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Liu X, Zhou M, Fang M, Xie Y, Chen P, Chen R, Wu K, Ye J, Liu C, Zhu H, Cheng T, Yuan L, Zhao H, Guan Y, Xia N. Decisive reversal of lethal coronavirus disease 2019 in senescent hamster by synchronic antiviral and immunoregulatory intervention. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e642. [PMID: 39036342 PMCID: PMC11258460 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The poor prognosis observed in elderly individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains a serious clinical burden and the underlying mechanism is unclear, which necessities detailed investigation of disease characteristics and research for efficient countermeasures. To simulate lethal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in senescent human patients, 80-week-old male hamsters are intranasally inoculated with different doses of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 variant. Exposure to a low dose of the Omicron BA.5 variant results in early activation of the innate immune response, followed by rapid viral clearance and minimal lung damage. However, a high dose of BA.5 results in impaired interferon signaling, cytokine storm, uncontrolled viral replication, and severe lung injury. To decrease viral load and reverse the deterioration of COVID-19, a new bio-mimic decoy called CoVR-MV is used as a preventive or therapeutic agent. Administration of CoVR-MV as a preventive or therapeutic intervention in the early stages of infection can effectively suppress viral load, regulate the immune response, and rescue animals from death and critical illness. These findings underscore the risk associated with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 exposure in senescent hamsters and highlight the importance of early intervention to prevent disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Clinical Center for Bio‐TherapyZhongshan HospitalFudan University (Xiamen Branch)XiamenFujianChina
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Life Sciences & School of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Life Sciences & School of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Mujing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Life Sciences & School of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Ying Xie
- National Institute for Food and Drug ControlBeijingChina
- Institute of Medical BiologyChinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunmingChina
| | - Peiwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
- Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU)Shantou UniversityShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Rirong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
- Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU)Shantou UniversityShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Kun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Life Sciences & School of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Jianghui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Life Sciences & School of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Che Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Life Sciences & School of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Huachen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
- Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU)Shantou UniversityShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Life Sciences & School of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Lunzhi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Life Sciences & School of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Hui Zhao
- National Institute for Food and Drug ControlBeijingChina
| | - Yi Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
- Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU)Shantou UniversityShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Life Sciences & School of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
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Afewerki S, Stocco TD, Rosa da Silva AD, Aguiar Furtado AS, Fernandes de Sousa G, Ruiz-Esparza GU, Webster TJ, Marciano FR, Strømme M, Zhang YS, Lobo AO. In vitro high-content tissue models to address precision medicine challenges. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 91:101108. [PMID: 35987701 PMCID: PMC9384546 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The field of precision medicine allows for tailor-made treatments specific to a patient and thereby improve the efficiency and accuracy of disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment and at the same time would reduce the cost, redundant treatment, and side effects of current treatments. Here, the combination of organ-on-a-chip and bioprinting into engineering high-content in vitro tissue models is envisioned to address some precision medicine challenges. This strategy could be employed to tackle the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has made a significant impact and paradigm shift in our society. Nevertheless, despite that vaccines against COVID-19 have been successfully developed and vaccination programs are already being deployed worldwide, it will likely require some time before it is available to everyone. Furthermore, there are still some uncertainties and lack of a full understanding of the virus as demonstrated in the high number new mutations arising worldwide and reinfections of already vaccinated individuals. To this end, efficient diagnostic tools and treatments are still urgently needed. In this context, the convergence of bioprinting and organ-on-a-chip technologies, either used alone or in combination, could possibly function as a prominent tool in addressing the current pandemic. This could enable facile advances of important tools, diagnostics, and better physiologically representative in vitro models specific to individuals allowing for faster and more accurate screening of therapeutics evaluating their efficacy and toxicity. This review will cover such technological advances and highlight what is needed for the field to mature for tackling the various needs for current and future pandemics as well as their relevancy towards precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Afewerki
- Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, BOX 35, 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thiago Domingues Stocco
- Bioengineering Program, Technological and Scientific Institute, Brazil University, 08230-030, São Paulo, SP, Brazil,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Unicamp - State University of Campinas, 13083-877, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - André Sales Aguiar Furtado
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, BioMatLab, Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Fernandes de Sousa
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, BioMatLab, Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Guillermo U. Ruiz-Esparza
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA,Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University ‑ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Thomas J. Webster
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, BioMatLab, Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI, Brazil,Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Maria Strømme
- Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, BOX 35, 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University ‑ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Anderson Oliveira Lobo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, BioMatLab, Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI, Brazil.
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Patel P, Nandi A, Verma SK, Kaushik N, Suar M, Choi EH, Kaushik NK. Zebrafish-based platform for emerging bio-contaminants and virus inactivation research. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162197. [PMID: 36781138 PMCID: PMC9922160 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Emerging bio-contaminants such as viruses have affected health and environment settings of every country. Viruses are the minuscule entities resulting in severe contagious diseases like SARS, MERS, Ebola, and avian influenza. Recent epidemic like the SARS-CoV-2, the virus has undergone mutations strengthen them and allowing to escape from the remedies. Comprehensive knowledge of viruses is essential for the development of targeted therapeutic and vaccination treatments. Animal models mimicking human biology like non-human primates, rats, mice, and rabbits offer competitive advantage to assess risk of viral infections, chemical toxins, nanoparticles, and microbes. However, their economic maintenance has always been an issue. Furthermore, the redundancy of experimental results due to aforementioned aspects is also in examine. Hence, exploration for the alternative animal models is crucial for risk assessments. The current review examines zebrafish traits and explores the possibilities to monitor emerging bio-contaminants. Additionally, a comprehensive picture of the bio contaminant and virus particle invasion and abatement mechanisms in zebrafish and human cells is presented. Moreover, a zebrafish model to investigate the emerging viruses such as coronaviridae and poxviridae has been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paritosh Patel
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 01897 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Aditya Nandi
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Suresh K Verma
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, The University of Suwon, 18323 Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 01897 Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 01897 Seoul, South Korea.
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A Heterologous Challenge Rescues the Attenuated Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 Variant in Syrian Hamster Model. J Virol 2023; 97:e0168422. [PMID: 36651747 PMCID: PMC9972947 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01684-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant is becoming a dominant circulator and has several mutations in the spike glycoprotein, which may cause shifts of immunogenicity, so as to result in immune escape and breakthrough infection among the already infected or vaccinated populations. It is unclear whether infection with Omicron could generate adequate cross-variant protection. To investigate this possibility, we used Syrian hamsters as an animal model for infection of SARS-CoV-2. The serum from Omicron BA.1 variant-infected hamsters showed a significantly lower neutralization effect against infection of the same or different SARS-CoV-2 variants than the serum from Beta variant-infected hamsters. Furthermore, the serum from Omicron BA.1 variant-infected hamsters were insufficient to protect against rechallenge of SARS-CoV-2 Prototype, Beta and Delta variants and itself. Importantly, we found that rechallenge with different SARS-CoV-2 lineages elevated cross-variant serum neutralization titers. Overall, our findings indicate a weakened immunogenicity feature of Omicron BA.1 variant that can be overcome by rechallenge of a different SARS-CoV-2 lineages. Our results may lead to a new guideline in generation and use of the vaccinations to combat the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and possible new variants. IMPORTANCE The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant causes breakthrough infections among convalescent patients and vaccinated populations. However, Omicron does not generate robust cross-protective responses. Here, we investigate whether heterologous SARS-CoV-2 challenge is able to enhance antibody response in a sensitive animal model, namely, Syrian hamster. Of note, a heterologous challenge of Beta and Omicron BA.1 variant significantly broadens the breadth of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing responses against the prototype, Beta, Delta, and Omicron BA.1 variants. Our findings confirm that vaccination strategy with heterologous antigens might be a good option to protect against the evolving SARS-CoV-2.
