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Laczkó-Dobos H, Bhattacharjee A, Maddali AK, Kincses A, Abuammar H, Sebők-Nagy K, Páli T, Dér A, Hegedűs T, Csordás G, Juhász G. PtdIns4P is required for the autophagosomal recruitment of STX17 (syntaxin 17) to promote lysosomal fusion. Autophagy 2024; 20:1639-1650. [PMID: 38411137 PMCID: PMC11210929 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2322493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The autophagosomal SNARE STX17 (syntaxin 17) promotes lysosomal fusion and degradation, but its autophagosomal recruitment is incompletely understood. Notably, PtdIns4P is generated on autophagosomes and promotes fusion through an unknown mechanism. Here we show that soluble recombinant STX17 is spontaneously recruited to negatively charged liposomes and adding PtdIns4P to liposomes containing neutral lipids is sufficient for its recruitment. Consistently, STX17 colocalizes with PtdIns4P-positive autophagosomes in cells, and specific inhibition of PtdIns4P synthesis on autophagosomes prevents its loading. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that C-terminal positively charged amino acids establish contact with membrane bilayers containing negatively charged PtdIns4P. Accordingly, Ala substitution of Lys and Arg residues in the C terminus of STX17 abolishes membrane binding and impairs its autophagosomal recruitment. Finally, only wild type but not Ala substituted STX17 expression rescues the autophagosome-lysosome fusion defect of STX17 loss-of-function cells. We thus identify a key step of autophagosome maturation that promotes lysosomal fusion.Abbreviations: Cardiolipin: 1',3'-bis[1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho]-glycerol; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; GST: glutathione S-transferase; GUV: giant unilamellar vesicles; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; PA: 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate; PC/POPC: 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine; PG: 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol); PI: L-α-phosphatidylinositol; PI4K2A: phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2 alpha; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; POPE/PE: 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine; PS: 1-stearoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine; PtdIns(3,5)P2: 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1"-myo-inositol-3',5'-bisphosphate); PtdIns3P: 1,2- dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-myo-inositol-3'-phosphate); PtdIns4P: 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1"-myo-inositol-4'-phosphate); SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; STX17: syntaxin 17.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Asha Kiran Maddali
- Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Kincses
- Institute of Biophysics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hussein Abuammar
- Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Sebők-Nagy
- Institute of Biophysics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tibor Páli
- Institute of Biophysics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Dér
- Institute of Biophysics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Hegedűs
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN Biophysical Virology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Csordás
- Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Shinoda S, Sakai Y, Matsui T, Uematsu M, Koyama-Honda I, Sakamaki JI, Yamamoto H, Mizushima N. Syntaxin 17 recruitment to mature autophagosomes is temporally regulated by PI4P accumulation. eLife 2024; 12:RP92189. [PMID: 38831696 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
During macroautophagy, cytoplasmic constituents are engulfed by autophagosomes. Lysosomes fuse with closed autophagosomes but not with unclosed intermediate structures. This is achieved in part by the late recruitment of the autophagosomal SNARE syntaxin 17 (STX17) to mature autophagosomes. However, how STX17 recognizes autophagosome maturation is not known. Here, we show that this temporally regulated recruitment of STX17 depends on the positively charged C-terminal region of STX17. Consistent with this finding, mature autophagosomes are more negatively charged compared with unclosed intermediate structures. This electrostatic maturation of autophagosomes is likely driven by the accumulation of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) in the autophagosomal membrane. Accordingly, dephosphorylation of autophagosomal PI4P prevents the association of STX17 to autophagosomes. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations support PI4P-dependent membrane insertion of the transmembrane helices of STX17. Based on these findings, we propose a model in which STX17 recruitment to mature autophagosomes is temporally regulated by a PI4P-driven change in the surface charge of autophagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Shinoda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduated School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduated School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahide Matsui
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Uematsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduated School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuko Koyama-Honda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduated School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Sakamaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduated School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayashi Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduated School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduated School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Tian Z, Diao J. A matter of timing. eLife 2024; 13:e99181. [PMID: 38831693 PMCID: PMC11149926 DOI: 10.7554/elife.99181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A change in the electric charge of autophagosome membranes controls the recruitment of SNARE proteins to ensure that membrane fusion occurs at the right time during autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiUnited States
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4
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Xu Y, Duan S, Ye W, Zheng Z, Zhang J, Gao Y, Ye S. SLC34A2 promotes cell proliferation by activating STX17-mediated autophagy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Thorac Cancer 2024; 15:1369-1384. [PMID: 38720472 PMCID: PMC11168907 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.15314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solute carrier family 34 member 2 (SLC34A2) has been implicated in the development of various malignancies. However, the clinical significance and underlying molecular mechanisms of SLC34A2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remain elusive. METHODS Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry were utilized to evaluate the expression levels of SLC34A2 mRNA/protein in ESCC cell lines or tissues. Kaplan-Meier curves were employed for survival analysis. CCK-8, colony formation, EdU and xenograft tumor model assays were conducted to determine the impact of SLC34A2 on ESCC cell proliferation. Cell cycle was examined using flow cytometry. RNA-sequencing and enrichment analysis were carried out to explore the potential signaling pathways. The autophagic flux was evaluated by western blotting, mRFP-GFP-LC3 reporter system and transmission electron microscopy. Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry were utilized for identification of potential SLC34A2-interacting proteins. Cycloheximide (CHX) chase and ubiquitination assays were conducted to test the protein stability. RESULTS The expression of SLC34A2 was significantly upregulated in ESCC and correlated with unfavorable clinicopathologic characteristics particularly the Ki-67 labeling index and poor prognosis of ESCC patients. Overexpression of SLC34A2 promoted ESCC cell proliferation, while silencing SLC34A2 had the opposite effect. Moreover, SLC34A2 induced autophagy to promote ESCC cell proliferation, whereas inhibition of autophagy suppressed the proliferation of ESCC cells. Further studies showed that SLC34A2 interacted with an autophagy-related protein STX17 to promote autophagy and proliferation of ESCC cells by inhibiting the ubiquitination and degradation of STX17. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that SLC34A2 may serve as a prognostic biomarker for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Shiyu Duan
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's HospitalGuangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Wen Ye
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhousan Zheng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Sheng Ye
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Xu Y, Qian C, Wang Q, Song L, He Z, Liu W, Wan W. Deacetylation of ATG7 drives the induction of macroautophagy and LC3-associated microautophagy. Autophagy 2024; 20:1134-1146. [PMID: 37999993 PMCID: PMC11135844 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2287932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
LC3 lipidation plays an important role in the regulation of macroautophagy and LC3-associated microautophagy. The E1-like enzyme ATG7 is one of the core components that are directly involved in LC3 lipidation reaction. Here, we provide evidence showing that acetylation of ATG7 tightly controls its enzyme activity to regulate the induction of macroautophagy and LC3-associated microautophagy. Mechanistically, acetylation of ATG7 disrupts its interaction with the E2-like enzyme ATG3, leading to an inhibition of LC3 lipidation in vitro and in vivo. Functionally, in response to various different stimuli, cellular ATG7 undergoes deacetylation to induce macroautophagy and LC3-associated microautophagy, which are necessary for cells to eliminate cytoplasmic DNA and degrade lysosome membrane proteins, respectively. Taken together, these findings reveal that ATG7 acetylation acts as a critical rheostat in controlling LC3 lipidation and related cellular processes.Abbreviations: AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG: autophagy-related; cGAMP: cyclic GMP-AMP; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; CREBBP/CBP: CREB binding protein; EGF: epidermal growth factor; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; EP300/p300: E1A binding protein p300; IFNB1: interferon beta 1; ISD: interferon stimulatory DNA; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MCOLN1/TRPML1: mucolipin TRP cation channel 1; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NAM: nicotinamide; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PTM: post-translational modification; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; SIRT: sirtuin; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; TSA: trichostatin A; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; WIPI2: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfeng Xu
- Laboratory of Basic Biology, Hunan First Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chuying Qian
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijiang Song
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhengfu He
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Wan
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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6
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Zhu Y, Liu F, Jian F, Rong Y. Recent progresses in the late stages of autophagy. CELL INSIGHT 2024; 3:100152. [PMID: 38435435 PMCID: PMC10904915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2024.100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy, a lysosome-dependent degradation process, plays a crucial role in maintaining cell homeostasis. It serves as a vital mechanism for adapting to stress and ensuring intracellular quality control. Autophagy deficiencies or defects are linked to numerous human disorders, especially those associated with neuronal degeneration or metabolic diseases. Yoshinori Ohsumi was honored with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2016 for his groundbreaking discoveries regarding autophagy mechanisms. Over the past few decades, autophagy research has predominantly concentrated on the early stages of autophagy, with relatively limited attention given to the late stages. Nevertheless, recent studies have witnessed substantial advancements in understanding the molecular intricacies of the late stages, which follows autophagosome formation. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the recent progresses in comprehending the molecular mechanisms of the late stages of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanYan Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fengping Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fenglei Jian
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yueguang Rong
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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7
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An Z, Ding W. Syntaxin17 Restores Lysosomal Function and Inhibits Pyroptosis Caused by Acinetobacter baumannii. J Microbiol 2024; 62:315-325. [PMID: 38451450 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) causes autophagy flux disorder by degrading STX17, resulting in a serious inflammatory response. It remains unclear whether STX17 can alter the inflammatory response process by controlling autolysosome function. This study aimed to explore the role of STX17 in the regulation of pyroptosis induced by A. baumannii. Our findings indicate that overexpression of STX17 enhances autophagosome degradation, increases LAMP1 expression, reduces Cathepsin B release, and improves lysosomal function. Conversely, knockdown of STX17 suppresses autophagosome degradation, reduces LAMP1 expression, augments Cathepsin B release, and accelerates lysosomal dysfunction. In instances of A. baumannii infection, overexpression of STX17 was found to improve lysosomal function and reduce the expression of mature of GSDMD and IL-1β, along with the release of LDH, thus inhibiting pyroptosis caused by A. baumannii. Conversely, knockdown of STX17 led to increased lysosomal dysfunction and further enhanced the expression of mature of GSDMD and IL-1β, and increased the release of LDH, exacerbating pyroptosis induced by A. baumannii. These findings suggest that STX17 regulates pyroptosis induced by A. baumannii by modulating lysosomal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan An
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenyi Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
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8
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Klute S, Sparrer KMJ. Friends and Foes: The Ambivalent Role of Autophagy in HIV-1 Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:500. [PMID: 38675843 PMCID: PMC11054699 DOI: 10.3390/v16040500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has emerged as an integral part of the antiviral innate immune defenses, targeting viruses or their components for lysosomal degradation. Thus, successful viruses, like pandemic human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), evolved strategies to counteract or even exploit autophagy for efficient replication. Here, we provide an overview of the intricate interplay between autophagy and HIV-1. We discuss the impact of autophagy on HIV-1 replication and report in detail how HIV-1 manipulates autophagy in infected cells and beyond. We also highlight tissue and cell-type specifics in the interplay between autophagy and HIV-1. In addition, we weigh exogenous modulation of autophagy as a putative double-edged sword against HIV-1 and discuss potential implications for future antiretroviral therapy and curative approaches. Taken together, we consider both antiviral and proviral roles of autophagy to illustrate the ambivalent role of autophagy in HIV-1 pathogenesis and therapy.
