1
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Shi J. Early 2-Factor Transcription Factors Associated with Progression and Recurrence in Bevacizumab-Responsive Subtypes of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2536. [PMID: 39061176 PMCID: PMC11275000 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16142536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The early 2-factor (E2F) family of transcription factors, including E2F1 through 8, plays a critical role in apoptosis, metabolism, proliferation, and angiogenesis within glioblastoma (GBM). However, the specific functions of E2F transcription factors (E2Fs) and their impact on the malignancy of Bevacizumab (BVZ)-responsive GBM subtypes remain unclear. This study used data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA), European Molecular Biology Laboratory's European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to explore the impact of eight E2F family members on the clinical characteristics of BVZ-responsive GBM subtypes and possible mechanisms of recurrence after BVZ treatment. Using machine learning algorithms, including TreeBagger and deep neural networks, we systematically predicted and validated GBM patient survival terms based on the expression profiles of E2Fs across BVZ-responsive GBM subtypes. Our bioinformatics analyses suggested that a significant increase in E2F8 post-BVZ treatment may enhance the function of angiogenesis and stem cell proliferation, implicating this factor as a candidate mechanism of GBM recurrence after treatment. In addition, BVZ treatment in unresponsive GBM patients may potentially worsen disease progression. These insights underscore that E2F family members play important roles in GBM malignancy and BVZ treatment response, highlighting their potential as prognostic biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and recommending precision BVZ treatment to individual GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shi
- Department of Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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2
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Akhter MZ, Yazbeck P, Tauseef M, Anwar M, Hossen F, Datta S, Vellingiri V, Chandra Joshi J, Toth PT, Srivastava N, Lenzini S, Zhou G, Lee J, Jain MK, Shin JW, Mehta D. FAK regulates tension transmission to the nucleus and endothelial transcriptome independent of kinase activity. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114297. [PMID: 38824643 PMCID: PMC11262709 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanical environment generated through the adhesive interaction of endothelial cells (ECs) with the matrix controls nuclear tension, preventing aberrant gene synthesis and the transition from restrictive to leaky endothelium, a hallmark of acute lung injury (ALI). However, the mechanisms controlling tension transmission to the nucleus and EC-restrictive fate remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that, in a kinase-independent manner, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) safeguards tension transmission to the nucleus to maintain EC-restrictive fate. In FAK-depleted ECs, robust activation of the RhoA-Rho-kinase pathway increased EC tension and phosphorylation of the nuclear envelope protein, emerin, activating DNMT3a. Activated DNMT3a methylates the KLF2 promoter, impairing the synthesis of KLF2 and its target S1PR1 to induce the leaky EC transcriptome. Repleting FAK (wild type or kinase dead) or inhibiting RhoA-emerin-DNMT3a activities in damaged lung ECs restored KLF2 transcription of the restrictive EC transcriptome. Thus, FAK sensing and control of tension transmission to the nucleus govern restrictive endothelium to maintain lung homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zahid Akhter
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pascal Yazbeck
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mohammad Tauseef
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mumtaz Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Faruk Hossen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sayanti Datta
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vigneshwaran Vellingiri
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jagdish Chandra Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peter T Toth
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Chicago, IL, USA; Research Resources Center, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nityanand Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephen Lenzini
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guangjin Zhou
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - James Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mukesh K Jain
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jae-Won Shin
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dolly Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Chicago, IL, USA.
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3
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Gao J, Cheng J, Xie W, Zhang P, Liu X, Wang Z, Zhang B. Prospects of focal adhesion kinase inhibitors as a cancer therapy in preclinical and early phase study. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024; 33:639-651. [PMID: 38676368 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2348068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION FAK, a nonreceptor cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, plays a crucial role in tumor metastasis, drug resistance, tumor stem cell maintenance, and regulation of the tumor microenvironment. FAK has emerged as a promising target for tumor therapy based on both preclinical and clinical data. AREAS COVERED This paper aims to summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying FAK's involvement in tumorigenesis and progression. Encouraging results have emerged from ongoing clinical trials of FAK inhibitors. Additionally, we present an overview of clinical trials for FAK inhibitors, examining their potential as promising treatments. The pertinent studies gathered from databases including PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov. EXPERT OPINION Since the first finding in 1990s, targeting FAK has became the focus of interests in many pharmaceutical companies. Through 30 years' discovery, the industry and academy gradually realized the features of FAK target which may not be a driver gene but a solid defense system for the cancer initiation and development. Currently, the ongoing clinical regimens involving FAK inhibition are all the combination strategies in which FAK inhibitors can further strengthen the cancer cell killing effects of other testing agents. The emerging positive signal in clinical trials foresee targeting FAK as class will be an effective mean to fight against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wanyu Xie
- InxMed (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- InxMed (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuebin Liu
- InxMed (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Zaiqi Wang
- InxMed (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
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4
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Li S, Wu H, Wang F, Kong L, Yu Y, Zuo R, Zhao H, Xu J, Kang Q. Enhanced Bone Regeneration through Regulation of Mechanoresponsive FAK-ERK1/2 Signaling by ZINC40099027 during Distraction Osteogenesis. Int J Med Sci 2024; 21:137-150. [PMID: 38164350 PMCID: PMC10750334 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.88298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is activated by mechanical stimulation and plays a vital role in distraction osteogenesis (DO), a well-established but lengthy procedure for repairing large bone defects. Both angiogenesis and osteogenesis contribute to bone regeneration during DO. However, the effects of ZINC40099027 (ZN27), a potent FAK activator, on angiogenesis, osteogenesis, and bone regeneration in DO remain unknown. Methods: The angiogenic potential of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was evaluated using transwell migration and tube formation assays. The osteogenic activity of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) was assessed using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alizarin red s (ARS) staining. Additionally, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot, and immunofluorescence staining were used to assay angiogenic markers, osteogenic markers, and FAK-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling. In vivo, a rat tibia DO model was established to verify the effects of ZN27 on neovascularization and bone regeneration using radiological and histological analyses. Results: ZN27 promoted the migration and angiogenesis of HUVECs. Additionally, ZN27 facilitated the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, as revealed by increased ALP activity, calcium deposition, and expression of osteogenesis-specific markers. The ERK1/2-specific inhibitor PD98059 significantly hindered the effects of ZN27, suggesting the participation of FAK-ERK1/2 signaling in ZN27-enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis. As indicated by improved radiological and histological features, ZN27 induced active angiogenesis within the distraction area and accelerated bone regeneration in a rat DO model. Conclusion: Our results show that ZN27 targets FAK-ERK1/2 signaling to stimulate both angiogenesis and osteogenesis, and ZN27 accelerates bone regeneration in DO, suggesting the therapeutic potential of ZN27 for repairing large bone defects in the mechanobiological environment during DO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanyu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hongxiao Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, PR China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lingchi Kong
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yifan Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Rongtai Zuo
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Haoyu Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qinglin Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
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Prasad P, Billah Khair AM, Venkatesan K, Shahwan M, Shamsi A. Molecular and functional insight into focal adhesion kinases: Therapeutic implications for oral malignancies. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103852. [PMID: 38070702 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Oral carcinoma is the sixth most common cancer globally, with one death occurring every hour. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is an intercellular protein tyrosine kinase, a key indicator of the development of oral cancer. FAK overexpression leads to the initiation and significant progression of metastasis in head and neck cancers, indicating its vital role in cancer progression and potential as a biomarker for early oral malignant transformation. The present review elaborates on FAK's function in oral malignancies since it could serve as a biomarker of the initial stages of oral malignant transformation and a possible predictive factor for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathibha Prasad
- Basic Medical and Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Al-Moutassem Billah Khair
- Basic Medical and Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kumar Venkatesan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
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Arenas GA, Valenzuela JG, Peñaloza E, Paz AA, Iturriaga R, Saez CG, Krause BJ. Transcriptional Profiling of Human Endothelial Cells Unveils PIEZO1 and Mechanosensitive Gene Regulation by Prooxidant and Inflammatory Inputs. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1874. [PMID: 37891953 PMCID: PMC10604317 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PIEZO1 is a mechanosensitive cation channel implicated in shear stress-mediated endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation. Since altered shear stress patterns induce a pro-inflammatory endothelial environment, we analyzed transcriptional profiles of human endothelial cells to determine the effect of altered shear stress patterns and subsequent prooxidant and inflammatory conditions on PIEZO1 and mechanosensitive-related genes (MRG). In silico analyses were validated in vitro by assessing PIEZO1 transcript levels in both the umbilical artery (HUAEC) and vein (HUVEC) endothelium. Transcriptional profiling showed that PIEZO1 and some MRG associated with the inflammatory response were upregulated in response to high (15 dyn/cm2) and extremely high shear stress (30 dyn/cm2) in HUVEC. Changes in PIEZO1 and inflammatory MRG were paralleled by p65 but not KLF or YAP1 transcription factors. Similarly, PIEZO1 transcript levels were upregulated by TNF-alpha (TNF-α) in diverse endothelial cell types, and pre-treatment with agents that prevent p65 translocation to the nucleus abolished PIEZO1 induction. ChIP-seq analysis revealed that p65 bonded to the PIEZO1 promoter region, an effect increased by the stimulation with TNF-α. Altogether this data showed that NF-kappa B activation via p65 signaling regulates PIEZO1 expression, providing a new molecular link for prooxidant and inflammatory responses and mechanosensitive pathways in the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- German A. Arenas
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 2841959, Chile;
| | - Jose G. Valenzuela
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile (C.G.S.)
| | - Estefanía Peñaloza
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 2841959, Chile
| | - Adolfo A. Paz
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7500000, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Iturriaga
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile;
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina en Altura, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1271155, Chile
| | - Claudia G. Saez
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile (C.G.S.)
