1
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Burton OT, Bricard O, Tareen S, Gergelits V, Andrews S, Biggins L, Roca CP, Whyte C, Junius S, Brajic A, Pasciuto E, Ali M, Lemaitre P, Schlenner SM, Ishigame H, Brown BD, Dooley J, Liston A. The tissue-resident regulatory T cell pool is shaped by transient multi-tissue migration and a conserved residency program. Immunity 2024:S1074-7613(24)00277-2. [PMID: 38897202 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The tissues are the site of many important immunological reactions, yet how the immune system is controlled at these sites remains opaque. Recent studies have identified Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells in non-lymphoid tissues with unique characteristics compared with lymphoid Treg cells. However, tissue Treg cells have not been considered holistically across tissues. Here, we performed a systematic analysis of the Treg cell population residing in non-lymphoid organs throughout the body, revealing shared phenotypes, transient residency, and common molecular dependencies. Tissue Treg cells from different non-lymphoid organs shared T cell receptor (TCR) sequences, with functional capacity to drive multi-tissue Treg cell entry and were tissue-agnostic on tissue homing. Together, these results demonstrate that the tissue-resident Treg cell pool in most non-lymphoid organs, other than the gut, is largely constituted by broadly self-reactive Treg cells, characterized by transient multi-tissue migration. This work suggests common regulatory mechanisms may allow pan-tissue Treg cells to safeguard homeostasis across the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver T Burton
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium; Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Orian Bricard
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samar Tareen
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vaclav Gergelits
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Andrews
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Biggins
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carlos P Roca
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carly Whyte
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Steffie Junius
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aleksandra Brajic
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emanuela Pasciuto
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Center of Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Magda Ali
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pierre Lemaitre
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susan M Schlenner
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Harumichi Ishigame
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Near-InfraRed Photo-Immunotherapy Research Institute, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Brian D Brown
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - James Dooley
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium; Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adrian Liston
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium; Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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2
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Singh I, Hoti SL, Chauhan N, Joshi RK, Prasad TSK, Sarikhani M, Kaushik M, Unger BS, Jadhav P, Modi PK. Immunomodulation of streptozotocin induced Type 1 diabetes mellitus in mouse model by Macrophage migration inhibitory factor-2 (MIF-2) homologue of human lymphatic filarial parasite, Wuchereria bancrofti. Acta Trop 2024; 252:107142. [PMID: 38331083 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Helminth parasites modulate the host immune system to ensure a long-lasting asymptomatic form of infection generally, mediated by the secretion of immunomodulatory molecules and one such molecule is a homologue of human host cytokine, Macrophage migratory Inhibitory Factor (hMIF). In this study, we sought to understand the role of homologue of hMIF from the lymphatic filarial parasite, Wuchereria bancrofti (Wba-MIF2), in the immunomodulation of the Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Type1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) animal model. Full-length recombinant Wba-MIF2 was expressed and found to have both oxidoreductase and tautomerase activities. Wba-MIF2 recombinant protein was treated to STZ induced T1DM animals, and after 5 weeks pro-inflammatory (IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) cytokines and gene expressions were determined in sera samples and spleen respectively. Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels were significantly (p<0.05) up-regulated and down-regulated respectively, in the STZ-T1DM animals, as compared to treated groups. Histopathology showed macrophage infiltration and greater damage of islets of beta cells in the pancreatic tissue of STZ-T1DM animals, than Wba-MIF2 treated STZ-T1DM animals. The present study clearly showed the potential of Wba-MIF2 as an immunomodulatory molecule, which could modulate the host immune system in the STZ-T1DM mice model from a pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi 590010, India Karnataka, India; KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi 590010, India Karnataka, India
| | - S L Hoti
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi 590010, India Karnataka, India.
| | - Nikhil Chauhan
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi 590010, India Karnataka, India
| | - R K Joshi
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi 590010, India Karnataka, India
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575007, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Meenakshi Kaushik
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi 590010, India Karnataka, India
| | - Banappa S Unger
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi 590010, India Karnataka, India
| | - Pankaj Jadhav
- Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Modi
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575007, Karnataka, India
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Wang CJ, Petersone L, Edner NM, Heuts F, Ovcinnikovs V, Ntavli E, Kogimtzis A, Fabri A, Elfaki Y, Houghton LP, Hosse RJ, Schubert DA, Frei AP, Ross EM, Walker LSK. Costimulation blockade in combination with IL-2 permits regulatory T cell sparing immunomodulation that inhibits autoimmunity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6757. [PMID: 36347877 PMCID: PMC9643453 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34477-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of CD28 costimulation with CTLA-4-Ig/Abatacept is used to dampen effector T cell responses in autoimmune and transplantation settings. However, a significant drawback of this approach is impaired regulatory T cell homeostasis that requires CD28 signaling. Therefore, strategies that restrict the effects of costimulation blockade to effector T cells would be advantageous. Here we probe the relative roles of CD28 and IL-2 in maintaining Treg. We find provision of IL-2 counteracts the regulatory T cell loss induced by costimulation blockade while minimally affecting the conventional T cell compartment. These data suggest that combining costimulation blockade with IL-2 treatment may selectively impair effector T cell responses while maintaining regulatory T cells. Using a mouse model of autoimmune diabetes, we show combined therapy supports regulatory T cell homeostasis and protects from disease. These findings are recapitulated in humanised mice using clinically relevant reagents and provide an exemplar for rational use of a second immunotherapy to offset known limitations of the first.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Jing Wang
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Pears Building, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, London, UK
| | - Lina Petersone
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Pears Building, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, London, UK
| | - Natalie M Edner
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Pears Building, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, London, UK
| | - Frank Heuts
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Pears Building, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, London, UK
| | - Vitalijs Ovcinnikovs
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Pears Building, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, London, UK
| | - Elisavet Ntavli
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Pears Building, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, London, UK
| | - Alexandros Kogimtzis
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Pears Building, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, London, UK
| | - Astrid Fabri
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Pears Building, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, London, UK
| | - Yassin Elfaki
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Pears Building, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, London, UK
| | - Luke P Houghton
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Pears Building, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, London, UK
| | - Ralf J Hosse
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - David A Schubert
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas P Frei
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ellen M Ross
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Pears Building, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, London, UK
| | - Lucy S K Walker
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Pears Building, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, London, UK.