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9
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Deretic V, Duque T, Trosdal E, Paddar M, Javed R, Akepati P. Membrane atg8ylation in Canonical and Noncanonical Autophagy. J Mol Biol 2024:168532. [PMID: 38479594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Membrane atg8ylation is a homeostatic process responding to membrane remodeling and stress signals. Membranes are atg8ylated by mammalian ATG8 ubiquitin-like proteins through a ubiquitylation-like cascade. A model has recently been put forward which posits that atg8ylation of membranes is conceptually equivalent to ubiquitylation of proteins. Like ubiquitylation, membrane atg8ylation involves E1, E2 and E3 enzymes. The E3 ligases catalyze the final step of atg8ylation of aminophospholipids in membranes. Until recently, the only known E3 ligase for membrane atg8ylation was ATG16L1 in a noncovalent complex with the ATG12-ATG5 conjugate. ATG16L1 was first identified as a factor in canonical autophagy. During canonical autophagy, the ATG16L1-based E3 ligase complex includes WIPI2, which in turn recognizes phosphatidylinositiol 3-phosphate and directs atg8ylation of autophagic phagophores. As an alternative to WIPIs, binding of ATG16L1 to the proton pump V-ATPase guides atg8ylation of endolysosomal and phagosomal membranes in response to lumenal pH changes. Recently, a new E3 complex containing TECPR1 instead of ATG16L1, has been identified that responds to sphingomyelin's presence on the cytofacial side of perturbed endolysosomal membranes. In present review, we cover the principles of membrane atg8ylation, catalog its various presentations, and provide a perspective on the growing repertoire of E3 ligase complexes directing membrane atg8ylation at diverse locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Thabata Duque
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Einar Trosdal
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Masroor Paddar
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ruheena Javed
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Prithvi Akepati
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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10
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Sipos F, Műzes G. Sirtuins Affect Cancer Stem Cells via Epigenetic Regulation of Autophagy. Biomedicines 2024; 12:386. [PMID: 38397988 PMCID: PMC10886574 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs) are stress-responsive proteins that regulate several post-translational modifications, partly by acetylation, deacetylation, and affecting DNA methylation. As a result, they significantly regulate several cellular processes. In essence, they prolong lifespan and control the occurrence of spontaneous tumor growth. Members of the SIRT family have the ability to govern embryonic, hematopoietic, and other adult stem cells in certain tissues and cell types in distinct ways. Likewise, they can have both pro-tumor and anti-tumor effects on cancer stem cells, contingent upon the specific tissue from which they originate. The impact of autophagy on cancer stem cells, which varies depending on the specific circumstances, is a very intricate phenomenon that has significant significance for clinical and therapeutic purposes. SIRTs exert an impact on the autophagy process, whereas autophagy reciprocally affects the activity of certain SIRTs. The mechanism behind this connection in cancer stem cells remains poorly understood. This review presents the latest findings that position SIRTs at the point where cancer cells and autophagy interact. Our objective is to highlight the various roles of distinct SIRTs in cancer stem cell-related functions through autophagy. This would demonstrate their significance in the genesis and recurrence of cancer and offer a more precise understanding of their treatment possibilities in relation to autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Sipos
- Immunology Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary;
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11
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Jian F, Wang S, Tian R, Wang Y, Li C, Li Y, Wang S, Fang C, Ma C, Rong Y. The STX17-SNAP47-VAMP7/VAMP8 complex is the default SNARE complex mediating autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Cell Res 2024; 34:151-168. [PMID: 38182888 PMCID: PMC10837459 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00916-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagosome-lysosome fusion mediated by SNARE complexes is an essential step in autophagy. Two SNAP29-containing SNARE complexes have been extensively studied in starvation-induced bulk autophagy, while the relevant SNARE complexes in other types of autophagy occurring under non-starvation conditions have been overlooked. Here, we found that autophagosome-lysosome fusion in selective autophagy under non-starvation conditions does not require SNAP29-containing SNARE complexes, but requires the STX17-SNAP47-VAMP7/VAMP8 SNARE complex. Further, the STX17-SNAP47-VAMP7/VAMP8 SNARE complex also functions in starvation-induced autophagy. SNAP47 is recruited to autophagosomes following concurrent detection of ATG8s and PI(4,5)P2 via its Pleckstrin homology domain. By contrast, SNAP29-containing SNAREs are excluded from selective autophagy due to inactivation by O-GlcNAcylation under non-starvation conditions. These findings depict a previously unknown, default SNARE complex responsible for autophagosome-lysosome fusion in both selective and bulk autophagy, which could guide research and therapeutic development in autophagy-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglei Jian
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Tian
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yufen Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chuangpeng Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shixuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Fang
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Cong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Yueguang Rong
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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12
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Wang X, Hu M, Chen J, Lou X, Zhang H, Li M, Cheng J, Ma T, Xiong J, Gao R, Chen X, Wang J. Key roles of autophagosome/endosome maturation mediated by Syntaxin17 in methamphetamine-induced neuronal damage in mice. Mol Med 2024; 30:4. [PMID: 38172666 PMCID: PMC10765725 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00765-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagic defects are involved in Methamphetamine (Meth)-induced neurotoxicity. Syntaxin 17 (Stx17), a member of the SNARE protein family, participating in several stages of autophagy, including autophagosome-late endosome/lysosome fusion. However, the role of Stx17 and potential mechanisms in autophagic defects induced by Meth remain poorly understood. METHODS To address the mechanism of Meth-induced cognitive impairment, the adenovirus (AV) and adeno-associated virus (AAV) were injected into the hippocampus for stereotaxis to overexpress Stx17 in vivo to examine the cognitive ability via morris water maze and novel object recognition. In molecular level, the synaptic injury and autophagic defects were evaluated. To address the Meth induced neuronal damage, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) degradation assay was performed to evaluate the degradability of the "cargos" mediated by Meth, and mechanistically, the maturation of the vesicles, including autophagosomes and endosomes, were validated by the Co-IP and the GTP-agarose affinity isolation assays. RESULTS Overexpression of Stx17 in the hippocampus markedly rescued the Meth-induced cognitive impairment and synaptic loss. For endosomes, Meth exposure upregulated Rab5 expression and its guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) (immature endosome), with a commensurate decreased active form of Rab7 (Rab7-GTP) and impeded the binding of Rab7 to CCZ1 (mature endosome); for autophagosomes, Meth treatment elicited a dramatic reduction in the overlap between Stx17 and autophagosomes but increased the colocalization of ATG5 and autophagosomes (immature autophagosomes). After Stx17 overexpression, the Rab7-GTP levels in purified late endosomes were substantially increased in parallel with the elevated mature autophagosomes, facilitating cargo (Aβ42, p-tau, and EGFR) degradation in the vesicles, which finally ameliorated Meth-induced synaptic loss and memory deficits in mice. CONCLUSION Stx17 decrease mediated by Meth contributes to vesicle fusion defects which may ascribe to the immature autophagosomes and endosomes, leading to autophagic dysfunction and finalizes neuronal damage and cognitive impairments. Therefore, targeting Stx17 may be a novel therapeutic strategy for Meth-induced neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Miaoyang Hu
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jingrong Chen
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Xinyu Lou
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Hongchao Zhang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Muhan Li
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Tengfei Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jianping Xiong
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Rong Gao
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xufeng Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
- China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
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13
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Liang X, Wang Y, Li S, Fan J, Zhou F, Li X, Li S, Li Y. Enhancing Rab7 Activity by Inhibiting TBC1D5 Expression Improves Mitophagy in Alzheimer's Disease Models. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 100:279-296. [PMID: 38848175 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial dysfunction exists in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, and damaged mitochondria need to be removed by mitophagy. Small GTPase Rab7 regulates the fusion of mitochondria and lysosome, while TBC1D5 inhibits Rab7 activation. However, it is not clear whether the regulation of Rab7 activity by TBC1D5 can improve mitophagy and inhibit AD progression. Objective To investigate the role of TBC1D5 in mitophagy and its regulatory mechanism for Rab7, and whether activation of mitophagy can inhibit the progression of AD. Methods Mitophagy was determined by western blot and immunofluorescence. The morphology and quantity of mitochondria were tracked by TEM. pCMV-Mito-AT1.03 was employed to detect the cellular ATP. Amyloid-β secreted by AD cells was detected by ELISA. Co-immunoprecipitation was used to investigate the binding partner of the target protein. Golgi-cox staining was applied to observe neuronal morphology of mice. The Morris water maze test and Y-maze were performed to assess spatial learning and memory, and the open field test was measured to evaluate motor function and anxiety-like phenotype of experimental animals. Results Mitochondrial morphology was impaired in AD models, and TBC1D5 was highly expressed. Knocking down TBC1D5 increased the expression of active Rab7, promoted the fusion of lysosome and autophagosome, thus improving mitophagy, and improved the morphology of hippocampal neurons and the impaired behavior in AD mice. Conclusions Knocking down TBC1D5 increased Rab7 activity and promoted the fusion of autophagosome and lysosome. Our study provided insights into the mechanisms that bring new possibilities for AD therapy targeting mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liang
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Siyu Li
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Jianing Fan
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Fanlin Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Intelligent Oncology in Breast Cancer - iCQBC, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoju Li
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Intelligent Oncology in Breast Cancer - iCQBC, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Shijie Li
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Intelligent Oncology in Breast Cancer - iCQBC, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Intelligent Oncology in Breast Cancer - iCQBC, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, P.R. China
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Mirabdali S, Ghafouri K, Farahmand Y, Gholizadeh N, Yazdani O, Esbati R, Hajiagha BS, Rahimi A. The role and function of autophagy through signaling and pathogenetic pathways and lncRNAs in ovarian cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 253:154899. [PMID: 38061269 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Lysosomal-driven autophagy is a tightly controlled cellular catabolic process that breaks down and recycles broken or superfluous cell parts. It is involved in several illnesses, including cancer, and is essential in preserving cellular homeostasis. Autophagy prevents DNA mutation and cancer development by actively eliminating pro-oxidative mitochondria and protein aggregates from healthy cells. Oncosuppressor and oncogene gene mutations cause dysregulation of autophagy. Increased autophagy may offer cancer cells a pro-survival advantage when oxygen and nutrients are scarce and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. This finding justifies the use of autophagy inhibitors in addition to anti-neoplastic treatments. Excessive autophagy levels can potentially kill cells. The diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer present many difficulties due to its complexity and heterogeneity. Understanding the role of autophagy, a cellular process involved in the breakdown and recycling of cellular components, in ovarian cancer has garnered increasing attention in recent years. Of particular note is the increasing amount of data indicating a close relationship between autophagy and ovarian cancer. Autophagy either promotes or restricts tumor growth in ovarian cancer. Dysregulation of autophagy signaling pathways in ovarian cancers can affect the development, metastasis, and response to tumor treatment. The precise mechanism underlying autophagy concerning ovarian cancer remains unclear, as does the role autophagy plays in ovarian carcinoma. In this review, we tried to encapsulate and evaluate current findings in investigating autophagy in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedsaber Mirabdali