| | - Bernardo J. Krause
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 2841959, Chile
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Fernández A, Herrera D, Hoare A, Hernández M, Torres VA. Lipopolysaccharides from Porphyromonas endodontalis and Porphyromonas gingivalis promote angiogenesis via Toll-like-receptors 2 and 4 pathways in vitro. Int Endod J 2023; 56:1270-1283. [PMID: 37461231 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Angiogenesis contributes to the development of apical periodontitis, periodontitis, and other oral pathologies; however, it remains unclear how this process is triggered. The aim was to evaluate whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Porphyromonas endodontalis and Porphyromonas gingivalis induced angiogenesis-related effects in vitro via TLR2 and TLR4. METHODOLOGY Porphyromonas endodontalis LPS (ATCC 35406 and clinical isolate) was purified with TRIzol, whereas P. gingivalis LPS was obtained commercially. The effects of the different LPS (24 h) in endothelial cell migration were analysed by Transwell assays, following quantification in an optical microscope (40×). The effects of LPS on FAK Y397 phosphorylation were assessed by Western blotting. Angiogenesis in vitro was determined in an endothelial tube formation assay (14 h) in Matrigel in the absence or presence of either LPS. IL-6 and VEGF-A levels were determined in cell supernatants, following 24 h treatment with LPS, and measured in multiplex bead immunoassay. The involvement of TLR2 and TLR4 was assessed with blocking antibodies. The statistical analysis was performed using STATA 12® (StataCorp LP). RESULTS The results revealed that P. endodontalis LPS, but not P. gingivalis LPS, stimulated endothelial cell migration. Pre-treatment with anti-TLR2 and anti-TLR4 antibodies prevented P. endodontalis LPS-induced cell migration. P. endodontalis LPS promoted FAK phosphorylation on Y397, as observed by an increased p-FAK/FAK ratio. Both P. gingivalis and P. endodontalis LPS (ATCC 35406) induced endothelial tube formation in a TLR-2 and -4-dependent manner, as shown by using blocking antibodies, however, only TLR2 blocking decreased tube formation induced by P. endodontalis (clinical isolate). Moreover, all LPS induced IL-6 and VEGF-A synthesis in endothelial cells. TLR2 and TLR4 were required for IL-6 induction by P. endodontalis LPS (ATCC 35406), while only TLR4 was involved in IL-6 secretion by the other LPS. Finally, VEGF-A synthesis did not require TLR signalling. CONCLUSION Porphyromonas endodontalis and P. gingivalis LPS induced angiogenesis via TLR2 and TLR4. Collectively, these data contribute to understanding the role of LPS from Porphyromonas spp. in angiogenesis and TLR involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Fernández
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Herrera
- Faculty of Dentistry, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anilei Hoare
- Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Hernández
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vicente A Torres
- Faculty of Dentistry, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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8
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Zeng S, Yuan S, Zhang Y, Du J, Wu Y, Chen Y, Zhu P, Huang W. Discovery of novel pyrrolo [2,3-d] pyrimidine derivatives as potent FAK inhibitors based on cyclization strategy. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106713. [PMID: 37459823 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, plays a pivotal role in tumor invasion and metastasis. Many FAK inhibitors had been reported, but the development of FAK inhibitors in clinical studies are still limited. To facilitate the discovery of FAK modulators and further elucidate the role of FAK in cancer metastasis, it is necessary to discover a novel, potent and selective FAK inhibitor. In this study, a series of FAK inhibitors with novel scaffold were designed and synthesized based on cyclization strategy. Here, we reported compound 10b (HMC-18NH) with excellent inhibition of FAK (IC50 = 9.9 nM) and anticancer activity against several cancer cell lines including BxPC-3, PANC-1, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, U-87MG, HepG2, HCT-15 and A549. Extraordinary, compound 10b showed the best cytotoxic effects against A549 with the IC50 value of 0.8 μM. In addition, 10b exhibited effective invasion and migration suppression in A549 cells. Further investigations revealed that compound 10b potently induced and promoted apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner and arrested A549 cells in the G2/M phase. Collectively, these results suggest that 10b is a promising FAK inhibitor and serve as a lead compound which deserve for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenxin Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Discipline of Zhejiang Province in Public Health and Preventive Medicine (First Class, Category A), Hangzhou Medical College, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Publish Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399 China
| | - Jinbei Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China
| | - Yuhao Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China
| | - Yinqiao Chen
- Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peizhen Zhu
- Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wenhai Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Discipline of Zhejiang Province in Public Health and Preventive Medicine (First Class, Category A), Hangzhou Medical College, China.
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9
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Liu H, Lu P, He S, Luo Y, Fang Y, Benkaci S, Wu B, Wang Y, Zhou B. β-Catenin regulates endocardial cushion growth by suppressing p21. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302163. [PMID: 37385754 PMCID: PMC10310929 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocardial cushion formation is essential for heart valve development and heart chamber separation. Abnormal endocardial cushion formation often causes congenital heart defects. β-Catenin is known to be essential for endocardial cushion formation; however, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that endothelial-specific deletion of β-catenin in mice resulted in formation of hypoplastic endocardial cushions due to reduced cell proliferation and impaired cell migration. By using a β-catenin DM allele in which the transcriptional function of β-catenin is selectively disrupted, we further reveal that β-catenin regulated cell proliferation and migration through its transcriptional and non-transcriptional function, respectively. At the molecular level, loss of β-catenin resulted in increased expression of cell cycle inhibitor p21 in cushion endocardial and mesenchymal cells in vivo. In vitro rescue experiments with HUVECs and pig aortic valve interstitial cells confirmed that β-catenin promoted cell proliferation by suppressing p21. In addition, one savvy negative observation is that β-catenin was dispensable for endocardial-to-mesenchymal fate change. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that β-catenin is essential for cell proliferation and migration but dispensable for endocardial cells to gain mesenchymal fate during endocardial cushion formation. Mechanistically, β-catenin promotes cell proliferation by suppressing p21. These findings inform the potential role of β-catenin in the etiology of congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huahua Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pengfei Lu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Shan He
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuru Luo
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sonia Benkaci
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Bingruo Wu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yidong Wang
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics (Pediatric Genetic Medicine), and Medicine (Cardiology), The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, The Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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10
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Qi J, Cheng W, Gao Z, Chen Y, Shipton ML, Furkert D, Chin AC, Riley AM, Fiedler D, Potter BVL, Fu C. Itraconazole inhibits endothelial cell migration by disrupting inositol pyrophosphate-dependent focal adhesion dynamics and cytoskeletal remodeling. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114449. [PMID: 36857911 PMCID: PMC7614367 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The antifungal drug itraconazole has been repurposed to anti-angiogenic agent, but the mechanisms of action have been elusive. Here we report that itraconazole disrupts focal adhesion dynamics and cytoskeletal remodeling, which requires 5-diphosphoinositol 1,2,3,4,6-pentakisphosphate (5-InsP7). We find that inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1 (IP6K1) binds Arp2 and generates 5-InsP7 to recruit coronin, a negative regulator of the Arp2/3 complex. IP6K1 also produces focal adhesion-enriched 5-InsP7, which binds focal adhesion kinase (FAK) at the FERM domain to promote its dimerization and phosphorylation. Itraconazole treatment elicits displacement of IP6K1/5-InsP7, thus augments 5-InsP7-mediated inhibition of Arp2/3 complex and reduces 5-InsP7-mediated FAK dimerization. Itraconazole-treated cells display reduced focal adhesion dynamics and actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Accordingly, itraconazole severely disrupts cell motility, an essential component of angiogenesis. These results demonstrate critical roles of IP6K1-generated 5-InsP7 in regulating focal adhesion dynamics and actin cytoskeleton remodeling and reveal functional mechanisms by which itraconazole inhibits cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Qi
- The province and ministry co-sponsored collaborative innovation center for medical epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Weiwei Cheng
- Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhe Gao
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Megan L Shipton
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - David Furkert
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfred C Chin
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew M Riley
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Dorothea Fiedler
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Chenglai Fu
- The province and ministry co-sponsored collaborative innovation center for medical epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
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11
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Abstract
The endothelium is a dynamic, semipermeable layer lining all blood vessels, regulating blood vessel formation and barrier function. Proper composition and function of the endothelial barrier are required for fluid homeostasis, and clinical conditions characterized by barrier disruption are associated with severe morbidity and high mortality rates. Endothelial barrier properties are regulated by cell-cell junctions and intracellular signaling pathways governing the cytoskeleton, but recent insights indicate an increasingly important role for integrin-mediated cell-matrix adhesion and signaling in endothelial barrier regulation. Here, we discuss diseases characterized by endothelial barrier disruption, and provide an overview of the composition of endothelial cell-matrix adhesion complexes and associated signaling pathways, their crosstalk with cell-cell junctions, and with other receptors. We further present recent insights into the role of cell-matrix adhesions in the developing and mature/adult endothelium of various vascular beds, and discuss how the dynamic regulation and turnover of cell-matrix adhesions regulates endothelial barrier function in (patho)physiological conditions like angiogenesis, inflammation and in response to hemodynamic stress. Finally, as clinical conditions associated with vascular leak still lack direct treatment, we focus on how understanding of endothelial cell-matrix adhesion may provide novel targets for treatment, and discuss current translational challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurjan Aman
- Department of Pulmonology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, the Netherlands (J.A.)
| | - Coert Margadant
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, the NetherlandsInstitute of Biology, Leiden University, the Netherlands (C.M.)