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4
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Rahimlou M, Nematollahi S, Husain D, Banaei-Jahromi N, Majdinasab N, Hosseini SA. Probiotic supplementation and systemic inflammation in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:901846. [PMID: 36203797 PMCID: PMC9531126 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.901846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex inflammatory disease in which demyelination occurs in the central nervous system affecting approximately 2.5 million people worldwide. Intestinal microbiome changes play an important role in the etiology of chronic diseases. Objective This study aimed to investigate the effect of probiotic supplementation on systemic inflammation in patients with MS. Methods A 12-week double-blind clinical trial study was designed and seventy patients with MS were randomly divided into two groups receiving probiotics and placebo. Patients in the intervention group received two capsules containing multi-strain probiotics daily and patients in the control group received the same amount of placebo. Factors associated with systemic inflammation were assessed at the beginning and end of the study. Results Sixty-five patients were included in the final analysis. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of baseline variables except for the duration of the disease (P > 0.05). At the end of the study, probiotic supplementation compared to the placebo caused a significant reduction in the serum levels of CRP (−0.93 ± 1.62 vs. 0.05 ± 1.74, P = 0.03), TNF-α (−2.09 ± 1.88 vs. 0.48 ± 2.53, P = 0.015) and IFN-γ (−13.18 ± 7.33 vs. −1.93 ± 5.99, P < 0.001). Also, we found a significant increase in the FOXP3 and TGF-β levels in the intervention group (P < 0.05). Conclusion The results of our study showed that supplementation with probiotics can have beneficial effects on serum levels of some factors associated with systemic inflammation. Clinical trial registration [http://www.irct.ir], identifier [IRCT20181210041 918N1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Rahimlou
- Nutrition and Metabolic Disease Research Center, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Shima Nematollahi
- Nutrition and Metabolic Disease Research Center, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Durdana Husain
- Nutrition and Metabolic Disease Research Center, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nasrin Banaei-Jahromi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nastaran Majdinasab
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Hosseini
- Nutrition and Metabolic Disease Research Center, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- *Correspondence: Seyed Ahmad Hosseini, ;
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5
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Wang W, Thomas R, Oh J, Su D. Accumulation of pTreg cells is detrimental in late-onset (aged) mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13630. [PMID: 35615905 PMCID: PMC9197401 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although typically associated with onset in young adults, multiple sclerosis (MS) also attacks the elderly, which is termed late-onset MS. The disease can be recapitulated and studied in a mouse model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The onset of induced EAE is delayed in aged mice, but disease severity is increased relative to young EAE mice. Given that CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells play an ameliorative role in MS/EAE severity, and the aged immune system accumulates peripheral Treg (pTreg) cells, failure of these cells to prevent or ameliorate EAE disease is enigmatic. When analyzing the distribution of Treg cells in EAE mice, the aged mice exhibited a higher proportion of polyclonal (pan-) pTreg cells and a lower proportion of antigen-specific pTreg cells in the periphery but lower proportions of both pan- and antigen-specific Treg cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, in the aged inflamed CNS, CNS-Treg cells exhibited a higher plasticity, and T effector (CNS-Teff) cells exhibited greater clonal expansion, disrupting the Treg/Teff balance. Transiently inhibiting FoxP3 or depleting pTreg cells partially corrected Treg distribution and restored the Treg/Teff balance in the aged inflamed CNS, thereby ameliorating the disease in the aged EAE mice. These results provide evidence and mechanism that accumulated aged pTreg cells play a detrimental role in neuronal inflammation of aged MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth Texas USA
| | | | - Jiyoung Oh
- Department of Pediatrics University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas 75390 USA
| | - Dong‐Ming Su
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth Texas USA
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6
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Abstract
A high diversity of αβ T cell receptors (TCRs), capable of recognizing virtually any pathogen but also self-antigens, is generated during T cell development in the thymus. Nevertheless, a strict developmental program supports the selection of a self-tolerant T cell repertoire capable of responding to foreign antigens. The steps of T cell selection are controlled by cortical and medullary stromal niches, mainly composed of thymic epithelial cells and dendritic cells. The integration of important cues provided by these specialized niches, including (a) the TCR signal strength induced by the recognition of self-peptide-MHC complexes, (b) costimulatory signals, and (c) cytokine signals, critically controls T cell repertoire selection. This review discusses our current understanding of the signals that coordinate positive selection, negative selection, and agonist selection of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. It also highlights recent advances that have unraveled the functional diversity of thymic antigen-presenting cell subsets implicated in T cell selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Irla
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), CNRS, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France;
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7
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Edner NM, Heuts F, Thomas N, Wang CJ, Petersone L, Kenefeck R, Kogimtzis A, Ovcinnikovs V, Ross EM, Ntavli E, Elfaki Y, Eichmann M, Baptista R, Ambery P, Jermutus L, Peakman M, Rosenthal M, Walker LSK. Follicular helper T cell profiles predict response to costimulation blockade in type 1 diabetes. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1244-1255. [PMID: 32747817 PMCID: PMC7610476 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0744-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Follicular helper T (TFH) cells are implicated in type 1 diabetes (T1D), and their development has been linked to CD28 costimulation. We tested whether TFH cells were decreased by costimulation blockade using the CTLA-4-immunoglobulin (Ig) fusion protein (abatacept) in a mouse model of diabetes and in individuals with new-onset T1D. Unbiased bioinformatics analysis identified that inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS)+ TFH cells and other ICOS+ populations, including peripheral helper T cells, were highly sensitive to costimulation blockade. We used pretreatment TFH profiles to derive a model that could predict clinical response to abatacept in individuals with T1D. Using two independent approaches, we demonstrated that higher frequencies of ICOS+ TFH cells at baseline were associated with a poor clinical response following abatacept administration. Therefore, TFH analysis may represent a new stratification tool, permitting the identification of individuals most likely to benefit from costimulation blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Edner
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Frank Heuts
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Niclas Thomas
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Chun Jing Wang
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Lina Petersone
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Rupert Kenefeck
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Alexandros Kogimtzis
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Vitalijs Ovcinnikovs
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Ellen M Ross
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Elisavet Ntavli
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Yassin Elfaki
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Martin Eichmann
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Roman Baptista
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Philip Ambery
- Late-stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism , BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lutz Jermutus
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism , BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Peakman
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Miranda Rosenthal
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Lucy S K Walker
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, Royal Free Campus, London, UK.
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8
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Irekeola AA, E. A. R. ENS, Mat Lazim N, Mohamud R, Yean CY, Shueb RH. Technical Considerations in Ex Vivo Human Regulatory T Cell Migration and Suppression Assays. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020487. [PMID: 32093265 PMCID: PMC7072784 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are renowned for maintaining homeostasis and self-tolerance through their ability to suppress immune responses. For over two decades, Tregs have been the subject of intensive research. The immunosuppressive and migratory potentials of Tregs have been exploited, especially in the areas of cancer, autoimmunity and vaccine development, and many assay protocols have since been developed. However, variations in assay conditions in different studies, as well as covert experimental factors, pose a great challenge to the reproducibility of results. Here, we focus on human Tregs derived from clinical samples and highlighted caveats that should be heeded when conducting Tregs suppression and migration assays. We particularly delineated how factors such as sample processing, choice of reagents and equipment, optimization and other experimental conditions could introduce bias into the assay, and we subsequently proffer recommendations to enhance reliability and reproducibility of results. It is hoped that prioritizing these factors will reduce the tendencies of generating false and misleading results, and thus, help improve our understanding and interpretation of Tregs functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Adebayo Irekeola
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (A.A.I.); (E.N.S.E.A.R.); (C.Y.Y.)
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Summit University Offa, Offa PMB 4412, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Engku Nur Syafirah E. A. R.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (A.A.I.); (E.N.S.E.A.R.); (C.Y.Y.)
| | - Norhafiza Mat Lazim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Chan Yean Yean
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (A.A.I.); (E.N.S.E.A.R.); (C.Y.Y.)
| | - Rafidah Hanim Shueb
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (A.A.I.); (E.N.S.E.A.R.); (C.Y.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Fan JQ, Wang MF, Chen HL, Shang D, Das JK, Song J. Current advances and outlooks in immunotherapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:32. [PMID: 32061257 PMCID: PMC7023714 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an incurable cancer resistant to traditional treatments, although a limited number of early-stage patients can undergo radical resection. Immunotherapies for the treatment of haematological malignancies as well as solid tumours have been substantially improved over the past decades, and impressive results have been obtained in recent preclinical and clinical trials. However, PDAC is likely the exception because of its unique tumour microenvironment (TME). In this review, we summarize the characteristics of the PDAC TME and focus on the network of various tumour-infiltrating immune cells, outlining the current advances in PDAC immunotherapy and addressing the effect of the PDAC TME on immunotherapy. This review further explores the combinations of different therapies used to enhance antitumour efficacy or reverse immunodeficiencies and describes optimizable immunotherapeutic strategies for PDAC. The concordant combination of various treatments, such as targeting cancer cells and the stroma, reversing suppressive immune reactions and enhancing antitumour reactivity, may be the most promising approach for the treatment of PDAC. Traditional treatments, especially chemotherapy, may also be optimized for individual patients to remodel the immunosuppressive microenvironment for enhanced therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-qiao Fan
- Third General Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Meng-Fei Wang
- Third General Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hai-Long Chen
- Third General Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dong Shang
- Third General Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jugal K. Das
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX USA
| | - Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX USA
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10