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kimia Ghafouri
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yalda Farahmand
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Gholizadeh
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Omid Yazdani
- Department of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Romina Esbati
- Department of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Salmanian Hajiagha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Tehran East Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Asiye Rahimi
- Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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15
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Rogov VV, Nezis IP, Tsapras P, Zhang H, Dagdas Y, Noda NN, Nakatogawa H, Wirth M, Mouilleron S, McEwan DG, Behrends C, Deretic V, Elazar Z, Tooze SA, Dikic I, Lamark T, Johansen T. Atg8 family proteins, LIR/AIM motifs and other interaction modes. AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2023; 2:27694127.2023.2188523. [PMID: 38214012 PMCID: PMC7615515 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2023.2188523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The Atg8 family of ubiquitin-like proteins play pivotal roles in autophagy and other processes involving vesicle fusion and transport where the lysosome/vacuole is the end station. Nuclear roles of Atg8 proteins are also emerging. Here, we review the structural and functional features of Atg8 family proteins and their protein-protein interaction modes in model organisms such as yeast, Arabidopsis, C. elegans and Drosophila to humans. Although varying in number of homologs, from one in yeast to seven in humans, and more than ten in some plants, there is a strong evolutionary conservation of structural features and interaction modes. The most prominent interaction mode is between the LC3 interacting region (LIR), also called Atg8 interacting motif (AIM), binding to the LIR docking site (LDS) in Atg8 homologs. There are variants of these motifs like "half-LIRs" and helical LIRs. We discuss details of the binding modes and how selectivity is achieved as well as the role of multivalent LIR-LDS interactions in selective autophagy. A number of LIR-LDS interactions are known to be regulated by phosphorylation. New methods to predict LIR motifs in proteins have emerged that will aid in discovery and analyses. There are also other interaction surfaces than the LDS becoming known where we presently lack detailed structural information, like the N-terminal arm region and the UIM-docking site (UDS). More interaction modes are likely to be discovered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V. Rogov
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, am Main, and Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ioannis P. Nezis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, UK
| | | | - Hong Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China and College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yasin Dagdas
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nobuo N. Noda
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakatogawa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Martina Wirth
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Stephane Mouilleron
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Christian Behrends
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Zvulun Elazar
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sharon A. Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Trond Lamark
- Autophagy Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Johansen
- Autophagy Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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16
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Gao S, Yuan D, Gao L, Yang F, Lin X, van der Veen S. Epithelial Cell NOD1/IRGM Recruits STX17 to Neisseria gonorrhoeae-Containing Endosomes to Initiate Lysosomal Degradation. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:1776-1788. [PMID: 37926090 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae establishes tight interactions with mucosal epithelia through activity of its type IV pilus, while pilus retraction forces activate autophagic responses toward invading gonococci. Here we studied pilus-independent epithelial cell responses and showed that pilus-negative gonococci residing in early and late endosomes are detected and targeted by nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1). NOD1 subsequently forms a complex with immunity-related guanosine triphosphatase M (IRGM) and autophagy-related 16-like 1 (ATG16L1) to activate autophagy and recruit microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) to the intracellular bacteria. IRGM furthermore directly recruits syntaxin 17 (STX17), which is able to form tethering complexes with the lysosome. Importantly, IRGM-STX17 interactions are enhanced by LC3 but were still observed at lower levels in an LC3 knockout cell line. These findings demonstrate key roles for NOD1 and IRGM in the sensing of intracellular N gonorrhoeae and subsequent directing of the bacterium to the lysosome for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gao
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dailin Yuan
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyu Gao
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu'ai Lin
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Stijn van der Veen
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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17
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Xu H, Tan M, Hou GQ, Sang YZ, Lin L, Gan XC, Cao X, Liu AD. Blockade of DDR1/PYK2/ERK signaling suggesting SH2 superbinder as a novel autophagy inhibitor for pancreatic cancer. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:811. [PMID: 38071340 PMCID: PMC10710504 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is highly lethal, of which 90% is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), with a 5-year survival rate of less than 12%, lacking effective treatment options and late diagnosis. Furthermore, the tumors show an intense resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapies. As autophagy is elevated in PDAC, targeting the autophagic pathway is regarded as a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy were utilized to assess the autophagic flux. Label-free quantitative phosphoproteomics was used to figure out critically altered tyrosine phosphorylation of the proteins. Tumor-bearing mice were used to validate that SH2 TrM-(Arg)9 restrained the growth of tumor cells. SH2 TrM-(Arg)9 inhibited collagen-induced autophagy via blocking the DDR1/PYK2/ERK signaling cascades. SH2 TrM-(Arg)9 improved the sensitivity of PANC-1/GEM cells to gemcitabine (GEM). Inhibition of autophagy by SH2 TrM-(Arg)9 may synergized with chemotherapy and robusted tumor suppression in pancreatic cancer xenografts. SH2 TrM-(Arg)9 could enter into PDAC cells and blockade autophagy through inhibiting DDR1/PYK2/ERK signaling and may be a new treatment strategy for targeted therapy of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- School of Medicine, Taizhou University, 318000, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ming Tan
- School of Medicine, Taizhou University, 318000, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guo-Qing Hou
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ya-Zhou Sang
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Lin
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Cai Gan
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuan Cao
- School of Medicine, Taizhou University, 318000, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Wenling First People's Hospital (The Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Taizhou University), School of Medicine, Taizhou University, 318000, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - An-Dong Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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18
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Zhang H, Wang X, Qu M, Li Z, Yin X, Tang L, Liu X, Sun Y. Foot-and-mouth disease virus structural protein VP3 interacts with HDAC8 and promotes its autophagic degradation to facilitate viral replication. Autophagy 2023; 19:2869-2883. [PMID: 37408174 PMCID: PMC10549200 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2233847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy has been utilized by many viruses, including foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), to facilitate replication, while the underlying mechanism of the interplay between autophagy and innate immune responses is still elusive. This study showed that HDAC8 (histone deacetylase 8) inhibits FMDV replication by regulating innate immune signal transduction and antiviral response. To counteract the HDAC8 effect, FMDV utilizes autophagy to promote HDAC8 degradation. Further data showed that FMDV structural protein VP3 promotes autophagy during virus infection and interacts with and degrades HDAC8 in an AKT-MTOR-ATG5-dependent autophagy pathway. Our data demonstrated that FMDV evolved a strategy to counteract host antiviral activity by autophagic degradation of a protein that regulates innate immune response during virus infection.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ATG: autophagy related; Baf-A1: bafilomycin A1; CCL5: C-C motif chemokine ligand 5; Co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CQ: chloroquine phosphate; DAPI: 4",6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; FMDV: foot-and-mouth disease virus; HDAC8: histone deacetylase 8; ISG: IFN-stimulated gene; IRF3: interferon regulatory factor 3; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MOI: multiplicity of infection; MAVS: mitochondria antiviral signaling protein; OAS: 2"-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase; RB1: RB transcriptional corepressor 1; SAHA: suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; TCID50: 50% tissue culture infectious doses; TNF/TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor; TSA: trichostatin A; UTR: untranslated region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Min Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangping Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lijie Tang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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19
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Nieto-Torres JL, Zaretski S, Liu T, Adams PD, Hansen M. Post-translational modifications of ATG8 proteins - an emerging mechanism of autophagy control. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs259725. [PMID: 37589340 PMCID: PMC10445744 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a recycling mechanism involved in cellular homeostasis with key implications for health and disease. The conjugation of the ATG8 family proteins, which includes LC3B (also known as MAP1LC3B), to autophagosome membranes, constitutes a hallmark of the canonical autophagy process. After ATG8 proteins are conjugated to the autophagosome membranes via lipidation, they orchestrate a plethora of protein-protein interactions that support key steps of the autophagy process. These include binding to cargo receptors to allow cargo recruitment, association with proteins implicated in autophagosome transport and autophagosome-lysosome fusion. How these diverse and critical protein-protein interactions are regulated is still not well understood. Recent reports have highlighted crucial roles for post-translational modifications of ATG8 proteins in the regulation of ATG8 functions and the autophagy process. This Review summarizes the main post-translational regulatory events discovered to date to influence the autophagy process, mostly described in mammalian cells, including ubiquitylation, acetylation, lipidation and phosphorylation, as well as their known contributions to the autophagy process, physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L. Nieto-Torres
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Program of Development, Aging, and Regeneration, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Veterinary, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Moncada, Spain
| | - Sviatlana Zaretski
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Program of Development, Aging, and Regeneration, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tianhui Liu
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Program of Development, Aging, and Regeneration, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peter D. Adams
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Program of Development, Aging, and Regeneration, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Malene Hansen
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Program of Development, Aging, and Regeneration, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Buck Institute for Aging Research, Novato, CA 94945, USA
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20