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Ahmadi M, Eidi A, Ahmadvand H, Khaksarian M, Sotoodehnejadnematalahi F. Effect of Carvacrol on histological analysis and expression of genes involved in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 70:104471. [PMID: 36580874 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most common non-traumatic neurological disease in young- and middle-aged adults is multiple sclerosis (MS), leading to central nervous system (CNS) atrophy and neurological disorders with loss of myelin and axonal degeneration. Due to the inadequate efficiency of common treatments, some natural products with antioxidant properties such as Carvacrol have been considered. OBJECTIVE the present study aimed to investigate carvacrol's anti-inflammatory and therapeutic effects on MS symptoms in healthy and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced female Lewis rats. METHODS The study was performed in three groups of Lewis rats: control group, EAE model, and EAE treated with carvacrol (carvacrol-treated group). The treatment group received 25 mg/kg of carvacrol intraperitoneally daily. Histologic examination and expression analysis of pro-inflammatory genes (Interleukin-1 and 17 (IL-1 and IL-17), Nuclear Factor Kappa B Cells (NF-κB) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α)), myelin repair, and also regeneration genes (Myelin basic protein (MBP), Oligodendrocyte Transcription Factor 2 (OLIG2) and Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor α (PDGFR-α)) were carried out. Gene studies, Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), and Luxol fast blue stain were performed in the lumbar region of the spinal cord. RESULTS The EAE clinical scores in the carvacrol-treated group were lower than in untreated rats (P < 0.001). The expression of two genes, IL-17 and MBP, was confirmed using fluorescence immunohistochemistry (FIHC). A significant decrease was observed in NF-κB and IL-17, and IL-1 gene expression. The MBP and OLIG2 gene expression was increased in the carvacrol-treated group (p < 0.001). In EAE, PDGFR-α expression increased about four times. However, carvacrol administration did not affect PDGFR-α and TNF-α gene expression. In this treatment, H&E staining of spinal cord regions showed a significant decrease in inflammatory cell infiltration. Moreover, immunostaining analysis demonstrated a considerable increase in MBP and a reduction in IL-17 secretion. CONCLUSION The results showed that carvacrol administration reduces the entry of inflammatory cells into the CNS by stimulating myelination-related processes employing increasing the expression of genes involved in myelin repair and reducing the expression of inflammatory genes. Our findings confirm that carvacrol improves the clinical and pathological symptoms of EAE through its therapeutic and modification properties as a potential adjunctive therapy and needs to be studied more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Ahmadi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Eidi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Ahmadvand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad 68138-33946, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Khaksarian
- Razi Herbal Medicine Research Center and Department of physiology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
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Infection, pathology and interferon treatment of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 variant in juvenile, adult and aged Syrian hamsters. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:1392-1399. [PMID: 36258005 PMCID: PMC9579545 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The new predominant circulating SARS-CoV-2 variant, Omicron, can robustly escape current vaccines and neutralizing antibodies. Although Omicron has been reported to have milder replication and disease manifestations than some earlier variants, its pathogenicity in different age groups has not been well elucidated. Here, we report that the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 sublineage causes elevated infection and lung pathogenesis in juvenile and aged hamsters, with more body weight loss, respiratory tract viral burden, and lung injury in these hamsters than in adult hamsters. Juvenile hamsters show a reduced interferon response against Omicron BA.1 infection, whereas aged hamsters show excessive proinflammatory cytokine expression, delayed viral clearance, and aggravated lung injury. Early inhaled IFN-α2b treatment suppresses Omicron BA.1 infection and lung pathogenesis in juvenile and adult hamsters. Overall, the data suggest that the diverse patterns of the innate immune response affect the disease outcomes of Omicron BA.1 infection in different age groups.
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Liu C, Puopolo T, Li H, Cai A, Seeram NP, Ma H. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors from a Library of Minor Cannabinoids by Biochemical Inhibition Assay and Surface Plasmon Resonance Characterized Binding Affinity. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27186127. [PMID: 36144858 PMCID: PMC9502466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The replication of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is mediated by its main protease (Mpro), which is a plausible therapeutic target for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although numerous in silico studies reported the potential inhibitory effects of natural products including cannabis and cannabinoids on SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, their anti-Mpro activities are not well validated by biological experimental data. Herein, a library of minor cannabinoids belonging to several chemotypes including tetrahydrocannabinols, cannabidiols, cannabigerols, cannabichromenes, cannabinodiols, cannabicyclols, cannabinols, and cannabitriols was evaluated for their anti-Mpro activity using a biochemical assay. Additionally, the binding affinities and molecular interactions between the active cannabinoids and the Mpro protein were studied by a biophysical technique (surface plasmon resonance; SPR) and molecular docking, respectively. Cannabinoids tetrahydrocannabutol and cannabigerolic acid were the most active Mpro inhibitors (IC50 = 3.62 and 14.40 μM, respectively) and cannabigerolic acid had a binding affinity KD=2.16×10-4 M). A preliminary structure and activity relationship study revealed that the anti-Mpro effects of cannabinoids were influenced by the decarboxylation of cannabinoids and the length of cannabinoids' alkyl side chain. Findings from the biochemical, biophysical, and computational assays support the growing evidence of cannabinoids' inhibitory effects on SARS-CoV-2 Mpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Cannabis Research Collaborative, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Tess Puopolo
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Huifang Li
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Ang Cai
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Navindra P. Seeram
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Cannabis Research Collaborative, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Correspondence: (N.P.S.); (H.M.); Tel.: +1-(401)-874-9367 (N.P.S.); +1-(401)-874-2711 (H.M.)
| | - Hang Ma
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Cannabis Research Collaborative, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Correspondence: (N.P.S.); (H.M.); Tel.: +1-(401)-874-9367 (N.P.S.); +1-(401)-874-2711 (H.M.)
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Paoletti AM, Melilli MG, Vecchio I. Experimental Models of SARS-COV-2 Infection in the Central Nervous System. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2022; 14:11795735221102231. [PMID: 35783991 PMCID: PMC9247991 DOI: 10.1177/11795735221102231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has raised serious concerns worldwide due to
its great impact on human health and forced scientists racing to find effective
therapies to control the infection and a vaccine for the virus. To this end,
intense research efforts have focused on understanding the viral biology of
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for
COVID-19. The ever-expanding list of cases, reporting clinical neurological
complications in COVID-19 patients, strongly suggests the possibility of the
virus invading the nervous system. The pathophysiological processes responsible
for the neurological impact of COVID-19 are not fully understood. Some
neurodegenerative disorders sometimes take more than a decade to manifest, so
the long-term pathophysiological outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism should be
regarded as a challenge for researchers in this field. There is no documentation
on the long-term impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the human central nervous system (CNS).