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Ferreira LMR, Muller YD, Bluestone JA, Tang Q. Next-generation regulatory T cell therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:749-769. [PMID: 31541224 PMCID: PMC7773144 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are a small subset of immune cells that are dedicated to curbing excessive immune activation and maintaining immune homeostasis. Accordingly, deficiencies in Treg cell development or function result in uncontrolled immune responses and tissue destruction and can lead to inflammatory disorders such as graft-versus-host disease, transplant rejection and autoimmune diseases. As Treg cells deploy more than a dozen molecular mechanisms to suppress immune responses, they have potential as multifaceted adaptable smart therapeutics for treating inflammatory disorders. Indeed, early-phase clinical trials of Treg cell therapy have shown feasibility, tolerability and potential efficacy in these disease settings. In the meantime, progress in the development of chimeric antigen receptors and in genome editing (including the application of CRISPR-Cas9) over the past two decades has facilitated the genetic optimization of primary T cell therapy for cancer. These technologies are now being used to enhance the specificity and functionality of Treg cells. In this Review, we describe the key advances and prospects in designing and implementing Treg cell-based therapy in autoimmunity and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo M R Ferreira
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Sean N. Parker Autoimmune Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yannick D Muller
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Sean N. Parker Autoimmune Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Qizhi Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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11
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Ashraf MI, Sarwar A, Kühl AA, Hunger E, Sattler A, Aigner F, Regele H, Sauter M, Klingel K, Schneeberger S, Resch T, Kotsch K. Natural Killer Cells Promote Kidney Graft Rejection Independently of Cyclosporine A Therapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2279. [PMID: 31616441 PMCID: PMC6769038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells have recently been recognized as key players in antibody-mediated chronic allograft failure, thus requiring a comprehensive understanding whether NK cells can escape conventional immunosuppressive regimens. Influence of cyclosporine A (CyA) on NK cell function was studied in a mouse model of allogeneic kidney transplantation (KTX, BALB/c to C57BL/6). Recipients were treated daily with CyA (10 mg/kg) for seven or 14 days for long term survival (day 56). Administration of CyA in recipients resulted in significantly reduced frequencies of intragraft and splenic CD8+ T cells, whereas the latter illustrated reduced IFNγ production. In contrast, intragraft and splenic NK cell frequencies remained unaffected in CyA recipients and IFNγ production and degranulation of NK cells were not reduced as compared with controls. Depletion of NK cells in combination with CyA resulted in an improvement in kidney function until day 7 and prolonged graft survival until day 56 as compared to untreated controls. Surviving animals demonstrated higher intragraft frequencies of proliferating CD4+FoxP3+Ki67+ regulatory T (TREG) cells as well as higher frequencies of CD8+CD122+ TREG. We here demonstrate that NK cell depletion combined with CyA synergistically improves graft function and prolongs graft survival, suggesting that NK cell targeting constitutes a novel approach for improving KTX outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Attia Sarwar
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- iPath.Berlin-Immunopathology for Experimental Models, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Hunger
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne Sattler
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Aigner
- Department of Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz Regele
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Sauter
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karin Klingel
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schneeberger
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Center of Operative Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Resch
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Center of Operative Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katja Kotsch
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Ovcinnikovs V, Ross EM, Petersone L, Edner NM, Heuts F, Ntavli E, Kogimtzis A, Kennedy A, Wang CJ, Bennett CL, Sansom DM, Walker LSK. CTLA-4-mediated transendocytosis of costimulatory molecules primarily targets migratory dendritic cells. Sci Immunol 2019; 4:eaaw0902. [PMID: 31152091 PMCID: PMC6570622 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaw0902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CTLA-4 is a critical negative regulator of the immune system and a major target for immunotherapy. However, precisely how it functions in vivo to maintain immune homeostasis is not clear. As a highly endocytic molecule, CTLA-4 can capture costimulatory ligands from opposing cells by a process of transendocytosis (TE). By restricting costimulatory ligand expression in this manner, CTLA-4 controls the CD28-dependent activation of T cells. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) constitutively express CTLA-4 at high levels and, in its absence, show defects in TE and suppressive function. Activated conventional T cells (Tconv) are also capable of CTLA-4-dependent TE; however, the relative use of this mechanism by Tregs and Tconv in vivo remains unclear. Here, we set out to characterize both the perpetrators and cellular targets of CTLA-4 TE in vivo. We found that Tregs showed constitutive cell surface recruitment of CTLA-4 ex vivo and performed TE rapidly after TCR stimulation. Tregs outperformed activated Tconv at TE in vivo, and expression of ICOS marked Tregs with this capability. Using TCR transgenic Tregs that recognize a protein expressed in the pancreas, we showed that the presentation of tissue-derived self-antigen could trigger Tregs to capture costimulatory ligands in vivo. Last, we identified migratory dendritic cells (DCs) as the major target for Treg-based CTLA-4-dependent regulation in the steady state. These data support a model in which CTLA-4 expressed on Tregs dynamically regulates the phenotype of DCs trafficking to lymph nodes from peripheral tissues in an antigen-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalijs Ovcinnikovs
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London , UK
| | - Ellen M Ross
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London , UK
| | - Lina Petersone
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London , UK
| | - Natalie M Edner
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London , UK
| | - Frank Heuts
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London , UK
| | - Elisavet Ntavli
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London , UK
| | - Alexandros Kogimtzis
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London , UK
| | - Alan Kennedy
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London , UK
| | - Chun Jing Wang
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London , UK
| | - Clare L Bennett
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London , UK
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London, UK
| | - David M Sansom
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London , UK
| | - Lucy S K Walker
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London , UK.
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13
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Fleskens V, Minutti CM, Wu X, Wei P, Pals CEGM, McCrae J, Hemmers S, Groenewold V, Vos HJ, Rudensky A, Pan F, Li H, Zaiss DM, Coffer PJ. Nemo-like Kinase Drives Foxp3 Stability and Is Critical for Maintenance of Immune Tolerance by Regulatory T Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 26:3600-3612.e6. [PMID: 30917315 PMCID: PMC6444001 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Foxp3 transcription factor is a crucial determinant of both regulatory T (TREG) cell development and their functional maintenance. Appropriate modulation of tolerogenic immune responses therefore requires the tight regulation of Foxp3 transcriptional output, and this involves both transcriptional and post-translational regulation. Here, we show that during T cell activation, phosphorylation of Foxp3 in TREG cells can be regulated by a TGF-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-Nemo-like kinase (NLK) signaling pathway. NLK interacts and phosphorylates Foxp3 in TREG cells, resulting in the stabilization of protein levels by preventing association with the STUB1 E3-ubiquitin protein ligase. Conditional TREG cell NLK-knockout (NLKΔTREG) results in decreased TREG cell-mediated immunosuppression in vivo, and NLK-deficient TREG cell animals develop more severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Our data suggest a molecular mechanism, in which stimulation of TCR-mediated signaling can induce a TAK1-NLK pathway to sustain Foxp3 transcriptional activity through the stabilization of protein levels, thereby maintaining TREG cell suppressive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Fleskens
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carlos M Minutti
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Xingmei Wu
- ENT Department, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshaner Road, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Cornelieke E G M Pals
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - James McCrae
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Saskia Hemmers
- Immunology Program, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vincent Groenewold
- Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Harm-Jan Vos
- Proteins at Work, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Rudensky
- Immunology Program, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fan Pan
- Immunology and Hematopoiesis Division, Department of Oncology, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Huabin Li
- ENT Department, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dietmar M Zaiss
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Paul J Coffer
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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14
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Cavalleri T, Bianchi P, Basso G, Celesti G, Grizzi F, Bossi P, Greco L, Pitrone C, Valtorta E, Mauri G, Truini M, Dall'Olio FG, Brandi G, Sartore-Bianchi A, Ricciardiello L, Torri V, Rimassa L, Siena S, Mantovani A, Malesci A, Laghi L. Combined Low Densities of FoxP3 + and CD3 + Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Identify Stage II Colorectal Cancer at High Risk of Progression. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:751-758. [PMID: 30804005 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The densities of CD3+ and CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), combined with tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging, have prognostic value for patients with nonmetastatic colorectal cancer. We compared the prognostic value of CD3+ and FoxP3+ TILs at the invasive front, TNM classifiers, and microsatellite (MS) status in a trial set of patients with stage II and III colorectal cancer (n = 413), by recursive partitioning with a classification and regression tree (CART). Significant prognostic factors and interactions were reassessed by logistic regression and Cox proportional-hazards modeling in the trial and a validation set (n = 215) of patients with stage II colorectal cancer. In the trial set, CART indicated that TIL numbers were of value only in predicting recurrence risk for stage II cancers, where low densities of FoxP3+ TILs ranked first and low densities of CD3+ TILs further stratifying risk. Multivariate analysis showed that TILs interacted with tumor stage (FoxP3+, P = 0.06; CD3+, P = 0.02) and MS instability (MSI; FoxP3+; P = 0.02). In stage II MS-stable cancers, concomitant low densities of both FoxP3+ and CD3+ TILs identified patients with the highest progression risk in the trial [HR 7.24; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.41-15.4; P < 0.001] and the validation (HR 15.16; 95% CI, 3.43-66.9; P < 0.001) sets. FoxP3+ and CD3+ TIL load in colorectal cancer was more informative than other prognostic factors before the cancer progressed to lymph nodes. This prognostic information about TILs, including FoxP3+ cells, suggests that randomized controlled trials might be refined to include interactions between TNM status, molecular classifiers, and postsurgical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Cavalleri
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Bianchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Basso
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Celesti
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Bossi
- Department of Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luana Greco
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Calogero Pitrone
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Valtorta
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Mauri
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-Oncologia, Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Truini
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Brandi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Sartore-Bianchi
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-Oncologia, Milano, Italy
| | - Luigi Ricciardiello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valter Torri
- Laboratory of Methodology for Biomedical Research, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenza Rimassa
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Siena
