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Lee SH, Lee J, Oh J, Hwang JT, Lee HJ, Byun HK, Kim HJ, Suh D, Yoon HG, Park SW, Kang SM, Kwon C, Lee SH, Choi HK. Inhibition of TBL1 cleavage alleviates doxorubicin-induced cardiomyocytes death by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:1037-1050. [PMID: 38722811 PMCID: PMC11288742 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Doxorubicin (DOX) is a widely used anthracycline anticancer agent; however, its irreversible effects on the heart can result in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity (DICT) after cancer treatment. Unfortunately, the pathophysiology of DICT has not yet been fully elucidated, and there are no effective strategies for its prevention or treatment. In this investigation, the novel role of transducin beta-like protein 1 (TBL1) in developing and regulating DICT was explored. METHODS AND RESULTS We observed a reduction in TBL1 protein expression levels as well as cleavage events in the transplanted cardiac tissues of patients diagnosed with Dilated Cardiomyopathy and DICT. It was revealed that DOX selectively induces TBL1 cleavage at caspase-3 preferred sites-D125, D136, and D215. Interestingly, overexpression of the uncleaved TBL1 mutant (TBL1uclv) variant reduced apoptosis, effectively preventing DOX-induced cell death. We confirmed that cleaved TBL1 cannot form a complex with β-catenin. As a result, Wnt reporter activity and Wnt target gene expression collectively indicate a decrease in Wnt/β-catenin signalling, leading to DICT progression. Furthermore, the cleaved TBL1 triggered DOX-induced abnormal electrophysiological features and disrupted calcium homeostasis. However, these effects were improved in TBL1uclv-overexpressing human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Finally, in a DICT mouse model, TBL1uclv overexpression inhibited the DICT-induced reduction of cardiac contractility and collagen accumulation, ultimately protecting cardiomyocytes from cell death. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal that the inhibition of TBL1 cleavage not only mitigates apoptosis but also enhances cardiomyocyte function, even in the context of DOX administration. Consequently, this study's results suggest that inhibiting TBL1 cleavage may be a novel strategy to ameliorate DICT.
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MESH Headings
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/enzymology
- Wnt Signaling Pathway/drug effects
- Humans
- Animals
- Cardiotoxicity
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- beta Catenin/metabolism
- beta Catenin/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/metabolism
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/pathology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/chemically induced
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/enzymology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/physiopathology
- Male
- Transducin/metabolism
- Transducin/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/drug effects
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/enzymology
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/pathology
- Female
- Case-Control Studies
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Ho Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangho Lee
- Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Oh
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Taek Hwang
- Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Kyung Byun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong-Jin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - David Suh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ho-Geun Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Genetic Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sahng Wook Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Genetic Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Min Kang
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulan Kwon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Seung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Institute of Genetic Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Kyoung Choi
- Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
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2
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Lee J, Shin I. Nuclear Chloride Ion-Selective Fluorescent Probe and Its Biological Applications. ACS Sens 2024. [PMID: 39054598 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Owing to the biological significance of Cl- in cells, several chemical fluorescent probes and biosensors have been constructed to monitor this anion in the cytosol and subcellular organelles. However, a fluorescent probe for the selective detection of nuclear Cl- has not been described thus far. In the current study, we developed the first nuclear Cl--selective biosensor, Cl-YFP-NLS, whose fluorescence was effectively quenched by this anion, and demonstrated that it is an efficient and powerful tool for determining the levels of nuclear Cl-. The results of cell studies using Cl-YFP-NLS as the probe suggested that the level of Cl- in the nucleus is lower than that in the cytosol. In addition, Cl-YFP-NLS along with lysosomal (Lyso-MQAE) and mitochondrial Cl--selective fluorescent probes (Mito-MQAE) were utilized to determine the effects of various substances on the levels of Cl- in subcellular organelles. The results showed that lysosomotropic agents decrease the lysosomal Cl- concentration and increase the levels of mitochondrial and nuclear Cl-. Also, observations suggested that substances capable of inducing mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization without inducing lysosomal membrane permeabilization increase mitochondrial and nuclear Cl- concentrations but they do not affect the level of lysosomal Cl-. Moreover, a substance directly disrupting nuclear pore complexes increased the level of nuclear Cl- and did not change the levels of lysosomal and mitochondrial Cl-. Finally, nucleus-affecting substances that cause deoxyribonucleic acid damage and activate p53 and Bax increased the levels of mitochondrial and nuclear Cl- without influencing the level of lysosomal Cl-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongwon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Injae Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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3
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Suryavanshi P, Langton R, Fairhead K, Glykys J. Brief and diverse excitotoxic insults cause an increase in neuronal nuclear membrane permeability in the neonatal brain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.22.554167. [PMID: 37662276 PMCID: PMC10473591 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.22.554167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal swelling after excitotoxic insults is implicated in neuronal injury and death in the developing brain, yet mitigating brain edema with osmotic and surgical interventions yields poor clinical outcomes. Importantly, neuronal swelling and its downstream consequences during early brain development remain poorly investigated. Using multiphoton Ca2+ imaging in vivo (P12-17) and in acute brain slices (P8-12), we explored Ca2+-dependent downstream effects after neuronal cytotoxic edema. We observed the translocation of cytosolic GCaMP6s into the nucleus of a subpopulation of neurons minutes after various excitotoxic insults. We used automated morphology-detection algorithms for neuronal segmentation and quantified the nuclear translocation of GCaMP6s as the ratio of nuclear and cytosolic intensity (N/C ratio). Elevated neuronal N/C ratios were correlated to higher Ca2+ loads and could occur independently of neuronal swelling. Electron microscopy revealed that the nuclear translocation was associated with increased nuclear pore size. Inhibiting calpains prevented elevated N/C ratios and neuronal swelling. Thus, our results indicate altered nuclear transport in a subpopulation of neurons shortly after injury in the developing brain, which can be used as an early biomarker of acute neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Suryavanshi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - R Langton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - K Fairhead
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - J Glykys
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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4
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Keuenhof KS, Kohler V, Broeskamp F, Panagaki D, Speese SD, Büttner S, Höög JL. Nuclear envelope budding and its cellular functions. Nucleus 2023; 14:2178184. [PMID: 36814098 PMCID: PMC9980700 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2023.2178184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) has long been assumed to be the sole route across the nuclear envelope, and under normal homeostatic conditions it is indeed the main mechanism of nucleo-cytoplasmic transport. However, it has also been known that e.g. herpesviruses cross the nuclear envelope utilizing a pathway entitled nuclear egress or envelopment/de-envelopment. Despite this, a thread of observations suggests that mechanisms similar to viral egress may be transiently used also in healthy cells. It has since been proposed that mechanisms like nuclear envelope budding (NEB) can facilitate the transport of RNA granules, aggregated proteins, inner nuclear membrane proteins, and mis-assembled NPCs. Herein, we will summarize the known roles of NEB as a physiological and intrinsic cellular feature and highlight the many unanswered questions surrounding these intriguing nuclear events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Verena Kohler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Austria
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Filomena Broeskamp
- Department for Chemistry and Molecular biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dimitra Panagaki
- Department for Chemistry and Molecular biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sean D. Speese
- Knight Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, 2720 S Moody Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Sabrina Büttner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Johanna L. Höög
- Department for Chemistry and Molecular biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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5
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Soni S, Walton-Filipczak S, Nho RS, Tesfaigzi Y, Mebratu YA. Independent role of caspases and Bik in augmenting influenza A virus replication in airway epithelial cells and mice. Virol J 2023; 20:78. [PMID: 37095508 PMCID: PMC10127399 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02027-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspases and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) have been shown to promote influenza A virus (IAV) replication. However, the relative importance and molecular mechanisms of specific caspases and their downstream substrate PARP1 in regulating viral replication in airway epithelial cells (AECs) remains incompletely elucidated. Here, we targeted caspase 2, 3, 6, and PARP1 using specific inhibitors to compare their role in promoting IAV replication. Inhibition of each of these proteins caused significant decline in viral titer, although PARP1 inhibitor led to the most robust reduction of viral replication. We previously showed that the pro-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 interacting killer (Bik) promotes IAV replication in the AECs by activating caspase 3. In this study, we found that as compared with AECs from wild-type mice, bik-deficiency alone resulted in ~ 3 logs reduction in virus titer in the absence of treatment with the pan-caspase inhibitor (Q-VD-Oph). Inhibiting overall caspase activity using Q-VD-Oph caused additional decline in viral titer by ~ 1 log in bik-/- AECs. Similarly, mice treated with Q-VD-Oph were protected from IAV-induced lung inflammation and lethality. Inhibiting caspase activity diminished nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of viral nucleoprotein (NP) and cleavage of viral hemagglutinin and NP in human AECs. These findings suggest that caspases and PARP1 play major roles to independently promote IAV replication and that additional mechanism(s) independent of caspases and PARP1 may be involved in Bik-mediated IAV replication. Further, peptides or inhibitors that target and block multiple caspases or PARP1 may be effective treatment targets for influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Soni
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie Walton-Filipczak
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Richard S Nho
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yohannes Tesfaigzi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yohannes A Mebratu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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6