Most of the data relating to neurological damage during SARS-CoV-2 infection
have yet to be established experimentally. The purpose of this review is to
describe the knowledge gained, from experimental models, to date, on the
mechanisms of neuronal invasion and the effects produced by infection. The hope
is that, once the processes are understood, therapies can be implemented to
limit the damage produced. Long-term monitoring and the use of appropriate and
effective therapies could reduce the severity of symptoms and improve quality of
life of the most severely affected patients, with a special focus on those have
required hospital care and assisted respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Paoletti
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Council of Research (CNR), Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Immacolata Vecchio
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Council of Research (CNR), Catanzaro, Italy
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Da Costa CBP, Cruz ACDM, Penha JCQ, Castro HC, Da Cunha LER, Ratcliffe NA, Cisne R, Martins FJ. Using in vivo animal models for studying SARS-CoV-2. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:121-137. [PMID: 34727803 PMCID: PMC8567288 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.1995352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The search for an animal model capable of reproducing the physiopathology of the COVID-19, and also suitable for evaluating the efficacy and safety of new drugs has become a challenge for many researchers. AREAS COVERED This work reviews the current animal models for in vivo tests with SARS-CoV-2 as well as the challenges involved in the safety and efficacy trials. EXPERT OPINION Studies have reported the use of nonhuman primates, ferrets, mice, Syrian hamsters, lagomorphs, mink, and zebrafish in experiments that aimed to understand the course of COVID-19 or test vaccines and other drugs. In contrast, the assays with animal hyperimmune sera have only been used in in vitro assays. Finding an animal that faithfully reproduces all the characteristics of the disease in humans is difficult. Some models may be more complex to work with, such as monkeys, or require genetic manipulation so that they can express the human ACE2 receptor, as in the case of mice. Although some models are more promising, possibly the use of more than one animal model represents the best scenario. Therefore, further studies are needed to establish an ideal animal model to help in the development of other treatment strategies besides vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila B. P. Da Costa
- Technological Development and Innovation Laboratory of the Industrial Board, Instituto Vital Brazil, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, IB, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Julio Cesar Q Penha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, IB, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helena C Castro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, IB, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis E. R. Da Cunha
- Technological Development and Innovation Laboratory of the Industrial Board, Instituto Vital Brazil, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Norman A Ratcliffe
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, IB, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Biociences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Rafael Cisne
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, IB, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Saravanan UB, Namachivayam M, Jeewon R, Huang JD, Durairajan SSK. Animal models for SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 pathogenesis, transmission and therapeutic evaluation. World J Virol 2022; 11:40-56. [PMID: 35117970 PMCID: PMC8788210 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v11.i1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need to develop animal models to alleviate vaccine and drug development difficulties against zoonotic viral infections. The coronavirus family, which includes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, crossed the species barrier and infected humans, causing a global outbreak in the 21st century. Because humans do not have pre-existing immunity against these viral infections and with ethics governing clinical trials, animal models are therefore being used in clinical studies to facilitate drug discovery and testing efficacy of vaccines. The ideal animal models should reflect the viral replication, clinical signs, and pathological responses observed in humans. Different animal species should be tested to establish an appropriate animal model to study the disease pathology, transmission and evaluation of novel vaccine and drug candidates to treat coronavirus disease 2019. In this context, the present review summarizes the recent progress in developing animal models for these two pathogenic viruses and highlights the utility of these models in studying SARS-associated coronavirus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udhaya Bharathy Saravanan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Mayurikaa Namachivayam
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Rajesh Jeewon
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Reduit 80837, Mauritius
| | - Jian-Dong Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong Province, China
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11
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Zhang Y, Wang Q, Mackay CR, Ng LG, Kwok I. Neutrophil subsets and their differential roles in viral respiratory diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 111:1159-1173. [PMID: 35040189 PMCID: PMC9015493 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr1221-345r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play significant roles in immune homeostasis and as neutralizers of microbial infections. Recent evidence further suggests heterogeneity of neutrophil developmental and activation states that exert specialized effector functions during inflammatory disease conditions. Neutrophils can play multiple roles during viral infections, secreting inflammatory mediators and cytokines that contribute significantly to host defense and pathogenicity. However, their roles in viral immunity are not well understood. In this review, we present an overview of neutrophil heterogeneity and its impact on the course and severity of viral respiratory infectious diseases. We focus on the evidence demonstrating the crucial roles neutrophils play in the immune response toward respiratory infections, using influenza as a model. We further extend the understanding of neutrophil function with the studies pertaining to COVID‐19 disease and its neutrophil‐associated pathologies. Finally, we discuss the relevance of these results for future therapeutic options through targeting and regulating neutrophil‐specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Zhang
- Department of Research, National Skin Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Quanbo Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Charles R Mackay
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.,Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore.,State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Immanuel Kwok
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
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12
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Yuan L, Zhu H, Zhou M, Ma J, Chen R, Yu L, Chen W, Hong W, Wang J, Chen Y, Wu K, Hou W, Zhang Y, Ge S, Chen Y, Yuan Q, Tang Q, Cheng T, Guan Y, Xia N. Persisting lung pathogenesis and minimum residual virus in hamster after acute COVID-19. Protein Cell 2022; 13:72-77. [PMID: 34491552 PMCID: PMC8422370 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-021-00874-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lunzhi Yuan
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000 China
| | - Huachen Zhu
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China ,grid.263451.70000 0000 9927 110XJoint Institute of Virology (Shantou University and The University of Hong Kong), Guangdong-Hongkong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 China
| | - Ming Zhou
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000 China
| | - Jian Ma
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000 China
| | - Rirong Chen
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China ,grid.263451.70000 0000 9927 110XJoint Institute of Virology (Shantou University and The University of Hong Kong), Guangdong-Hongkong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 China
| | - Liuqin Yu
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China ,grid.263451.70000 0000 9927 110XJoint Institute of Virology (Shantou University and The University of Hong Kong), Guangdong-Hongkong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 China
| | - Wenjia Chen
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China ,grid.263451.70000 0000 9927 110XJoint Institute of Virology (Shantou University and The University of Hong Kong), Guangdong-Hongkong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 China
| | - Wenshan Hong
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China ,grid.263451.70000 0000 9927 110XJoint Institute of Virology (Shantou University and The University of Hong Kong), Guangdong-Hongkong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 China
| | - Jia Wang
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China ,grid.263451.70000 0000 9927 110XJoint Institute of Virology (Shantou University and The University of Hong Kong), Guangdong-Hongkong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 China
| | - Yao Chen
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000 China
| | - Kun Wu
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000 China
| | - Wangheng Hou
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000 China
| | - Yali Zhang
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000 China
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000 China
| | - Yixin Chen
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000 China
| | - Quan Yuan
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000 China
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20059, USA.
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China.