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Wang Y, Que H, Li C, Wu Z, Jian F, Zhao Y, Tang H, Chen Y, Gao S, Wong CC, Li Y, Zhao C, Rong Y. ULK phosphorylation of STX17 controls autophagosome maturation via FLNA. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202211025. [PMID: 37389864 PMCID: PMC10316704 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202211025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved and tightly regulated intracellular quality control pathway. ULK is a key kinase in autophagy initiation, but whether ULK kinase activity also participates in the late stages of autophagy remains unknown. Here, we found that the autophagosomal SNARE protein, STX17, is phosphorylated by ULK at residue S289, beyond which it localizes specifically to autophagosomes. Inhibition of STX17 phosphorylation prevents such autophagosome localization. FLNA was then identified as a linker between ATG8 family proteins (ATG8s) and STX17 with essential involvement in STX17 recruitment to autophagosomes. Phosphorylation of STX17 S289 promotes its interaction with FLNA, activating its recruitment to autophagosomes and facilitating autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Disease-causative mutations around the ATG8s- and STX17-binding regions of FLNA disrupt its interactions with ATG8s and STX17, inhibiting STX17 recruitment and autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Cumulatively, our study reveals an unexpected role of ULK in autophagosome maturation, uncovers its regulatory mechanism in STX17 recruitment, and highlights a potential association between autophagy and FLNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufen Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huilin Que
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - ChuangPeng Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fenglei Jian
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haohao Tang
- Center for Precision Medicine Multi-Omics Research, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Center for Precision Medicine Multi-Omics Research, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaixin Gao
- Human Nutrition Program and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Catherine C.L. Wong
- Clinical Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chongchong Zhao
- The HIT Center for Life Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yueguang Rong
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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21
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Rühmkorf A, Harbauer AB. Role of Mitochondria-ER Contact Sites in Mitophagy. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1198. [PMID: 37627263 PMCID: PMC10452924 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell. However, this organelle has many more functions than simply satisfying the cells' metabolic needs. Mitochondria are involved in calcium homeostasis and lipid metabolism, and they also regulate apoptotic processes. Many of these functions require contact with the ER, which is mediated by several tether proteins located on the respective organellar surfaces, enabling the formation of mitochondria-ER contact sites (MERCS). Upon damage, mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can harm the surrounding cell. To circumvent toxicity and to maintain a functional pool of healthy organelles, damaged and excess mitochondria can be targeted for degradation via mitophagy, a form of selective autophagy. Defects in mitochondria-ER tethers and the accumulation of damaged mitochondria are found in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which argues that the interplay between the two organelles is vital for neuronal health. This review provides an overview of the different mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control that are implicated with the different mitochondria-ER tether proteins, and also provides a novel perspective on how MERCS are involved in mediating mitophagy upon mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Rühmkorf
- TUM Medical Graduate Center, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Angelika Bettina Harbauer
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, 81377 Munich, Germany
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22
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Javed R, Jain A, Duque T, Hendrix E, Paddar MA, Khan S, Claude‐Taupin A, Jia J, Allers L, Wang F, Mudd M, Timmins G, Lidke K, Rusten TE, Akepati PR, He Y, Reggiori F, Eskelinen E, Deretic V. Mammalian ATG8 proteins maintain autophagosomal membrane integrity through ESCRTs. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112845. [PMID: 37272163 PMCID: PMC10350836 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical autophagy pathway in mammalian cells sequesters diverse cytoplasmic cargo within the double membrane autophagosomes that eventually convert into degradative compartments via fusion with endolysosomal intermediates. Here, we report that autophagosomal membranes show permeability in cells lacking principal ATG8 proteins (mATG8s) and are unable to mature into autolysosomes. Using a combination of methods including a novel in vitro assay to measure membrane sealing, we uncovered a previously unappreciated function of mATG8s to maintain autophagosomal membranes in a sealed state. The mATG8 proteins GABARAP and LC3A bind to key ESCRT-I components contributing, along with other ESCRTs, to the integrity and imperviousness of autophagic membranes. Autophagic organelles in cells lacking mATG8s are permeant, are arrested as amphisomes, and do not progress to functional autolysosomes. Thus, autophagosomal organelles need to be maintained in a sealed state in order to become lytic autolysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruheena Javed
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Ashish Jain
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Thabata Duque
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Emily Hendrix
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical BiologyThe University of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Masroor Ahmad Paddar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Sajjad Khan
- Department of Physics and AstronomyThe University of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Aurore Claude‐Taupin
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Jingyue Jia
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Lee Allers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Fulong Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Michal Mudd
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Graham Timmins
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Keith Lidke
- Department of Physics and AstronomyThe University of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | | | - Prithvi Reddy Akepati
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Yi He
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical BiologyThe University of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Aarhus Institute for Advanced Studies (AIAS)Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | | | - Vojo Deretic
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
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23
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Pizzimenti C, Fiorentino V, Franchina M, Martini M, Giuffrè G, Lentini M, Silvestris N, Di Pietro M, Fadda G, Tuccari G, Ieni A. Autophagic-Related Proteins in Brain Gliomas: Role, Mechanisms, and Targeting Agents. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092622. [PMID: 37174088 PMCID: PMC10177137 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review focuses on the phenomenon of autophagy, a catabolic cellular process, which allows for the recycling of damaged organelles, macromolecules, and misfolded proteins. The different steps able to activate autophagy start with the formation of the autophagosome, mainly controlled by the action of several autophagy-related proteins. It is remarkable that autophagy may exert a double role as a tumour promoter and a tumour suppressor. Herein, we analyse the molecular mechanisms as well as the regulatory pathways of autophagy, mainly addressing their involvement in human astrocytic neoplasms. Moreover, the relationships between autophagy, the tumour immune microenvironment, and glioma stem cells are discussed. Finally, an excursus concerning autophagy-targeting agents is included in the present review in order to obtain additional information for the better treatment and management of therapy-resistant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pizzimenti
- Translational Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fiorentino
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Pathology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Mariausilia Franchina
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Pathology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Maurizio Martini
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Pathology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giuffrè
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Pathology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Lentini
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Pathology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Oncology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Martina Di Pietro
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Oncology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Guido Fadda
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Pathology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Pathology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Pathology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
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24
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Abstract
Post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination and acetylation, play crucial roles in the regulation of autophagy. Acetylation has emerged as an important regulatory mechanism for autophagy. Acetylation regulates autophagy initiation and autophagosome formation by targeting core components of the ULK1 complex, the BECN1-PIK3C3 complex, and the LC3 lipidation system. Recent studies have shown that acetylation occurs on the key proteins participating in autophagic cargo assembly and autophagosome-lysosome fusion, such as SQSTM1/p62 and STX17. In addition, acetylation controls autophagy at the transcriptional level by targeting histones and the transcription factor TFEB. Here, we review the current knowledge on acetylation of autophagy proteins and their regulations and functions in the autophagy pathway with focus on recent findings.Abbreviations : ACAT1: acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1; ACSS2: acyl-CoA synthetase short chain family member 2; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG: autophagy-related; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CCAR2/DBC1: cell cycle and apoptosis regulator 2; BECN1: beclin 1; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; CREBBP/CBP: CREB binding protein; EP300/p300: E1A binding protein p300; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GSK3: glycogen synthase kinase 3; HDAC6: histone deacetylase 6; HSPA8/HSC70: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 8; KAT2A/GCN5: lysine acetyltransferase 2A; KAT2B/PCAF: lysine acetyltransferase 2B; KAT5/TIP60: lysine acetyltransferase 5; KAT8/MOF: lysine acetyltransferase 8; LAMP2A: lysosomal associated membrane protein 2A; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; OPTN: optineurin; PD: Parkinson disease; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PKM2: pyruvate kinase M1/2; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; PTM: post-translational modification; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; RUBCN/Rubicon: rubicon autophagy regulator; RUBCNL/Pacer: rubicon like autophagy enhancer; SIRT1: sirtuin 1; SNAP29: synaptosome associated protein 29; SNARE: soluble N-ethylamide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STX17: syntaxin 17; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TP53/p53: tumor protein p53; TP53INP2/DOR: tumor protein p53 inducible nuclear protein 2; UBA: ubiquitin-associated; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; VAMP8: vesicle associated membrane protein 8; WIPI2: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfeng Xu
- Laboratory of Basic Biology, Hunan First Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Wan
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,CONTACT Wei Wan Research Building B, Room 716, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310058, China
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25
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Reid SE, Kolapalli SP, Nielsen TM, Frankel LB. Canonical and non-canonical roles for ATG8 proteins in autophagy and beyond. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1074701. [PMID: 36601581 PMCID: PMC9806848 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1074701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During autophagy, the ATG8 family proteins have several well-characterized roles in facilitating early, mid, and late steps of autophagy, including autophagosome expansion, cargo recruitment and autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Their discovery has importantly allowed for precise experimental monitoring of the pathway, bringing about a huge expansion of research in the field over the last decades. In this review, we discuss both canonical and non-canonical roles of the autophagic lipidation machinery, with particular focus on the ATG8 proteins, their post-translational modifications and their increasingly uncovered alternative roles mediated through their anchoring at different membranes. These include endosomes, macropinosomes, phagosomes and the plasma membrane, to which ATG8 proteins can bind through canonical or alternative lipidation. Beyond new ATG8 binding partners and cargo types, we also explore several open questions related to alternative outcomes of autophagic machinery engagement beyond degradation. These include their roles in plasma membrane repair and secretion of selected substrates as well as the physiological implications hereof in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lisa B. Frankel
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark,Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,*Correspondence: Lisa B. Frankel,
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26