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-Oncologia, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Malesci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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15
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Carroll KR, Elfers EE, Stevens JJ, McNally JP, Hildeman DA, Jordan MB, Katz JD. Extending Remission and Reversing New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes by Targeted Ablation of Autoreactive T Cells. Diabetes 2018; 67:2319-2328. [PMID: 30104248 PMCID: PMC6198341 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Preserving endogenous insulin production is clinically advantageous and remains a vital unmet challenge in the treatment and reversal of type 1 diabetes. Although broad immunosuppression has had limited success in prolonging the so-called remission period, it comes at the cost of compromising beneficial immunity. Here, we used a novel strategy to specifically deplete the activated diabetogenic T cells that drive pathogenesis while preserving not only endogenous insulin production but also protective immunity. Effector T (Teff) cells, such as diabetogenic T cells, are naturally poised on the edge of apoptosis because of activation-induced DNA damage that stresses the p53 regulation of the cell cycle. We have found that using small molecular inhibitors that further potentiate p53 while inhibiting the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint control drives apoptosis of activated T cells in vivo. When delivered at the onset of disease, these inhibitors significantly reduce diabetogenic Teff cells, prolong remission, preserve functional islets, and protect islet allografts while leaving naive, memory, and regulatory T-cell populations functionally untouched. Thus, the targeted manipulation of p53 and cell cycle checkpoints represents a new therapeutic modality for the preservation of islet β-cells in new-onset type 1 diabetes or after islet transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin R Carroll
- Division of Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Eileen E Elfers
- Division of Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Joseph J Stevens
- Division of Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Jonathan P McNally
- Division of Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - David A Hildeman
- Division of Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Michael B Jordan
- Division of Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Jonathan D Katz
- Division of Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
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16
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Sharma R, Kinsey GR. Regulatory T cells in acute and chronic kidney diseases. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F679-F698. [PMID: 28877881 PMCID: PMC6031912 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00236.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Foxp3-expressing CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) make up one subset of the helper T cells (Th) and are one of the major mechanisms of peripheral tolerance. Tregs prevent abnormal activation of the immune system throughout the lifespan, thus protecting from autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have elucidated the role of Tregs beyond autoimmunity. Tregs play important functions in controlling not only innate and adaptive immune cell activation, but also regulate nonimmune cell function during insults and injury. Inflammation contributes to a multitude of acute and chronic diseases affecting the kidneys. This review examines the role of Tregs in pathogenesis of renal inflammatory diseases and explores the approaches for enhancing Tregs for prevention and therapy of renal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Sharma
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Gilbert R Kinsey
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
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17
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Kleinman AJ, Sivanandham R, Pandrea I, Chougnet CA, Apetrei C. Regulatory T Cells As Potential Targets for HIV Cure Research. Front Immunol 2018; 9:734. [PMID: 29706961 PMCID: PMC5908895 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T regulatory cells (Tregs) are a key component of the immune system, which maintain a delicate balance between overactive responses and immunosuppression. As such, Treg deficiencies are linked to autoimmune disorders and alter the immune control of pathogens. In HIV infection, Tregs play major roles, both beneficial and detrimental. They regulate the immune system such that inflammation and spread of virus through activated T cells is suppressed. However, suppression of immune activation also limits viral clearance and promotes reservoir formation. Tregs can be directly targeted by HIV, thereby harboring a fraction of the viral reservoir. The vital role of Tregs in the pathogenesis and control of HIV makes them a subject of interest for manipulation in the search of an HIV cure. Here, we discuss the origin and generation, homeostasis, and functions of Tregs, particularly their roles and effects in HIV infection. We also present various Treg manipulation strategies, including Treg depletion techniques and interventions that alter Treg function, which may be used in different cure strategies, to simultaneously boost HIV-specific immune responses and induce reactivation of the latent virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Kleinman
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ranjit Sivanandham
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Claire A Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati University, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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18
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Yen B, Fortson KT, Rothman NJ, Arpaia N, Reiner SL. Clonal Bifurcation of Foxp3 Expression Visualized in Thymocytes and T Cells. Immunohorizons 2018; 2:119-128. [PMID: 29707696 PMCID: PMC5922779 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1700064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial for suppressing autoimmunity and inflammation mediated by conventional T cells. To be useful, some Tregs should have overlapping specificity with relevant self-reactive or pathogen-specific clones. Whether matching recognition between Tregs and non-Tregs might arise through stochastic or deterministic mechanisms has not been addressed. We tested the hypothesis that some Tregs that arise in the thymus or that are induced during Ag-driven expansion of conventional CD4+ T cells might be clonally related to non-Tregs by virtue of asymmetric Foxp3 induction during cell division. We isolated mouse CD4+ thymocytes dividing in vivo, wherein sibling cells exhibited discordant expression of Foxp3 and CD25. Under in vitro conditions that stimulate induced Tregs from conventional mouse CD4+ T cells, we found a requirement for cell cycle progression to achieve Foxp3 induction. Moreover, a substantial fraction of sibling cell pairs arising from induced Treg stimulation also contained discordant expression of Foxp3. Division-linked yet asymmetric induction of Treg fate offers potential mechanisms to anticipate peripheral self-reactivity during thymic selection as well as produce precise, de novo counterregulation during CD4+ T cell–mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Yen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Katherine T Fortson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Nyanza J Rothman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Nicholas Arpaia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Steven L Reiner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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19
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Duggleby R, Danby RD, Madrigal JA, Saudemont A. Clinical Grade Regulatory CD4 + T Cells (Tregs): Moving Toward Cellular-Based Immunomodulatory Therapies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:252. [PMID: 29487602 PMCID: PMC5816789 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are CD4+ T cells that are key players of immune tolerance. They are powerful suppressor cells, able to impact the function of numerous immune cells, including key effectors of inflammation such as effector T cells. For this reason, Tregs are an ideal candidate for the development of cell therapy approaches to modulate immune responses. Treg therapy has shown promising results so far, providing key knowledge on the conditions in which these cells can provide protection and demonstrating that they could be an alternative to current pharmacological immunosuppressive therapies. However, a more comprehensive understanding of their characteristics, isolation, activation, and expansion is needed to be able design cost effective therapies. Here, we review the practicalities of making Tregs a viable cell therapy, in particular, discussing the challenges faced in isolating and manufacturing Tregs and defining what are the most appropriate applications for this new therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Duggleby
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.,University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert David Danby
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.,University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - J Alejandro Madrigal
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.,University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aurore Saudemont
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.,University College London, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Langenhorst D, Tabares P, Gulde T, Becklund BR, Berr S, Surh CD, Beyersdorf N, Hünig T. Self-Recognition Sensitizes Mouse and Human Regulatory T Cells to Low-Dose CD28 Superagonist Stimulation. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1985. [PMID: 29441059 PMCID: PMC5797646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In rodents, low doses of CD28-specific superagonistic monoclonal antibodies (CD28 superagonists, CD28SA) selectively activate regulatory T cells (Treg). This observation has recently been extended to humans, suggesting an option for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. However, a mechanistic explanation for this phenomenon is still lacking. Given that CD28SA amplify T cell receptor (TCR) signals, we tested the hypothesis that the weak tonic TCR signals received by conventional CD4+ T cells (Tconv) in the absence of cognate antigen require more CD28 signaling input for full activation than the stronger TCR signals received by self-reactive Treg. We report that in vitro, the response of mouse Treg and Tconv to CD28SA strongly depends on MHC class II expression by antigen-presenting cells. To separate the effect of tonic TCR signals from self-peptide recognition, we compared the response of wild-type Treg and Tconv to low and high CD28SA doses upon transfer into wild-type or H-2M knockout mice, which lack a self-peptide repertoire. We found that the superior response of Treg to low CD28SA doses was lost in the absence of self-peptide presentation. We also tested if potentially pathogenic autoreactive Tconv would benefit from self-recognition-induced sensitivity to CD28SA stimulation by transferring TCR transgenic OVA-specific Tconv into OVA-expressing mice and found that low-dose CD28SA application inhibited, rather than supported, their expansion, presumably due to the massive concomitant activation of Treg. Finally, we report that also in the in vitro response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to CD28SA, HLA II blockade interferes with the expansion of Treg by low-dose CD28SA stimulation. These results provide a rational basis for the further development of low-dose CD28SA therapy for the improvement of Treg activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Langenhorst
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paula Tabares
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Gulde
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bryan R Becklund
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Susanne Berr
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Charles D Surh
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, South Korea.,Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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21
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The molecular basis of immune regulation in autoimmunity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:43-67. [PMID: 29305419 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases can be triggered and modulated by various molecular and cellular characteristics. The mechanisms of autoimmunity and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases have been investigated for several decades. It is well accepted that autoimmunity is caused by dysregulated/dysfunctional immune susceptible genes and environmental factors. There are multiple physiological mechanisms that regulate and control self-reactivity, but which can also lead to tolerance breakdown when in defect. The majority of autoreactive T or B cells are eliminated during the development of central tolerance by negative selection. Regulatory cells such as Tregs (regulatory T) and MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells), and molecules such as CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen 4) and IL (interleukin) 10 (IL-10), help to eliminate autoreactive cells that escaped to the periphery in order to prevent development of autoimmunity. Knowledge of the molecular basis of immune regulation is needed to further our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of loss of tolerance in autoimmune diseases and pave the way for the development of more effective, specific, and safer therapeutic interventions.