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Soni S, Mebratu YA. B-cell lymphoma-2 family proteins-activated proteases as potential therapeutic targets for influenza A virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2: Killing two birds with one stone? Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2411. [PMID: 36451345 PMCID: PMC9877712 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a global health emergency. There are many similarities between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus (IAV); both are single-stranded RNA viruses infecting airway epithelial cells and have similar modes of replication and transmission. Like IAVs, SARS-CoV-2 infections poses serious challenges due to the lack of effective therapeutic interventions, frequent appearances of new strains of the virus, and development of drug resistance. New approaches to control these infectious agents may stem from cellular factors or pathways that directly or indirectly interact with viral proteins to enhance or inhibit virus replication. One of the emerging concepts is that host cellular factors and pathways are required for maintaining viral genome integrity, which is essential for viral replication. Although IAVs have been studied for several years and many cellular proteins involved in their replication and pathogenesis have been identified, very little is known about how SARS-CoV-2 hijacks host cellular proteins to promote their replication. IAV induces apoptotic cell death, mediated by the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins in infected epithelia, and the pro-apoptotic members of this family promotes viral replication by activating host cell proteases. This review compares the life cycle and mode of replication of IAV and SARS-CoV-2 and examines the potential roles of host cellular proteins, belonging to the Bcl-2 family, in SARS-CoV-2 replication to provide future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Soni
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Yohannes A. Mebratu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
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7
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Gu S, Hou Y, Dovat K, Dovat S, Song C, Ge Z. Synergistic effect of HDAC inhibitor Chidamide with Cladribine on cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by targeting HDAC2/c-Myc/RCC1 axis in acute myeloid leukemia. Exp Hematol Oncol 2023; 12:23. [PMID: 36849955 PMCID: PMC9972767 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-023-00383-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More effective targeted therapy and new combination regimens are needed for Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), owing to the unsatisfactory long-term prognosis of the disease. Here, we investigated the synergistic effect and the mechanism of a histone deacetylase inhibitor, Chidamide in combination with Cladribine, a purine nucleoside antimetabolite analog in the disease. METHODS Cell counting kit-8 assays and Chou-Talalay's combination index were used to examine the synergistic effect of Chidamide and Cladribine on AML cell lines (U937, THP-1, and MV4-11) and primary AML cells. PI and Annexin-V/PI assays were used to detect the cell cycle effect and apoptosis effect, respectively. Global transcriptome analysis, RT-qPCR, c-MYC Knockdown, western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were employed to explore the molecule mechanisms. RESULTS The combination of Chidamide with Cladribine showed a significant increase in cell proliferation arrest, the G0/G1 phase arrest, and apoptosis compared to the single drug control in AML cell lines along with upregulated p21Waf1/Cip1 expression and downregulated CDK2/Cyclin E2 complex, and elevated cleaved caspase-9, caspase-3, and PARP. The combination significantly suppresses the c-MYC expression in AML cells, and c-MYC knockdown significantly increased the sensitivity of U937 cells to the combination compared to single drug control. Moreover, we observed HDAC2 interacts with c-Myc in AML cells, and we further identified that c-Myc binds to the promoter region of RCC1 that also could be suppressed by the combination through c-Myc-dependent. Consistently, a positive correlation of RCC1 with c-MYC was observed in the AML patient cohort. Also, RCC1 and HDAC2 high expression are associated with poor survival in AML patients. Finally, we also observed the combination significantly suppresses cell growth and induces the apoptosis of primary cells in AML patients with AML1-ETO fusion, c-KIT mutation, MLL-AF6 fusion, FLT3-ITD mutation, and in a CMML-BP patient with complex karyotype. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated the synergistic effect of Chidamide with Cladribine on cell growth arrest, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in AML and primary cells with genetic defects by targeting HDAC2/c-Myc/RCC1 signaling in AML. Our data provide experimental evidence for the undergoing clinical trial (Clinical Trial ID: NCT05330364) of Chidamide plus Cladribine as a new potential regimen in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Gu
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Institute of Hematology Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Street, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Yue Hou
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Institute of Hematology Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Street, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Katarina Dovat
- grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University Medical College, Hershey, 17033 USA
| | - Sinisa Dovat
- grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University Medical College, Hershey, 17033 USA
| | - Chunhua Song
- grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University Medical College, Hershey, 17033 USA ,grid.412332.50000 0001 1545 0811Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, The James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Zheng Ge
- Department of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Institute of Hematology Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Street, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Bioinformatics and Functional Analysis of a New Nuclear Localization Sequence of the Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192957. [PMID: 36230922 PMCID: PMC9563117 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses deliver their genome into the nucleus of infected cells for replication. This process is mediated by the viral nucleoprotein (NP), which contains two nuclear localization sequences (NLSs): NLS1 at the N-terminus and a recently identified NLS2 (212GRKTR216). Through mutagenesis and functional studies, we demonstrated that NP must have both NLSs for an efficient nuclear import. As with other NLSs, there may be variations in the basic residues of NLS2 in different strains of the virus, which may affect the nuclear import of the viral genome. Although all NLS2 variants fused to the GFP mediated nuclear import of GFP, bioinformatics showed that 98.8% of reported NP sequences contained either the wild-type sequence 212GRKTR216 or 212GRRTR216. Bioinformatics analyses used to study the presence of NLS2 variants in other viral and nuclear proteins resulted in very low hits, with only 0.4% of human nuclear proteins containing putative NLS2. From these, we studied the nucleolar protein 14 (NOP14) and found that NLS2 does not play a role in the nuclear import of this protein but in its nucleolar localization. We also discovered a functional NLS at the C-terminus of NOP14. Our findings indicate that NLS2 is a highly conserved influenza A NP sequence.
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Chovsepian A, Berchtold D, Winek K, Mamrak U, Ramírez Álvarez I, Dening Y, Golubczyk D, Weitbrecht L, Dames C, Aillery M, Fernandez‐Sanz C, Gajewski Z, Dieterich M, Janowski M, Falkai P, Walczak P, Plesnila N, Meisel A, Pan‐Montojo F. A Primeval Mechanism of Tolerance to Desiccation Based on Glycolic Acid Saves Neurons in Mammals from Ischemia by Reducing Intracellular Calcium-Mediated Excitotoxicity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103265. [PMID: 34904402 PMCID: PMC8811841 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Current treatments, such as pharmacological thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy, reopen occluded arteries but do not protect against ischemia-induced damage that occurs before reperfusion or neuronal damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion. It has been shown that disrupting the conversion of glyoxal to glycolic acid (GA) results in a decreased tolerance to anhydrobiosis in Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larva and that GA itself can rescue this phenotype. During the process of desiccation/rehydration, a metabolic stop/start similar to the one observed during ischemia/reperfusion occurs. In this study, the protective effect of GA is tested in different ischemia models, i.e., in commonly used stroke models in mice and swine. The results show that GA, given during reperfusion, strongly protects against ischemic damage and improves functional outcome. Evidence that GA exerts its effect by counteracting the glutamate-dependent increase in intracellular calcium during excitotoxicity is provided. These results suggest that GA treatment has the potential to reduce mortality and disability in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Chovsepian
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyLudwig‐Maximilian University HospitalNussbaumstrasse. 780336MunichGermany
| | - Daniel Berchtold
- Department of NeurologyNeuroCure Clinical Research CenterCenter for Stroke ResearchCharité University MedicineCharitéplatz 110117BerlinGermany
| | - Katarzyna Winek
- Department of NeurologyNeuroCure Clinical Research CenterCenter for Stroke ResearchCharité University MedicineCharitéplatz 110117BerlinGermany
- Present address:
Present address: Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain SciencesHebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem9190401Israel
| | - Uta Mamrak
- Laboratory of Experimental Stroke ResearchInstitute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD)University of Munich Medical CenterFeodor‐Lynen‐Strasse 1781377MunichGermany
| | - Inés Ramírez Álvarez
- Department of NeurologyLudwig‐Maximilian University HospitalMarchioninstrasse. 1581377MunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)Ludwig‐Maximilian University Munich81377MunichGermany
| | - Yanina Dening
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyLudwig‐Maximilian University HospitalNussbaumstrasse. 780336MunichGermany
- Department of NeurologyLudwig‐Maximilian University HospitalMarchioninstrasse. 1581377MunichGermany
| | | | - Luis Weitbrecht
- Department of NeurologyNeuroCure Clinical Research CenterCenter for Stroke ResearchCharité University MedicineCharitéplatz 110117BerlinGermany
| | - Claudia Dames
- Department of NeurologyNeuroCure Clinical Research CenterCenter for Stroke ResearchCharité University MedicineCharitéplatz 110117BerlinGermany
| | - Marine Aillery
- Department of NeurologyNeuroCure Clinical Research CenterCenter for Stroke ResearchCharité University MedicineCharitéplatz 110117BerlinGermany
- Present address:
Present address: SeppicÎle‐de‐FranceLa Garenne‐Colombes92250France
| | - Celia Fernandez‐Sanz
- Department of NeurologyLudwig‐Maximilian University HospitalMarchioninstrasse. 1581377MunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)Ludwig‐Maximilian University Munich81377MunichGermany
- Present address:
Present address: Center for Translational MedicineDepartment of MedicineThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPA19107USA
| | - Zdzislaw Gajewski
- Center for Translational MedicineWarsaw University of Life SciencesWarsaw02‐787Poland
| | - Marianne Dieterich
- Department of NeurologyLudwig‐Maximilian University HospitalMarchioninstrasse. 1581377MunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)Ludwig‐Maximilian University Munich81377MunichGermany
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- Program in Image Guided NeurointerventionsDepartment of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear MedicineUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMD21201USA
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyLudwig‐Maximilian University HospitalNussbaumstrasse. 780336MunichGermany
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Program in Image Guided NeurointerventionsDepartment of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear MedicineUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMD21201USA
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Laboratory of Experimental Stroke ResearchInstitute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD)University of Munich Medical CenterFeodor‐Lynen‐Strasse 1781377MunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)Ludwig‐Maximilian University Munich81377MunichGermany