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Jia J, Wang F, Bhujabal Z, Peters R, Mudd M, Duque T, Allers L, Javed R, Salemi M, Behrends C, Phinney B, Johansen T, Deretic V. Stress granules and mTOR are regulated by membrane atg8ylation during lysosomal damage. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202207091. [PMID: 36179369 PMCID: PMC9533235 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202207091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We report that lysosomal damage is a hitherto unknown inducer of stress granule (SG) formation and that the process termed membrane atg8ylation coordinates SG formation with mTOR inactivation during lysosomal stress. SGs were induced by lysosome-damaging agents including SARS-CoV-2ORF3a, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and proteopathic tau. During damage, mammalian ATG8s directly interacted with the core SG proteins NUFIP2 and G3BP1. Atg8ylation was needed for their recruitment to damaged lysosomes independently of SG condensates whereupon NUFIP2 contributed to mTOR inactivation via the Ragulator-RagA/B complex. Thus, cells employ membrane atg8ylation to control and coordinate SG and mTOR responses to lysosomal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Jia
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Fulong Wang
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Zambarlal Bhujabal
- Autophagy Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ryan Peters
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Michal Mudd
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Thabata Duque
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Lee Allers
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Ruheena Javed
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Christian Behrends
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Brett Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Terje Johansen
- Autophagy Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
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27
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Mehto S, Jena KK, Yadav R, Priyadarsini S, Samal P, Krishna S, Dhar K, Jain A, Chauhan NR, Murmu KC, Bal R, Sahu R, Jaiswal P, Sahoo BS, Patnaik S, Kufer TA, Rusten TE, Chauhan S, Prasad P, Chauhan S. Selective autophagy of RIPosomes maintains innate immune homeostasis during bacterial infection. EMBO J 2022; 41:e111289. [PMID: 36221902 PMCID: PMC9713718 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The NOD1/2-RIPK2 is a key cytosolic signaling complex that activates NF-κB pro-inflammatory response against invading pathogens. However, uncontrolled NF-κB signaling can cause tissue damage leading to chronic diseases. The mechanisms by which the NODs-RIPK2-NF-κB innate immune axis is activated and resolved remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that bacterial infection induces the formation of endogenous RIPK2 oligomers (RIPosomes) that are self-assembling entities that coat the bacteria to induce NF-κB response. Next, we show that autophagy proteins IRGM and p62/SQSTM1 physically interact with NOD1/2, RIPK2 and RIPosomes to promote their selective autophagy and limit NF-κB activation. IRGM suppresses RIPK2-dependent pro-inflammatory programs induced by Shigella and Salmonella. Consistently, the therapeutic inhibition of RIPK2 ameliorates Shigella infection- and DSS-induced gut inflammation in Irgm1 KO mice. This study identifies a unique mechanism where the innate immune proteins and autophagy machinery are recruited together to the bacteria for defense as well as for maintaining immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Mehto
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease BiologyInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia
| | - Kautilya Kumar Jena
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease BiologyInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia,Present address:
Division of Immunology, Boston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Rina Yadav
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease BiologyInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia,Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science ClusterFaridabadIndia
| | | | - Pallavi Samal
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease BiologyInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia
| | - Sivaram Krishna
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease BiologyInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia,Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science ClusterFaridabadIndia
| | - Kollori Dhar
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease BiologyInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia,Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science ClusterFaridabadIndia
| | - Ashish Jain
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer ResearchOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Nishant Ranjan Chauhan
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease BiologyInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia
| | - Krushna C Murmu
- Epigenetic and Chromatin Biology UnitInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia
| | - Ramyasingh Bal
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease BiologyInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia,School of BiotechnologyKIIT UniversityBhubaneswarIndia
| | - Rinku Sahu
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease BiologyInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia,Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science ClusterFaridabadIndia
| | - Pundrik Jaiswal
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease BiologyInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia
| | | | | | - Thomas A Kufer
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional MedicineUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | - Tor Erik Rusten
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer ResearchOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Swati Chauhan
- Epigenetic and Chromatin Biology UnitInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia
| | - Punit Prasad
- Epigenetic and Chromatin Biology UnitInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia
| | - Santosh Chauhan
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease BiologyInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia,CSIR–Centre For Cellular And Molecular Biology (CCMB)HyderabadIndia
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28
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Dockterman J, Coers J. How did we get here? Insights into mechanisms of immunity-related GTPase targeting to intracellular pathogens. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 69:102189. [PMID: 35963099 PMCID: PMC9745802 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine gamma-interferon activates cell-autonomous immunity against intracellular bacterial and protozoan pathogens by inducing a slew of antimicrobial proteins, some of which hinge upon immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) for their function. Three regulatory IRG clade M (Irgm) proteins chaperone about approximately 20 effector IRGs (GKS IRGs) to localize to pathogen-containing vacuoles (PVs) within mouse cells, initiating a cascade that results in PV elimination and killing of PV-resident pathogens. However, the mechanisms that allow IRGs to identify and traffic specifically to 'non-self' PVs have remained elusive. Integrating recent findings demonstrating direct interactions between GKS IRGs and lipids with previous work, we propose that three attributes mark PVs as GKS IRG targets: the absence of membrane-bound Irgm proteins, Atg8 lipidation, and the presence of specific lipid species. Combinatorial recognition of these three distinct signals may have evolved as a mechanism to ensure safe delivery of potent host antimicrobial effectors exclusively to PVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Dockterman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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29
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Deretic V, Lazarou M. A guide to membrane atg8ylation and autophagy with reflections on immunity. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202203083. [PMID: 35699692 PMCID: PMC9202678 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202203083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of membrane atg8ylation, defined herein as the conjugation of the ATG8 family of ubiquitin-like proteins to membrane lipids, is beginning to be appreciated in its broader manifestations, mechanisms, and functions. Classically, membrane atg8ylation with LC3B, one of six mammalian ATG8 family proteins, has been viewed as the hallmark of canonical autophagy, entailing the formation of characteristic double membranes in the cytoplasm. However, ATG8s are now well described as being conjugated to single membranes and, most recently, proteins. Here we propose that the atg8ylation is coopted by multiple downstream processes, one of which is canonical autophagy. We elaborate on these biological outputs, which impact metabolism, quality control, and immunity, emphasizing the context of inflammation and immunological effects. In conclusion, we propose that atg8ylation is a modification akin to ubiquitylation, and that it is utilized by different systems participating in membrane stress responses and membrane remodeling activities encompassing autophagy and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Michael Lazarou
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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30
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Immunity-related GTPase IRGM at the intersection of autophagy, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:785-795. [PMID: 35699756 PMCID: PMC9192921 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01595-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunity-related GTPase M (IRGM) is a GTP-binding protein that regulates selective autophagy including xenophagy and mitophagy. IRGM impacts autophagy by (1) affecting mitochondrial fusion and fission, (2) promoting the co-assembly of ULK1 and Beclin 1, (3) enhancing Beclin 1 interacting partners (AMBRA1, ATG14L1, and UVRAG), (4) interacting with other key proteins (ATG16L1, p62, NOD2, cGAS, TLR3, and RIG-I), and (5) regulating lysosomal biogenesis. IRGM also negatively regulates NLRP3 inflammasome formation and therefore, maturation of the important pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, impacting inflammation and pyroptosis. Ultimately, this affords protection against chronic inflammatory diseases. Importantly, ten IRGM polymorphisms (rs4859843, rs4859846, rs4958842, rs4958847, rs1000113, rs10051924, rs10065172, rs11747270, rs13361189, and rs72553867) have been associated with human inflammatory disorders including cancer, which suggests that these genetic variants are functionally relevant to the autophagic and inflammatory responses. The current review contextualizes IRGM, its modulation of autophagy, and inflammation, and emphasizes the role of IRGM as a cross point of immunity and tumorigenesis.
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31
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Koyama-Honda I, Mizushima N. Transient visit of STX17 (syntaxin 17) to autophagosomes. Autophagy 2022; 18:1213-1215. [PMID: 35613317 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2079337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
STX17 (syntaxin 17) mediates autophagosome-lysosome fusion, and the translocation of STX17 to autophagosomes is characteristic of this process. STX17 arrives at autophagosomes when they are closed, stays there for approximately 10 min to promote fusion with lysosomes, and leaves when the autolysosomes are mature. However, the mechanism of this transient visit remains largely unknown. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about this phenomenon, including a recently discovered retrieval mechanism, and discuss remaining questions.Abbreviations: MAM: mitochondria-associated membrane; SNX: sorting nexin; STX17: syntaxin 17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Koyama-Honda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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32
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Gasparotto M, Lee YS, Palazzi A, Vacca M, Filippini F. Nuclear and Cytoplasmatic Players in Mitochondria-Related CNS Disorders: Chromatin Modifications and Subcellular Trafficking. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050625. [PMID: 35625553 PMCID: PMC9138954 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant mitochondrial phenotypes are common to many central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. Mitochondrial function and homeostasis depend on proper control of several biological processes such as chromatin remodeling and transcriptional control, post-transcriptional events, vesicle and organelle subcellular trafficking, fusion, and morphogenesis. Mutation or impaired regulation of major players that orchestrate such processes can disrupt cellular and mitochondrial dynamics, contributing to neurological disorders. The first part of this review provides an overview of a functional relationship between chromatin players and mitochondria. Specifically, we relied on specific monogenic CNS disorders which share features with mitochondrial diseases. On the other hand, subcellular trafficking is coordinated directly or indirectly through evolutionarily conserved domains and proteins that regulate the dynamics of membrane compartments and organelles, including mitochondria. Among these “building blocks”, longin domains and small GTPases are involved in autophagy and mitophagy, cell reshaping, and organelle fusion. Impairments in those processes significantly impact CNS as well and are discussed in the second part of the review. Hopefully, in filling the functional gap between the nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles new routes for therapy could be disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Gasparotto
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy;
| | - Yi-Shin Lee
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati Traverso”, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (Y.-S.L.); (A.P.); (M.V.)