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12
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Rivera-Caraballo KA, Nair M, Lee TJ, Kaur B, Yoo JY. The complex relationship between integrins and oncolytic herpes Simplex Virus 1 in high-grade glioma therapeutics. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 26:63-75. [PMID: 35795093 PMCID: PMC9233184 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade gliomas (HGGs) are lethal central nervous system tumors that spread quickly through the brain, making treatment challenging. Integrins are transmembrane receptors that mediate cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, cellular adhesion, migration, growth, and survival. Their upregulation and inverse correlation in HGG malignancy make targeting integrins a viable therapeutic option. Integrins also play a role in herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) entry. Oncolytic HSV-1 (oHSV) is the most clinically advanced oncolytic virotherapy, showing a superior safety and efficacy profile over standard cancer treatment of solid cancers, including HGG. With the FDA-approval of oHSV for melanoma and the recent conditional approval of oHSV for malignant glioma in Japan, usage of oHSV for HGG has become of great interest. In this review, we provide a systematic overview of the role of integrins in relation to oHSV, with a special focus on its therapeutic potential against HGG. We discuss the pros and cons of targeting integrins during oHSV therapy: while integrins play a pro-therapeutic role by acting as a gateway for oHSV entry, they also mediate the innate antiviral immune responses that hinder oHSV therapeutic efficacy. We further discuss alternative strategies to regulate the dual functionality of integrins in the context of oHSV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Ann Rivera-Caraballo
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mitra Nair
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tae Jin Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ji Young Yoo
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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13
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Nintedanib Inhibits Endothelial Mesenchymal Transition in Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis via Focal Adhesion Kinase Activity Reduction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158193. [PMID: 35897764 PMCID: PMC9332002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive interstitial lung disease (ILD). Pulmonary fibroblasts play an important role in the development of IPF. Emerging evidence indicates that pulmonary endothelial cells could be the source of pulmonary fibroblasts through endothelial mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), which contributes to pulmonary fibrosis. EndoMT is a complex process in which endothelial cells lose their expression of endothelial markers and give rise to the characteristics of mesenchymal cells, including morphological fibroblast-like change and the expression of mesenchymal markers, which result in cardiac, renal, and dermal fibroses. Furthermore, EndoMT inhibition attenuates pulmonary fibrosis. Herein, we demonstrate that nintedanib, a tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor, ameliorated murine bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis and suppressed the in vivo and in vitro models of EndoMT. We demonstrated that the activity of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a key EndoMT regulator, increased in murine lung tissues and human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells after BLM stimulation. Nintedanib treatment inhibited BLM-induced FAK activation and thus suppressed both in vivo and in vitro BLM-induced EndoMT. Importantly, we found that the VEGF/FAK signaling pathway was involved in nintedanib regulating EndoMT. These novel findings help us understand the mechanism and signaling pathway of EndoMT to further develop more efficacious drugs for IPF treatment.
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14
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Adherens junctions stimulate and spatially guide integrin activation and extracellular matrix deposition. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111091. [PMID: 35858563 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherins and integrins are intrinsically linked through the actin cytoskeleton and are largely responsible for the mechanical integrity and organization of tissues. We show that cadherin clustering stimulates and spatially guides integrin activation. Adherens junction (AJ)-associated integrin activation depends on locally generated tension and does not require extracellular matrix ligands. It leads to the creation of primed integrin clusters, which spatially determine where focal adhesions will form if ligands are present and where ligands will be deposited. AJs that display integrin activation are targeted by microtubules facilitating their disassembly via caveolin-based endocytosis, showing that integrin activation impacts the stability of the core cadherin complex. Thus, the interplay between cadherins and integrins is more intimate than what was once believed and is rooted in the capacity of active integrins to be stabilized via AJ-generated tension. Altogether, our data establish a mechanism of cross-regulation between cadherins and integrins.
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15
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D'Amico G, Fernandez I, Gómez-Escudero J, Kim H, Maniati E, Azman MS, Mardakheh FK, Serrels B, Serrels A, Parsons M, Squire A, Birdsey GM, Randi AM, Bolado-Carrancio A, Gangeswaran R, Reynolds LE, Bodrug N, Wang Y, Wang J, Meier P, Hodivala-Dilke KM. ERG activity is regulated by endothelial FAK coupling with TRIM25/USP9x in vascular patterning. Development 2022; 149:dev200528. [PMID: 35723257 PMCID: PMC9340553 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Precise vascular patterning is crucial for normal growth and development. The ERG transcription factor drives Delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4)/Notch signalling and is thought to act as a pivotal regulator of endothelial cell (EC) dynamics and developmental angiogenesis. However, molecular regulation of ERG activity remains obscure. Using a series of EC-specific focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-knockout (KO) and point-mutant FAK-knock-in mice, we show that loss of ECFAK, its kinase activity or phosphorylation at FAK-Y397, but not FAK-Y861, reduces ERG and DLL4 expression levels together with concomitant aberrations in vascular patterning. Rapid immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry of endogenous proteins identified that endothelial nuclear-FAK interacts with the deubiquitinase USP9x and the ubiquitin ligase TRIM25. Further in silico analysis confirms that ERG interacts with USP9x and TRIM25. Moreover, ERG levels are reduced in FAKKO ECs via a ubiquitin-mediated post-translational modification programme involving USP9x and TRIM25. Re-expression of ERG in vivo and in vitro rescues the aberrant vessel-sprouting defects observed in the absence of ECFAK. Our findings identify ECFAK as a regulator of retinal vascular patterning by controlling ERG protein degradation via TRIM25/USP9x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela D'Amico
- Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute – a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Isabelle Fernandez
- Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute – a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jesús Gómez-Escudero
- Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute – a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Hyojin Kim
- The Breakthrough Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Eleni Maniati
- Centre for Cancer Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute – a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Muhammad Syahmi Azman
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute – a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Faraz K. Mardakheh
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute – a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Bryan Serrels
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden G61 1QH, UK
| | - Alan Serrels
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Kings College London, Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Room 3.22B, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Anthony Squire
- IMCES - Imaging Centre Essen, Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Clinic Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Graeme M. Birdsey
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Anna M. Randi
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | | | - Rathi Gangeswaran
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute – a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Louise E. Reynolds
- Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute – a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Natalia Bodrug
- Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute – a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Yaohe Wang
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute – a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jun Wang
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute – a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Pascal Meier
- The Breakthrough Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Kairbaan M. Hodivala-Dilke
- Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute – a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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16
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Lin X, Chen L, Jullienne A, Zhang H, Salehi A, Hamer M, C. Holmes T, Obenaus A, Xu X. Longitudinal dynamics of microvascular recovery after acquired cortical injury. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:59. [PMID: 35468870 PMCID: PMC9036719 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquired brain injuries due to trauma damage the cortical vasculature, which in turn impairs blood flow to injured tissues. There are reports of vascular morphological recovery following traumatic brain injury, but the remodeling process has not been examined longitudinally in detail after injury in vivo. Understanding the dynamic processes that influence recovery is thus critically important. We evaluated the longitudinal and dynamic microvascular recovery and remodeling up to 2 months post injury using live brain miniscope and 2-photon microscopic imaging. The new imaging approaches captured dynamic morphological and functional recovery processes at high spatial and temporal resolution in vivo. Vessel painting documented the initial loss and subsequent temporal morphological vascular recovery at the injury site. Miniscopes were used to longitudinally image the temporal dynamics of vascular repair in vivo after brain injury in individual mice across each cohort. We observe near-immediate nascent growth of new vessels in and adjacent to the injury site that peaks between 14 and 21 days post injury. 2-photon microscopy confirms new vascular growth and further demonstrates differences between cortical layers after cortical injury: large vessels persist in deeper cortical layers (> 200 μm), while superficial layers exhibit a dense plexus of fine (and often non-perfused) vessels displaying regrowth. Functionally, blood flow increases mirror increasing vascular density. Filopodia development and endothelial sprouting is measurable within 3 days post injury that rapidly transforms regions devoid of vessels to dense vascular plexus in which new vessels become increasingly perfused. Within 7 days post injury, blood flow is observed in these nascent vessels. Behavioral analysis reveals improved vascular modulation after 9 days post injury, consistent with vascular regrowth. We conclude that morphological recovery events are closely linked to functional recovery of blood flow to the compromised tissues, which subsequently leads to improved behavioral outcomes.
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17
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Lewis AE, Kuwahara A, Franzosi J, Bush JO. Tracheal separation is driven by NKX2-1-mediated repression of Efnb2 and regulation of endodermal cell sorting. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110510. [PMID: 35294885 PMCID: PMC9033272 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms coupling fate specification of distinct tissues to their physical separation remain to be understood. The trachea and esophagus differentiate from a single tube of definitive endoderm, requiring the transcription factors SOX2 and NKX2-1, but how the dorsoventral site of tissue separation is defined to allocate tracheal and esophageal cell types is unknown. Here, we show that the EPH/EPHRIN signaling gene Efnb2 regulates tracheoesophageal separation by controlling the dorsoventral allocation of tracheal-fated cells. Ventral loss of NKX2-1 results in disruption of separation and expansion of Efnb2 expression in the trachea independent of SOX2. Through chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter assays, we find that NKX2-1 likely represses Efnb2 directly. Lineage tracing shows that loss of NKX2-1 results in misallocation of ventral foregut cells into the esophagus, while mosaicism for NKX2-1 generates ectopic NKX2-1/EPHRIN-B2 boundaries that organize ectopic tracheal separation. Together, these data demonstrate that NKX2-1 coordinates tracheal specification with tissue separation through the regulation of EPHRIN-B2 and tracheoesophageal cell sorting. Lewis et al. show that, in the development of the mammalian trachea and esophagus, cell fate specification is coupled with morphogenesis by NKX2-1-mediated repression of Efnb2. This establishes an EPH/EPHRIN boundary that drives cell allocation and physical separation of the trachea and esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ace E Lewis
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0512, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Akela Kuwahara
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0512, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jacqueline Franzosi
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0512, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey O Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0512, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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18
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FAK in Cancer: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031726. [PMID: 35163650 PMCID: PMC8836199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed and activated in many cancer types. FAK regulates diverse cellular processes, including growth factor signaling, cell cycle progression, cell survival, cell motility, angiogenesis, and the establishment of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments through kinase-dependent and kinase-independent scaffolding functions in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Mounting evidence has indicated that targeting FAK, either alone or in combination with other agents, may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for various cancers. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying FAK-mediated signaling networks during tumor development. We also summarize the recent progress of FAK-targeted small-molecule compounds for anticancer activity from preclinical and clinical evidence.