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22
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Regulatory T Cells Mediate Local Immunosuppression in Lymphedema. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:325-335. [PMID: 28942366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Patients who suffer from lymphedema have impaired immunity and, as a result, are at an increased risk for infections. Furthermore, previous studies have shown that lymphadenectomy impairs acquisition of adaptive immune responses and antibody production in response to foreign antigens. Although it is clear that antigen presentation in lymph nodes plays a key role in adaptive immunity, the cellular mechanisms that regulate impaired immune responses in patients with lymphedema or following lymphatic injury remain unknown. We have previously found that axillary lymph node dissection, both clinically and in a mouse model, results in a marked increase in the number of regulatory T cells in the ipsilateral limb. In this study, we focus on the role of regulatory T cells in immunosuppression and show that regulatory T-cell proliferation in tissues distal to site of lymphatic injury contributes to impaired innate and adaptive immune responses. More importantly, using Foxp3-DTR transgenic mice, we show that depletion of regulatory T cells in the setting of lymphatic injury restores these critical immune-mediated responses. These findings provide additional evidence that immune responses following lymphatic injury play a key role in mediating the pathology of lymphedema.
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23
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Chen X, Zhang D, Chen X, Meng G, Zheng Q, Mai W, Wu Y, Ye L, Wang L. Oral administration of visceral adipose tissue antigens ameliorates metabolic disorders in mice and elevates visceral adipose tissue-resident CD4 +CD25 +Foxp3 + regulatory T cells. Vaccine 2017; 35:4612-4620. [PMID: 28736203 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are linked with chronic, low-grade inflammation in visceral adipose tissue (VAT). A unique population of VAT-resident CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs plays a crucial role in regulating VAT inflammation and metabolic homeostasis. VAT-resident Tregs display a highly restricted TCR repertoire, suggesting they recognize certain autoantigen(s) in VAT. A dramatic reduction of VAT-resident Tregs has been shown to closely correlate with obesity-related VAT chronic inflammation and metabolic disorders. Oral tolerance strategy may modulate inflammatory response to autoantigens by several mechanisms including induction of autoantigen-specific Tregs. Here, we explored the effects and cellular mechanism of oral administration of VAT pooled antigens on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic disorders in mice. Indeed, we found that oral treatment of VAT mixture antigens effectively inhibited gain in body weight and fat mass, ameliorated serum lipid parameters, and improved insulin sensitivity in HFD mice. This strategy was shown to significantly restore HFD-induced decrease of VAT-resident Tregs, accompanied by a hampered M2-type to M1-type macrophages phenotypic switch as well as decreased CD8+ T cells infiltration in VAT. Thus, oral administration of VAT antigens may be a novel and safe strategy against obesity and its related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Chen
- Institute of Immunology PLA & Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Dali Zhang
- Institute of Immunology PLA & Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Institute of Immunology PLA & Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Gang Meng
- Department of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Function Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637100, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenli Mai
- Function Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637100, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology PLA & Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology PLA & Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Immunology PLA & Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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24
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Gelfand EW, Joetham A, Wang M, Takeda K, Schedel M. Spectrum of T-lymphocyte activities regulating allergic lung inflammation. Immunol Rev 2017; 278:63-86. [PMID: 28658551 PMCID: PMC5501488 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in the treatment of asthma, optimization of symptom control remains an unmet need in many patients. These patients, labeled severe asthma, are responsible for a substantial fraction of the disease burden. In these patients, research is needed to define the cellular and molecular pathways contributing to disease which in large part are refractory to corticosteroid treatment. The causes of steroid-resistant asthma are multifactorial and result from complex interactions of genetics, environmental factors, and innate and adaptive immunity. Adaptive immunity, addressed here, integrates the activities of distinct T-cell subsets and by definition is dynamic and responsive to an ever-changing environment and the influences of epigenetic modifications. These T-cell subsets exhibit different susceptibilities to the actions of corticosteroids and, in some, corticosteroids enhance their functional activation. Moreover, these subsets are not fixed in lineage differentiation but can undergo transcriptional reprogramming in a bidirectional manner between protective and pathogenic effector states. Together, these factors contribute to asthma heterogeneity between patients but also in the same patient at different stages of their disease. Only by carefully defining mechanistic pathways, delineating their sensitivity to corticosteroids, and determining the balance between regulatory and effector pathways will precision medicine become a reality with selective and effective application of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin W Gelfand
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Anthony Joetham
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Meiqin Wang
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Katsuyuki Takeda
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Michaela Schedel
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
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25
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Manipulating DNA damage-response signaling for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4782-E4791. [PMID: 28533414 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703683114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-activated lymphocytes undergo extraordinarily rapid cell division in the course of immune responses. We hypothesized that this unique aspect of lymphocyte biology leads to unusual genomic stress in recently antigen-activated lymphocytes and that targeted manipulation of DNA damage-response (DDR) signaling pathways would allow for selective therapeutic targeting of pathological T cells in disease contexts. Consistent with these hypotheses, we found that activated mouse and human T cells display a pronounced DDR in vitro and in vivo. Upon screening a variety of small-molecule compounds, we found that potentiation of p53 (via inhibition of MDM2) or impairment of cell cycle checkpoints (via inhibition of CHK1/2 or WEE1) led to the selective elimination of activated, pathological T cells in vivo. The combination of these strategies [which we termed "p53 potentiation with checkpoint abrogation" (PPCA)] displayed therapeutic benefits in preclinical disease models of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and multiple sclerosis, which are driven by foreign antigens or self-antigens, respectively. PPCA therapy targeted pathological T cells but did not compromise naive, regulatory, or quiescent memory T-cell pools, and had a modest nonimmune toxicity profile. Thus, PPCA is a therapeutic modality for selective, antigen-specific immune modulation with significant translational potential for diverse immune-mediated diseases.
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26
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Walker LS. EFIS Lecture: Understanding the CTLA-4 checkpoint in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Immunol Lett 2017; 184:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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27
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Zhou L, Cao T, Wang Y, Yao H, Du G, Chen G, Niu X, Tang G. Frequently Increased but Functionally Impaired CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus. Inflammation 2017; 39:1205-15. [PMID: 27106476 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0356-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T cell-mediated chronic inflammatory mucosal disease, and CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are considered involved in the pathogenesis of OLP. In this study, to investigate whether there are intrinsic factors that might cause functional changes in Tregs in this disease, we evaluated the frequency of Tregs in peripheral blood and oral lesions and the expression levels of function-related transcription factors, forkhead/winged-helix transcription factor box P3 (FOXP3), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), interleukin 10 (IL-10), and TGF-β receptors (TβRI and TβRII) mRNAs in Tregs of patients with oral lichen planus (OLP). We also investigated the frequency of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-17A) producing Foxp3(+) regulatory cells. Increased proportions of Tregs were found in OLP patients. The expression of FOXP3 on mRNA and protein level was elevated in the Tregs of OLP. The expression of TGF-β was lower both on the mRNA and serum level, whereas the expression of IL-10 showed no significant difference between the OLP patients and normal controls. The percentages of CD4(+)FOXP3(+)IL-17(+) T cells were significantly higher than that of normal controls, whereas the percentages of CD4(+)FOXP3(+)IFN-γ(+) T cells did not differ significantly. Furthermore, impaired suppressive function of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells was demonstrated in OLP patients by in vitro proliferation assay. These data indicate that Tregs in OLP are frequently expanded but functionally deficient. This could explain, at least in part, why the increased Tregs in OLP fail to control the pathogenesis and development of this autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Ninth People' s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Tianyi Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Ninth People' s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Ninth People' s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Hui Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Ninth People' s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Guanhuan Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Ninth People' s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Guangjie Chen
- Department of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyin Niu
- Department of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoyao Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Ninth People' s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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28
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Howie D, Cobbold SP, Adams E, Ten Bokum A, Necula AS, Zhang W, Huang H, Roberts DJ, Thomas B, Hester SS, Vaux DJ, Betz AG, Waldmann H. Foxp3 drives oxidative phosphorylation and protection from lipotoxicity. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e89160. [PMID: 28194435 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.89160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tregs can adopt a catabolic metabolic program with increased capacity for fatty acid oxidation-fueled oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). It is unclear why this form of metabolism is favored in Tregs and, more specifically, whether this program represents an adaptation to the environment and developmental cues or is "hardwired" by Foxp3. Here we show, using metabolic analysis and an unbiased mass spectroscopy-based proteomics approach, that Foxp3 is both necessary and sufficient to program Treg-increased respiratory capacity and Tregs' increased ability to utilize fatty acids to fuel oxidative phosphorylation. Foxp3 drives upregulation of components of all the electron transport complexes, increasing their activity and ATP generation by oxidative phosphorylation. Increased fatty acid β-oxidation also results in selective protection of Foxp3+ cells from fatty acid-induced cell death. This observation may provide novel targets for modulating Treg function or selection therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Zhang