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, Building 19 (Biological Tower), 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Palazzi
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati Traverso”, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (Y.-S.L.); (A.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Marcella Vacca
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati Traverso”, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (Y.-S.L.); (A.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Francesco Filippini
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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Zhou C, Wu Z, Du W, Que H, Wang Y, Ouyang Q, Jian F, Yuan W, Zhao Y, Tian R, Li Y, Chen Y, Gao S, Wong CCL, Rong Y. Recycling of autophagosomal components from autolysosomes by the recycler complex. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:497-512. [PMID: 35332264 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00861-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Autolysosomes contain components from autophagosomes and lysosomes. The contents inside the autolysosomal lumen are degraded during autophagy, while the fate of autophagosomal components on the autolysosomal membrane remains unknown. Here we report that the autophagosomal membrane components are not degraded, but recycled from autolysosomes through a process coined in this study as autophagosomal components recycling (ACR). We further identified a multiprotein complex composed of SNX4, SNX5 and SNX17 essential for ACR, which we termed 'recycler'. In this, SNX4 and SNX5 form a heterodimer that recognizes autophagosomal membrane proteins and is required for generating membrane curvature on autolysosomes, both via their BAR domains, to mediate the cargo sorting process. SNX17 interacts with both the dynein-dynactin complex and the SNX4-SNX5 dimer to facilitate the retrieval of autophagosomal membrane components. Our discovery of ACR and identification of the recycler reveal an important retrieval and recycling pathway on autolysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuchu Zhou
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanqing Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huilin Que
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufen Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinqin Ouyang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fenglei Jian
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weigang Yuan
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Tian
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Center for Precision Medicine Multi-Omics Research, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaixin Gao
- Center for Precision Medicine Multi-Omics Research, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Catherine C L Wong
- Center for Precision Medicine Multi-Omics Research, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yueguang Rong
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. .,Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Kumar S, Javed R, Mudd M, Pallikkuth S, Lidke KA, Jain A, Tangavelou K, Gudmundsson SR, Ye C, Rusten TE, Anonsen JH, Lystad AH, Claude-Taupin A, Simonsen A, Salemi M, Phinney B, Li J, Guo LW, Bradfute SB, Timmins GS, Eskelinen EL, Deretic V. Mammalian hybrid pre-autophagosomal structure HyPAS generates autophagosomes. Cell 2021; 184:5950-5969.e22. [PMID: 34741801 PMCID: PMC8616855 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The biogenesis of mammalian autophagosomes remains to be fully defined. Here, we used cellular and in vitro membrane fusion analyses to show that autophagosomes are formed from a hitherto unappreciated hybrid membrane compartment. The autophagic precursors emerge through fusion of FIP200 vesicles, derived from the cis-Golgi, with endosomally derived ATG16L1 membranes to generate a hybrid pre-autophagosomal structure, HyPAS. A previously unrecognized apparatus defined here controls HyPAS biogenesis and mammalian autophagosomal precursor membranes. HyPAS can be modulated by pharmacological agents whereas its formation is inhibited upon severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or by expression of SARS-CoV-2 nsp6. These findings reveal the origin of mammalian autophagosomal membranes, which emerge via convergence of secretory and endosomal pathways, and show that this process is targeted by microbial factors such as coronaviral membrane-modulating proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ruheena Javed
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Michal Mudd
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Sandeep Pallikkuth
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Keith A Lidke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ashish Jain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karthikeyan Tangavelou
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Chunyan Ye
- Center for Global Health, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | | | | | - Aurore Claude-Taupin
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brett Phinney
- Proteomics Core, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Steven B Bradfute
- Center for Global Health, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Graham S Timmins
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; School of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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35
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Kato S, Arasaki K, Tokutomi N, Imai Y, Inoshita T, Hattori N, Sasaki T, Sato M, Wakana Y, Inoue H, Tagaya M. Syntaxin 17, an ancient SNARE paralog, plays different and conserved roles in different organisms. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272626. [PMID: 34704591 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian syntaxin 17 (Stx17) has several roles in processes other than membrane fusion, including in mitochondrial division, autophagosome formation and lipid droplet expansion. In contrast to conventional syntaxins, Stx17 has a long C-terminal hydrophobic region with a hairpin-like structure flanked by a basic amino acid-enriched C-terminal tail. Although Stx17 is one of the six ancient SNAREs and is present in diverse eukaryotic organisms, it has been lost in multiple lineages during evolution. In the present study, we compared the localization and function of fly and nematode Stx17s expressed in HeLa cells with those of human Stx17. We found that fly Stx17 predominantly localizes to the cytosol and mediates autophagy, but not mitochondrial division. Nematode Stx17, on the other hand, is predominantly present in mitochondria and facilitates mitochondrial division, but is irrelevant to autophagy. These differences are likely due to different structures in the C-terminal tail. Non-participation of fly Stx17 and nematode Stx17 in mitochondrial division and autophagy, respectively, was demonstrated in individual organisms. Our results provide an insight into the evolution of Stx17 in metazoa. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kato
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Kohei Arasaki
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Natsuki Tokutomi
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Imai
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Inoshita
- Department of Neurodegenerative and Demented Disorders, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.,Department of Neurodegenerative and Demented Disorders, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Taeko Sasaki
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Miyuki Sato
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Yuichi Wakana
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hiroki Inoue
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Tagaya
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Nath P, Chauhan NR, Jena KK, Datey A, Kumar ND, Mehto S, De S, Nayak TK, Priyadarsini S, Rout K, Bal R, Murmu KC, Kalia M, Patnaik S, Prasad P, Reggiori F, Chattopadhyay S, Chauhan S. Inhibition of IRGM establishes a robust antiviral immune state to restrict pathogenic viruses. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52948. [PMID: 34467632 PMCID: PMC8567234 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN) response is the major host arsenal against invading viruses. IRGM is a negative regulator of IFN responses under basal conditions. However, the role of human IRGM during viral infection has remained unclear. In this study, we show that IRGM expression is increased upon viral infection. IFN responses induced by viral PAMPs are negatively regulated by IRGM. Conversely, IRGM depletion results in a robust induction of key viral restriction factors including IFITMs, APOBECs, SAMHD1, tetherin, viperin, and HERC5/6. Additionally, antiviral processes such as MHC‐I antigen presentation and stress granule signaling are enhanced in IRGM‐deficient cells, indicating a robust cell‐intrinsic antiviral immune state. Consistently, IRGM‐depleted cells are resistant to the infection with seven viruses from five different families, including Togaviridae, Herpesviridae, Flaviviverdae, Rhabdoviridae, and Coronaviridae. Moreover, we show that Irgm1 knockout mice are highly resistant to chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection. Altogether, our work highlights IRGM as a broad therapeutic target to promote defense against a large number of human viruses, including SARS‐CoV‐2, CHIKV, and Zika virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parej Nath
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Nishant Ranjan Chauhan
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Kautilya Kumar Jena
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ankita Datey
- Molecular Virology Lab, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Nilima Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Subhash Mehto
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Saikat De
- Molecular Virology Lab, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Nayak
- Molecular Virology Lab, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Swatismita Priyadarsini
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Kshitish Rout
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ramyasingh Bal
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Krushna C Murmu
- Epigenetic and Chromatin Biology Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Virology Lab, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | | | - Punit Prasad
- Epigenetic and Chromatin Biology Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Soma Chattopadhyay
- Molecular Virology Lab, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Santosh Chauhan
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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37
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Kumar S, Sánchez-Álvarez M, Lolo FN, Trionfetti F, Strippoli R, Cordani M. Autophagy and the Lysosomal System in Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102752. [PMID: 34685734 PMCID: PMC8534995 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and the lysosomal system, together referred to as the autophagolysosomal system, is a cellular quality control network which maintains cellular health and homeostasis by removing cellular waste including protein aggregates, damaged organelles, and invading pathogens. As such, the autophagolysosomal system has roles in a variety of pathophysiological disorders, including cancer, neurological disorders, immune- and inflammation-related diseases, and metabolic alterations, among others. The autophagolysosomal system is controlled by TFEB, a master transcriptional regulator driving the expression of multiple genes, including autophagoly sosomal components. Importantly, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production and control are key aspects of the physiopathological roles of the autophagolysosomal system, and may hold a key for synergistic therapeutic interventions. In this study, we reviewed our current knowledge on the biology and physiopathology of the autophagolysosomal system, and its potential for therapeutic intervention in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Miguel Sánchez-Álvarez
- Mechanoadaptation & Caveolae Biology Laboratory, Cell and Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.S.-Á.); (F.-N.L.)
| | - Fidel-Nicolás Lolo
- Mechanoadaptation & Caveolae Biology Laboratory, Cell and Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.S.-Á.); (F.-N.L.)
| | - Flavia Trionfetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy;
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Strippoli
- Mechanoadaptation & Caveolae Biology Laboratory, Cell and Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.S.-Á.); (F.-N.L.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy;
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (R.S.)