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19
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Facchinello N, Astone M, Audano M, Oberkersch RE, Spizzotin M, Calura E, Marques M, Crisan M, Mitro N, Santoro MM. Oxidative pentose phosphate pathway controls vascular mural cell coverage by regulating extracellular matrix composition. Nat Metab 2022; 4:123-140. [PMID: 35102339 PMCID: PMC7612297 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vascular mural cells (vMCs) play an essential role in the development and maturation of the vasculature by promoting vessel stabilization through their interactions with endothelial cells. Whether endothelial metabolism influences mural cell recruitment and differentiation is unknown. Here, we show that the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (oxPPP) in endothelial cells is required for establishing vMC coverage of the dorsal aorta during early vertebrate development in zebrafish and mice. We demonstrate that laminar shear stress and blood flow maintain oxPPP activity, which in turn, promotes elastin expression in blood vessels through production of ribose-5-phosphate. Elastin is both necessary and sufficient to drive vMC recruitment and maintenance when the oxPPP is active. In summary, our work demonstrates that endothelial cell metabolism regulates blood vessel maturation by controlling vascular matrix composition and vMC recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Facchinello
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Cancer Metabolism, DiBio, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Astone
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Cancer Metabolism, DiBio, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Audano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roxana E Oberkersch
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Cancer Metabolism, DiBio, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marianna Spizzotin
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Cancer Metabolism, DiBio, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Enrica Calura
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Madalena Marques
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science and Centre for Regenerative Medicine/Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mihaela Crisan
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science and Centre for Regenerative Medicine/Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo M Santoro
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Cancer Metabolism, DiBio, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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20
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Tan H, Liu Y, Gong C, Zhang J, Huang J, Zhang Q. Synthesis and evaluation of FAK inhibitors with a 5-fluoro-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffold as anti-hepatocellular carcinoma agents. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113670. [PMID: 34214842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a ubiquitous intracellular non-receptor tyrosine kinase, which is involved in multiple cellular functions, including cell adhesion, migration, invasion, survival, and angiogenesis. In this study, a series of 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines were designed and synthesized according to the E-pharmacophores generated by docking a library of 667 fragments into the ATP pocket of the co-crystal complex of FAK and PF-562271 (PDB ID: 3BZ3). The 5-fluoro-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives demonstrated excellent activity against FAK and the cell lines SMMC7721 and YY8103. 2-((2-((3-(Acetamidomethyl)phenyl)amino)-5-fluoro-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-N-methylbenzamide (16c) was selected for further bioactivity evaluations in vivo, including preliminary pharmacokinetic profiling in rats and toxicity assays in mice, and tumor growth inhibition studies in a xenograft tumor model. The results showed that 16c did not affect the body weight gain of the animals up to a dose of 200 mg/kg, and significantly inhibited tumor growth with a tumor growth inhibition rate of 78.6% compared with the negative control group. Furthermore, phosphoantibody array analyses of a sample of the tumor suggested that 16c inhibited the malignant proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells through decreasing the phosphorylation in the FAK cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyi Tan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chaochao Gong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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21
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Pessolano E, Belvedere R, Novizio N, Filippelli A, Perretti M, Whiteford J, Petrella A. Mesoglycan connects Syndecan-4 and VEGFR2 through Annexin A1 and formyl peptide receptors to promote angiogenesis in vitro. FEBS J 2021; 288:6428-6446. [PMID: 34058069 PMCID: PMC9290969 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesoglycan is a mixture of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) with fibrinolytic effects and the potential to enhance skin wound repair. Here, we have used endothelial cells isolated from wild‐type (WT) and Syndecan‐4 null (Sdc4‐/‐) C57BL/6 mice to demonstrate that mesoglycan promotes cell motility and in vitro angiogenesis acting on the co‐receptor Syndecan‐4 (SDC4). This latter is known to participate in the formation and release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). We characterized EVs released by HUVECs and assessed their effect on angiogenesis. Particularly, we focused on Annexin A1 (ANXA1) containing EVs, since they may contribute to tube formation via interactions with Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs). In our model, the bond ANXA1‐FPRs stimulates the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF‐A) that interacts with vascular endothelial receptor‐2 (VEGFR2) and activates the pathway enhancing cell motility in an autocrine manner, as shown by wound healing/invasion assays, and the induction of endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT). Thus, we have shown for the first time that mesoglycan exerts its pro‐angiogenic effects in the healing process triggering the activation of the three interconnected molecular axis: mesoglycan‐SDC4, EVs‐ANXA1‐FPRs, and VEGF‐A‐VEGFR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Pessolano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy.,The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | | | - Nunzia Novizio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Amelia Filippelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - James Whiteford
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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22
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Nikolopoulou PA, Koufaki MA, Kostourou V. The Adhesome Network: Key Components Shaping the Tumour Stroma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:525. [PMID: 33573141 PMCID: PMC7866493 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond the conventional perception of solid tumours as mere masses of cancer cells, advanced cancer research focuses on the complex contributions of tumour-associated host cells that are known as "tumour microenvironment" (TME). It has been long appreciated that the tumour stroma, composed mainly of blood vessels, cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells, together with the extracellular matrix (ECM), define the tumour architecture and influence cancer cell properties. Besides soluble cues, that mediate the crosstalk between tumour and stroma cells, cell adhesion to ECM arises as a crucial determinant in cancer progression. In this review, we discuss how adhesome, the intracellular protein network formed at cell adhesions, regulate the TME and control malignancy. The role of adhesome extends beyond the physical attachment of cells to ECM and the regulation of cytoskeletal remodelling and acts as a signalling and mechanosensing hub, orchestrating cellular responses that shape the tumour milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vassiliki Kostourou
- Biomedical Sciences Research Centre “Alexander Fleming”, Institute of Bioinnovation, 34 Fleming Str., 16672 Vari-Athens, Greece; (P.A.N.); (M.A.K.)
