consumption patterns and comparatively higher exposure to food chemicals on a body weight basis when compared with the general population. The present study examined the intakes of four intense sweeteners (acesulfame K, aspartame, saccharin, sucralose) in the diets of children aged 1-4 years using food consumption and sweetener presence data from the Irish National Pre-school Nutrition Survey (2010-11) and analytical data for sweetener concentration in foods obtained from a national testing programme. Four exposure assessment scenarios were conducted using the available data on sweetener occurrence and concentration. The results demonstrated that the mean daily intakes for all four sweeteners were below the acceptable daily intake (ADI) (17-31%), even considering the most conservative assumptions regarding sweetener presence and concentration. High consumer intakes (P95) were also below the ADI for the four sweeteners when more realistic estimates of exposure were considered. Both sweetener occurrence and concentration data had a considerable effect on reducing the estimated intake values, with a combined reduction in intakes of 95% when expressed as a proportion of the ADI. Flavoured drinks were deemed to be a key contributor to artificial sweetener intakes in this population cohort. It was concluded that there is no health risk to Irish pre-school children at current dietary intake levels of the sweeteners studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danika M Martyn
- a UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Anne P Nugent
- a UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Breige A McNulty
- a UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Emer O'Reilly
- b Food Safety Authority of Ireland; Block D, E and F, Abbey Court , Dublin 1 , Ireland
| | - Christina Tlustos
- b Food Safety Authority of Ireland; Block D, E and F, Abbey Court , Dublin 1 , Ireland
| | - Janette Walton
- c School of Food & Nutritional Sciences , University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Albert Flynn
- c School of Food & Nutritional Sciences , University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Michael J Gibney
- a UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
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41
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The potential application of a biomarker approach for the investigation of low-calorie sweetener exposure. Proc Nutr Soc 2016; 75:216-25. [PMID: 26763132 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665115004310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) are commonly used as sugar substitutes in the diet to provide a desired sweet taste without increased energy intake. The number of LCS available on the market has increased considerably over the years and despite extensive evaluation of their safety prior to approval, debate continues around the effects of consumption on health. In Europe, Member States are obligated to monitor exposure to LCS and methods currently used tend to rely on self-reported dietary intake data alongside LCS concentrations in products. However, the acquisition of accurate data can be costly in terms of resources and time and are inherently imprecise. Although LCS are intensely sweet, they are chemically diverse and a limitation of many studies investigating the health effects of consumption is that they often fail to discern intakes of individual LCS. An approach which objectively assesses intakes of individual LCS would therefore allow robust investigations of their possible effects on health. Biomarker approaches have been utilised for the objective investigation of intakes of a range of dietary components and the feasibility of any such approach depends upon its validity as well as its applicability within the target population. This review aims to provide an overview of current understanding of LCS intake and explore the possibility of implementing a biomarker approach to enhance such understanding. Several commonly used LCS, once absorbed into the body, are excreted via the kidneys; therefore a urinary biomarker approach may be possible for the investigation of short-term exposure to these compounds.
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42
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Dewinter L, Casteels K, Corthouts K, Van de Kerckhove K, Van der Vaerent K, Vanmeerbeeck K, Matthys C. Dietary intake of non-nutritive sweeteners in type 1 diabetes mellitus children. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 33:19-26. [PMID: 26523968 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1112039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the current cross-sectional study were (1) to assess the intake of aspartame, cyclamate, acesulfame-k, neohesperidine dihydrochalcone, sucralose, saccharin, steviol glycosides and neotame among children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D); (2) to compare the obtained intakes with the respective acceptable daily intake (ADI) values; and (3) to conduct a scenario analysis to obtain practical guidelines for a safe consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) among children with T1D. T1D patients of the Paediatrics Department of the University Hospitals Leuven were invited to complete a food frequency questionnaire designed to assess NNS intake using a tier 2 and tier 3 exposure assessment approach. A scenario analysis was conducted by reducing the P95 consumption of the most contributing food categories in order to reach a total sweetener intake lower than or equal to the ADI. Estimated total intakes higher than ADIs were only found for the P95 consumers only of acesulfame-k, cyclamate and steviol glycosides (tier 2 and tier 3 approach). Scenario analysis created dietary guidelines for each age category for diet soda, bread spreads and dairy drinks. There is little chance for T1D children to exceed the ADI of the different NNS, however diabetes educators and dieticians need to pay attention regarding the use of NNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Dewinter