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Tian X, Teng J, Chen J. New insights regarding SNARE proteins in autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Autophagy 2021; 17:2680-2688. [PMID: 32924745 PMCID: PMC8525925 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1823124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy refers to the engulfment of cellular contents selected for lysosomal degradation. The final step in autophagy is the fusion of autophagosome with the lysosome, which is mediated by SNARE proteins. Of the SNAREs, autophagosome-localized Q-SNAREs, such as STX17 and SNAP29, and lysosome-localized R-SNAREs, such as VAMP8 or VAMP7, have been reported to be involved. Recent studies also reveal participation of the R-SNARE, YKT6, in autophagosome-lysosome fusion. These SNAREs, with the help of other regulatory factors, act coordinately to spatiotemporally control the fusion process. Besides regulating autophagosome-lysosome fusion, some SNAREs, such as STX17, also function in other autophagic processes, including autophagosome formation and mitophagy. A better understanding of the functions of SNAREs will shed light on the molecular mechanisms of autophagosome-lysosome fusion as well as on the mechanisms by which autophagy is globally regulated.Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy related; DNM1L: dynamin 1 like; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; GABARAPL1: GABA type A receptor associated protein like 1; IRGM: immunity related GTPase M; LAMP2: lysosomal associated membrane protein 2; MAP1LC3B/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; PIK3R4: phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 4; PLEKHM1: pleckstrin homology and RUN domain containing M1; PRKN: PRKN RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; RAB2A: RAB2A, member RAS oncogene family; RAB33B: RAB33B, member RAS oncogene family; RAB7A: RAB7A, member RAS oncogene family; RB1CC1: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; RTN3: reticulon 3; RUBCNL: rubicon like autophagy enhancer; SNARE: soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor; SNAP29: synaptosomal associated protein 29; STX17: syntaxin 17; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; VAMP7: vesicle associated membrane protein 7; VAMP8: vesicle associated membrane protein 8; YKT6: YKT6 v-SNARE homolog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Tian
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Junlin Teng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Janssen AFJ, Korsten G, Nijenhuis W, Katrukha EA, Kapitein LC. Direct observation of aggregate-triggered selective autophagy in human cells. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:271972. [PMID: 34447998 PMCID: PMC8520732 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of aggregates by selective autophagy is important as damaged proteins may impose a threat to cellular homeostasis. Although the core components of the autophagy machinery are well characterized, the spatiotemporal regulation of many selective autophagy processes, including aggrephagy, remains largely unexplored. Furthermore, because most live-cell imaging studies have so far focused on starvation-induced autophagy, little is known about the dynamics of aggrephagy. Here, we describe the development and application of the mKeima-PIM assay, which enables live-cell observation of autophagic turnover and degradation of inducible protein aggregates in conjunction with key autophagy players. This allowed us to quantify the relative timing and duration of different steps of aggrephagy in human cells and revealed the short-lived nature of the autophagosome. The assay furthermore showed the spatial distribution of omegasome formation, highlighting that autophagy initiation is directly instructed by the cargo. Moreover, we found that nascent autophagosomes mostly remain immobile until acidification occurs. Thus, our assay provides new insights into the spatiotemporal regulation and dynamics of aggrephagy. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: We describe an assay that enables live-cell imaging of the autophagic turnover and degradation of inducible protein aggregates in conjugation with key players in the autophagy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne F J Janssen
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, CB2 0XY Cambridge, UK
| | - Giel Korsten
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilco Nijenhuis
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Center for Living Technologies, Eindhoven-Wageningen-Utrecht Alliance, Padualaan 8, 3583 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Center for Living Technologies, Eindhoven-Wageningen-Utrecht Alliance, Padualaan 8, 3583 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kumar S, Jia J, Deretic V. Atg8ylation as a general membrane stress and remodeling response. Cell Stress 2021; 5:128-142. [PMID: 34527862 PMCID: PMC8404385 DOI: 10.15698/cst2021.09.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Atg8 protein and its paralogs in mammals, mammalian Atg8s (mAtg8s), have been primarily appreciated for their participation in autophagy. However, lipidated mAtg8s, including the most frequently used autophagosomal membrane marker LC3B, are found on cellular membranes other than autophagosomes. Here we put forward a hypothesis that the lipidation of mAtg8s, termed 'Atg8ylation', is a general membrane stress and remodeling response analogous to the role that ubiquitylation plays in tagging proteins. Ubiquitin and mAtg8s are related in sequence and structure, and the lipidation of mAtg8s occurs on its C-terminal glycine, akin to the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin. Conceptually, we propose that mAtg8s and Atg8ylation are to membranes what ubiquitin and ubiquitylation are to proteins, and that, like ubiquitylation, Atg8ylation has a multitude of downstream effector outputs, one of which is autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jingyue Jia
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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41
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Understanding amphisomes. Biochem J 2021; 478:1959-1976. [PMID: 34047789 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amphisomes are intermediate/hybrid organelles produced through the fusion of endosomes with autophagosomes within cells. Amphisome formation is an essential step during a sequential maturation process of autophagosomes before their ultimate fusion with lysosomes for cargo degradation. This process is highly regulated with multiple protein machineries, such as SNAREs, Rab GTPases, tethering complexes, and ESCRTs, are involved to facilitate autophagic flux to proceed. In neurons, autophagosomes are robustly generated in axonal terminals and then rapidly fuse with late endosomes to form amphisomes. This fusion event allows newly generated autophagosomes to gain retrograde transport motility and move toward the soma, where proteolytically active lysosomes are predominantly located. Amphisomes are not only the products of autophagosome maturation but also the intersection of the autophagy and endo-lysosomal pathways. Importantly, amphisomes can also participate in non-canonical functions, such as retrograde neurotrophic signaling or autophagy-based unconventional secretion by fusion with the plasma membrane. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the recent discoveries and advancements on the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying amphisome biogenesis and the emerging roles of amphisomes. We discuss recent developments towards the understanding of amphisome regulation as well as the implications in the context of major neurodegenerative diseases, with a comparative focus on Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Barz S, Kriegenburg F, Sánchez-Martín P, Kraft C. Small but mighty: Atg8s and Rabs in membrane dynamics during autophagy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:119064. [PMID: 34048862 PMCID: PMC8261831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a degradative pathway during which autophagosomes are formed that enwrap cytosolic material destined for turnover within the lytic compartment. Autophagosome biogenesis requires controlled lipid and membrane rearrangements to allow the formation of an autophagosomal seed and its subsequent elongation into a fully closed and fusion-competent double membrane vesicle. Different membrane remodeling events are required, which are orchestrated by the distinct autophagy machinery. An important player among these autophagy proteins is the small lipid-modifier Atg8. Atg8 proteins facilitate various aspects of autophagosome formation and serve as a binding platform for autophagy factors. Also Rab GTPases have been implicated in autophagosome biogenesis. As Atg8 proteins interact with several Rab GTPase regulators, they provide a possible link between autophagy progression and Rab GTPase activity. Here, we review central aspects in membrane dynamics during autophagosome biogenesis with a focus on Atg8 proteins and selected Rab GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Barz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Kriegenburg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pablo Sánchez-Martín
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudine Kraft
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Zhou M, Liu X, Qiukai E, Shang Y, Zhang X, Liu S, Zhang X. Long non-coding RNA Xist regulates oocyte loss via suppressing miR-23b-3p/miR-29a-3p maturation and upregulating STX17 in perinatal mouse ovaries. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:540. [PMID: 34035229 PMCID: PMC8149765 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03831-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The fecundity of female mammals is resolved by the limited size of the primordial follicle (PF) pool formed perinatally. The establishment of PF pool is accompanied by a significant programmed oocyte death. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) are central modulators in regulating cell apoptosis or autophagy in multiple diseases, however, the significance of lncRNAs governing perinatal oocyte loss remains unknown. Here we find that Yin-Yang 1 (YY1) directly binds to the lncRNA X-inactive-specific transcript (Xist) promoter and facilitates Xist expression in the perinatal mouse ovaries. Xist is highly expressed in fetal ovaries and sharply downregulated along with the establishment of PF pool after birth. Gain or loss of function analysis reveals that Xist accelerates oocyte autophagy, mainly through binding to pre-miR-23b or pre-miR-29a in the nucleus and preventing the export of pre-miR-23b/pre-miR-29a to the cytoplasm, thus resulting in decreased mature of miR-23b-3p/miR-29a-3p expression and upregulation miR-23b-3p/miR-29a-3p co-target, STX17, which is essential for timely control of the degree of oocyte death in prenatal mouse ovaries. Overall, these findings identify Xist as a key non-protein factor that can control the biogenesis of miR-23b-3p/miR-29a-3p, and this YY1-Xist-miR-23b-3p/miR-29a-3p-STX17 regulatory axis is responsible for perinatal oocyte loss through autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhou
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 211166 Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Liu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, 211166 Nanjing, China
| | - E. Qiukai
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 211166 Nanjing, China
| | - Yanxing Shang
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 211166 Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 211166 Nanjing, China
| | - Shuting Liu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 211166 Nanjing, China
| | - Xuesen Zhang
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 211166 Nanjing, China
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44
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Su H, Yang F, Fu R, Li X, French R, Mose E, Pu X, Trinh B, Kumar A, Liu J, Antonucci L, Todoric J, Liu Y, Hu Y, Diaz-Meco MT, Moscat J, Metallo CM, Lowy AM, Sun B, Karin M. Cancer cells escape autophagy inhibition via NRF2-induced macropinocytosis. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:678-693.e11. [PMID: 33740421 PMCID: PMC8119368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Many cancers, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), depend on autophagy-mediated scavenging and recycling of intracellular macromolecules, suggesting that autophagy blockade should cause tumor starvation and regression. However, until now autophagy-inhibiting monotherapies have not demonstrated potent anti-cancer activity. We now show that autophagy blockade prompts established PDAC to upregulate and utilize an alternative nutrient procurement pathway: macropinocytosis (MP) that allows tumor cells to extract nutrients from extracellular sources and use them for energy generation. The autophagy to MP switch, which may be evolutionarily conserved and not cancer cell restricted, depends on activation of transcription factor NRF2 by the autophagy adaptor p62/SQSTM1. NRF2 activation by oncogenic mutations, hypoxia, and oxidative stress also results in MP upregulation. Inhibition of MP in autophagy-compromised PDAC elicits dramatic metabolic decline and regression of transplanted and autochthonous tumors, suggesting the therapeutic promise of combining autophagy and MP inhibitors in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Su
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Rao Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Xin Li
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Randall French
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Evangeline Mose
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xiaohong Pu
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Brittney Trinh
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Avi Kumar
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Junlai Liu
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Laura Antonucci
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jelena Todoric
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Yuan Liu
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yinling Hu
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Maria T Diaz-Meco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jorge Moscat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew M Lowy
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China.