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23
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Lee H. Rapid Way to Generate Mouse Models for In Vivo Studies of the Endothelium. J Lipid Atheroscler 2020; 10:24-41. [PMID: 33537251 PMCID: PMC7838514 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2021.10.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A single layer of squamous endothelial cells (ECs), the endothelium, regulates the flow of substance and fluid into and out of a tissue. The endothelium is also involved in vasculogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, which is a crucial process for organ development in the embryo and fetus. Because most murine mutations of genes involved in EC development cause early embryo lethality, EC-specific conditional knockout (cKO) mouse models are indispensable for in vivo studies. cKO mice including the floxed allele can be generated through advanced approaches including embryonic stem cell-mediated gene targeting or the CRISPR/Cas system. EC-specific mouse models can be generated through further breeding of floxed mice with a Cre driver line, the latest information of which is available in the Jackson Cre Repository or the EUCOMMTOOLS project. Because it takes a long time (generally 1-2 years) to generate EC-specific mouse models, researchers must thoroughly design and plan a breeding strategy before full-scale mouse experiments, which saves time and money for in vivo study. In summary, revolutionary technical advances in embryo manipulation and assisted reproduction technologies have made it easier to generate EC-specific mouse models, which have been used as essential resources for in vivo studies of the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Lee
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
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24
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Bhagwani A, Thompson AAR, Farkas L. When Innate Immunity Meets Angiogenesis-The Role of Toll-Like Receptors in Endothelial Cells and Pulmonary Hypertension. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:352. [PMID: 32850883 PMCID: PMC7410919 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors serve a central role in innate immunity, but they can also modulate cell function in various non-immune cell types including endothelial cells. Endothelial cells are necessary for the organized function of the vascular system, and part of their fundamental role is also the regulation of immune function and inflammation. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of how Toll-like receptors contribute to the immune and non-immune functions of the endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneel Bhagwani
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - A. A. Roger Thompson
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Laszlo Farkas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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25
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Norden PR, Sabine A, Wang Y, Demir CS, Liu T, Petrova TV, Kume T. Shear stimulation of FOXC1 and FOXC2 differentially regulates cytoskeletal activity during lymphatic valve maturation. eLife 2020; 9:53814. [PMID: 32510325 PMCID: PMC7302880 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the transcription factor FOXC2 are predominately associated with lymphedema. Herein, we demonstrate a key role for related factor FOXC1, in addition to FOXC2, in regulating cytoskeletal activity in lymphatic valves. FOXC1 is induced by laminar, but not oscillatory, shear and inducible, endothelial-specific deletion impaired postnatal lymphatic valve maturation in mice. However, deletion of Foxc2 induced valve degeneration, which is exacerbated in Foxc1; Foxc2 mutants. FOXC1 knockdown (KD) in human lymphatic endothelial cells increased focal adhesions and actin stress fibers whereas FOXC2-KD increased focal adherens and disrupted cell junctions, mediated by increased ROCK activation. ROCK inhibition rescued cytoskeletal or junctional integrity changes induced by inactivation of FOXC1 and FOXC2 invitro and vivo respectively, but only ameliorated valve degeneration in Foxc2 mutants. These results identify both FOXC1 and FOXC2 as mediators of mechanotransduction in the postnatal lymphatic vasculature and posit cytoskeletal signaling as a therapeutic target in lymphatic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter R Norden
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Amélie Sabine
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, United States
| | - Cansaran Saygili Demir
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ting Liu
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
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26
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Lechertier T, Reynolds LE, Kim H, Pedrosa AR, Gómez-Escudero J, Muñoz-Félix JM, Batista S, Dukinfield M, Demircioglu F, Wong PP, Matchett KP, Henderson NC, D'Amico G, Parsons M, Harwood C, Meier P, Hodivala-Dilke KM. Pericyte FAK negatively regulates Gas6/Axl signalling to suppress tumour angiogenesis and tumour growth. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2810. [PMID: 32499572 PMCID: PMC7272651 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of the protein tyrosine kinase, Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), in endothelial cells has implicated its requirement in angiogenesis and tumour growth, but how pericyte FAK regulates tumour angiogenesis is unknown. We show that pericyte FAK regulates tumour growth and angiogenesis in multiple mouse models of melanoma, lung carcinoma and pancreatic B-cell insulinoma and provide evidence that loss of pericyte FAK enhances Gas6-stimulated phosphorylation of the receptor tyrosine kinase, Axl with an upregulation of Cyr61, driving enhanced tumour growth. We further show that pericyte derived Cyr61 instructs tumour cells to elevate expression of the proangiogenic/protumourigenic transmembrane receptor Tissue Factor. Finally, in human melanoma we show that when 50% or more tumour blood vessels are pericyte-FAK negative, melanoma patients are stratified into those with increased tumour size, enhanced blood vessel density and metastasis. Overall our data uncover a previously unknown mechanism of tumour growth by pericytes that is controlled by pericyte FAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanguy Lechertier
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Louise E Reynolds
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Hyojin Kim
- Cell Death & Inflammation, The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Ana Rita Pedrosa
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jesús Gómez-Escudero
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - José M Muñoz-Félix
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Silvia Batista
- Systems Oncology Group, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown Av. Brasília, Doca de Pedrouços, 1400-038, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Matthew Dukinfield
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Fevzi Demircioglu
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ping Pui Wong
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510120, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kylie P Matchett
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gabriela D'Amico
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Nikon Imaging Centre@King's, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Kings College London, Room 3.22B, New Hunts House Guys Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Catherine Harwood
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Pascal Meier
- Cell Death & Inflammation, The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Kairbaan M Hodivala-Dilke
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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27
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Wu H, Xu T, Chen Z, Wang Y, Li K, Chen PS, Yao Z, Su J, Cheng C, Wu X, Zhang H, Chai Y, Zhang X, Hu Y, Yu B, Cui Z. Specific inhibition of FAK signaling attenuates subchondral bone deterioration and articular cartilage degeneration during osteoarthritis pathogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:8653-8666. [PMID: 32324278 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), a disease of the entire joint, is characterized by abnormal bone remodeling and coalescent degradation of articular cartilage. We have previously found that elevated levels of H-type vessels in subchondral bone correlate with OA and that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is critical for H-type vessel formation in osteoporosis. However, the potential role of FAK in OA remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that the p-FAK level was dramatically elevated in subchondral bone following anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) in rats. Specific inhibition of FAK signaling with Y15 in subchondral bone resulted in the suppression of subchondral bone deterioration and this effect was mediated by H-type vessel-induced ectopic bone formation. Further, articular cartilage degeneration was also alleviated after Y15 treatment. In vitro, the p-FAK level was significantly elevated in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from vehicle-treated ACLT rats as compared to that in MSCs from sham controls and Y15-treated ACLT rats. Elevated p-FAK level in MSCs promoted vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, as demonstrated from the high VEGF level in the blood, subchondral bone, and conditioned medium (CM) of MSCs from vehicle-treated ACLT rats. The CM of MSCs from vehicle-treated ACLT rats might promote the angiogenesis of endothelial cells and the catabolic response of chondrocytes through the FAK-growth factor receptor-bound protein 2-mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated expression of VEGF. The effect of the CM from MSCs of Y15-treated ACLT rats or that treated with a VEGF-neutralizing antibody on vessel formation and the catabolic response was lowered. Thus, the specific inhibition of FAK signaling may be a promising avenue for the prevention or early treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangtian Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regeneration Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Sleep Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yutian Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regeneration Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaiqun Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regeneration Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pei-Sheng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou Second Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zilong Yao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regeneration Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianwen Su
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regeneration Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Caiyu Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regeneration Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regeneration Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regeneration Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Chai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xianrong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regeneration Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanjun Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regeneration Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regeneration Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuang Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regeneration Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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28
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Identification of key HIF-1α target genes that regulate adaptation to hypoxic conditions in Tibetan chicken embryos. Gene 2020; 729:144321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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29
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Pulmonary Endothelial Cell Apoptosis in Emphysema and Acute Lung Injury. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY EMBRYOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY 2019; 228:63-86. [PMID: 29288386 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-68483-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an essential role in homeostasis and pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases. Endothelial cells are exposed to various environmental and internal stress and endothelial apoptosis is a pathophysiological consequence of these stimuli. Pulmonary endothelial cell apoptosis initiates or contributes to progression of a number of lung diseases. This chapter will focus on the current understanding of the role of pulmonary endothelial cell apoptosis in the development of emphysema and acute lung injury (ALI) and the factors controlling pulmonary endothelial life and death.
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30
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Hou J, Li L, Zhu H, Chen H, Wei N, Dai M, Ni Q, Guo X. Association between breast cancer cell migration and radiosensitivity in vitro. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:6877-6884. [PMID: 31807191 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the association between the migration of breast cancer cells in vitro and radiosensitivity by establishing a breast cancer cell model with different migratory capacities. Transwell chambers in a 24-well plate were used to separate MDA-MB-231 and ZR-7530 cells and to establish cell models with different migratory capacities. Subsequently, the radiosensitivity of the cell models was measured using a radiation clone formation assay. Furthermore, differential gene expression was determined using gene microarray analysis. The protein expression levels of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were assessed using western blot analysis. From each parental cell line, a pair of daughter cell lines were established in with differing migratory abilities. These daughter cell lines were named MDA-MB-231 UP-10 (231 UP-10), MDA-MB-231 Down-10 (231 Down-10), ZR-75-30 UP-10 (7530 UP-10) and ZR-75-30 Down-10 (7530 Down-10). Radiation clone formation assays revealed that the cell lines with increased migratory abilities (231 Down-10 and 7530 Down-10) demonstrated higher radio-resistance compared with the cell lines with decreased migratory abilities (231 UP-10 and 7530 UP-10). Gene microarrays identified numerous DEGs between the pairs of UP and Down cell lines. A focus was placed on genes associated with cell adhesion and it was identified that phosphorylated Fak and phosphorylated EGFR expression levels were increased in 231 Down-10 and 7530 Down-10 cells, compared with the 231 UP-10 and 7530 UP-10 cells. Other genes including ZO-1, FN1 and SOX9 expression were also increased in the 231 Down-10 and 7530 Down-10 cells compared with 231 UP-10 and 7530 UP-10 cells. Cell lines with increased migratory capacities may be more radio-resistant compared with cell lines with a decreased migratory capabilities. The mechanism may be associated with changes in the expression of cell adhesion molecules and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Therapeutic strategies targeting cell adhesion or EMT may increase the radiation sensitivity of breast cancer cells, in addition to improving the effect of radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hou
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Leilei Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Haizhen Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Na Wei
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Min Dai
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Qing Ni
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomao Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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31
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The strigolactone analog GR-24 inhibits angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro by a mechanism involving cytoskeletal reorganization and VEGFR2 signalling. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 168:366-383. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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32
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Abstract
The field of vascular biology has gained enormous insight from the use of Cre and inducible Cre mouse models to temporally and spatially manipulate gene expression within the endothelium. Models are available to constitutively or inducibly modulate gene expression in all or a specified subset of endothelial cells. However, caution should be applied to both the selection of allele and the analysis of resultant phenotype: many similarly named Cre models have divergent activity patterns while ectopic or inconsistent Cre or inducible Cre expression can dramatically affect results. In an effort to disambiguate previous data and to provide a resource to aid appropriate experimental design, here we summarize what is known about Cre recombinase activity in the most widely used endothelial-specific Cre and Cre/ERT2 mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Payne
- From the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Medicine (S.P., S.D.V.),University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah De Val
- From the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Medicine (S.P., S.D.V.),University of Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (S.D.V., A.N.),University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Neal
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (S.D.V., A.N.),University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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33
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Lin YT, Liang SM, Wu YJ, Wu YJ, Lu YJ, Jan YJ, Ko BS, Chuang YJ, Shyue SK, Kuo CC, Liou JY. Cordycepin Suppresses Endothelial Cell Proliferation, Migration, Angiogenesis, and Tumor Growth by Regulating Focal Adhesion Kinase and p53. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020168. [PMID: 30717276 PMCID: PMC6406613 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) plays an important role in vascular development, including the regulation of endothelial cell (EC) adhesion, migration, proliferation, and survival. 3'-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin) is known to suppress FAK expression, cell migration, and the epithelial⁻mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, whether cordycepin affects FAK expression and cellular functions in ECs and the specific molecular mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we found that cordycepin suppressed FAK expression and the phosphorylation of FAK (p-FAK) at Tyr397 in ECs. Cordycepin inhibited the proliferation, wound healing, transwell migration, and tube formation of ECs. Confocal microscopy revealed that cordycepin significantly reduced FAK expression and decreased focal adhesion number of ECs. The suppressed expression of FAK was accompanied by induced p53 and p21 expression in ECs. Finally, we demonstrated that cordycepin suppressed angiogenesis in an in vivo angiogenesis assay and reduced HCC tumor growth in a xenograft nude mice model. Our study indicated that cordycepin could attenuate cell proliferation and migration and may result in the impairment of the angiogenesis process and tumor growth via downregulation of FAK and induction of p53 and p21 in ECs. Therefore, cordycepin may be used as a potential adjuvant for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structure Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Man Liang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Ju Wu
- Department of Pathology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chiayi Branch, Chiayi City 600, Taiwan.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ju Wu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Jhu Lu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
| | - Yee-Jee Jan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
| | - Bor-Sheng Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Jen Chuang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structure Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Song-Kun Shyue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan. .