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | - Honglei Huang
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | - David J Roberts
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital.,National Health Service Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
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29
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Howie D, Cobbold SP, Adams E, Ten Bokum A, Necula AS, Zhang W, Huang H, Roberts DJ, Thomas B, Hester SS, Vaux DJ, Betz AG, Waldmann H. Foxp3 drives oxidative phosphorylation and protection from lipotoxicity. JCI Insight 2017. [PMID: 28194435 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.89160.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tregs can adopt a catabolic metabolic program with increased capacity for fatty acid oxidation-fueled oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). It is unclear why this form of metabolism is favored in Tregs and, more specifically, whether this program represents an adaptation to the environment and developmental cues or is "hardwired" by Foxp3. Here we show, using metabolic analysis and an unbiased mass spectroscopy-based proteomics approach, that Foxp3 is both necessary and sufficient to program Treg-increased respiratory capacity and Tregs' increased ability to utilize fatty acids to fuel oxidative phosphorylation. Foxp3 drives upregulation of components of all the electron transport complexes, increasing their activity and ATP generation by oxidative phosphorylation. Increased fatty acid β-oxidation also results in selective protection of Foxp3+ cells from fatty acid-induced cell death. This observation may provide novel targets for modulating Treg function or selection therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Zhang
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | - Honglei Huang
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | - David J Roberts
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital.,National Health Service Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
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30
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Togashi Y, Nishikawa H. Regulatory T Cells: Molecular and Cellular Basis for Immunoregulation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 410:3-27. [PMID: 28879523 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a highly immune-suppressive subset of CD4+ T cells, characterized by expression of the master regulatory transcription factor FOXP3. Tregs are proven to play central roles in the maintenance of self-tolerance in healthy individuals. Tregs are involved in maintaining immune homeostasis: they protect hosts from developing autoimmune diseases and allergy, whereas in malignancies, they promote tumor progression by suppressing anti-tumor immunity. Elucidating factors influencing Treg homeostasis and function have important implications for understanding disease pathogenesis and identifying therapeutic opportunities. Thus, the manipulating Tregs for up- or down-regulation of their suppressive function is a new therapeutic strategy for treating various diseases including autoimmune disorders and cancer. This review will focus on recent advances in how Tregs integrate extracellular and intracellular signals to control their survival and stability. Deeper mechanistic understanding of disease-specific Treg development, maintenance, and function could make disease-specific Treg-targeted therapy more effective, resulting in an increase of efficacy and decrease of side effects related to manipulating Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Togashi
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Research Institute/EPOC, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Nishikawa
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Research Institute/EPOC, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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31
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Jiang TT, Martinov T, Xin L, Kinder JM, Spanier JA, Fife BT, Way SS. Programmed Death-1 Culls Peripheral Accumulation of High-Affinity Autoreactive CD4 T Cells to Protect against Autoimmunity. Cell Rep 2016; 17:1783-1794. [PMID: 27829150 PMCID: PMC5108556 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-reactive CD4 T cells are incompletely deleted during thymic development, and their peripheral seeding highlights the need for additional safeguards to avert autoimmunity. Here, we show an essential role for the coinhibitory molecule programmed death-1 (PD-1) in silencing the activation of high-affinity autoreactive CD4 T cells. Each wave of self-reactive CD4 T cells that escapes thymic deletion autonomously upregulates PD-1 to maintain self-tolerance. By tracking the progeny derived from individual autoreactive CD4 T cell clones, we demonstrate that self-reactive cells with the greatest autoimmune threat and highest self-antigen affinity express the most PD-1. Reciprocally, PD-1 deprivation unleashes high-affinity self-reactive CD4 T cells in target tissues to exacerbate neuronal inflammation and autoimmune diabetes. Reliance on PD-1 to actively maintain self-tolerance may explain why exploiting this pathway by cancerous cells and invasive microbes efficiently subverts protective immunity, and why autoimmune side effects can develop after PD-1-neutralizing checkpoint therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony T Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Tijana Martinov
- Center for Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lijun Xin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jeremy M Kinder
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Justin A Spanier
- Center for Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brian T Fife
- Center for Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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32
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Abstract
Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules direct the "second signal," which largely determines the outcome of the "first signal" generated by the interaction of T cell receptor (TCR) with cognate MHC-peptide complex. The co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory signals are key mechanistic contributors to the regulation of adaptive immunity, especially the T cell-mediated immune response. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a special population of T cells, which unlike other T cells function as "attenuators" to suppress T cell immunity. Dysregulation of either the "second signal" or Tregs leads to an unbalanced immune system, which can result in a range of immune-related disorders, including autoimmune diseases, chronic infections, and tumors. In contrast, precise manipulation of these two systems offers tremendous clinical opportunities to treat these same diseases. Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules modulate immunity at molecular level, whereas Tregs delicately control the immune response at cellular level. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that these two regulatory strategies converge and synergize with each other. This review discusses recent progress on the roles of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory signals in the context of Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Liu
- a Department of Biochemistry , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Steven C Almo
- a Department of Biochemistry , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Xingxing Zang
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA.,c Department of Medicine , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA.,d Department of Urology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
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33
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Pilat N, Mahr B, Unger L, Hock K, Schwarz C, Farkas AM, Baranyi U, Wrba F, Wekerle T. Incomplete clonal deletion as prerequisite for tissue-specific minor antigen tolerization. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e85911. [PMID: 27699263 PMCID: PMC5033814 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.85911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Central clonal deletion has been considered the critical factor responsible for the robust state of tolerance achieved by chimerism-based experimental protocols, but split-tolerance models and the clinical experience are calling this assumption into question. Although clone-size reduction through deletion has been shown to be universally required for achieving allotolerance, it remains undetermined whether it is sufficient by itself. Therapeutic Treg treatment induces chimerism and tolerance in a stringent murine BM transplantation model devoid of myelosuppressive recipient treatment. In contrast to irradiation chimeras, chronic rejection (CR) of skin and heart allografts in Treg chimeras was permanently prevented, even in the absence of complete clonal deletion of donor MHC-reactive T cells. We show that minor histocompatibility antigen mismatches account for CR in irradiation chimeras without global T cell depletion. Furthermore, we show that Treg therapy-induced tolerance prevents CR in a linked suppression-like fashion, which is maintained by active regulatory mechanisms involving recruitment of thymus-derived Tregs to the graft. These data suggest that highly efficient intrathymic and peripheral deletion of donor-reactive T cells for specificities expressed on hematopoietic cells preclude the expansion of donor-specific Tregs and, hence, do not allow for spreading of tolerance to minor specificities that are not expressed by donor BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Pilat
- Section of Transplantation Immunology, Department of Surgery, and
| | - Benedikt Mahr
- Section of Transplantation Immunology, Department of Surgery, and
| | - Lukas Unger
- Section of Transplantation Immunology, Department of Surgery, and
| | - Karin Hock
- Section of Transplantation Immunology, Department of Surgery, and
| | | | | | - Ulrike Baranyi
- Section of Transplantation Immunology, Department of Surgery, and
| | - Fritz Wrba
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Wekerle
- Section of Transplantation Immunology, Department of Surgery, and
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34
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Askenasy N. Mechanisms of autoimmunity in the non-obese diabetic mouse: effector/regulatory cell equilibrium during peak inflammation. Immunology 2016; 147:377-88. [PMID: 26749404 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune imbalance in autoimmune disorders such as type 1 diabetes may originate from aberrant activities of effector cells or dysfunction of suppressor cells. All possible defective mechanisms have been proposed for diabetes-prone species: (i) quantitative dominance of diabetogenic cells and decreased numbers of regulatory T cells, (ii) excessive aggression of effectors and defective function of suppressors, (iii) perturbed interaction between effector and suppressor cells, and (iv) variations in sensitivity to negative regulation. The experimental evidence available to date presents conflicting information on these mechanisms, with identification of perturbed equilibrium on the one hand and negation of critical role of each mechanism in propagation of diabetic autoimmunity on the other hand. In our analysis, there is no evidence that inherent abnormalities in numbers and function of effector and suppressor T cells are responsible for the immune imbalance responsible for propagation of type 1 diabetes as a chronic inflammatory process. Possibly, the experimental tools for investigation of these features of immune activity are still underdeveloped and lack sufficient resolution, in the presence of the extensive biological viability and functional versatility of effector and suppressor elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadir Askenasy
- The Leah and Edward M. Frankel Laboratory of Experimental Bone Marrow Transplantation, Petach Tikva, Israel
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35
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Brzostek J, Gascoigne NRJ, Rybakin V. Cell Type-Specific Regulation of Immunological Synapse Dynamics by B7 Ligand Recognition. Front Immunol 2016; 7:24. [PMID: 26870040 PMCID: PMC4740375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