| | - Andreas Meisel
- Department of NeurologyNeuroCure Clinical Research CenterCenter for Stroke ResearchCharité University MedicineCharitéplatz 110117BerlinGermany
| | - Francisco Pan‐Montojo
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyLudwig‐Maximilian University HospitalNussbaumstrasse. 780336MunichGermany
- Department of NeurologyLudwig‐Maximilian University HospitalMarchioninstrasse. 1581377MunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)Ludwig‐Maximilian University Munich81377MunichGermany
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Abu-Risha SE, Mousa MA, Elsisi AE. Protective role of irbesartan against cyclophosphamide-induced testicular damage in rats via up-regulating PPAR-γ signaling and ameliorating NF-κB/NLRP3/IL-18 inflammatory axis. Life Sci 2022; 289:120218. [PMID: 34890588 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer and its therapies can impact fertility in various ways, and therefore a growing number of cancer survivors face fertility as a significant concern. The cytotoxic alkylating agent cyclophosphamide (CP) is commonly used as an antineoplastic agent; unfortunately, its use is significantly associated with male infertility and damage to the reproductive system. AIM The present study aimed to assess the possible beneficial effects of Irbesartan (IRB) in a rat model of CP-induced testicular toxicity. MAIN METHODS The effects of treatment were assessed by measuring peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) expression via qRT-PCR, the immunohistochemical (IHC) assessment of apoptotic markers, NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), determination of the count and viability of epididymal sperm, oxidative stress markers via biochemical analysis, serum testosterone, caspase-1, and interleukin-18 (IL-18) levels via ELISA, histopathological assessment, and fibrosis by Masson's trichrome (MT) stain. KEY FINDINGS There was a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), caspase-1, and IL-18 contents, NF-κB, NLRP3, Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, and MT staining in testicular tissue after CP administration compared to the normal control group. Whereas reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), PPAR-γ expression, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) staining, serum testosterone, and the count and viability of epididymal sperm were decreased compared to the normal control group. The IRB treatment has reversed CP-induced testicular toxicity. SIGNIFICANCE It is possible to conclude that IRB revealed a significant testicular protective effect against CP via antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally E Abu-Risha
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mai A Mousa
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Alaa E Elsisi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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11
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Takahashi T, Kurebayashi Y, Suzuki T. Functional Analysis of Sulfatide in Influenza A Virus Infection and Replication. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2556:97-122. [PMID: 36175630 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2635-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
3-O-sulfation synthesizes sulfatide in the galactose moiety of galactosylceramide. Sulfatide is expressed in many organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, trachea, kidney, and central nervous system. Influenza A virus binds not only to glycoconjugates terminally containing sialic acid as a viral binding receptor but also to sulfatide not containing sialic acid. On the surface of infected cells, the envelope glycoprotein hemagglutinin of influenza A virus interacts with sulfatide. This interaction enhances the nuclear export of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes, resulting in efficient progeny viruses. Inhibiting this interaction would be a new potent anti-influenza drug that suppresses the progeny virus production in the infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanobu Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuuki Kurebayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
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12
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Coperchini F, Croce L, Pignatti P, Ricci G, Gangemi D, Magri F, Imbriani M, Rotondi M, Chiovato L. The new generation PFAS C6O4 does not produce adverse effects on thyroid cells in vitro. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:1625-1635. [PMID: 33315184 PMCID: PMC8285310 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01466-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl-substances (PFASs) are synthetic compounds that raised concern due to their potential adverse effects on human health. Long-chain PFAS were banned by government rules in many states, and thus, new emerging PFAS were recently introduced as substitutes. Among these, Perfluoro{acetic acid, 2-[(5-methoxy-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)oxy]}, ammonium salt (C6O4) was recently introduced to produce a range of food contact articles and literature data about this compound are scanty. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of exposure to C6O4, compared with PFOA and PFOS on thyroid cells. METHODS FRTL5 rat-thyroid cell lines and normal human thyroid cells (NHT) were incubated with increasing concentrations of C6O4 for 24, 48, 72, and 144 h to assess cell viability by WST-1. Cell viability was confirmed by AnnexinV/PI staining. Long-chain PFAS (PFOA and PFOS) were used at same concentrations as positive controls. The proliferation of cells exposed to C6O4, PFOA, and PFOS was measured by staining with crystal violet and evaluation of optical density after incubation with SDS. Changes in ROS production by FRTL5 and NHT after exposure to C6O4 at short (10, 20, and 30 min) and long-time points (24 h) were evaluated by cytofluorimetry. RESULTS C6O4 exposure did not modify FRTL5 and NHT cell viability at any concentration and/or time points with no induction of necrosis/apoptosis. At difference, PFOS exposure reduced cell viability of FRTL5 while and NHT, while PFOA only in FRTL5. FRTL5 and NHT cell proliferation was reduced by incubation with by PFOA and PFOS, but not with C6O4. ROS production by NHT and FRTL5 cells was not modified after C6O4 exposure, at any time/concentration tested. CONCLUSIONS The present in vitro study constitutes the first evaluation of the potential adverse effects of the new emerging PFAS C6O4 in cultured rat and human thyroid cells, suggesting its safety for thyroid cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Coperchini
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via S. Maugeri 4, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - L Croce
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via S. Maugeri 4, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- PHD Course in Experimental Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - P Pignatti
- Allergy and Immunology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - G Ricci
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via S. Maugeri 4, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - D Gangemi
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via S. Maugeri 4, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - F Magri
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via S. Maugeri 4, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - M Imbriani
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - M Rotondi
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via S. Maugeri 4, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - L Chiovato
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via S. Maugeri 4, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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13
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Harringer S, Wernitznig D, Gajic N, Diridl A, Wenisch D, Hejl M, Jakupec MA, Theiner S, Koellensperger G, Kandioller W, Keppler BK. Introducing N-, P-, and S-donor leaving groups: an investigation of the chemical and biological properties of ruthenium, rhodium and iridium thiopyridone piano stool complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 49:15693-15711. [PMID: 33135027 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03165h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of 15 piano-stool complexes featuring either a RuII, RhIII or IrIII metal center, a bidentate thiopyridone ligand, and different leaving groups was synthesized. The leaving groups were selected in order to cover a broad range of different donor atoms. Thus, 1-methylimidazole served as a N-donor, 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (pta) as a P-donor, and thiourea as a S-donor. Additionally, three complexes featuring different halido leaving groups (Cl, Br, I) were added. Leaving group alterations were carried out with respect to a possible influence on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters, as well as the cytotoxicity of the respective compounds. The complexes were characterized via NMR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (where possible), mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. Cytotoxicity was assessed in 2D cultures of human cancer cell lines by microculture and clonogenic assays as well as in multicellular tumor spheroids. Furthermore, cellular accumulation studies, flow-cytometric apoptosis and ROS assays, DNA plasmid assays, and laser ablation ICP-MS studies for analyzing the distribution in sections of multicellular tumor spheroids were conducted. This work demonstrates the importance of investigating each piano-stool complexes' properties, as the most promising candidates showed advantages over each other in certain tests/assays. Thus, it was not possible to single out one lead compound, but rather a group of complexes with enhanced cytotoxicity and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Harringer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Debora Wernitznig
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Natalie Gajic
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andreas Diridl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dominik Wenisch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michaela Hejl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael A Jakupec
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria. and Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Theiner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gunda Koellensperger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kandioller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria. and Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria. and Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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14
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Usnic Acid and Usnea barbata (L.) F.H. Wigg. Dry Extracts Promote Apoptosis and DNA Damage in Human Blood Cells through Enhancing ROS Levels. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081171. [PMID: 34439420 PMCID: PMC8388874 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, numerous biomedical studies performed on natural compounds and plant extracts aim to obtain highly selective pharmacological activities without unwanted toxic effects. In the big world of medicinal plants, Usnea barbata (L) F.H. Wigg (U. barbata) and usnic acid (UA) are well-known for their therapeutical properties. One of the most studied properties is their cytotoxicity on various tumor cells. This work aims to evaluate their cytotoxic potential on normal blood cells. Three dry U. barbata extracts in various solvents: ethyl acetate (UBEA), acetone (UBA), and ethanol (UBE) were prepared. From UBEA we isolated usnic acid with high purity by semipreparative chromatography. Then, UA, UBA, and UBE dissolved in 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and diluted in four concentrations were tested for their toxicity on human blood cells. The blood samples were collected from a healthy non-smoker donor; the obtained blood cell cultures were treated with the tested samples. After 24 h, the cytotoxic effect was analyzed through the mechanisms that can cause cell death: early and late apoptosis, caspase 3/7 activity, nuclear apoptosis, autophagy, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and DNA damage. Generally, the cytotoxic effect was directly proportional to the increase of concentrations, usnic acid inducing the most significant response. At high concentrations, usnic acid and U. barbata extracts induced apoptosis and DNA damage in human blood cells, increasing ROS levels. Our study reveals the importance of prior natural products toxicity evaluation on normal cells to anticipate their limits and benefits as potential anticancer drugs.