| | - Cheng-Chin Kuo
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
| | - Jun-Yang Liou
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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34
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Weng J, Yu L, Chen Z, Su H, Yu S, Zhang Y, Lei X, Chen L, Cui Y, Huang Q, Jiang Y, Guo X. β-Catenin phosphorylation at Y654 and Y142 is crucial for high mobility group box-1 protein-induced pulmonary vascular hyperpermeability. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 127:174-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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35
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Nair SK, Basu S, Sen B, Lin MH, Kumar AN, Yuan Y, Cullen PJ, Sarkar D. Colloidal Gels with Tunable Mechanomorphology Regulate Endothelial Morphogenesis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1072. [PMID: 30705322 PMCID: PMC6355882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37788-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial morphogenesis into capillary networks is dependent on the matrix morphology and mechanical properties. In current 3D gels, these two matrix features are interdependent and their distinct roles in endothelial organization are not known. Thus, it is important to decouple these parameters in the matrix design. Colloidal gels can be engineered to regulate the microstructural morphology and mechanics in an independent manner because colloidal gels are formed by the aggregation of particles into a self-similar 3D network. In this work, gelatin based colloidal gels with distinct mechanomorphology were developed by engineering the electrostatic interaction mediated aggregation of particles. By altering the mode of aggregation, colloidal gels showed either compact dense microstructure or tenuous strand-like networks, and the matrix stiffness was controlled independently by varying the particle fraction. Endothelial Cell (EC) networks were favored in tenuous strand-like microstructure through increased cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions, while compact dense microstructure inhibited the networks. For a given microstructure, as the gel stiffness was increased, the extent of EC network was reduced. This result demonstrates that 3D matrix morphology and mechanics provide distinct signals in a bidirectional manner during EC network formation. Colloidal gels can be used to interrogate the angiogenic responses of ECs and can be developed as a biomaterial for vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smruti K Nair
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Sukanya Basu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Ballari Sen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Meng-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Arati N Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Paul J Cullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Debanjan Sarkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
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36
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Raheel H, Ghaffari S, Khosraviani N, Mintsopoulos V, Auyeung D, Wang C, Kim YH, Mullen B, Sung HK, Ho M, Fairn G, Neculai D, Febbraio M, Heit B, Lee WL. CD36 mediates albumin transcytosis by dermal but not lung microvascular endothelial cells: role in fatty acid delivery. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L740-L750. [PMID: 30702342 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00127.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In healthy blood vessels, albumin crosses the endothelium to leave the circulation by transcytosis. However, little is known about the regulation of albumin transcytosis or how it differs in different tissues; its physiological purpose is also unclear. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we quantified transcytosis of albumin across primary human microvascular endothelial cells from both lung and skin. We then validated our in vitro findings using a tissue-specific knockout mouse model. We observed that albumin transcytosis was saturable in the skin but not the lung microvascular endothelial cells, implicating a receptor-mediated process. We identified the scavenger receptor CD36 as being both necessary and sufficient for albumin transcytosis across dermal microvascular endothelium, in contrast to the lung where macropinocytosis dominated. Mutations in the apical helical bundle of CD36 prevented albumin internalization by cells. Mice deficient in CD36 specifically in endothelial cells exhibited lower basal permeability to albumin and less basal tissue edema in the skin but not in the lung. Finally, these mice also exhibited a smaller subcutaneous fat layer despite having identical total body weights and circulating fatty acid levels as wild-type animals. In conclusion, CD36 mediates albumin transcytosis in the skin but not the lung. Albumin transcytosis may serve to regulate fatty acid delivery from the circulation to tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Raheel
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Siavash Ghaffari
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Saint Michael's Hospital , Toronto , Canada
| | - Negar Khosraviani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | | | - Derek Auyeung
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Changsen Wang
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Saint Michael's Hospital , Toronto , Canada
| | - Yun Hye Kim
- The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , Canada
| | - Brendan Mullen
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto , Canada
| | - Hoon-Ki Sung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , Canada
| | - May Ho
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary , Calgary , Canada
| | - Gregory Fairn
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Saint Michael's Hospital , Toronto , Canada
| | - Dante Neculai
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , People's Republic of China
| | - Maria Febbraio
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University , London , Canada
| | - Warren L Lee
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Saint Michael's Hospital , Toronto , Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
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37
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Lederer PA, Zhou T, Chen W, Epshtein Y, Wang H, Mathew B, Jacobson JR. Attenuation of murine acute lung injury by PF-573,228, an inhibitor of focal adhesion kinase. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 110:16-23. [PMID: 29969688 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by endothelial barrier disruption resulting in increased vascular permeability. As focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase, is involved in endothelial cell (EC) barrier regulation, we hypothesized that FAK inhibition could attenuate agonist-induced EC barrier disruption relevant to ALI. Human lung EC were pretreated with one of three pharmacologic FAK inhibitors, PF-573,228 (PF-228, 10 μM), PF-562,271 (PF-271, 5 μM) or NVP-TAE226 (TAE226, 5 μM) for 30 min prior to treatment with thrombin (1 U/ml, 30 min). Western blotting confirmed attenuated thrombin-induced FAK phosphorylation associated with all three inhibitors. Subsequently, EC were pretreated with either PF-228 (10 μM), TAE226 (5 μM) or PF-271 (5 μM) for 30 min prior to thrombin stimulation (1 U/ml) followed by measurements of barrier integrity by transendothelial electrical resistance (TER). Separately, EC grown in transwell inserts prior to thrombin (1 U/ml) with measurements of FITC-dextran flux after 30 min confirmed a significant attenuation of thrombin-induced EC barrier disruption by PF-228 alone. Finally, in a murine ALI model induced by LPS (1.25 mg/ml, IT), rescue treatment with PF-228 was associated with significantly reduced lung injury. Our findings PF-228, currently being studied in clinical trials, may serve as a novel and effective therapeutic agent for ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Lederer
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Weiguo Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yulia Epshtein
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Huashan Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Biji Mathew
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Jacobson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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38
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Platelets play an essential role in murine lung development through Clec-2/podoplanin interaction. Blood 2018; 132:1167-1179. [PMID: 29853539 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-12-823369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets participate in not only thrombosis and hemostasis but also other pathophysiological processes, including tumor metastasis and inflammation. However, the putative role of platelets in the development of solid organs has not yet been described. Here, we report that platelets regulate lung development through the interaction between the platelet-activation receptor, C-type lectin-like receptor-2 (Clec-2; encoded by Clec1b), and its ligand, podoplanin, a membrane protein. Clec-2 deletion in mouse platelets led to lung malformation, which caused respiratory failure and neonatal lethality. In these embryos, α-smooth muscle actin-positive alveolar duct myofibroblasts (adMYFs) were almost absent in the primary alveolar septa, which resulted in loss of alveolar elastic fibers and lung malformation. Our data suggest that the lack of adMYFs is caused by abnormal differentiation of lung mesothelial cells (luMCs), the major progenitor of adMYFs. In the developing lung, podoplanin expression is detected in alveolar epithelial cells (AECs), luMCs, and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). LEC-specific podoplanin knockout mice showed neonatal lethality and Clec1b-/--like lung developmental abnormalities. Notably, these Clec1b-/--like lung abnormalities were also observed after thrombocytopenia or transforming growth factor-β depletion in fetuses. We propose that the interaction between Clec-2 on platelets and podoplanin on LECs stimulates adMYF differentiation of luMCs through transforming growth factor-β signaling, thus regulating normal lung development.