B7 proteins CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2) are expressed on most antigen-presenting cells and provide critical co-stimulatory or inhibitory input to T cells via their T-cell-expressed receptors: CD28 and CTLA-4. CD28 is expressed on effector T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs), and CD28-dependent signals are required for optimum activation of effector T cell functions. CD28 ligation on effector T cells leads to formation of distinct molecular patterns and induction of cytoskeletal rearrangements at the immunological synapse (IS). CD28 plays a critical role in recruitment of protein kinase C (PKC)-θ to the effector T cell IS. CTLA-4 is constitutively expressed on the surface of Tregs, but it is expressed on effector T cells only after activation. As CTLA-4 binds to B7 proteins with significantly higher affinity than CD28, B7 ligand recognition by cells expressing both receptors leads to displacement of CD28 and PKC-θ from the IS. In Tregs, B7 ligand recognition leads to recruitment of CTLA-4 and PKC-η to the IS. CTLA-4 plays a role in regulation of T effector and Treg IS stability and cell motility. Due to their important roles in regulating T-cell-mediated responses, B7 receptors are emerging as important drug targets in oncology. In this review, we present an integrated summary of current knowledge about the role of B7 family receptor–ligand interactions in the regulation of spatial and temporal IS dynamics in effector and Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Brzostek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Vasily Rybakin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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36
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Aloulou M, Carr EJ, Gador M, Bignon A, Liblau RS, Fazilleau N, Linterman MA. Follicular regulatory T cells can be specific for the immunizing antigen and derive from naive T cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10579. [PMID: 26818004 PMCID: PMC4738360 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are a subset of Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells that form in response to immunization or infection, which localize to the germinal centre where they control the magnitude of the response. Despite an increased interest in the role of Tfr cells in humoral immunity, many fundamental aspects of their biology remain unknown, including whether they recognize self- or foreign antigen. Here we show that Tfr cells can be specific for the immunizing antigen, irrespective of whether it is a self- or foreign antigen. We show that, in addition to developing from thymic derived Treg cells, Tfr cells can also arise from Foxp3(-) precursors in a PD-L1-dependent manner, if the adjuvant used is one that supports T-cell plasticity. These findings have important implications for Tfr cell biology and for improving vaccine efficacy by formulating vaccines that modify the Tfr:Tfh cell ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Aloulou
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France.,Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Edward J Carr
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Mylène Gador
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France.,Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Alexandre Bignon
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Roland S Liblau
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France.,Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Nicolas Fazilleau
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France.,Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
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37
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Chellappa S, Lieske NV, Hagness M, Line PD, Taskén K, Aandahl EM. Human regulatory T cells control TCR signaling and susceptibility to suppression in CD4+ T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 100:5-16. [PMID: 26715685 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2hi0815-334r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human CD4(+)CD25(hi)FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells maintain immunologic tolerance and prevent autoimmune and inflammatory immune responses. Regulatory T cells undergo a similar activation cycle as conventional CD4(+) T cells upon antigen stimulation. Here, we demonstrate that T cell receptors and costimulation are required to activate the regulatory T cell suppressive function. Regulatory T cells suppressed the T cell receptor signaling in effector T cells in a time-dependent manner that corresponded with inhibition of cytokine production and proliferation. Modulation of the activation level and thereby the suppressive capacity of regulatory T cells imposed distinct T cell receptor signaling signatures and hyporesponsiveness in suppressed and proliferating effector T cells and established a threshold for effector T cell proliferation. The immune suppression of effector T cells was completely reversible upon removal of regulatory T cells. However, the strength of prior immune suppression by regulatory T cells and corresponding T cell receptor signaling in effector T cells determined the susceptibility to suppression upon later reexposure to regulatory T cells. These findings demonstrate how the strength of the regulatory T cell suppressive function determines intracellular signaling, immune responsiveness, and the later susceptibility of effector T cells to immune suppression and contribute to unveiling the complex interactions between regulatory T cells and effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stalin Chellappa
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Biotechnology Centre, University of Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Nora V Lieske
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Biotechnology Centre, University of Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Hagness
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Biotechnology Centre, University of Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Norway; Section for Transplantation Surgery Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and
| | - Pål D Line
- Section for Transplantation Surgery Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Biotechnology Centre, University of Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar M Aandahl
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Biotechnology Centre, University of Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Norway; Section for Transplantation Surgery Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and
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38
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Spence A, Klementowicz JE, Bluestone JA, Tang Q. Targeting Treg signaling for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 37:11-20. [PMID: 26432763 PMCID: PMC4679451 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are crucial players in the prevention of autoimmunity. Treg lineage commitment and functional stability are influenced by selected extracellular signals from the local environment, shaped by distinctive intracellular signaling network, and secured by their unique epigenetic profile. Recent advances in our understanding of the complex processes of Treg lineage differentiation, maintenance, and function has paved the way for developing strategies to manipulate these important cells for therapeutic benefit in many diseases. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in our understanding of Treg biology as well as Treg-targeted therapies in the context of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson Spence
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Joanna E Klementowicz
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Qizhi Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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39
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Moon BI, Kim TH, Seoh JY. Functional Modulation of Regulatory T Cells by IL-2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141864. [PMID: 26529512 PMCID: PMC4631326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The suppressive function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is critical to the maintenance of immune homeostasis in vivo and yet, the specific identification of Tregs by phenotypic markers is not perfect. Tregs were originally identified in the CD4+CD25+ fraction of T cells, but FoxP3 expression was later included as an additional marker of Tregs as FoxP3 expression was identified as being critical to the development and function of these cells. Intracellular expression of FoxP3 makes it difficult in using to isolate live and not permeabilized cells for functional assays. As such CD4+CD25+ fraction is still frequently used for functional assays of Tregs. Although, the CD4+CD25+ fraction substantially overlaps with the FoxP3+ fraction, the minor mismatch between CD4+CD25+ and FoxP3+ fractions may confound the functional characteristics of Tregs. In this study, we isolated CD4+FoxP3+ as well as CD4+CD25+ fractions from Foxp3 knock-in mice, and compared their proliferative and suppressive activity in the presence or absence of various concentrations of IL-2. Our results showed comparable patterns of proliferative and suppressive responses for both fractions, except that contrary to the CD4+CD25+ fraction the FoxP3+ fraction did not proliferate in an autocrine fashion even in response to a strong stimulation. In presence of exogenous IL-2, both CD4+CD25+ and CD4+FoxP3+ fractions were more sensitive than the CD4+CD25- responder cells in proliferative responsiveness. In addition, a low dose IL-2 enhanced whereas a high dose abrogated the suppressive activities of the CD4+CD25+ and CD4+FoxP3+ fractions. These results may provide an additional understanding of the characteristics of the various fractions of isolated Tregs based on phenotype and function and the role of varying levels of exogenous IL-2 on the suppressive activity of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-In Moon
- Department of Surgery, Ewha Womans University Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Hun Kim
- Department of Internal medicine, Ewha Womans University Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju-Young Seoh
- Department of Microbiology, Ewha Womans University Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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40
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Hood JD, Zarnitsyna VI, Zhu C, Evavold BD. Regulatory and T Effector Cells Have Overlapping Low to High Ranges in TCR Affinities for Self during Demyelinating Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4162-70. [PMID: 26385521 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Having regulatory T cells (Tregs) with the same Ag specificity as the responding conventional T cells is thought to be important in maintaining peripheral tolerance. It has been demonstrated that during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis there are myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)--specific Tregs that infiltrate into the CNS. However, the affinity of naturally occurring polyclonal Tregs for any self-antigen, let alone MOG, has not been analyzed in the periphery or at the site of autoimmune disease. Utilizing the highly sensitive micropipette adhesion frequency assay, which allows one to determine on a single-cell basis the affinity and frequency of polyclonal Ag-specific T cells directly ex vivo, we demonstrate that at peak disease MOG-specific Tregs were progressively enriched in the draining cervical lymph nodes and CNS as compared with spleen. These frequencies were greater than the frequencies measured by tetramer analysis, indicative of the large fraction of lower affinity T cells that comprise the MOG-specific conventional T cell (Tconv) and Treg response. Of interest, the self-reactive CD4(+) Tconvs and Tregs displayed overlapping affinities for MOG in the periphery, yet in the CNS, the site of neuroinflammation, Tconvs skew toward higher affinities. Most of the MOG-specific Tregs in the CNS possessed the methylation signature associated with thymic-derived Tregs. These findings indicate that thymic-derived Treg affinity range matches that of their Tconvs in the periphery and suggest a change in TCR affinity as a potential mechanism for autoimmune progression and escape from immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Hood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Cheng Zhu
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322;
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41
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Abstract