| | - Yi Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University and The University of Hong Kong), Guangdong-Hongkong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China. .,Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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13
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Kuiper MJ, Wilson LOW, Mangalaganesh S, Lee C, Reti D, Vasan SS. "But Mouse, You Are Not Alone": On Some Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Variants Infecting Mice. ILAR J 2021; 62:48-59. [PMID: 35022734 PMCID: PMC9236659 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In silico predictions combined with in vitro, in vivo, and in situ observations collectively suggest that mouse adaptation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 virus requires an aromatic substitution in position 501 or position 498 (but not both) of the spike protein's receptor binding domain. This effect could be enhanced by mutations in positions 417, 484, and 493 (especially K417N, E484K, Q493K, and Q493R), and to a lesser extent by mutations in positions 486 and 499 (such as F486L and P499T). Such enhancements, due to more favorable binding interactions with residues on the complementary angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 interface, are, however, unlikely to sustain mouse infectivity on their own based on theoretical and experimental evidence to date. Our current understanding thus points to the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Omicron variants of concern infecting mice, whereas Delta and "Delta Plus" lack a similar biomolecular basis to do so. This paper identifies 11 countries (Brazil, Chile, Djibouti, Haiti, Malawi, Mozambique, Reunion, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, and Venezuela) where targeted local field surveillance of mice is encouraged because they may have come in contact with humans who had the virus with adaptive mutation(s). It also provides a systematic methodology to analyze the potential for other animal reservoirs and their likely locations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence O W Wilson
- CSIRO Transformational Bioinformatics Group, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shruthi Mangalaganesh
- Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carol Lee
- CSIRO Transformational Bioinformatics Group, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel Reti
- CSIRO Transformational Bioinformatics Group, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seshadri S Vasan
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
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14
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Yuan L, Tang Q, Zhu H, Guan Y, Cheng T, Xia N. SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease outcomes in non-human primate models: advances and implications. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1881-1889. [PMID: 34490832 PMCID: PMC8451603 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1976598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has been the causative pathogen of the pandemic of COVID-19, resulting in catastrophic health issues globally. It is important to develop human-like animal models for investigating the mechanisms that SARS-CoV-2 uses to infect humans and cause COVID-19. Several studies demonstrated that the non-human primate (NHP) is permissive for SARS-CoV-2 infection to cause typical clinical symptoms including fever, cough, breathing difficulty, and other diagnostic abnormalities such as immunopathogenesis and hyperplastic lesions in the lung. These NHP models have been used for investigating the potential infection route and host immune response to SARS-CoV-2, as well as testing vaccines and drugs. This review aims to summarize the benefits and caveats of NHP models currently available for SARS-CoV-2, and to discuss key topics including model optimization, extended application, and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunzhi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Huachen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
- Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University and The University of Hong Kong), Guangdong-Hongkong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shantou University, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
- Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University and The University of Hong Kong), Guangdong-Hongkong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shantou University, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
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15
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Srikulnath K, Ahmad SF, Panthum T, Malaivijitnond S. Importance of Thai macaque bioresources for biological research and human health. J Med Primatol 2021; 51:62-72. [PMID: 34806191 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
During the past century, macaque bioresources have provided remarkable scientific and biomedical discoveries related to the understanding of human physiology, neuroanatomy, reproduction, development, cognition, and pathology. Considerable progress has been made, and an urgent need has arisen to develop infrastructure and viable settings to meet the current global demand in research models during the so-called new normal after COVID-19 era. This review highlights the critical need for macaque bioresources and proposes the establishment of a designated primate research center to integrate research in primate laboratories for the rescue and rehabilitation of wild macaques. Key areas where macaque models have been and continue to be essential for advancing fundamental knowledge in biomedical and biological research are outlined. Detailed genetic studies on macaque bioresources of Thai origin can further facilitate the rapid pace of vaccine discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornsorn Srikulnath
- National Primate Research Center of Thailand-Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi, Thailand.,Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Center (AGB Research Center), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Syed Farhan Ahmad
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Center (AGB Research Center), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thitipong Panthum
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Center (AGB Research Center), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchinda Malaivijitnond
- National Primate Research Center of Thailand-Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi, Thailand.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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16
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Nova N. Cross-Species Transmission of Coronaviruses in Humans and Domestic Mammals, What Are the Ecological Mechanisms Driving Transmission, Spillover, and Disease Emergence? Front Public Health 2021; 9:717941. [PMID: 34660513 PMCID: PMC8514784 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.717941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses cause respiratory and digestive diseases in vertebrates. The recent pandemic, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2, is taking a heavy toll on society and planetary health, and illustrates the threat emerging coronaviruses can pose to the well-being of humans and other animals. Coronaviruses are constantly evolving, crossing host species barriers, and expanding their host range. In the last few decades, several novel coronaviruses have emerged in humans and domestic animals. Novel coronaviruses have also been discovered in captive wildlife or wild populations, raising conservation concerns. The evolution and emergence of novel viruses is enabled by frequent cross-species transmission. It is thus crucial to determine emerging coronaviruses' potential for infecting different host species, and to identify the circumstances under which cross-species transmission occurs in order to mitigate the rate of disease emergence. Here, I review (broadly across several mammalian host species) up-to-date knowledge of host range and circumstances concerning reported cross-species transmission events of emerging coronaviruses in humans and common domestic mammals. All of these coronaviruses had similar host ranges, were closely related (indicative of rapid diversification and spread), and their emergence was likely associated with high-host-density environments facilitating multi-species interactions (e.g., shelters, farms, and markets) and the health or well-being of animals as end- and/or intermediate spillover hosts. Further research is needed to identify mechanisms of the cross-species transmission events that have ultimately led to a surge of emerging coronaviruses in multiple species in a relatively short period of time in a world undergoing rapid environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Nova
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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17
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Sharma HN, Latimore COD, Matthews QL. Biology and Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2: Understandings for Therapeutic Developments against COVID-19. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091218. [PMID: 34578250 PMCID: PMC8470303 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are positive sense, single-stranded, enveloped, and non-segmented RNA viruses that belong to the Coronaviridae family within the order Nidovirales and suborder Coronavirinae. Two Alphacoronavirus strains: HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63 and five Betacoronaviruses: HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 have so far been recognized as Human Coronaviruses (HCoVs). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is currently the greatest concern for humanity. Despite the overflow of research on SARS-CoV-2 and other HCoVs published every week, existing knowledge in this area is insufficient for the complete understanding of the viruses and the diseases caused by them. This review is based on the analysis of 210 published works, and it attempts to cover the basic biology of coronaviruses, including the genetic characteristics, life cycle, and host-pathogen interaction, pathogenesis, the antiviral drugs, and vaccines against HCoVs, especially focusing on SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, we will briefly discuss the potential link between extracellular vesicles (EVs) and SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Nath Sharma
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA;
| | | | - Qiana L. Matthews
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA;
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA;
- Correspondence:
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18
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Yaqub N, Wayne G, Birchall M, Song W. Recent advances in human respiratory epithelium models for drug discovery. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107832. [PMID: 34481894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium is intimately associated with the pathophysiologies of highly infectious viral contagions and chronic illnesses such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, presently the third leading cause of death worldwide with a projected economic burden of £1.7 trillion by 2030. Preclinical studies of respiratory physiology have almost exclusively utilised non-humanised animal models, alongside reductionistic cell line-based models, and primary epithelial cell models cultured at an air-liquid interface (ALI). Despite their utility, these model systems have been limited by their poor correlation to the human condition. This has undermined the ability to identify novel therapeutics, evidenced by a 15% chance of success for medicinal respiratory compounds entering clinical trials in 2018. Consequently, preclinical studies require new translational efficacy models to address the problem of respiratory drug attrition. This review describes the utility of the current in vivo (rodent), ex vivo (isolated perfused lungs and precision cut lung slices), two-dimensional in vitro cell-line (A549, BEAS-2B, Calu-3) and three-dimensional in vitro ALI (gold-standard and co-culture) and organoid respiratory epithelium models. The limitations to the application of these model systems in drug discovery research are discussed, in addition to perspectives of the future innovations required to facilitate the next generation of human-relevant respiratory models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naheem Yaqub
- UCL Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration, Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Gareth Wayne
- Novel Human Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Martin Birchall
- The Ear Institute, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London WC1X 8EE, UK.