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Quan K, Li S, Wang D, Shi Y, Yang Z, Song J, Tian Y, Liu Y, Fan Z, Zhu W. Berberine Attenuates Macrophages Infiltration in Intracranial Aneurysms Potentially Through FAK/Grp78/UPR Axis. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:565. [PMID: 29899701 PMCID: PMC5988844 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Inflammatory cells, such as macrophages, play key roles in the pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysms (IAs). Berberine (BBR), an active component of a Chinese herb Coptis chinensis French, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties through suppressing macrophage migration in various inflammation animal model. The goal of this study was to examine BBR’s effect on inflammation and IAs formation in a rodent aneurysm model. Methods and Results: Human aneurysm tissues were collected by microsurgical clipping and immunostained for phospho-Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and CD68+ macrophages. A rodent aneurysm model was induced in 5-week-old male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats by intracranial surgery, then these rats were orally administrated 200 mg/kg/day BBR for 35 days. Immunostaining data showed that BBR inhibited CD68+ macrophages accumulation in IAs tissues and suppressed FAK phosphorylation. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, BBR treatment remarkably attenuated macrophages infiltration, suppressed the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and reduced proinflammatory cytokine secretion, including MCP-1, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α). Mechanistically, BBR downregulated FAK/Grp78/Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) signaling pathway in RAW264.7 cells. Conclusion: BBR prevents IAs formation potentially through inhibiting FAK phosphorylation and inactivating UPR pathway in macrophages, which causes less macrophage infiltration and reduced proinflammatory cytokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Quan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sichen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zixiao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanlong Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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40
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Baci D, Bruno A, Bassani B, Tramacere M, Mortara L, Albini A, Noonan DM. Acetyl-l-carnitine is an anti-angiogenic agent targeting the VEGFR2 and CXCR4 pathways. Cancer Lett 2018; 429:100-116. [PMID: 29678548 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Carnitines play an important role in the energy exchange in cells, and are involved in the transport of fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane. l-Acetylcarnitine (ALCAR) is an acetic acid ester of carnitine that has higher bioavailability and is considered a fat-burning energizer supplement. We previously found that in serum samples from prostate cancer (PCa) patients, 3 carnitine family members were significantly decreased, suggesting a potential protective role of carnitine against PCa. Several studies support beneficial effects of carnitines on cancer, no study has investigated the activities of carnitine on tumor angiogenesis. We examined whether ALCAR acts as an "angiopreventive" compound and studied the molecular mechanisms involved. We found that ALCAR was able to limit inflammatory angiogenesis by reducing stimulated endothelial cell and macrophage infiltration in vitro and in vivo. Molecularly, we show that ALCAR downregulates VEGF, VEGFR2, CXCL12, CXCR4 and FAK pathways. ALCAR blocked the activation of NF-κB and ICAM-1 and reduced the adhesion of a monocyte cell line to endothelial cells. This is the first study showing that ALCAR has anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties and might be an attractive candidate for cancer angioprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Baci
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Angiogenesis, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonino Bruno
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Angiogenesis, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Bassani
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Angiogenesis, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Matilde Tramacere
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Angiogenesis, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Mortara
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Adriana Albini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Angiogenesis, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy.
| | - Douglas M Noonan
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Angiogenesis, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy; Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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41
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Yu H, Gao M, Ma Y, Wang L, Shen Y, Liu X. Inhibition of cell migration by focal adhesion kinase: Time-dependent difference in integrin-induced signaling between endothelial and hepatoblastoma cells. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2573-2588. [PMID: 29484384 PMCID: PMC5846670 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays an important role in the development and progression of tumors, and it involves a series of signaling pathways contributing to the migration of endothelial cells for vascularization and to the invasion of cancer cells for secondary tumor formation. Among these pathways, the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling cascade has been implicated in a variety of human cancers in connection with cell adhesion and migration events leading to tumor angiogenesis, metastasis and invasion. Therefore, the inhibition of FAK in endothelial and/or cancer cells is a potential target for anti-angiogenic therapy. In the present study, a small-molecule FAK inhibitor, 1,2,4,5-benzenetetramine tetrahydrochloride (Y15), was used to study the effects of FAK inhibition on the adhesion and migration behaviors of vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and human hepatoblastoma cells. Furthermore, the time-dependent differences in proteins associated with the integrin-mediated FAK/Rho GTPases signaling pathway within 2 h were examined. The results indicated that the inhibition of FAK significantly decreased the migration ability of VECs and human hepatoblastoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of FAK promoted cell detachment by decreasing the expression of focal adhesion components, and blocked cell motility by reducing the level of Rho GTPases. However, the expression of crucial proteins involved in integrin-induced signaling in two cell lines exhibited a time-dependent difference with increased duration of FAK inhibitor treatment, suggesting different mechanisms of FAK-mediated cell migration behavior. These results suggest that the mechanism underlying FAK-mediated adhesion and migration behavior differs among various cells, which is expected to provide evidence for future FAK therapy targeted against tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchi Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Min Gao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yunlong Ma
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yang Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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42
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Laursen SB, Finsen S, Marcussen N, Quaggin SE, Hansen PBL, Dimke H. Endothelial mineralocorticoid receptor ablation does not alter blood pressure, kidney function or renal vessel contractility. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193032. [PMID: 29466427 PMCID: PMC5821352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone blockade confers substantial cardiovascular and renal protection. The effects of aldosterone on mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) expressed in endothelial cells (EC) within the renal vasculature have not been delineated. We hypothesized that lack of MR in EC may be protective in renal vasculature and examined this by ablating the Nr3c2 gene in endothelial cells (EC-MR) in mice. Blood pressure, heart rate and PAH clearance were measured using indwelling catheters in conscious mice. The role of the MR in EC on contraction and relaxation was investigated in the renal artery and in perfused afferent arterioles. Urinary sodium excretion was determined by use of metabolic cages. EC-MR transgenics had markedly decreased MR expression in isolated aortic endothelial cells as compared to littermates (WT). Blood pressure and effective renal plasma flow at baseline and following AngII infusion was similar between groups. No differences in contraction and relaxation were observed between WT and EC-MR KO in isolated renal arteries during baseline or following 2 or 4 weeks of AngII infusion. The constriction or dilatations of afferent arterioles between genotypes were not different. No changes were found between the groups with respect to urinary excretion of sodium after 4 weeks of AngII infusion, or in urinary albumin excretion and kidney morphology. In conclusion, deletion of the EC-MR does not confer protection towards the development of hypertension, endothelial dysfunction of renal arteries or renal function following prolonged AngII-infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidsel B. Laursen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stine Finsen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Marcussen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Susan E. Quaggin
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Pernille B. L. Hansen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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43
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Nuclear FAK and its kinase activity regulate VEGFR2 transcription in angiogenesis of adult mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2550. [PMID: 29416084 PMCID: PMC5803223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is essential in embryonic angiogenesis by regulating endothelial cell (EC) survival and barrier functions through its kinase-independent and -dependent activities. Here, we generated EC-specific tamoxifen-inducible FAK knockout and FAK kinase-defective (KD) mutant knockin mice to investigate the role of FAK and its kinase activity in angiogenesis of adult animals. Unlike previous observations of their differential defects in embryonic vascular development, both FAK ablation and inactivation of its kinase activity resulted in deficient angiogenesis in wound-healing as well as retinal angiogenesis models. Consistent with these phenotypes, loss of FAK or its kinase activity decreased EC proliferation and migration to similar extents, suggesting FAK primarily acts as a kinase for the regulation of adult EC-mediated angiogenesis. Further mechanistic analyses were carried out using an established mouse EC line MS1 cells. Interestingly, we found that FAK regulated the expression of VEGFR2, a central mediator of various EC functions and angiogenesis, which requires both FAK kinase activity and its translocation into the nucleus. Moreover, nuclear FAK was detected in the RNA polymerase II complex associated with VEGFR2 promoter, suggesting its direct participation in the transcriptional regulation of VEGFR2. Together, our results provide significant insights into the signaling mechanisms of FAK in angiogenesis that may contribute to future design of more effective angiogenesis related therapy.