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15
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Abramyan J, Geetha-Loganathan P, Šulcová M, Buchtová M. Role of Cell Death in Cellular Processes During Odontogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671475. [PMID: 34222243 PMCID: PMC8250436 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a tooth germ in a precise size, shape, and position in the jaw, involves meticulous regulation of cell proliferation and cell death. Apoptosis, as the most common type of programmed cell death during embryonic development, plays a number of key roles during odontogenesis, ranging from the budding of the oral epithelium during tooth initiation, to later tooth germ morphogenesis and removal of enamel knot signaling center. Here, we summarize recent knowledge about the distribution and function of apoptotic cells during odontogenesis in several vertebrate lineages, with a special focus on amniotes (mammals and reptiles). We discuss the regulatory roles that apoptosis plays on various cellular processes during odontogenesis. We also review apoptosis-associated molecular signaling during tooth development, including its relationship with the autophagic pathway. Lastly, we cover apoptotic pathway disruption, and alterations in apoptotic cell distribution in transgenic mouse models. These studies foster a deeper understanding how apoptotic cells affect cellular processes during normal odontogenesis, and how they contribute to dental disorders, which could lead to new avenues of treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Abramyan
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan–Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, United States
| | | | - Marie Šulcová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Marcela Buchtová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
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16
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Montgomery ST, Stick SM, Kicic A. An adapted novel flow cytometry methodology to delineate types of cell death in airway epithelial cells. J Biol Methods 2020; 7:e139. [PMID: 33204742 PMCID: PMC7666329 DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2020.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Current methodologies to measure apoptotic and necrotic cell death using flow cytometry do not adequately differentiate between the two. Here, we describe a flow cytometry methodology adapted to airway epithelial cells (AEC) to sufficiently differentiate apoptotic and necrotic AEC. Specifically, cell lines and primary AEC (n = 12) were permeabilized or infected with rhinovirus 1b (RV1b) over 48 h. Cell death was then measured via annexin V/propidium iodide (A5/PI) or annexin V/TO-PRO-3 (A5/TP3) staining using a novel flow cytometry and gating methodology adapted to AEC. We show that A5/PI staining could not sufficiently differentiate between types of cell death following RV1b infection of primary AEC. However, A5/TP3 staining was able to distinguish six cell death populations (viable, necrotic, debris, A5+ apoptotic, A5– apoptotic, apoptotic bodies) after permeabilization or infection with RV1b, with phenotypic differences were observed in apoptotic populations. Collectively, using a staining and gating strategy never adapted to AEC, A5/TP3 could accurately differentiate and quantify viable, necrotic, and apoptotic AEC following RV1b infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Montgomery
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Stephen M Stick
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Western Australia 6102, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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17
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Cho UH, Hetzer MW. Nuclear Periphery Takes Center Stage: The Role of Nuclear Pore Complexes in Cell Identity and Aging. Neuron 2020; 106:899-911. [PMID: 32553207 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the nuclear pore complex (NPC) has emerged as a key player in genome regulation and cellular homeostasis. New discoveries have revealed that the NPC has multiple cellular functions besides mediating the molecular exchange between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. In this review, we discuss non-transport aspects of the NPC focusing on the NPC-genome interaction, the extreme longevity of the NPC proteins, and NPC dysfunction in age-related diseases. The examples summarized herein demonstrate that the NPC, which first evolved to enable the biochemical communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, now doubles as the gatekeeper of cellular identity and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ukrae H Cho
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Martin W Hetzer
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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18
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Kabiljo J, Laengle J, Bergmann M. From threat to cure: understanding of virus-induced cell death leads to highly immunogenic oncolytic influenza viruses. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:48. [PMID: 32542113 PMCID: PMC7288254 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-0284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses constitute an emerging strategy in immunomodulatory cancer treatment. The first oncolytic virus, Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), based on herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 2015. The field of oncolytic virotherapy is still in its beginnings, since many promising viruses remain only superficially explored. Influenza A virus causes a highly immunogenic acute infection but never leads to a chronic disease. While oncolytic influenza A viruses are in preclinical development, they have not made the transition into clinical practice yet. Recent insights into different types of cell death caused by influenza A virus infection illuminate novel possibilities of enhancing its therapeutic effect. Genetic engineering and experience in influenza A virus vaccine development allow safe application of the virus in patients. In this review we give a summary of efforts undertaken to develop oncolytic influenza A viruses. We discuss strategies for targeting viral replication to cancerous lesions and arming them with immunogenic transgenes. We furthermore describe which modes of cell death are induced by influenza A virus infection and how these insights may be utilized to optimize influenza A virus-based oncolytic virus design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julijan Kabiljo
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Laengle
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Bergmann
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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19
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Lindenboim L, Zohar H, Worman HJ, Stein R. The nuclear envelope: target and mediator of the apoptotic process. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:29. [PMID: 32351716 PMCID: PMC7184752 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-0256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is characterized by the destruction of essential cell organelles, including the cell nucleus. The nuclear envelope (NE) separates the nuclear interior from the cytosol. During apoptosis, the apoptotic machinery, in particular caspases, increases NE permeability by cleaving its proteins, such as those of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and the nuclear lamina. This in turns leads to passive diffusion of cytosolic apoptogenic proteins, such as caspases and nucleases, through NPCs into the nucleus and the subsequent breakdown of the NE and destruction of the nucleus. However, NE leakiness at early stages of the apoptotic process can also occur in a caspase-independent manner, where Bax, by a non-canonical action, promotes transient and repetitive localized generation and subsequent rupture of nuclear protein-filled nuclear bubbles. This NE rupture leads to discharge of apoptogenic nuclear proteins from the nucleus to the cytosol, a process that can contribute to the death process. Therefore, the NE may play a role as mediator of cell death at early stages of apoptosis. The NE can also serve as a platform for assembly of complexes that regulate the death process. Thus, the NE should be viewed as both a mediator of the cell death process and a target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liora Lindenboim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Hila Zohar
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Howard J. Worman
- Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Reuven Stein
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Ramat Aviv, Israel
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20
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Godwin WC, Hoffmann GF, Gray TJ, Hughes RM. Imaging of morphological and biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis with optimized optogenetic tools. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:16918-16929. [PMID: 31582560 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Creation of optogenetic switches for specific activation of cell death pathways can provide insights into apoptosis and could also form a basis for noninvasive, next-generation therapeutic strategies. Previous work has demonstrated that cryptochrome 2 (Cry2)/cryptochrome-interacting β helix-loop-helix (CIB), a blue light-activated protein-protein dimerization module from the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, together with BCL2-associated X apoptosis regulator (BAX), an outer mitochondrial membrane-targeting pro-apoptotic protein, can be used for light-mediated initiation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and downstream apoptosis. In this work, we further developed the original light-activated Cry2-BAX system (hereafter referred to as OptoBAX) by improving the photophysical properties and light-independent interactions of this optogenetic switch. The resulting optogenetic constructs significantly reduced the frequency of light exposure required for membrane permeabilization activation and also decreased dark-state cytotoxicity. We used OptoBAX in a series of experiments in Neuro-2a and HEK293T cells to measure the timing of the dramatic morphological and biochemical changes occurring in cells after light-induced MOMP. In these experiments, we used OptoBAX in tandem with fluorescent reporters to image key events in early apoptosis, including membrane inversion, caspase cleavage, and actin redistribution. We then used these data to construct a timeline of biochemical and morphological events in early apoptosis, demonstrating a direct link between MOMP-induced redistribution of actin and apoptosis progression. In summary, we created a next-generation Cry2/CIB-BAX system requiring less frequent light stimulation and established a timeline of critical apoptotic events, providing detailed insights into key steps in early apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walton C Godwin
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858
| | - George F Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858
| | - Taylor J Gray
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858
| | - Robert M Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858
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21
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Lee G, Kim J, Kim Y, Yoo S, Park JH. Identifying and monitoring neurons that undergo metamorphosis-regulated cell death (metamorphoptosis) by a neuron-specific caspase sensor (Casor) in Drosophila melanogaster. Apoptosis 2019; 23:41-53. [PMID: 29224041 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Activation of caspases is an essential step toward initiating apoptotic cell death. During metamorphosis of Drosophila melanogaster, many larval neurons are programmed for elimination to establish an adult central nervous system (CNS) as well as peripheral nervous system (PNS). However, their neuronal functions have remained mostly unknown due to the lack of proper tools to identify them. To obtain detailed information about the neurochemical phenotypes of the doomed larval neurons and their timing of death, we generated a new GFP-based caspase sensor (Casor) that is designed to change its subcellular position from the cell membrane to the nucleus following proteolytic cleavage by active caspases. Ectopic expression of Casor in vCrz and bursicon, two different peptidergic neuronal groups that had been well-characterized for their metamorphic programmed cell death, showed clear nuclear translocation of Casor in a caspase-dependent manner before their death. We found similar events in some cholinergic neurons from both CNS and PNS. Moreover, Casor also reported significant caspase activities in the ventral and dorsal common excitatory larval motoneurons shortly after puparium formation. These motoneurons were previously unknown for their apoptotic fate. Unlike the events seen in the neurons, expression of Casor in non-neuronal cell types, such as glial cells and S2 cells, resulted in the formation of cytoplasmic aggregates, preventing its use as a caspase sensor in these cell types. Nonetheless, our results support Casor as a valuable molecular tool not only for identifying novel groups of neurons that become caspase-active during metamorphosis but also for monitoring developmental timing and cytological changes within the dying neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyunghee Lee
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology and NeuroNet Research Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Jaeman Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Siuk Yoo
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae H Park