| | - Wenhui Song
- UCL Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration, Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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19
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Mohapatra RK, Dhama K, Mishra S, Sarangi AK, Kandi V, Tiwari R, Pintilie L. The microbiota-related coinfections in COVID-19 patients: a real challenge. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2021; 10:47. [PMID: 34458380 PMCID: PMC8380112 DOI: 10.1186/s43088-021-00134-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has infected millions of people around the world, especially the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. The infection transmission rate is considered more rapid than other deadly pandemics and severe epidemics encountered earlier, such as Ebola, Zika, Influenza, Marburg, SARS, and MERS. The public health situation therefore is really at a challenging crossroads. MAIN BODY The internal and external and resident microbiota community is crucial in human health and is essential for immune responses. This community tends to be altered due to pathogenic infections which would lead to severity of the disease as it progresses. Few of these resident microflora become negatively active during infectious diseases leading to coinfection, especially the opportunistic pathogens. Once such a condition sets in, it is difficult to diagnose, treat, and manage COVID-19 in a patient. CONCLUSION This review highlights the various reported possible coinfections that arise in COVID-19 patients vis-à-vis other serious pathological conditions. The local immunity in lungs, nasal passages, oral cavity, and salivary glands are involved with different aspects of COVID-19 transmission and pathology. Also, the role of adaptive immune system is discussed at the site of infection to control the infection along with the proinflammatory cytokine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan K. Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, Odisha 758002 India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122 India
| | - Snehasish Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024 India
| | - Ashish K. Sarangi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India
| | - Venkataramana Kandi
- Department of Microbiology, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar, Telangana India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 India
| | - Lucia Pintilie
- Department of Synthesis of Bioactive Substances and Pharmaceutical Technologies, National Institute for Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
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20
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Sakr MM, Elsayed NS, El-Housseiny GS. Latest updates on SARS-CoV-2 genomic characterization, drug, and vaccine development; a comprehensive bioinformatics review. Microb Pathog 2021; 154:104809. [PMID: 33647446 PMCID: PMC7910145 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Amid the COVID-19 outbreak, several bioinformatic analyses have been conducted on SARS-CoV-2 virus genome. Numerous studies rushed to fill the gap about this novel virus. Comparison with other related sequences, structural predictions of the produced proteins, determination of variations in amino acid residues and depiction of possible drug and vaccine targets have been the focus of scientific research from the beginning of this year. In addition to discussing the viral taxonomy, clinical features, life cycle, and genome organization, this review will focus on the recent updates in genome and viral proteins characterization and potential therapeutic and vaccine candidates developed so far. Comparative studies with related genomes and proteins provide understanding for the viral molecular mechanisms and suggest targets for therapeutics and vaccinology trials to stop the escalation of this new virus. This pandemic, with its resulting social and economic afflictions, will definitely have significant marks on our lives in the following years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masarra M Sakr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity St., 11566, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha S Elsayed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity St., 11566, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ghadir S El-Housseiny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity St., 11566, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
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21
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Merino GA, Raad J, Bugnon LA, Yones C, Kamenetzky L, Claus J, Ariel F, Milone DH, Stegmayer G. Novel SARS-CoV-2 encoded small RNAs in the passage to humans. Bioinformatics 2021; 36:5571-5581. [PMID: 33244583 PMCID: PMC7717134 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has recently emerged as the responsible for the pandemic outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This virus is closely related to coronaviruses infecting bats and Malayan pangolins, species suspected to be an intermediate host in the passage to humans. Several genomic mutations affecting viral proteins have been identified, contributing to the understanding of the recent animal-to-human transmission. However, the capacity of SARS-CoV-2 to encode functional putative microRNAs (miRNAs) remains largely unexplored. Results We have used deep learning to discover 12 candidate stem-loop structures hidden in the viral protein-coding genome. Among the precursors, the expression of eight mature miRNAs-like sequences was confirmed in small RNA-seq data from SARS-CoV-2 infected human cells. Predicted miRNAs are likely to target a subset of human genes of which 109 are transcriptionally deregulated upon infection. Remarkably, 28 of those genes potentially targeted by SARS-CoV-2 miRNAs are down-regulated in infected human cells. Interestingly, most of them have been related to respiratory diseases and viral infection, including several afflictions previously associated with SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. The comparison of SARS-CoV-2 pre-miRNA sequences with those from bat and pangolin coronaviruses suggests that single nucleotide mutations could have helped its progenitors jumping inter-species boundaries, allowing the gain of novel mature miRNAs targeting human mRNAs. Our results suggest that the recent acquisition of novel miRNAs-like sequences in the SARS-CoV-2 genome may have contributed to modulate the transcriptional reprogramming of the new host upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A Merino
- Research Institute for Signals, Systems and Computational Intelligence (sinc(i)), FICH-UNL, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina.,Bioengineering and Bioinformatics Research and Development Institute (IBB), FI-UNER, CONICET, Entre Ríos 3100, Argentina.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridgeshire CB101SD, UK
| | - Jonathan Raad
- Research Institute for Signals, Systems and Computational Intelligence (sinc(i)), FICH-UNL, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
| | - Leandro A Bugnon
- Research Institute for Signals, Systems and Computational Intelligence (sinc(i)), FICH-UNL, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
| | - Cristian Yones
- Research Institute for Signals, Systems and Computational Intelligence (sinc(i)), FICH-UNL, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
| | - Laura Kamenetzky
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Genómica y Bioinformática de Patógenos, iB3, Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología traslacional, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
| | - Juan Claus
- Laboratorio de Virología, FBCB, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
| | - Federico Ariel
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (IAL), CONICET, FBCB, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
| | - Diego H Milone
- Research Institute for Signals, Systems and Computational Intelligence (sinc(i)), FICH-UNL, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
| | - Georgina Stegmayer
- Research Institute for Signals, Systems and Computational Intelligence (sinc(i)), FICH-UNL, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
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22
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Rosa RB, Dantas WM, do Nascimento JCF, da Silva MV, de Oliveira RN, Pena LJ. In Vitro and In Vivo Models for Studying SARS-CoV-2, the Etiological Agent Responsible for COVID-19 Pandemic. Viruses 2021; 13:379. [PMID: 33673614 PMCID: PMC7997194 DOI: 10.3390/v13030379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and rapid worldwide spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has prompted the scientific community to rapidly develop in vitro and in vivo models that could be applied in COVID-19 research. In vitro models include two-dimensional (2D) cultures of immortalized cell lines or primary cells and three-dimensional (3D) cultures derived from lung, alveoli, bronchi, and other organs. Although cell-based systems are economic and allow strict control of experimental variables, they do not always resemble physiological conditions. Thus, several in vivo models are being developed, including different strains of mice, hamsters, ferrets, dogs, cats, and non-human primates. In this review, we summarize the main models of SARS-CoV-2 infection developed so far and discuss their advantages, drawbacks and main uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael B. Rosa
- Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife 50740-465, Brazil; (R.B.R.); (J.C.F.d.N.)
- Rodents Animal Facilities Complex, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38400-902, Brazil;
| | - Willyenne M. Dantas
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife 52171-900, Brazil; (W.M.D.); (R.N.d.O.)
| | - Jessica C. F. do Nascimento
- Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife 50740-465, Brazil; (R.B.R.); (J.C.F.d.N.)
| | - Murilo V. da Silva
- Rodents Animal Facilities Complex, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38400-902, Brazil;
| | - Ronaldo N. de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife 52171-900, Brazil; (W.M.D.); (R.N.d.O.)
| | - Lindomar J. Pena
- Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife 50740-465, Brazil; (R.B.R.); (J.C.F.d.N.)
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23
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Selleck P. COVID-19 in animals: contact with humans and potential transmissions. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ma21008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, cases of atypical pneumonia were diagnosed in hospital patients in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. The disease was characterised by a respiratory disorder of variable severity ranging from mild upper respiratory tract illness to acute respiratory distress syndrome, severe interstitial pneumonia and death. The source of the virus is yet to be confirmed but wild animals sold at wholesale seafood and exotic animal markets of Wuhan were implicated. The virus was called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease designated as Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). As of the 13 January 2021, the WHO had reported 90335008 cases and 1954336 deaths in 216 countries. The isolation of related coronaviruses from bats suggests that they may be a potential host species. This paper is a review of the current literature on SARS-CoV-2 infections of animals and the animal challenge models for the in-vivo evaluation of vaccines and therapeutics.