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44
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Duran CL, Howell DW, Dave JM, Smith RL, Torrie ME, Essner JJ, Bayless KJ. Molecular Regulation of Sprouting Angiogenesis. Compr Physiol 2017; 8:153-235. [PMID: 29357127 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term angiogenesis arose in the 18th century. Several studies over the next 100 years laid the groundwork for initial studies performed by the Folkman laboratory, which were at first met with some opposition. Once overcome, the angiogenesis field has flourished due to studies on tumor angiogenesis and various developmental models that can be genetically manipulated, including mice and zebrafish. In addition, new discoveries have been aided by the ability to isolate primary endothelial cells, which has allowed dissection of various steps within angiogenesis. This review will summarize the molecular events that control angiogenesis downstream of biochemical factors such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), and lipids. These and other stimuli have been linked to regulation of junctional molecules and cell surface receptors. In addition, the contribution of cytoskeletal elements and regulatory proteins has revealed an intricate role for mobilization of actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments in response to cues that activate the endothelium. Activating stimuli also affect various focal adhesion proteins, scaffold proteins, intracellular kinases, and second messengers. Finally, metalloproteinases, which facilitate matrix degradation and the formation of new blood vessels, are discussed, along with our knowledge of crosstalk between the various subclasses of these molecules throughout the text. Compr Physiol 8:153-235, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille L Duran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - David W Howell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jui M Dave
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca L Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Melanie E Torrie
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Essner
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kayla J Bayless
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
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45
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Farhan MA, Azad AK, Touret N, Murray AG. FGD5 Regulates VEGF Receptor-2 Coupling to PI3 Kinase and Receptor Recycling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:2301-2310. [PMID: 29051140 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor-A) signaling to the endothelial cell (EC) through VEGFR2 (VEGF receptor-2) is the principal cue driving new blood vessel formation. FGD5 (faciogenital dysplasia-5)-a Rho-family guanine nucleotide exchange factor-is selectively expressed in EC. Deficiency of FGD5 is embryonically lethal in mice and perturbs angiogenesis and VEGF signal transduction. However, the mechanism of FGD5 regulation of VEGF signaling is poorly understood. APPROACH AND RESULTS Angiogenic sprouting and EC cytoskeletal remodeling were evaluated in a 3-dimensional in vitro model. We examined the subcellular localization of FGD5 and VEGFR2 in EC by immunofluorescent staining and studied the association by immunoprecipitation. FGD5 deficiency reduced the number of angiogenic sprouts and tip cell filopodia by ≈80% and ≈70%, respectively. These defects were accompanied by downregulation of the expression of tip cell-specific markers. FGD5 inactivation led to a decrease in EC migration and early protrusion (lamellipodia) formation. In resting and VEGF-stimulated EC, FGD5 forms a complex with VEGFR2 and was enriched at the leading edge of the cell and among endosomes. FGD5 loss reduced mTORC2 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex-2)/Akt-dependent cortactin activation downstream of VEGFR2 but did not alter VEGFR2 plasma membrane expression, Y1175 phosphorylation, or endocytosis. However, FGD5 loss decreased endosomal VEGFR2 coupling to phosphoinositide-3 kinase and diverted VEGFR2 to lysosomal degradation. CONCLUSIONS FGD5 regulates VEGFR2 retention in recycling endosomes and coupling to PI3 (phosphoinositide-3) kinase/mTORC2-dependent cytoskeletal remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maikel A Farhan
- From the Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F.), Department of Medicine (A.K.A., A.G.M.), and Department of Biochemistry (N.T.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Abul K Azad
- From the Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F.), Department of Medicine (A.K.A., A.G.M.), and Department of Biochemistry (N.T.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Nicolas Touret
- From the Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F.), Department of Medicine (A.K.A., A.G.M.), and Department of Biochemistry (N.T.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Allan G Murray
- From the Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F.), Department of Medicine (A.K.A., A.G.M.), and Department of Biochemistry (N.T.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Wang X, Fu X, Zhao S, Fu X, Zhang H, Shao L, Li G, Fan C. Antiangiogenic properties of caudatin in vitro and in vivo by suppression of VEGF‑VEGFR2‑AKT/FAK signal axis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8937-8943. [PMID: 28990104 PMCID: PMC5779977 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis provides essential nutrients and oxygen to the tumor microenvironment, which is important in tumor growth, progression and metastasis. Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis represents one of the most promising strategies in tumor therapy. The authors previously demonstrated that caudatin, one species of C‑21 steroidal from Cynanchum auriculatum (C. auriculatum), effectively inhibits human glioma growth in vitro and in vivo through triggering cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. However, little information regarding the antiangiogenic properties of caudatin in human glioma is available. Based on the author's previous study, the antiangiogenic effect of caudatin against human glioma was explored, and the underlying mechanism was investigated. The results suggested that caudatin treatment significantly inhibited HUVEC human umbilical vein endothelial cell proliferation, blocked the HUVECs migration, invasion and capillary‑like tube formation by disturbing the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‑VEGFR2‑protein kinase B (AKT)/focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signal axis. Notably, caudatin treatment abolished the glioma cell growth by suppression of the in vivo angiogenesis, which involved FAK and AKT dephosphorylation and inhibition of VEGF expression. The findings validated the antiangiogenic potential of caudatin in hunting human glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoting Fu
- Key Lab of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Shijun Zhao
- Key Lab of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Fu
- Key Lab of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Huifang Zhang
- Key Lab of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Lurong Shao
- Key Lab of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Cundong Fan
- Key Lab of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
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Hwa JJ, Beckouche N, Huang L, Kram Y, Lindskog H, Wang RA. Abnormal arterial-venous fusions and fate specification in mouse embryos lacking blood flow. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11965. [PMID: 28931948 PMCID: PMC5607254 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12353-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The functions of blood flow in the morphogenesis of mammalian arteries and veins are not well understood. We examined the development of the dorsal aorta (DA) and the cardinal vein (CV) in Ncx1 -/- mutants, which lack blood flow due to a deficiency in a sodium calcium ion exchanger expressed specifically in the heart. The mutant DA and CV were abnormally connected. The endothelium of the Ncx1 -/- mutant DA lacked normal expression of the arterial markers ephrin-B2 and Connexin-40. Notch1 activation, known to promote arterial specification, was decreased in mutant DA endothelial cells (ECs), which ectopically expressed the venous marker Coup-TFII. These findings suggest that flow has essential functions in the DA by promoting arterial and suppressing venous marker expression. In contrast, flow plays a lesser role in the CV, because expression of arterial-venous markers in CV ECs was not as dramatically affected in Ncx1 -/- mutants. We propose a molecular mechanism by which blood flow mediates DA and CV morphogenesis, by regulating arterial-venous specification of DA ECs to ensure proper separation of the developing DA and CV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Hwa
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Nathan Beckouche
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Lawrence Huang
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Yoseph Kram
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Henrik Lindskog
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Rong A Wang
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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Hu C, Chen X, Wen J, Gong L, Liu Z, Wang J, Liang J, Hu F, Zhou Q, Wei L, Shen Y, Zhang W. Antitumor effect of focal adhesion kinase inhibitor PF562271 against human osteosarcoma in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:1347-1356. [PMID: 28406574 PMCID: PMC5497929 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) overexpression is related to invasive and metastatic properties in different kinds of cancers. Target therapy by inhibiting FAK has achieved promising effect in some cancer treatments, but its effect in human osteosarcoma has not been well studied. In the present study, we analyzed the antitumor efficacy of PF562271, an FAK inhibitor, against osteosarcoma in vitro and in vivo. Phosphorylated FAK (Y397) was highly expressed in primary human osteosarcoma tumor samples and was associated with osteosarcoma prognosis and lung metastasis. PF562271 greatly suppressed proliferation and colony formation in human osteosarcoma cell lines. In addition, treatment of osteosarcoma cell lines with PF562271 induced apoptosis and downregulated the activity of the protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. PF562271 also impaired the tube formation ability of endothelial cells in vitro. Finally, oral treatment with PF562271 in mice dramatically reduced tumor volume, weight, and angiogenesis of osteosarcoma xenografts in vivo. These results indicate that FAK inhibitor PF562271 can potentially be effectively used for the treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzhen Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Wuxi Xinrui Hospital, Wuxi Branch, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Junxiang Wen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangzhi Gong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuochao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangqiong Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhui Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weibin Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Xie Z, Enkhjargal B, Reis C, Huang L, Wan W, Tang J, Cheng Y, Zhang JH. Netrin-1 Preserves Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Through Deleted in Colorectal Cancer/Focal Adhesion Kinase/RhoA Signaling Pathway Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.116.005198. [PMID: 28526701 PMCID: PMC5524080 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.005198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Netrin-1 (NTN-1) has been established to be a novel intrinsic regulator of blood-brain barrier (BBB) maintenance. This study was carried out to investigate the potential roles of exogenous NTN-1 in preserving BBB integrity after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) as well as the underlying mechanisms of its protective effects. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 309 male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to an endovascular perforation model of SAH. Recombinant NTN-1 was administered intravenously 1 hour after SAH induction. NTN-1 small interfering RNA or Deleted in Colorectal Cancer small interfering RNA was administered intracerebroventricular at 48 hours before SAH. Focal adhesion kinase inhibitor was administered by intraperitoneal injection at 1 hour prior to SAH. Neurological scores, brain water content, BBB permeability, RhoA activity, Western blot, and immunofluorescence staining were evaluated. The expression of endogenous NTN-1 and its receptor Deleted in Colorectal Cancer were increased after SAH. Administration of exogenous NTN-1 significantly reduced brain water content and BBB permeability and ameliorated neurological deficits at 24 and 72 hours after SAH. Exogenous NTN-1 treatment significantly promoted phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase activation and inhibited RhoA activity, as well as upregulated the expression of ZO-1 and Occludin. Conversely, depletion of endogenous NTN-1 aggravated BBB breakdown and neurological impairments at 24 hours after SAH. The protective effects of NTN-1 at 24 hours after SAH were also abolished by pretreatment with Deleted in Colorectal Cancer small interfering RNA and focal adhesion kinase inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS NTN-1 treatment preserved BBB integrity and improved neurological functions through a Deleted in Colorectal Cancer/focal adhesion kinase/RhoA signaling pathway after SAH. Thus, NTN-1 may serve as a promising treatment to alleviate early brain injury following SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyi Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Budbazar Enkhjargal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Cesar Reis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA.,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Weifeng Wan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA .,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA.,Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
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50
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Kumar V, Soni UK, Maurya VK, Singh K, Jha RK. Integrin beta8 (ITGB8) activates VAV-RAC1 signaling via FAK in the acquisition of endometrial epithelial cell receptivity for blastocyst implantation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1885. [PMID: 28507287 PMCID: PMC5432530 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01764-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin beta8 (ITGB8) is involved in the endometrial receptivity. The blastocyst first interacts with the luminal endometrial epithelial cells during its implantation; therefore, we have investigated the signaling of ITGB8 via FAK and VAV-RAC1 in the endometrial epithelial cells. Integrin beta8 was found elevated in epithelial cells at late-pre-receptive (day4, 1600 h) and receptive (day5, 0500 h) stages of endometrial receptivity period in the mouse. Integrins downstream molecule FAK has demonstrated an increased expression and phosphorylation (Y397) in the endometrium as well as in the isolated endometrial epithelial cells during receptive and post-receptive stages. Integrin beta8 can functionally interact with FAK, VAV and RAC1 as the levels of phosphorylated-FAK, and VAV along with the RAC-GTP form was reduced after ITGB8 knockdown in the endometrial epithelial cells and uterus. Further, VAV and RAC1 were seen poorly active in the absence of FAK activity, suggesting a crosstalk of ITGB8 and FAK for VAV and RAC1 activation in the endometrial epithelial cells. Silencing of ITGB8 expression and inhibition of FAK activity in the Ishikawa cells rendered poor attachment of JAr spheroids. In conclusion, ITGB8 activates VAV-RAC1 signaling axis via FAK to facilitate the endometrial epithelial cell receptivity for the attachment of blastocyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, U.P., India
| | - Upendra Kumar Soni
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, U.P., India
| | - Vineet Kumar Maurya
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, U.P., India
| | - Kiran Singh
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, UP, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Jha
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, U.P., India.
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