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology and NeuroNet Research Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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22
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Escobar ML, Echeverría OM, Valenzuela YM, Ortiz R, Torres-Ramírez N, Vázquez-Nin GH. Histochemical Study of the Emergence of Apoptosis and Altered SYCP3 Protein Distribution During the First Spermatogenic Wave in Wistar Rats. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:2082-2092. [PMID: 31168949 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a type of cell death responsible for maintaining tissue homeostasis that can occur in male gonads. The morphological and biochemical characteristics of apoptosis include cellular contraction, caspase activation, and DNA fragmentation. Dynamic processes of cell renewal and differentiation occur inside the seminiferous tubules, which are regulated by mitosis and meiosis, respectively. During meiosis, recombination is caused by assembly of the synaptonemal complex, which involves the participation of constitutive proteins, such as synaptonemal complex protein-3 (SYCP3). The present study evaluated germinal cell death in immature male rats and the distribution of the SYCP3 protein. Our results indicate that as germinal cells progress to the second meiotic stage, significant numbers of them are eliminated by apoptosis. We determined that the SYCP3 protein is not always incorporated into the structure of the synaptonemal complex but rather forms a nuclear cumulus near the inner nuclear membrane, causing many of these cells to undergo apoptosis. We propose that both the excess of the SYCP3 protein and its accumulation during the first meiotic division could contribute to the cell death of primary spermatocytes during the first spermatogenic wave in prepubertal Wistar rats. Anat Rec, 302:2082-2092, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L Escobar
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Olga M Echeverría
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Yunuen M Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Rosario Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Nayeli Torres-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Gerardo H Vázquez-Nin
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Mexico
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23
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Kubrak T, Czop M, Kołodziej P, Ziaja-Sołtys M, Bogucki J, Makuch-Kocka A, Aebisher D, Kocki J, Bogucka-Kocka A. The Effect of Furanocoumarin Derivatives on Induction of Apoptosis and Multidrug Resistance in Human Leukemic Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091824. [PMID: 31083598 PMCID: PMC6539621 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The insensitivity of cancer cells to therapeutic agents is considered to be the main cause of failure of therapy and mortality of patients with cancer. A particularly important problem in these patients is the phenomenon of multidrug resistance, consisting of abnormal, elevated expression of transport proteins (ABC family). The aim of this research included determination of IC50 values of selected furanocoumarins in the presence and absence of mitoxantrone in leukemia cells and analysis of changes in apoptosis using anexinV/IP and Casp3/IP after 24 h exposure of cell lines to selected coumarins in the presence and absence of mitoxantrone in IC50 concentrations. Methods: Research was conducted on 3 cell lines derived from the human hematopoietic system: HL-60, HL-60/MX1 and HL-60/MX2. After exposure to coumarin compounds, cells were subjected to cytometric analysis to determine the induction of apoptosis by two methods: the Annexin V test with propidium iodide and the PhiPhiLux-G1D2 reagent containing caspase 3 antibodies. Results: All of the furanocoumarin derivatives studied were found to induce apoptosis in leukemia cell lines. Conclusions: Our results clearly show that the furanocoumarin derivatives are therapeutic substances with antitumor activity inducing apoptosis in human leukemia cells with phenotypes of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kubrak
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Aleja Rejtana 16A, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Marcin Czop
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine with Dentistry Division, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Kołodziej
- Chair and Department of Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Pharmacy with Medical Analytics Division, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Marta Ziaja-Sołtys
- Chair and Department of Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Pharmacy with Medical Analytics Division, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Jacek Bogucki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine with Dentistry Division, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Makuch-Kocka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland.
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Aleja Rejtana 16A, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Janusz Kocki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine with Dentistry Division, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Bogucka-Kocka
- Chair and Department of Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Pharmacy with Medical Analytics Division, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland.
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24
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Chenodeoxycholic Acid from Bile Inhibits Influenza A Virus Replication via Blocking Nuclear Export of Viral Ribonucleoprotein Complexes. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123315. [PMID: 30558117 PMCID: PMC6321071 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is still a major global threat for humans, especially for the risk groups: young children and the elderly. The currently licensed antiviral drugs target viral factors and are prone to viral resistance. In recent years, a few endogenous small molecules from host, such as estradiol and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-derived lipid mediator protection D1 (PD1), were demonstrated to be capable of inhibiting IAV infection. Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), one of the main primary bile acids, is synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and classically functions in emulsification and absorption of dietary fats. Clinically, CDCA has been used in the treatment of patients with cholesterol gallstones for more than five decades. In this study, we showed that CDCA attenuated the replication of three subtypes of influenza A virus, including a highly pathogenic H5N1 strain, in A549 and MDCK cell cultures with IC50 ranging from 5.5 to 11.5 μM. Mechanistically, CDCA effectively restrained the nuclear export of viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complexes. In conclusion, as an endogenous physiological small molecule, CDCA can inhibit IAV replication in vitro, at least in part, by blocking vRNP nuclear export, and affords further studies for development as a potential antiviral agent against IAV infections.
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Abstract
The cleavage of nuclear proteins by caspases promotes nuclear breakdown and, therefore, plays a key role in apoptosis execution. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of these events remain unclear. To get more insights into the mechanisms of nuclear events during apoptosis we set up a rapid fractionation protocol for the separation of the cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions of cells undergoing cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Importantly, nuclear accumulation of effector caspase-3 as well as initiator caspase-2, -8 and -9 was observed using the developed protocol and immunofluorescence microscopy. The detection of caspases and their cleavage products in the nucleus occurred within the same time interval after cisplatin treatment and took place shortly before nuclear fragmentation. The entry of initiator caspases to the nucleus was independent of caspase-3. Given that all three initiator caspases had catalytic activity in the nuclei, our findings indicate that initiator caspases might participate in the proteolysis of nuclear components during apoptosis, promoting its disintegration and apoptotic cell death.
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26
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Kayacan S, Sener LT, Melikoglu G, Kultur S, Albeniz I, Ozturk M. Induction of apoptosis by Centaurea nerimaniae extract in HeLa and MDA-MB-231 cells by a caspase-3 pathway. Biotech Histochem 2018; 93:311-319. [DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1401662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Kayacan
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty
| | - LT Sener
- Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty
| | - G Melikoglu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmacy Faculty
| | - S Kultur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Pharmacy Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - I Albeniz
- Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty
| | - M Ozturk
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty
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27
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Kopeina GS, Prokhorova EA, Lavrik IN, Zhivotovsky B. Alterations in the nucleocytoplasmic transport in apoptosis: Caspases lead the way. Cell Prolif 2018; 51:e12467. [PMID: 29947118 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a mode of regulated cell death that is indispensable for the morphogenesis, development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms. Caspases are cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific proteases, which function as initiators and executors of apoptosis. Caspases are cytosolic proteins that can cleave substrates located in different intracellular compartments during apoptosis. Many years ago, the involvement of caspases in the regulation of nuclear changes, a hallmark of apoptosis, was documented. Accumulated data suggest that apoptosis-associated alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport are also linked to caspase activity. Here, we aim to discuss the current state of knowledge regarding this process. Particular attention will be focused on caspase nuclear entry and their functions in the demolition of the nucleus upon apoptotic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelina S Kopeina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Inna N Lavrik
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Svandova E, Vesela B, Tucker AS, Matalova E. Activation of Pro-apoptotic Caspases in Non-apoptotic Cells During Odontogenesis and Related Osteogenesis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:174. [PMID: 29563882 PMCID: PMC5845891 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspases are well known proteases in the context of inflammation and apoptosis. Recently, novel roles of pro-apoptotic caspases have been reported, including findings related to the development of hard tissues. To further investigate these emerging functions of pro-apoptotic caspases, the in vivo localisation of key pro-apoptotic caspases (-3,-6,-7,-8, and -9) was assessed, concentrating on the development of two neighbouring hard tissues, cells participating in odontogenesis (represented by the first mouse molar) and intramembranous osteogenesis (mandibular/alveolar bone). The expression of the different caspases within the developing tissues was correlated with the apoptotic status of the cells, to produce a picture of whether different caspases have potentially distinct, or overlapping non-apoptotic functions. The in vivo investigation was additionally supported by examination of caspases in an osteoblast-like cell line in vitro. Caspases-3,-7, and -9 were activated in apoptotic cells of the primary enamel knot of the first molar; however, caspase-7 and -8 activation was also associated with the non-apoptotic enamel epithelium at the same stage and later with differentiating/differentiated odontoblasts and ameloblasts. In the adjacent bone, active caspases-7 and -8 were present abundantly in the prenatal period, while the appearance of caspases-3,-6, and -9 was marginal. Perinatally, caspases-3 and -7 were evident in some osteoclasts and osteoblastic cells, and caspase-8 was abundant mostly in osteoclasts. In addition, postnatal activation of caspases-7 and -8 was retained in osteocytes. The results provide a comprehensive temporo-spatial pattern of pro-apoptotic caspase activation, and demonstrate both unique and overlapping activation in non-apoptotic cells during development of the molar tooth and mandibular/alveolar bone. The importance of caspases in osteogenic pathways is highlighted by caspase inhibition in osteoblast-like cells, which led to a significant decrease in osteocalcin expression, supporting a role in hard tissue cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Svandova
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Barbora Vesela
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Research, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Matalova
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
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29
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Liu YH, Huang QH, Wu X, Wu JZ, Liang JL, Lin GS, Xu LQ, Lai XP, Su ZR, Chen JN. Polydatin protects against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice via anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic activities. Food Funct 2018; 9:5891-5902. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01078a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polydatin protects against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.