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24
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何 文, 陈 清. [Progress in source tracking of SARS-CoV-2]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:1838-1842. [PMID: 33380405 PMCID: PMC7835685 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.12.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a total of 55 928 327 confirmed cases and 1 344 003 deaths as of November 19, 2020. But so far the origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes this pandemic has remained undetermined. The purpose of this study is to review the current research of SARS-CoV-2 and the existing problems therein, which may provide inspiration for further researches. Existing evidence suggested that SARS-CoV-2 may be derived from bat coronavirus 40-70 years ago. During the evolution, this virus underwent extensive variations in the process of mutations and natural selection. Different genomic regions of SARS-CoV-2 may have different selection pressures, but all of which increase the difficulty of tracing the origin of this virus. A wide variety of animals have been considered as potential hosts of SARS-CoV-2, including cats, lions, tigers, dogs and minks. SARS-CoV-2 has a chance to transmit from humans to animals and can be transmitted among animals. Current research evidence has shown that China is not the original source of SARS-CoV-2. It is still unclear how the virus spreads to human, and efforts are still need to be made to explore the origin of SARS-CoV-2, its hosts and intermediate hosts, and the mechanism of its transmission across different species of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- 文巧 何
- />南方医科大学公共卫生学院流行病学系,广东 广州 510515Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 清 陈
- />南方医科大学公共卫生学院流行病学系,广东 广州 510515Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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25
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Mahdy MAA, Younis W, Ewaida Z. An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 and Animal Infection. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:596391. [PMID: 33363234 PMCID: PMC7759518 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.596391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus has been reported as the causative pathogen of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan city, China in December 2019. Due to the rapid spread of the virus worldwide, it has been announced as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). Hospitalized patients in Wuhan were associated with the Huanan seafood wholesale market where live animals, such as poultry, bats, snakes, frogs, rabbits, marmots, and hedgehogs are sold in that market which suggests a possible zoonotic infection. It was suggested that bat is the natural host of SARS-CoV-2, but the intermediate host is still unclear. It is essential to identify the potential intermediate host to interrupt the transmission chain of the virus. Pangolin is a highly suspected candidate as an intermediate host for SARS-CoV-2. Recently, SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reported in cats, dogs, tigers, and lions. More recently SARS-CoV-2 infection affected minks severely and zoonotic transfer with a variant SARS-CoV-2 strain evidenced in Denmark, Netherlands, USA, and Spain suggesting animal-to-human and animal-to-animal transmission within mink farms. Furthermore, experimental studies documented the susceptibility of different animal species to SARS-CoV-2, such as mice, golden hamsters, cats, ferrets, non-human primates, and treeshrews. It is also essential to know the possibility of infection for other animal species. This short review aims to provide an overview on the relation between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. A. Mahdy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Waleed Younis
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Zamzam Ewaida
- Qena University Hospital, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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26
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Shi J, Xiao Y, Zhang Y, Geng D, Cong D, Shi KX, Knapp RJ. Challenges of drug development during the COVID-19 pandemic: Key considerations for clinical trial designs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 87:2170-2185. [PMID: 33119136 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for targeted and effective COVID-19 treatments. Several medications, including hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, lopinavir-ritonavir, favipiravir, tocilizumab and others have been identified as potential treatments for COVID-19. Bringing these repurposed medications to the public for COVID-19 requires robust and high-quality clinical trials that must be conducted under extremely challenging pandemic conditions. This article reviews translational science principles and strategies for conducting clinical trials in a pandemic and evaluates recent trials for different drug candidates. We hope that this knowledge will help focus efforts during this crisis and lead to the expedited development and approval of COVID-19 therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kevin X Shi
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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27
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Trimpert J, Vladimirova D, Dietert K, Abdelgawad A, Kunec D, Dökel S, Voss A, Gruber AD, Bertzbach LD, Osterrieder N. The Roborovski Dwarf Hamster Is A Highly Susceptible Model for a Rapid and Fatal Course of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108488. [PMID: 33271063 PMCID: PMC7674129 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has precipitated an unprecedented and yet-unresolved health crisis worldwide. Different mammals are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2; however, few species examined so far develop robust clinical disease that mirrors severe human cases or allows testing of vaccines and drugs under conditions of severe disease. Here, we compare the susceptibilities of three dwarf hamster species (Phodopus spp.) to SARS-CoV-2 and introduce the Roborovski dwarf hamster (P. roborovskii) as a highly susceptible COVID-19 model with consistent and fulminant clinical signs. Particularly, only this species shows SARS-CoV-2-induced severe acute diffuse alveolar damage and hyaline microthrombi in the lungs, changes described in patients who succumbed to the infection but not reproduced in any experimentally infected animal. Based on our findings, we propose the Roborovski dwarf hamster as a valuable model to examine the efficacy and safety of vaccine candidates and therapeutics, particularly for use in highly susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Trimpert
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Kristina Dietert
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Tiermedizinisches Zentrum für Resistenzforschung, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Azza Abdelgawad
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dusan Kunec
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Dökel
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Voss
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D Gruber
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca D Bertzbach
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Infectious Disease and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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28
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Gurumurthy CB, Quadros RM, Richardson GP, Poluektova LY, Mansour SL, Ohtsuka M. Genetically modified mouse models to help fight COVID-19. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:3777-3787. [PMID: 33106680 PMCID: PMC7704938 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-00403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The research community is in a race to understand the molecular mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, to repurpose currently available antiviral drugs and to develop new therapies and vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). One major challenge in achieving these goals is the paucity of suitable preclinical animal models. Mice constitute ~70% of all the laboratory animal species used in biomedical research. Unfortunately, SARS-CoV-2 infects mice only if they have been genetically modified to express human ACE2. The inherent resistance of wild-type mice to SARS-CoV-2, combined with a wealth of genetic tools that are available only for modifying mice, offers a unique opportunity to create a versatile set of genetically engineered mouse models useful for COVID-19 research. We propose three broad categories of these models and more than two dozen designs that may be useful for SARS-CoV-2 research and for fighting COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Channabasavaiah B Gurumurthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Rolen M Quadros
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Larisa Y Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Suzanne L Mansour
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Masato Ohtsuka
- Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Life Science, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan.
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan.