- a Department of Health and Technology , University College Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Kristina Casteels
- b Department of Pediatrics , University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.,c Department of Development and Regeneration , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Karen Corthouts
- d Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Endocrinology , University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Kristel Van de Kerckhove
- d Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Endocrinology , University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Katrien Van der Vaerent
- d Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Endocrinology , University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Kelly Vanmeerbeeck
- a Department of Health and Technology , University College Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Christophe Matthys
- d Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Endocrinology , University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.,e Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
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43
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Van Loco J, Vandevijvere S, Cimenci O, Vinkx C, Goscinny S. Dietary exposure of the Belgian adult population to 70 food additives with numerical ADI. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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44
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Jain A, Mathur P. Estimation of Food Additive Intake—Overview of the Methodology. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2015.1022830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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45
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Lorenzo R, Pena M, Fernández P, González P, Carro A. Artificial sweeteners in beverages by ultra performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Shah R, Farris S, De Jager LS, Begley TH. A novel method for the simultaneous determination of 14 sweeteners of regulatory interest using UHPLC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 32:141-51. [PMID: 25482127 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.994111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An improved, efficient, sensitive method for the determination of 14 non-nutritive sweeteners in food products was developed using electrospray ionisation (ESI) ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) in the negative-ion mode. Fourteen sweeteners and three internal standards were separated on a reversed-phase UHPLC column using a simple gradient programme. Analyte quantitation and confirmation were performed with data collection in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Limits of detection (LODs) were determined in a representative drink, candy and yogurt sample and ranged from 0.1 to 1.8 ng ml(-1) (drinks) and from 0.1 to 2.5 ng g(-1) (candy and yogurt). Repeatability at the limit of quantitation (LOQ) ranged from 1% to 13% relative standard deviation (RSD). Twenty-seven commercially available food products were tested using the optimised method showing that the majority of products contained sweetener concentrations below their assigned maximum usable dose. Recovery studies were performed and accuracy data are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Shah
- a Food and Drug Administration , Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , College Park , MD , USA
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47
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Chang CS, Yeh TS. Detection of 10 sweeteners in various foods by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Food Drug Anal 2014; 22:318-328. [PMID: 28911421 PMCID: PMC9354869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The analytical method for sweeteners in various food matrixes is very important for food quality control and regulation enforcement. A simple and rapid method for the simultaneous determination of 10 sweeteners [acesulfame potassium (ACS-K), aspartame (ASP), cyclamate (CYC), dulcin (DUL), glycyrrhizic acid (GA), neotame (NEO), neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC), saccharin (SAC), sucralose (SCL), and stevioside (STV)] in various foods by liquid chromatography/tandem mass chromatography (LC-MS/MS) was developed. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Phenomenex Luna Phenyl-Hexyl (5 μm, 4.6 mm × 150 mm) column with gradient elution of 10 mM ammonium acetate in water and 10 mM ammonium acetate in methanol. The recoveries of the 10 sweeteners were between 75% and 120%, and the coefficients of variation were less than 20%. The limits of quantification were 0.5 μg/kg for NHDC and SCL. For the other sweeteners, the limits of quantification were 0.1 μg/kg. Compared to the traditional high-performance liquid chromatography method, the LC-MS/MS method could provide better sensitivity, higher throughput, enhanced specificity, and more sweeteners analyzed in a single run. The samples included 27 beverages (16 alcoholic and 11 nonalcoholic beverages) and 15 pickled foods (1 pickled pepper, 3 candies, and 11 candied fruits). Two remanufactured wines were found to contain 7.2, 8.5 μg/g SAC and 126.5, 123 μg/g CYC, respectively. ACS-K, ASP, SCL, and NEO were detected in five beverages and drinks. The pickled peppers and candied fruits were found to contain SAC, GA, CYC, ASP, STV, NEO, and ACS-K. The wine with sweeteners detected was remanufactured wine, not naturally fermented wine. Therefore, the ingredient label for the sweeteners of remanufactured wine should be regulated by the proper authority for inspection of sweeteners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui-Shiang Chang
- Public Health Bureau, Pingtung County Government, Pingtung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tai Sheng Yeh
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Meiho University, Neipu Township, Pingtung, Taiwan, ROC.