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30
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Abstract
We aimed to compare the effect of three different permeating cryoprotectants on the post-thaw spermatozoa quality. Pooled semen from Oravka cock line (n = 6) was diluted in Kobidil+ extender and frozen in cryoprotectant solutions containing 8% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), 8% ethylene glycol (EG) or 8% glycerol (GL) in liquid nitrogen vapours before being plunged into the liquid nitrogen. Spermatozoa motility parameters were assessed in vitro after freezing-thawing by a computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) system and viability status was examined using fluorescent probes. The lower percentage (P < 0.05) of motile and progressively moving spermatozoa immediately after thawing were obtained in all experimental groups (DMSO, EG, GL) compared with the control. Significant (P < 0.05) differences in total motility and progressive movement between GL and DMSO, EG groups were observed. However, the higher number (P < 0.05) of acrosome damaged spermatozoa was found in the DMSO and EG groups and no significant differences were observed in the GL group compared with the control. Differences (P < 0.05) between experimental groups and the control in the results of spermatozoa necrosis were observed. No significant differences in the percentage of apoptotic spermatozoa were found between control and experimental groups. However, significant differences (P < 0.05) in number of live and necrotic spermatozoa between GL and DMSO, EG groups were examined. The findings of the present study indicate that glycerol seems to be suitable for semen cryopreservation in the gene banks. In addition, fertility evaluation in vivo is needed in order to evaluate the possible contribution for the bank of animal genetic resources.
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31
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Abraham M, Augustine D, Rao RS, Sowmya SV, Haragannavar VC, Nambiar S, Prasad K, Awan KH, Patil S. Naturally Available Extracts Inhibiting Cancer Progression: A Systematic Review. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2017; 22:870-878. [PMID: 29279018 PMCID: PMC5871319 DOI: 10.1177/2156587217744914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim. This systematic review is aimed at evaluating the literature on the efficacy of naturally available extracts that inhibit cancer. Methods. A literature search was performed to strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology analysis. Approximately 3000 research articles were initially selected. Of these articles, 200 were included, and 2800 were excluded. On further scrutiny, 150 of the 200 studies were reviews, seminars, and presentations, and 50 were original study articles. Among these articles, 20 studies were selected for the systematic review. Results. The predominant molecular pathways followed by natural extracts were nuclear factor kappa B ligand, suppression of the protein kinase B-Akt/P13K pathway (an intracellular signaling pathway important in regulating cell cycle), vascular endothelial growth factor downregulation, and tumor protein-P53 tumor suppressor upregulation. Conclusions. It is evident that natural extracts have the ability to inhibit cancer progression. Continued research in this field could facilitate the use of natural extracts with currently available anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Abraham
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Dominic Augustine
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Roopa S Rao
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - S V Sowmya
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vanishri C Haragannavar
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shwetha Nambiar
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Kavitha Prasad
- 2 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Kamran Habib Awan
- 3 College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah, USA
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- 4 Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Science, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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32
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Gu YP, Yang XM, Duan ZH, Luo P, Shang JH, Xiao W, Tao YX, Zhang DY, Zhang YB, Liu HZ. Inhibition of chemotherapy-induced apoptosis of testicular cells by squid ink polysaccharide. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:5889-5895. [PMID: 29285137 PMCID: PMC5740781 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms driving the protective effects of squid ink polysaccharide (SIP) against cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced testicular damage, focusing on germ cells. In the testes of mice exposed to CP and/or SIP, the present study examined the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde, activity of superoxide dismutase levels, protein expression levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax), and total Caspase 3, activation of p-p38 and p-Akt proteins, and tissue morphology. The findings indicated that CP induced ROS production and oxidative stress, resulting in testicular damage. However, under administration of SIP, oxidative stress was impaired and the testicular toxicity induced by CP was weakened, which implied that SIP may have an important role in preventing chemotherapeutic damage to the male reproductive system via promoting antioxidant ability. Furthermore, the altered expression levels, including the upregulation of Bax and Caspase 3, downregulation of Bcl-2 and the increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, indicated that apoptosis occurred in CP exposed testes of mice; however, the alterations were reversed in mice treated with SIP. Moreover, in CP-exposed testes, p38 and Akt proteins were significantly phosphorylated (P<0.05), whereas in the testes of mice co-treated with SIP and CP, phosphorylation of the two proteins was inhibited, demonstrating that the two signalling pathways participated in the regulative processes of the deleterious effects caused by CP, and the preventive effects SIP mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Peng Gu
- Institute of Food Research, Hezhou University, Hezhou, Guangxi 542899, P.R. China.,Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Yang
- Institute of Food Research, Hezhou University, Hezhou, Guangxi 542899, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Hua Duan
- Institute of Food Research, Hezhou University, Hezhou, Guangxi 542899, P.R. China
| | - Ping Luo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, P.R. China
| | - Jiang-Hua Shang
- Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, P.R. China
| | - Ye-Xing Tao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, P.R. China
| | - Da-Yan Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Bo Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Zhong Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, P.R. China
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Wu W, Sankhala RS, Florio TJ, Zhou L, Nguyen NLT, Lokareddy RK, Cingolani G, Panté N. Synergy of two low-affinity NLSs determines the high avidity of influenza A virus nucleoprotein NP for human importin α isoforms. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11381. [PMID: 28900157 PMCID: PMC5595889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP) is an essential multifunctional protein that encapsidates the viral genome and functions as an adapter between the virus and the host cell machinery. NPs from all strains of influenza A viruses contain two nuclear localization signals (NLSs): a well-studied monopartite NLS1 and a less-characterized NLS2, thought to be bipartite. Through site-directed mutagenesis and functional analysis, we found that NLS2 is also monopartite and is indispensable for viral infection. Atomic structures of importin α bound to two variants of NLS2 revealed NLS2 primarily binds the major-NLS binding site of importin α, unlike NLS1 that associates with the minor NLS-pocket. Though peptides corresponding to NLS1 and NLS2 bind weakly to importin α, the two NLSs synergize in the context of the full length NP to confer high avidity for importin α7, explaining why the virus efficiently replicates in the respiratory tract that exhibits high levels of this isoform. This study, the first to functionally characterize NLS2, demonstrates NLS2 plays an important and unexpected role in influenza A virus infection. We propose NLS1 and NLS2 form a bipartite NLS in trans, which ensures high avidity for importin α7 while preventing non-specific binding to viral RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Rajeshwer S Sankhala
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Tyler J Florio
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Lixin Zhou
- University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Nhan L T Nguyen
- University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Ravi K Lokareddy
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Gino Cingolani
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA. .,Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Nelly Panté
- University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z4, Canada.