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29
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Cloutier M, Nandi M, Ihsan AU, Chamard HA, Ilangumaran S, Ramanathan S. ADE and hyperinflammation in SARS-CoV2 infection- comparison with dengue hemorrhagic fever and feline infectious peritonitis. Cytokine 2020; 136:155256. [PMID: 32866898 PMCID: PMC7439999 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly spread around the world with significant morbidity and mortality in a subset of patients including the elderly. The poorer outcomes are associated with 'cytokine storm-like' immune responses, otherwise referred to as 'hyperinflammation'. While most of the infected individuals show minimal or no symptoms and recover spontaneously, a small proportion of the patients exhibit severe symptoms characterized by extreme dyspnea and low tissue oxygen levels, with extensive damage to the lungs referred to as acute respiratory distress symptom (ARDS). The consensus is that the hyperinflammatory response of the host is akin to the cytokine storm observed during sepsis and is the major cause of death. Uncertainties remain on the factors that lead to hyperinflammatory response in some but not all individuals. Hyperinflammation is a common feature in different viral infections such as dengue where existing low-titer antibodies to the virus enhances the infection in immune cells through a process called antibody-dependent enhancement or ADE. ADE has been reported following vaccination or secondary infections with other corona, Ebola and dengue virus. Detailed analysis has shown that antibodies to any viral epitope can induce ADE when present in sub-optimal titers or is of low affinity. In this review we will discuss ADE in the context of dengue and coronavirus infections including Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse Cloutier
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Madhuparna Nandi
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Awais Ullah Ihsan
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Hugues Allard Chamard
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier d'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Subburaj Ilangumaran
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier d'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier d'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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30
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Fortaleza CR, de Souza LDR, Rúgolo JM, Fortaleza CMCB. COVID-19: What we talk about when we talk about masks. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 53:e20200527. [PMID: 33174963 PMCID: PMC7670747 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0527-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though most current recommendations include the general use of masks to prevent community transmission of SARS-Cov-2, the effectiveness of this measure is still debated. The studies on this policy include physical filtering tests with inanimate microparticles, randomized clinical trials, observational studies, ecological analyses, and even computational modeling of epidemics. Much of the so-called evidence is inferred from studies on different respiratory viruses and epidemiological settings. Heterogeneity is a major factor limiting the generalization of inferences. In this article, we reviewed the empirical and rational bases of mask use and how to understand these recommendations compared to other policies of social distancing, restrictions on non-essential services, and lockdown. We conclude that recent studies suggest a synergistic effect of the use of masks and social distancing rather than opposing effects of the two recommendations. Developing social communication approaches that clarify the need to combine different strategies is a challenge for public health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Ravagnani Fortaleza
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Hospital das Clínicas, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Programa de Pós-graduação em doenças infecciosas, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Lenice do Rosário de Souza
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Programa de Pós-graduação em doenças infecciosas, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Departamento de doenças infecciosas, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Juliana Machado Rúgolo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Hospital das Clínicas, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Carlos Magno Castelo Branco Fortaleza
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Programa de Pós-graduação em doenças infecciosas, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Departamento de doenças infecciosas, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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31
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Li L, Guo P, Zhang X, Yu Z, Zhang W, Sun H. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates in rapid development. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 17:644-653. [PMID: 33121319 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1804777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still spreading globally. The scientific community is attempting to procure an effective treatment and prevention strategy for COVID-19. A rising number of vaccines for COVID-19 are being developed at an unprecedented speed. Development platforms include traditional inactivated or live attenuated virus vaccines, DNA or RNA vaccines, recombinant viral vector vaccines, and protein or peptide subunit vaccines. There are 23 vaccines in the clinical evaluation stage and at least 140 candidate vaccines in preclinical evaluation. In this review, we describe research regarding basic knowledge on the virus, updates on the animal models, current landscape of vaccines in clinical evaluation and updated research results on vaccine development. Safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Li
- Henan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for Children, Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Departments of Neonatology, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengbo Guo
- Henan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for Children, Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoman Zhang
- Henan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for Children, Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhidan Yu
- Henan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for Children, Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wancun Zhang
- Henan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for Children, Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huiqing Sun
- Departments of Neonatology, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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32
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Abstract
The achievements of vaccine research and development bring a hope to our societies that we may cope with the COVID‐19 pandemic. There are two aspects that should be maintained in balance: the immediate necessity for speed of vaccine research and the inherent need for protection of research subjects, which is the foremost concern of research ethics. This narrative review highlights ethical issues in COVID‐19 vaccine research and development that every stakeholder needs to be aware of and to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wibawa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.,Medical and Health Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Medicine Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada / Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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33
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Bertzbach LD, Vladimirova D, Dietert K, Abdelgawad A, Gruber AD, Osterrieder N, Trimpert J. SARS-CoV-2 infection of Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus) reproduces COVID-19 pneumonia in a well-established small animal model. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1075-1079. [PMID: 32946664 PMCID: PMC7537531 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic has caused a yet unresolved global crisis. Effective medical intervention by vaccination or therapy seems to be the only possibility to control the pandemic. In this context, animal models are an indispensable tool for basic and applied research to combat SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Here, we established a SARS‐CoV‐2 infection model in Chinese hamsters suitable for studying pathogenesis of the disease as well as pre‐clinical testing of vaccines and therapies. This species of hamster is susceptible to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection as demonstrated by robust virus replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract accompanied by bronchitis and pneumonia as well as significant body weight loss following infection. The Chinese hamster features advantages compared to the Syrian hamster model, including more pronounced clinical symptoms, its small size, well‐characterized genome, transcriptome and translatome data and availability of molecular tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca D Bertzbach
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kristina Dietert
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Tiermedizinisches Zentrum für Resistenzforschung, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Azza Abdelgawad
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D Gruber
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Infectious Disease and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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34
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Alluwaimi AM, Alshubaith IH, Al-Ali AM, Abohelaika S. The Coronaviruses of Animals and Birds: Their Zoonosis, Vaccines, and Models for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:582287. [PMID: 33195600 PMCID: PMC7543176 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.582287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The viruses of the family Coronaviridae are ubiquitous in nature due to their existence in a wide spectrum of mammals and avian species. The coronaviruses, as RNA viruses, exist as quasispecies because of their high rate of mutations. This review elaborates on the pathogenesis and the developed vaccines of most of the ubiquitous coronavirus' diseases, mainly bovine, dromedary camel, porcine, feline, canine, and avian coronaviruses. The review emphasizes the significant setbacks in the full exploitation of most of the pathogenesis of the coronavirus' diseases, raising the prospect of effective vaccines for these diseases. The therapeutical trials for the treatment of SARS-CoV2 and the setbacks of these trials are also addressed. The review draws attention to the lessons accumulated from the large number of studies of the pathogenesis of animals and birds' coronaviruses and their vaccines, particularly the bovine, feline, and avian coronaviruses. The lessons drawn from the studies will have an immense influence on how the human coronaviruses pathogenesis and vaccine development will proceed. In addition, the extensive efforts to designate suitable animal models to study the lately emerged human coronaviruses are one of the invaluable contributions carried out by veterinarian scientists. Finally, factors and determinants that contribute to the possibility of emerging new coronavirus zoonotic disease are elaborated on and a call goes out to urge transdisciplinary collaboration in the implementation of the "One Health" concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Alluwaimi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, AlAhsaa, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed M. Al-Ali
- Central Biotechnology Laboratory, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, AlAhsaa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah Abohelaika
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Qatif Central Hospital, Ministry of Health, Qatif, Saudi Arabia
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35
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Sharun K, Tiwari R, Patel SK, Karthik K, Iqbal Yatoo M, Malik YS, Singh KP, Panwar PK, Harapan H, Singh RK, Dhama K. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in domestic animals and wildlife: advances and prospects in the development of animal models for vaccine and therapeutic research. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:3043-3054. [PMID: 32915100 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1807802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is suspected to have been first contracted via animal-human interactions; it has further spread across the world by efficient human-to-human transmission. Recent reports of COVID-19 in companion animals (dogs and cats) and wild carnivores such as tigers have created a dilemma regarding its zoonotic transmission. Although in silico docking studies, sequence-based computational studies, and experimental studies have shown the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission in cats, ferrets, and other domestic/wild animals, the results are not conclusive of infection under natural conditions. Identifying the potential host range of SARS-CoV-2 will not only help prevent the possibility of human-to-animal and animal-to-human transmission but also assist in identifying efficient animal models that can mimic the clinical symptoms, transmission potential, and pathogenesis of the disease. Such an efficient animal model will accelerate the process of development and evaluation of vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and other remedies for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College Of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir , Srinagar, India
| | - Yashpal S Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly, India
| | - Parmod Kumar Panwar
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Directorate of Animal Husbandry , Lucknow, India
| | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala , Banda Aceh, Indonesia.,Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine , Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala , Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly, India
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36
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COVID-19: Neurological Considerations in Neonates and Children. CHILDREN-BASEL 2020; 7:children7090133. [PMID: 32927628 PMCID: PMC7552690 DOI: 10.3390/children7090133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing worldwide pandemic of the novel human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the ensuing disease, COVID-19, has presented enormous and unprecedented challenges for all medical specialists. However, to date, children, especially neonates, have been relatively spared from the devastating consequences of this infection. Neurologic involvement is being increasingly recognized among adults with COVID-19, who can develop sensory deficits in smell and taste, delirium, encephalopathy, headaches, strokes, and peripheral nervous system disorders. Among neonates and children, COVID-19-associated neurological manifestations have been relatively rare, yet reports involving neurologic dysfunction in this age range are increasing. As discussed in this review, pediatric neurologists and other pediatric specialists should be alert to potential neurological involvement by this virus, which might have neuroinvasive capability and carry long-term neuropsychiatric and medical consequences.