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48
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Determination of artificial sweeteners in beverages with green mobile phases and high temperature liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2014; 169:162-8. [PMID: 25236212 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new analytical procedure involving the use of water and a low percentage of ethanol combined to high temperature liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry has been developed for the determination of nine high-intensity sweeteners in a variety of drink samples. The method permitted the analysis in 23min (including column reequilibration) and consuming only 0.85mL of a green organic solvent (ethanol). This methodology provided limits of detection (after 50-fold dilution) in the 0.05-10mg/L range, with recoveries (obtained from five different types of beverages) being in the 86-110% range and relative standard deviation values lower than 12%. Finally, the method was applied to 25 different samples purchased in Spain, where acesulfame and sucralose were the most frequently detected analytes (>50% of the samples) and cyclamate was found over the legislation limit set by the European Union in a sample and at the regulation boundary in three others.
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49
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Parlee SD, Simon BR, Scheller EL, Alejandro EU, Learman BS, Krishnan V, Bernal-Mizrachi E, MacDougald OA. Administration of saccharin to neonatal mice influences body composition of adult males and reduces body weight of females. Endocrinology 2014; 155:1313-26. [PMID: 24456165 PMCID: PMC3959603 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional or pharmacological perturbations during perinatal growth can cause persistent effects on the function of white adipose tissue, altering susceptibility to obesity later in life. Previous studies have established that saccharin, a nonnutritive sweetener, inhibits lipolysis in mature adipocytes and stimulates adipogenesis. Thus, the current study tested whether neonatal exposure to saccharin via maternal lactation increased susceptibility of mice to diet-induced obesity. Saccharin decreased body weight of female mice beginning postnatal week 3. Decreased liver weights on week 14 corroborated this diminished body weight. Initially, saccharin also reduced male mouse body weight. By week 5, weights transiently rebounded above controls, and by week 14, male body weights did not differ. Body composition analysis revealed that saccharin increased lean and decreased fat mass of male mice, the latter due to decreased adipocyte size and epididymal, perirenal, and sc adipose weights. A mild improvement in glucose tolerance without a change in insulin sensitivity or secretion aligned with this leaner phenotype. Interestingly, microcomputed tomography analysis indicated that saccharin also increased cortical and trabecular bone mass of male mice and modified cortical bone alone in female mice. A modest increase in circulating testosterone may contribute to the leaner phenotype in male mice. Accordingly, the current study established a developmental period in which saccharin at high concentrations reduces adiposity and increases lean and bone mass in male mice while decreasing generalized growth in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian D Parlee
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine (S.D.P., B.R.S., E.L.S., B.S.L., O.A.M.), and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes (E.U.A., E.B.-M., O.A.M.), School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105; and Musculoskeletal Research (V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
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Spoelstra J, Schiff SL, Brown SJ. Artificial sweeteners in a large Canadian river reflect human consumption in the watershed. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82706. [PMID: 24349342 PMCID: PMC3859606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners have been widely incorporated in human food products for aid in weight loss regimes, dental health protection and dietary control of diabetes. Some of these widely used compounds can pass non-degraded through wastewater treatment systems and are subsequently discharged to groundwater and surface waters. Measurements of artificial sweeteners in rivers used for drinking water production are scarce. In order to determine the riverine concentrations of artificial sweeteners and their usefulness as a tracer of wastewater at the scale of an entire watershed, we analyzed samples from 23 sites along the entire length of the Grand River, a large river in Southern Ontario, Canada, that is impacted by agricultural activities and urban centres. Municipal water from household taps was also sampled from several cities within the Grand River Watershed. Cyclamate, saccharin, sucralose, and acesulfame were found in elevated concentrations despite high rates of biological activity, large daily cycles in dissolved oxygen and shallow river depth. The maximum concentrations that we measured for sucralose (21 µg/L), cyclamate (0.88 µg/L), and saccharin (7.2 µg/L) are the highest reported concentrations of these compounds in surface waters to date anywhere in the world. Acesulfame persists at concentrations that are up to several orders of magnitude above the detection limit over a distance of 300 km and it behaves conservatively in the river, recording the wastewater contribution from the cumulative population in the basin. Acesulfame is a reliable wastewater effluent tracer in rivers. Furthermore, it can be used to assess rates of nutrient assimilation, track wastewater plume dilution, separate human and animal waste contributions and determine the relative persistence of emerging contaminants in impacted watersheds where multiple sources confound the usefulness of other tracers. The effects of artificial sweeteners on aquatic biota in rivers and in the downstream Great Lakes are largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Spoelstra
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Sherry L. Schiff
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan J. Brown
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
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