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34
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Shahin V. Strategic disruption of nuclear pores structure, integrity and barrier for nuclear apoptosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 68:85-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mebratu YA, Tipper J, Chand HS, Walton S, Harrod KS, Tesfaigzi Y. Bik Mediates Caspase-Dependent Cleavage of Viral Proteins to Promote Influenza A Virus Infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 54:664-73. [PMID: 26437021 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0133oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus induces apoptosis in infected cells to promote viral replication by manipulating the host cell death signaling pathway. Although some Bcl-2 family proteins play a role in the replication of influenza A virus (IAV), the role of cell death pathways in the viral replication cycle is unclear. We investigated whether deficiency of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family protein, Bik, plays a role in IAV replication. IAV replication was attenuated in mouse airway epithelial cells (MAECs) from bik(-/-) compared with bik(+/+) mice, as indicated by reduced viral titers. Bik(-/-) MAECs showed more stable transepithelial resistance after infection than did bik(+/+) MAECs, were less sensitive to infection-induced cell death, and released fewer copies of viral RNA. Similar results were obtained when Bik expression was suppressed in human airway epithelial cells (HAECs). Bik(+/+) mice lost weight drastically and died within 8 days of infection, whereas 75% of bik(-/-) mice survived infection for 14 days and were 10-fold less likely to die from infection compared with bik(+/+) mice. IAV infection activated caspase 3 in bik(+/+) but not in bik(-/-) MAECs. Cleavage of viral nucleoprotein and M2 proteins were inhibited in bik(-/-) MAECs and when caspase activation was inhibited in HAECs. Furthermore, Bik deficiency impaired cytoplasmic export of viral ribonucleoprotein. These studies suggest a link between Bik-mediated caspase activation and cleavage of viral proteins. Thus, inhibition of proapoptotic host factors such as Bik and downstream mediators of cell death may represent a novel approach to influenza treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes A Mebratu
- 1 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Jennifer Tipper
- 2 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Hitendra S Chand
- 1 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Stephanie Walton
- 1 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Kevin S Harrod
- 2 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Yohannes Tesfaigzi
- 1 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Forcina GC, Conlon M, Wells A, Cao JY, Dixon SJ. Systematic Quantification of Population Cell Death Kinetics in Mammalian Cells. Cell Syst 2017; 4:600-610.e6. [PMID: 28601558 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic compounds are important drugs and research tools. Here, we introduce a method, scalable time-lapse analysis of cell death kinetics (STACK), to quantify the kinetics of compound-induced cell death in mammalian cells at the population level. STACK uses live and dead cell markers, high-throughput time-lapse imaging, and mathematical modeling to determine the kinetics of population cell death over time. We used STACK to profile the effects of over 1,800 bioactive compounds on cell death in two human cancer cell lines, resulting in a large and freely available dataset. 79 potent lethal compounds common to both cell lines caused cell death with widely divergent kinetics. 13 compounds triggered cell death within hours, including the metallophore zinc pyrithione. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that this rapid onset lethal phenotype was caused in human cancer cells by metabolic disruption and ATP depletion. These results provide the first comprehensive survey of cell death kinetics and analysis of rapid-onset lethal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni C Forcina
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Room 104, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Megan Conlon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Room 104, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alex Wells
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Room 104, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer Yinuo Cao
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Room 104, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Scott J Dixon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Room 104, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Wobst HJ, Delsing L, Brandon NJ, Moss SJ. Truncation of the TAR DNA-binding protein 43 is not a prerequisite for cytoplasmic relocalization, and is suppressed by caspase inhibition and by introduction of the A90V sequence variant. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177181. [PMID: 28510586 PMCID: PMC5433705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA-binding and -processing protein TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is heavily linked to the underlying causes and pathology of neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. In these diseases, TDP-43 is mislocalized, hyperphosphorylated, ubiquitinated, aggregated and cleaved. The importance of TDP-43 cleavage in the disease pathogenesis is still poorly understood. Here we detail the use of D-sorbitol as an exogenous stressor that causes TDP-43 cleavage in HeLa cells, resulting in a 35 kDa truncated product that accumulates in the cytoplasm within one hour of treatment. We confirm that the formation of this 35 kDa cleavage product is mediated by the activation of caspases. Inhibition of caspases blocks the cleavage of TDP-43, but does not prevent the accumulation of full-length protein in the cytoplasm. Using D-sorbitol as a stressor and caspase activator, we also demonstrate that the A90V variant of TDP-43, which lies adjacent to the caspase cleavage site within the nuclear localization sequence of TDP-43, confers partial resistance against caspase-mediated generation of the 35 kDa cleavage product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike J. Wobst
- AstraZeneca-Tufts Laboratory for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Louise Delsing
- AstraZeneca-Tufts Laboratory for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States of America
- AstraZeneca, Discovery Science, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J. Brandon
- AstraZeneca-Tufts Laboratory for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States of America
- AstraZeneca, Neuroscience, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, Waltham, MA, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Moss
- AstraZeneca-Tufts Laboratory for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Duclos C, Lavoie C, Denault JB. Caspases rule the intracellular trafficking cartel. FEBS J 2017; 284:1394-1420. [PMID: 28371378 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During apoptosis, caspases feast on several hundreds of cellular proteins to orchestrate rapid cellular demise. Indeed, caspases are known to get a taste of every cellular process in one way or another, activating some, but most often shutting them down. Thus, it is not surprising that caspases proteolyze proteins involved in intracellular trafficking with particularly devastating consequences for this important process. This review article focuses on how caspases target the machinery responsible for smuggling goods within and outside the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Duclos
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Christine Lavoie
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Bernard Denault
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Priya A, Kaur K, Bhattacharyya S, Chakraborti A, Ghosh S. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in cultured human intestinal epithelial cells. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:217-225. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Priya
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Kiranjeet Kaur
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Shalmoli Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biophysics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Anuradha Chakraborti
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Sujata Ghosh
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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Shi D, Shi H, Sun D, Chen J, Zhang X, Wang X, Zhang J, Ji Z, Liu J, Cao L, Zhu X, Yuan J, Dong H, Wang X, Chang T, Liu Y, Feng L. Nucleocapsid Interacts with NPM1 and Protects it from Proteolytic Cleavage, Enhancing Cell Survival, and is Involved in PEDV Growth. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39700. [PMID: 28045037 PMCID: PMC5206633 DOI: 10.1038/srep39700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells, but its nucleocapsid (N) protein localizes specifically to the nucleolus. The mechanism of nuclear translocation, and whether N protein associates with particular nucleolar components, is unknown. In this study, we confirm that a nucleolar phosphoprotein nucleophosmin (NPM1) interacts and co-localizes with the N protein in the nucleolus. In vitro binding studies indicated that aa 148–294 of N and aa 118–188 of NPM1 were required for binding. Interestingly, N protein importation into the nucleolus is independent of the ability of NPM1 to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Furthermore, overexpression of NPM1 promoted PEDV growth, while knockdown of NPM1 suppressed PEDV growth. In addition, binding of N protein to NPM1 protects it from proteolytic degradation by caspase-3, leading to increased cell survival. Taken together, our studies demonstrate a specific interaction of the N protein with the host cell protein NPM1 in the nucleolus. The results suggest potential linkages among viral strategies for the regulation of cell survival activities, possibly through an interaction of N protein with NPM1 which prevents its proteolytic cleavage and enhances cell survival, thus ultimately promoting the replication of PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Dongbo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 2 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Jialin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyang Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Liyan Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Hui Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Tiecheng Chang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Ye Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Li Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
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5-Flurouracil disrupts nuclear export and nuclear pore permeability in a calcium dependent manner. Apoptosis 2016; 22:393-405. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Chen J, Duan M, Zhao Y, Ling F, Xiao K, Li Q, Li B, Lu C, Qi W, Zeng Z, Liao M, Liu Y, Chen W. Saikosaponin A inhibits influenza A virus replication and lung immunopathology. Oncotarget 2016; 6:42541-56. [PMID: 26637810 PMCID: PMC4767451 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatal influenza outcomes result from a combination of rapid virus replication and collateral lung tissue damage caused by exaggerated pro-inflammatory host immune cell responses. There are few therapeutic agents that target both biological processes for the attenuation of influenza-induced lung pathology. We show that Saikosaponin A, a bioactive triterpene saponin with previouslyestablished anti-inflammatory effects, demonstrates both in vitro and in vivo anti-viral activity against influenza A virus infections. Saikosaponin A attenuated the replication of three different influenza A virus strains, including a highly pathogenic H5N1 strain, in human alveolar epithelial A549 cells. This anti-viral activity occurred through both downregulation of NF-κB signaling and caspase 3-dependent virus ribonucleoprotein nuclear export as demonstrated by NF-κB subunit p65 and influenza virus nucleoprotein nuclear translocation studies in influenza virus infected A549 cells. Critically, Saikosaponin A also attenuated viral replication, aberrant pro-inflammatory cytokine production and lung histopathology in the widely established H1N1 PR8 model of influenza A virus lethality in C57BL/6 mice. Flow cytometry studies of mouse bronchoalveolar lavage cells revealed that SSa exerted immunomodulatory effects through a selective attenuation of lung neutrophil and monocyte recruitment during the early peak of the innate immune response to PR8 infection. Altogether, our results indicate that Saikosaponin A possesses novel therapeutic potential for the treatment of pathological influenza virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mubing Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yaqin Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Present address: Xinjiang Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Ethnic Materia Medica, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Fangfang Ling
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunni Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wenbao Qi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yahong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weisan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Teshima THN, Ianez RCF, Coutinho-Camillo CM, Tucker AS, Lourenço SV. Apoptosis-associated protein expression in human salivary gland morphogenesis. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 69:71-81. [PMID: 27270224 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Salivary gland (SG) development is based on branching morphogenesis, in which programmed cell death has been proposed to play a role in cell signalling and organ shaping. In the mouse salivary gland apoptosis has been suggested to play a key role in lumen formation, removing the central cells of the epithelial stalks. Here we analyse the expression of several anti- and pro-regulators of apoptosis during human SG development in a range of developmental stages. DESIGN Foetal SGs obtained from the University of São Paulo were analysed by immunohistochemistry to assess the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins: caspases (caspase-6, -7, -9 and cleaved caspase-3), Bcl-2 family members (Bax, Bak, Bad, Bid, Bcl-2, Bcl-x and Bcl-xL), Survivin (BIRC5), Cytochrome C and Apaf-1. RESULTS Nuclear expression of Bax and Bak was identified in presumptive luminal areas at initial stages, while Bcl-xL showed the most relevant anti-apoptotic activity. Caspase-6, -7 and -9 were expressed during all stages, while interestingly cleaved caspase-3 showed no prominent expression, indicating that caspase-7 is the main effector. Apoptosome complex components Apaf-1 and Cytochrome C, as well as survivin were all positive in developing glands. CONCLUSIONS The particular expression pattern of several apoptotic regulators in human SG development suggests the existence of a fundamental role for apoptosis during duct formation. The absence of Bad and Bid expressions indicates that the instrinsic pathway is more active then the extrinsic during human gland formation. The subcellular localisation of intrinsic-apoptosis proteins correlated with apoptotic activity, but also suggested additional non-apoptotic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tathyane H N Teshima
- Department of Stomatology, Dental School, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Av Professor Lineu Prestes, 2227, Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Renata C F Ianez
- Department of Pathology, A.C. Camargo Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil R. Taguá, 400, Liberdade, 01508-010 São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Brazil.
| | - Claudia M Coutinho-Camillo
- Department of Pathology, A.C. Camargo Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil R. Taguá, 400, Liberdade, 01508-010 São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Brazil.
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, UK Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, SE1 9RT London, United Kingdom, United Kingdom.
| | - Silvia V Lourenço
- Department of Stomatology, Dental School, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Av Professor Lineu Prestes, 2227, Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Pathology, A.C. Camargo Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil R. Taguá, 400, Liberdade, 01508-010 São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Brazil.