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37
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Nainu F, Rahmatika D, Emran TB, Harapan H. Potential Application of Drosophila melanogaster as a Model Organism in COVID-19-Related Research. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:588561. [PMID: 33013425 PMCID: PMC7500409 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.588561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Firzan Nainu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Dini Rahmatika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjar Baru, Indonesia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.,Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
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38
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Abstract
In this review, we address issues that relate to the rapid "Warp Speed" development of vaccines to counter the COVID-19 pandemic. We review the antibody response that is triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection of humans and how it may inform vaccine research. The isolation and properties of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies from COVID-19 patients provide additional information on what vaccines should try to elicit. The nature and longevity of the antibody response to coronaviruses are relevant to the potency and duration of vaccine-induced immunity. We summarize the immunogenicity of leading vaccine candidates tested to date in animals and humans and discuss the outcome and interpretation of virus challenge experiments in animals. By far the most immunogenic vaccine candidates for antibody responses are recombinant proteins, which were not included in the initial wave of Warp Speed immunogens. A substantial concern for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is adverse events, which we review by considering what was seen in studies of SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) vaccines. We conclude by outlining the possible outcomes of the Warp Speed vaccine program, which range from the hoped-for rapid success to a catastrophic adverse influence on vaccine uptake generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - P J Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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39
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Clementi N, Ferrarese R, Criscuolo E, Diotti RA, Castelli M, Scagnolari C, Burioni R, Antonelli G, Clementi M, Mancini N. Interferon-β-1a Inhibition of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 In Vitro When Administered After Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:722-725. [PMID: 32559285 PMCID: PMC7337790 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has forced the clinical and scientific community to try drug repurposing of existing antiviral agents as a quick option against severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Under this scenario, interferon (IFN) β-1a, whose antiviral potential is already known, and which is a drug currently used in the clinical management of multiple sclerosis, may represent as a potential candidate. In this report, we demonstrate that IFN-β-1a was highly effective in inhibiting in vitro SARS-CoV-2 replication at clinically achievable concentration when administered after virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Clementi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Ferrarese
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Criscuolo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Antonia Diotti
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Castelli
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Carolina Scagnolari
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, and Institute Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Burioni
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Antonelli
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, and Institute Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Clementi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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40
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Lindsley WG, Blachere FM, Burton NC, Christensen B, Estill CF, Fisher EM, Martin SB, Mead KR, Noti JD, Seaton M. COVID-19 and the Workplace: Research Questions for the Aerosol Science Community. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2020; 54:1117-1123. [PMID: 35924028 PMCID: PMC9345404 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2020.1796921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William G. Lindsley
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Francoise M. Blachere
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Nancy C. Burton
- Division of Field Studies & Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Cherie F. Estill
- Division of Field Studies & Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Edward M. Fisher
- National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen B. Martin
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Kenneth R. Mead
- Division of Field Studies & Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - John D. Noti
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Melissa Seaton
- Division of Science Integration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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41
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Osterrieder N, Bertzbach LD, Dietert K, Abdelgawad A, Vladimirova D, Kunec D, Hoffmann D, Beer M, Gruber AD, Trimpert J. Age-Dependent Progression of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Syrian Hamsters. Viruses 2020; 12:E779. [PMID: 32698441 PMCID: PMC7412213 DOI: 10.3390/v12070779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In late 2019, an outbreak of a severe respiratory disease caused by an emerging coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, resulted in high morbidity and mortality in infected humans. Complete understanding of COVID-19, the multi-faceted disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, requires suitable small animal models, as does the development and evaluation of vaccines and antivirals. Since age-dependent differences of COVID-19 were identified in humans, we compared the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in young and aged Syrian hamsters. We show that virus replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract was independent of the age of the animals. However, older hamsters exhibited more pronounced and consistent weight loss. In situ hybridization in the lungs identified viral RNA in bronchial epithelium, alveolar epithelial cells type I and II, and macrophages. Histopathology revealed clear age-dependent differences, with young hamsters launching earlier and stronger immune cell influx than aged hamsters. The latter developed conspicuous alveolar and perivascular edema, indicating vascular leakage. In contrast, we observed rapid lung recovery at day 14 after infection only in young hamsters. We propose that comparative assessment in young versus aged hamsters of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and treatments may yield valuable information, as this small-animal model appears to mirror age-dependent differences in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (N.O.); (L.D.B.); (A.A.); (D.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Luca D. Bertzbach
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (N.O.); (L.D.B.); (A.A.); (D.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Kristina Dietert
- Institut für Veterinärpathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (K.D.); (A.D.G.)
- Tiermedizinisches Zentrum für Resistenzforschung, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Azza Abdelgawad
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (N.O.); (L.D.B.); (A.A.); (D.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Daria Vladimirova
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (N.O.); (L.D.B.); (A.A.); (D.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Dusan Kunec
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (N.O.); (L.D.B.); (A.A.); (D.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Institut für Virusdiagnostik, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (D.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Martin Beer
- Institut für Virusdiagnostik, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (D.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Achim D. Gruber
- Institut für Veterinärpathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (K.D.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (N.O.); (L.D.B.); (A.A.); (D.V.); (D.K.)
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42
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Javed H, Meeran MFN, Jha NK, Ojha S. Carvacrol, a Plant Metabolite Targeting Viral Protease (M pro) and ACE2 in Host Cells Can Be a Possible Candidate for COVID-19. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:601335. [PMID: 33664752 PMCID: PMC7921315 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.601335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) started in December 2019, resulting in the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Coronaviruses are solely accountable for rising mortality and socioeconomic saddles. Presently, there are few repurposed drugs such as remdesivir or favipiravir approved for the treatment of COVID-19, although vaccines and plasma therapy is also subject to emergency approval. However, some potential natural treatments and cures have also been proposed. Molecules of natural origin showed therapeutic importance such as antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity, and could be useful drug candidates for treating COVID-19. In recent years, essential oils have shown promising therapeutic effects against many viral diseases. Carvacrol is one of the monoterpene phenol with abundant presence in essential oils of many aromatic plants, including thyme and oregano. It is being used as food flavoring, additive, and preservatives. Carvacrol is also used as a fragrance in cosmetic products. A number of research studies have shown biological actions of carvacrol with its therapeutic potential is of clinical significance. The in vitro and in vivo studies have shown multiple pharmacological properties such as anticancer, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, vasorelaxant, hepatoprotective, and spasmolytic. This review highlights the various biological and pharmacological properties of carvacrol within the scope of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayate Javed
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Hayate Javed,
| | - Mohamed Fizur Nagoor Meeran
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, India
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Shreesh Ojha,
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