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Chang HC, Tao RN, Tan CT, Wu YJ, Bay BH, Yu VC. The BAX-binding protein MOAP1 associates with LC3 and promotes closure of the phagophore. Autophagy 2021; 17:3725-3739. [PMID: 33783314 PMCID: PMC8632279 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1896157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
MOAP1 (modulator of apoptosis 1) is a BAX-binding protein tightly regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Apoptotic stimuli stabilize MOAP1 protein and facilitate its interaction with BAX to promote apoptosis. Here we show that in contrast to being resistant to apoptotic stimuli, MOAP1-deficient cells are hypersensitive to cell death mediated by starvation rendered by EBSS treatment. MOAP1-deficient cells exhibited impairment in macroautophagy/autophagy signaling induced by EBSS. Mechanistic analysis revealed that MOAP1-deficient cells had no notable defect in the recruitment of the pre-autophagosomal phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PtdIns3P)-binding proteins, ZFYVE1/DFCP1 and WIPI2, nor in the LC3 lipidation mechanism regulated by the ATG12-ATG5-ATG16L1 complex upon EBSS treatment. Interestingly, MOAP1 is required for facilitating efficient closure of phagophore in the EBSS-treated cells. Analysis of LC3-positive membrane structures using Halo-tagged LC3 autophagosome completion assay showed that predominantly unclosed phagophore rather than closed autophagosome was present in the EBSS-treated MOAP1-deficient cells. The autophagy substrate SQSTM1/p62, which is normally contained within the enclosed autophagosome under EBSS condition, was also highly sensitive to degradation by proteinase K in the absence of MOAP1. MOAP1 binds LC3 and the binding is critically dependent on a LC3-interacting region (LIR) motif detected at its N-terminal region. Re-expression of MOAP1, but not its LC3-binding defective mutant, MOAP1-LIR, in the MOAP1-deficient cells, restored EBSS-induced autophagy. Together, these observations suggest that MOAP1 serves a distinct role in facilitating autophagy through interacting with LC3 to promote efficient phagophore closure during starvation.Abbreviations CQ: Chloroquine; EBSS: Earle's Balanced Salt Solution; GABARAP: Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid Receptor Associated Protein; IF: Immunofluorescence; IP: Immunoprecipitation; LAMP1: Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 1; LIR: LC3-Interacting Region; MAP1LC3/LC3: Microtubule Associated Protein 1 Light Chain 3; MEF: Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast; MOAP1: Modulator of Apoptosis 1; PE: Phosphatidylethanolamine; PtdIns3K: class III PtdIns3K complex I; PtdIns3P: Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; STX17: Syntaxin 17; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Chun Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ran N Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chong Teik Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ya Jun Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victor C Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Yamamoto YH, Kasai A, Omori H, Takino T, Sugihara M, Umemoto T, Hamasaki M, Hatta T, Natsume T, Morimoto RI, Arai R, Waguri S, Sato M, Sato K, Bar-Nun S, Yoshimori T, Noda T, Nagata K. ERdj8 governs the size of autophagosomes during the formation process. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151832. [PMID: 32492081 PMCID: PMC7401821 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201903127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In macroautophagy, membrane structures called autophagosomes engulf substrates and deliver them for lysosomal degradation. Autophagosomes enwrap a variety of targets with diverse sizes, from portions of cytosol to larger organelles. However, the mechanism by which autophagosome size is controlled remains elusive. We characterized a novel ER membrane protein, ERdj8, in mammalian cells. ERdj8 localizes to a meshwork-like ER subdomain along with phosphatidylinositol synthase (PIS) and autophagy-related (Atg) proteins. ERdj8 overexpression extended the size of the autophagosome through its DnaJ and TRX domains. ERdj8 ablation resulted in a defect in engulfing larger targets. C. elegans, in which the ERdj8 orthologue dnj-8 was knocked down, could perform autophagy on smaller mitochondria derived from the paternal lineage but not the somatic mitochondria. Thus, ERdj8 may play a critical role in autophagosome formation by providing the capacity to target substrates of diverse sizes for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Hei Yamamoto
- Center for Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Institute for Protein Dynamics, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ayano Kasai
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroko Omori
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoe Takino
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Munechika Sugihara
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Umemoto
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Maho Hamasaki
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hatta
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Robotic Biology Institute, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Natsume
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Robotic Biology Institute, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Richard I Morimoto
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Ritsuko Arai
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Waguri
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Miyuki Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan.,Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Gunma, Japan
| | - Shoshana Bar-Nun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Noda
- Center for Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nagata
- Institute for Protein Dynamics, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology, Saitama, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
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Rai P, Janardhan KS, Meacham J, Madenspacher JH, Lin WC, Karmaus PWF, Martinez J, Li QZ, Yan M, Zeng J, Grinstaff MW, Shirihai OS, Taylor GA, Fessler MB. IRGM1 links mitochondrial quality control to autoimmunity. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:312-321. [PMID: 33510463 PMCID: PMC7906953 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-00859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial abnormalities have been noted in lupus, but the causes and consequences remain obscure. Autophagy-related genes ATG5, ATG7 and IRGM have been previously implicated in autoimmune disease. We reasoned that failure to clear defective mitochondria via mitophagy might be a foundational driver in autoimmunity by licensing mitochondrial DNA-dependent induction of type I interferon. Here, we show that mice lacking the GTPase IRGM1 (IRGM homolog) exhibited a type I interferonopathy with autoimmune features. Irgm1 deletion impaired the execution of mitophagy with cell-specific consequences. In fibroblasts, mitochondrial DNA soiling of the cytosol induced cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-dependent type I interferon, whereas in macrophages, lysosomal Toll-like receptor 7 was activated. In vivo, Irgm1-/- tissues exhibited mosaic dependency upon nucleic acid receptors. Whereas salivary and lacrimal gland autoimmune pathology was abolished and lung pathology was attenuated by cGAS and STING deletion, pancreatic pathology remained unchanged. These findings reveal fundamental connections between mitochondrial quality control and tissue-selective autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Rai
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Kyathanahalli S Janardhan
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Julie Meacham
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer H Madenspacher
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Wan-Chi Lin
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Peer W F Karmaus
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Microarray Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mei Yan
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Microarray Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jialiu Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gregory A Taylor
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Jacquet M, Guittaut M, Fraichard A, Despouy G. The functions of Atg8-family proteins in autophagy and cancer: linked or unrelated? Autophagy 2021; 17:599-611. [PMID: 32255730 PMCID: PMC8032235 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1749367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Atg8-family proteins are subdivided into two subfamilies: the GABARAP and LC3 subfamilies. These proteins, which are major players of the autophagy pathway, present a conserved glycine in their C-terminus necessary for their association to the autophagosome membrane. This family of proteins present multiple roles from autophagy induction to autophagosome-lysosome fusion and have been described to play a role during cancer progression. Indeed, GABARAPs are described to be downregulated in cancers, and high expression has been linked to a good prognosis. Regarding LC3 s, their expression does not correlate to a particular tumor type or stage. The involvement of Atg8-family proteins during cancer, therefore, remains unclear, and it appears that their anti-tumor role may be associated with their implication in selective protein degradation by autophagy but might also be independent, in some cases, of their conjugation to autophagosomes. In this review, we will then focus on the involvement of GABARAP and LC3 subfamilies during autophagy and cancer and highlight the similarities but also the differences of action of each subfamily member.Abbreviations: AIM: Atg8-interacting motif; AMPK: adenosine monophosphate-associated protein kinase; ATG: autophagy-related; BECN1: beclin 1; BIRC6/BRUCE: baculoviral IAP repeat containing 6; BNIP3L/NIX: BCL2 interacting protein 3 like; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; GABARAPL1/2: GABA type A receptor associated protein like 1/2; GABRA/GABAA: gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; LMNB1: lamin B1; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; PI4K2A/PI4KIIα: phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2 alpha; PLEKHM1: plecktrin homology and RUN domain containing M1; PtdIns3K-C1: class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex 1; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; ULK1: unc51-like autophagy activating kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Jacquet
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
| | - Michaël Guittaut
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
- DImaCell Platform, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Annick Fraichard
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
| | - Gilles Despouy
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
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Nieto-Torres JL, Leidal AM, Debnath J, Hansen M. Beyond Autophagy: The Expanding Roles of ATG8 Proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 2021; 46:673-686. [PMID: 33558127 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ATG8 family proteins are critical players in autophagy, a cytoprotective process that mediates degradation of cytosolic cargo. During autophagy, ATG8s conjugate to autophagosome membranes to facilitate cargo recruitment, autophagosome biogenesis, transport, and fusion with lysosomes, for cargo degradation. In addition to these canonical functions, recent reports demonstrate that ATG8s are also delivered to single-membrane organelles, which leads to highly divergent degradative or secretory fates, vesicle maturation, and cargo specification. The association of ATG8s with different vesicles involves complex regulatory mechanisms still to be fully elucidated. Whether individual ATG8 family members play unique canonical or non-canonical roles, also remains unclear. This review summarizes the many open molecular questions regarding ATG8s that are only beginning to be unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Nieto-Torres
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Program of Development, Aging, and Regeneration, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew M Leidal
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Malene Hansen
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Program of Development, Aging, and Regeneration, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Agnew A, Nulty C, Creagh EM. Regulation, Activation and Function of Caspase-11 during Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041506. [PMID: 33546173 PMCID: PMC7913190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspase-11 is a pro-inflammatory enzyme that is stringently regulated during its expression and activation. As caspase-11 is not constitutively expressed in cells, it requires a priming step for its upregulation, which occurs following the stimulation of pathogen and cytokine receptors. Once expressed, caspase-11 activation is triggered by its interaction with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria. Being an initiator caspase, activated caspase-11 functions primarily through its cleavage of key substrates. Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is the primary substrate of caspase-11, and the GSDMD cleavage fragment generated is responsible for the inflammatory form of cell death, pyroptosis, via its formation of pores in the plasma membrane. Thus, caspase-11 functions as an intracellular sensor for LPS and an immune effector. This review provides an overview of caspase-11—describing its structure and the transcriptional mechanisms that govern its expression, in addition to its activation, which is reported to be regulated by factors such as guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, and oxidized phospholipids. We also discuss the functional outcomes of caspase-11 activation, which include the non-canonical inflammasome, modulation of actin dynamics, and the initiation of blood coagulation, highlighting the importance of inflammatory caspase-11 during infection and disease.
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