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Islam A, Rodrigues BL, Marzano IM, Perreira-Maia EC, Dittz D, Paz Lopes MT, Ishfaq M, Frézard F, Demicheli C. Cytotoxicity and apoptotic activity of novel organobismuth(V) and organoantimony(V) complexes in different cancer cell lines. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 109:254-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Abstract
The number of investigators using cell death analysis applications has greatly expanded since the introduction of flow cytometry. The Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) method is among the most commonly used procedures and allows users to determine if cells are viable, apoptotic, or necrotic, based on changes in membrane lipid composition, integrity, and permeability. Unfortunately, PI can intercalate into RNA, in addition to DNA, which contributes to a large number of events showing PI staining within the cytoplasmic compartment. We show that this occurs across a broad range of animal primary cells and commonly used cell lines, and is most prevalent in large cells (nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio <0.5). Any cellular system where RNA levels change throughout an experiment will be particularly affected, such as those that utilize virally infected cells. As two examples, we highlight our recent work on cells infected with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), an RNA virus, and herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), a DNA virus. Similarly, these issues are relevant to experimental systems where cells have increased RNA content such as during genotoxic stress, following exposure to cell cycle arrest drugs such as thymidine or hydroxyurea, or where developmental progression promotes discrete changes in cellular RNA synthesis. This chapter outlines a modified Annexin V/PI method that addresses cytoplasmic RNA staining issues to allow for accurate assessment of cell death. This protocol takes advantage of an additional cellular permeability caused by fixation to promote RNase A entry into the cell. Based on our observations, cell morphological parameters are well maintained and less than 5 % of total cellular events exhibit cytoplasmic PI staining under this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aja M Rieger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel R Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Changes in Levels of Seminal Nitric Oxide Synthase, Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor, Sperm DNA Integrity and Caspase-3 in Fertile Men after Scrotal Heat Stress. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141320. [PMID: 26512992 PMCID: PMC4626044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study observes changes in levels of seminal nitric oxide (NO), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), sperm DNA integrity, chromatin condensation and Caspase-3in adult healthy men after scrotal heat stress (SHS). Methods Exposure of the scrotum of 25 healthy male volunteers locally at 40–43°C SHS belt warming 40 min each day for successive 2 d per week. The course of SHS was continuously 3 months. Routine semen analysis, hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) test, Aniline blue (AB) staining, HOS/AB and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated d UDP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) were carried out before, during and after SHS. Seminal NO and NOS contents were determined by nitrate reduction method. The activated Caspase-3 levels of spermatozoa and MIF in seminal plasma were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Statistical significance between mean values was determined using statistical ANOVA tests. Results The mean parameters of sperm concentration, motile and progressive motile sperm and normal morphological sperm were significantly decreased in groups during SHS 1, 2 and 3 months compared with those in groups of pre-SHS (P<0.001). Statistically significant differences of sperm DNA fragmentation, normal sperm membrane, and Caspase-3 activity as well as the level of NO, NOS and MIF in semen were observed between the groups before SHS and after SHS 3 months and the groups during SHS 1, 2 and 3 months (P<0.001). After three months of the SHS, various parameters recovered to the level before SHS. WBC in semen showed a positively significant correlation with the levels of NO, NOS, MIF and Caspase-3 activity. The percentage of abnormal sperm by using the test of HOS showed a positively significant correlation with that of HOS/AB. Conclusions The continuously constant SHS can impact the semen quality and sperm DNA and chromatin, which may be contributed to the high level of NO, NOS, MIF and Caspase-3 by SHS.
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Flather D, Semler BL. Picornaviruses and nuclear functions: targeting a cellular compartment distinct from the replication site of a positive-strand RNA virus. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:594. [PMID: 26150805 PMCID: PMC4471892 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The compartmentalization of DNA replication and gene transcription in the nucleus and protein production in the cytoplasm is a defining feature of eukaryotic cells. The nucleus functions to maintain the integrity of the nuclear genome of the cell and to control gene expression based on intracellular and environmental signals received through the cytoplasm. The spatial separation of the major processes that lead to the expression of protein-coding genes establishes the necessity of a transport network to allow biomolecules to translocate between these two regions of the cell. The nucleocytoplasmic transport network is therefore essential for regulating normal cellular functioning. The Picornaviridae virus family is one of many viral families that disrupt the nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of cells to promote viral replication. Picornaviruses contain positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genomes and replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells. As a result of the limited coding capacity of these viruses, cellular proteins are required by these intracellular parasites for both translation and genomic RNA replication. Being of messenger RNA polarity, a picornavirus genome can immediately be translated upon entering the cell cytoplasm. However, the replication of viral RNA requires the activity of RNA-binding proteins, many of which function in host gene expression, and are consequently localized to the nucleus. As a result, picornaviruses disrupt nucleocytoplasmic trafficking to exploit protein functions normally localized to a different cellular compartment from which they translate their genome to facilitate efficient replication. Furthermore, picornavirus proteins are also known to enter the nucleus of infected cells to limit host-cell transcription and down-regulate innate antiviral responses. The interactions of picornavirus proteins and host-cell nuclei are extensive, required for a productive infection, and are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Flather
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Center for Virus Research, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Bert L Semler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Center for Virus Research, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA, USA
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Scrotal heat stress causes sperm chromatin damage and cysteinyl aspartate-spicific proteinases 3 changes in fertile men. J Assist Reprod Genet 2015; 32:747-55. [PMID: 25702164 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-015-0451-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To observe changes in semen parameters, sperm DNA integrity, chromatin condensation and cysteinyl aspartate-spicific proteinases (Caspase-3) in adult healthy men after scrotal heat stress (SHS). METHODS The scrotums of 19 healthy male volunteers were exposed to the condition of 40-43 °C SHS belt warming 40 min each day for successive 2 days per week. The course of SHS was continuously 3 months. Routine semen analysis, hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) test, eosin Y (EY) staining sperm HOS and chromatin dispersion (HOS/SCD) test, HOS and aniline blue (HOS/AB) staining test were carried out before, during and after SHS. The activated Caspase 3 levels of spermatozoa were determined with a microtiter plate reader. RESULTS The mean parameters of sperm concentration, motility and normal morphological sperm were significantly decreased in groups with sperm being collected during SHS 1, 2 and 3 months when compared with those in groups of pre-SHS (P < 0.01). Statistically significant differences of sperm DNA fragmentation, normal sperm membrane and vitality, and Caspase-3 activity were observed between the groups of before SHS and after SHS 3 months and the groups of during SHS 1, 2 and 3 months (P < 0.001). Three months the SHS stopped, various parameters recovered to the level before SHS. Abnormal sperm with HOS/AB and HOS/SCD showed a negatively significant correlation with normal sperm by HOS/EY test, and WBC in semen showed a positively significant correlation with Caspase-3 activity. The percentage of abnormal sperm by using the test of HOS/SCD showed a positively significant correlation with that of HOS/AB. CONCLUSIONS The continuously constant SHS can impact the semen quality, sperm DNA integrity, chromatin condensation and Caspase-3, and the combination of HOS plus AB test may simultaneously determine the integrity of membrane and chromatin condensation at the same spermatozoon.
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Nandi N, Tyra LK, Stenesen D, Krämer H. Acinus integrates AKT1 and subapoptotic caspase activities to regulate basal autophagy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 207:253-68. [PMID: 25332163 PMCID: PMC4210446 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201404028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
How cellular stresses up-regulate autophagy is not fully understood. One potential regulator is the Drosophila melanogaster protein Acinus (Acn), which is necessary for autophagy induction and triggers excess autophagy when overexpressed. We show that cell type-specific regulation of Acn depends on proteolysis by the caspase Dcp-1. Basal Dcp-1 activity in developing photoreceptors is sufficient for this cleavage without a need for apoptosis to elevate caspase activity. On the other hand, Acn was stabilized by loss of Dcp-1 function or by the presence of a mutation in Acn that eliminates its conserved caspase cleavage site. Acn stability also was regulated by AKT1-mediated phosphorylation. Flies that expressed stabilized forms of Acn, either the phosphomimetic Acn(S641,731D) or the caspase-resistant Acn(D527A), exhibited enhanced basal autophagy. Physiologically, these flies showed improvements in processes known to be autophagy dependent, including increased starvation resistance, reduced Huntingtin-induced neurodegeneration, and prolonged life span. These data indicate that AKT1 and caspase-dependent regulation of Acn stability adjusts basal autophagy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Nandi
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Lauren K Tyra
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Drew Stenesen
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Helmut Krämer
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 Department of Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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Ludwig S, Zell R, Schwemmle M, Herold S. Influenza, a One Health paradigm--novel therapeutic strategies to fight a zoonotic pathogen with pandemic potential. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:894-901. [PMID: 25220817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus is a paradigm for a pathogen that frequently crosses the species barrier from animals to humans, causing severe disease in the human population. This ranges from frequent epidemics to occasional pandemic outbreaks with millions of death. All previous pandemics in humans were caused by animal viruses or virus reassortants carrying animal virus genes, underlining that the fight against influenza requires a One Health approach integrating human and veterinary medicine. Furthermore, the fundamental question of what enables a flu pathogen to jump from animals to humans can only be tackled in a transdisciplinary approach between virologists, immunologists and cell biologists. To address this need the German FluResearchNet was established as a first nationwide influenza research network that virtually integrates all national expertise in the field of influenza to unravel viral and host determinants of pathogenicity and species transmission and to explore novel avenues of antiviral intervention. Here we focus on the various novel anti-flu approaches that were developed as part of the FluResearchNet activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Virology (IMV), Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Roland Zell
- Department of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans Knoell Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Universities Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Department of Internal Medicine II, Section of Infectious Diseases, Klinikstr. 33, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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