Foxp3(+) Tregs are central regulators of immune tolerance. As dysregulated Treg responses contribute to disease pathogenesis, novel approaches to target the immunomodulatory functions of Tregs are currently under investigation. mTORC1 and mTORC2 are therapeutic targets of interest. Recent studies revealed that mTOR signaling impacts conventional T-cell homeostasis, activation and differentiation. Moreover, mTOR controls the differentiation and functions of Tregs, suggesting that its activity could be targeted to modulate Treg responses. Here, we summarize how Tregs suppress immune responses, their roles in disease development and methods used to alter their functions therapeutically. We also discuss the diverse effects exerted by mTOR inhibition on the development, homeostasis, and functions of conventional T cells and Tregs. We conclude with a discussion of how modulation of mTOR activity in Tregs may be therapeutically beneficial or detrimental in different disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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42
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Wolf D, Sopper S, Pircher A, Gastl G, Wolf AM. Treg(s) in Cancer: Friends or Foe? J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2598-605. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wolf
- Medical Clinic 3; Oncology; Hematology and Rheumatology; University Hospital Bonn (UKB); Bonn Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Internal Medicine 5; Medical University Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Internal Medicine 5; Medical University Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute (TKFI); Medical University Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Andreas Pircher
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Internal Medicine 5; Medical University Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Guenther Gastl
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Internal Medicine 5; Medical University Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Anna Maria Wolf
- Medical Clinic 3; Oncology; Hematology and Rheumatology; University Hospital Bonn (UKB); Bonn Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Internal Medicine 5; Medical University Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
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43
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Schmidt AM, Lu W, Sindhava VJ, Huang Y, Burkhardt JK, Yang E, Riese MJ, Maltzman JS, Jordan MS, Kambayashi T. Regulatory T cells require TCR signaling for their suppressive function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4362-70. [PMID: 25821220 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of CD4(+) T cells that maintain immune tolerance in part by their ability to inhibit the proliferation of conventional CD4(+) T cells (Tconvs). The role of the TCR and the downstream signaling pathways required for this suppressive function of Tregs are not fully understood. To yield insight into how TCR-mediated signals influence Treg suppressive function, we assessed the ability of Tregs with altered TCR-mediated signaling capacity to inhibit Tconv proliferation. Mature Tregs deficient in Src homology 2 domain containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa (SLP-76), an adaptor protein that nucleates the proximal signaling complex downstream of the TCR, were unable to inhibit Tconv proliferation, suggesting that TCR signaling is required for Treg suppressive function. Moreover, Tregs with defective phospholipase C γ (PLCγ) activation due to a Y145F mutation of SLP-76 were also defective in their suppressive function. Conversely, enhancement of diacylglycerol-mediated signaling downstream of PLCγ by genetic ablation of a negative regulator of diacylglycerol kinase ζ increased the suppressive ability of Tregs. Because SLP-76 is also important for integrin activation and signaling, we tested the role of integrin activation in Treg-mediated suppression. Tregs lacking the adaptor proteins adhesion and degranulation promoting adapter protein or CT10 regulator of kinase/CT10 regulator of kinase-like, which are required for TCR-mediated integrin activation, inhibited Tconv proliferation to a similar extent as wild-type Tregs. Together, these data suggest that TCR-mediated PLCγ activation, but not integrin activation, is required for Tregs to inhibit Tconv proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Schmidt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Vishal J Sindhava
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Yanping Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Enjun Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Matthew J Riese
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Jonathan S Maltzman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Martha S Jordan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
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44
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Weissler KA, Garcia V, Kropf E, Aitken M, Bedoya F, Wolf AI, Erikson J, Caton AJ. Distinct modes of antigen presentation promote the formation, differentiation, and activity of foxp3+ regulatory T cells in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3784-97. [PMID: 25780041 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
How the formation and activity of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are shaped by TCR recognition of the diverse array of peptide:MHC complexes that can be generated from self-antigens and/or foreign Ags in vivo remains poorly understood. We show that a self-peptide with low (but not high) stimulatory potency promotes thymic Treg formation and can induce conventional CD4(+) T cells in the periphery to become Tregs that express different levels of the transcription factor Helios according to anatomical location. When Tregs generated in response to this self-peptide subsequently encountered the same peptide derived instead from influenza virus in the lung-draining lymph nodes of infected mice, they proliferated, acquired a T-bet(+)CXCR3(+) phenotype, and suppressed the antiviral effector T cell response in the lungs. However, these self-antigen-selected Tregs were unable to suppress the antiviral immune response based on recognition of the peptide as a self-antigen rather than a viral Ag. Notably, when expressed in a more immunostimulatory form, the self-peptide inhibited the formation of T-bet(+)CXCR3(+) Tregs in response to viral Ag, and Ag-expressing B cells from these mice induced Treg division without upregulation of CXCR3. These studies show that a weakly immunostimulatory self-peptide can induce thymic and peripheral Foxp3(+) Treg formation but is unable to activate self-antigen-selected Tregs to modulate an antiviral immune response. Moreover, a strongly immunostimulatory self-peptide expressed by B cells induced Tregs to proliferate without acquiring an effector phenotype that allows trafficking from the draining lymph node to the lungs and, thereby, prevented the Tregs from suppressing the antiviral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan Erikson
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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45
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Abstract
Induction of specific immune tolerance to grafts remains the sought-after standard following transplantation. Defined by expression of the Foxp3 (forkhead box protein 3) transcription factor, the regulatory T-cell (Treg) lineage has been noted to exert potent immunoregulatory functions that contribute to specific graft tolerance. In this review, we discuss the known signals and pathways which govern Treg development, both in the thymus and in peripheral sites, as well as lineage maintenance and homeostasis. In particular, we highlight the roles of T-cell receptor signaling, CD28 costimulation, and signals through phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and related metabolic pathways in multiple aspects of Treg biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Huynh
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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46
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Chapman NM, Chi H. mTOR Links Environmental Signals to T Cell Fate Decisions. Front Immunol 2015; 5:686. [PMID: 25653651 PMCID: PMC4299512 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell fate decisions play an integral role in maintaining the health of organisms under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. The localized microenvironment in which developing and mature T cells reside provides signals that serve essential functions in shaping these fate decisions. These signals are derived from the immune compartment, including antigens, co-stimulation, and cytokines, and other factors, including growth factors and nutrients. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a vital sensor of signals within the immune microenvironment, is a central regulator of T cell biology. In this review, we discuss how various environmental cues tune mTOR activity in T cells, and summarize how mTOR integrates these signals to influence multiple aspects of T cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN , USA
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47
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Li X, Liang Y, LeBlanc M, Benner C, Zheng Y. Function of a Foxp3 cis-element in protecting regulatory T cell identity. Cell 2014; 158:734-748. [PMID: 25126782 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The homeostasis of multicellular organisms requires terminally differentiated cells to preserve their lineage specificity. However, it is unclear whether mechanisms exist to actively protect cell identity in response to environmental cues that confer functional plasticity. Regulatory T (Treg) cells, specified by the transcription factor Foxp3, are indispensable for immune system homeostasis. Here, we report that conserved noncoding sequence 2 (CNS2), a CpG-rich Foxp3 intronic cis-element specifically demethylated in mature Tregs, helps maintain immune homeostasis and limit autoimmune disease development by protecting Treg identity in response to signals that shape mature Treg functions and drive their initial differentiation. In activated Tregs, CNS2 helps protect Foxp3 expression from destabilizing cytokine conditions by sensing TCR/NFAT activation, which facilitates the interaction between CNS2 and Foxp3 promoter. Thus, epigenetically marked cis-elements can protect cell identity by sensing key environmental cues central to both cell identity formation and functional plasticity without interfering with initial cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Li
- Nomis Foundation Laboratories for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yuqiong Liang
- Nomis Foundation Laboratories for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mathias LeBlanc
- Nomis Foundation Laboratories for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chris Benner
- The Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ye Zheng
- Nomis Foundation Laboratories for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Smigiel KS, Srivastava S, Stolley JM, Campbell DJ. Regulatory T-cell homeostasis: steady-state maintenance and modulation during inflammation. Immunol Rev 2014; 259:40-59. [PMID: 24712458 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells play a vital role in the prevention of autoimmunity and the maintenance of self-tolerance, but these cells also have an active role in inhibiting immune responses during viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. Although excessive Treg activity can lead to immunodeficiency, chronic infection, and cancer, too little Treg activity results in autoimmunity and immunopathology and impairs the quality of pathogen-specific responses. Recent studies have helped define the homeostatic mechanisms that support the diverse pool of peripheral Treg cells under steady-state conditions and delineate how the abundance and function of Treg cells changes during inflammation. These findings are highly relevant for developing effective strategies to manipulate Treg cell activity to promote allograft tolerance and treat autoimmunity, chronic infection, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate S Smigiel
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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49
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Weissler KA, Caton AJ. The role of T-cell receptor recognition of peptide:MHC complexes in the formation and activity of Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells. Immunol Rev 2014; 259:11-22. [PMID: 24712456 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are required to prevent the immune system from spontaneously mounting a severe autoaggressive lymphoproliferative disease and can modulate immune responses in a variety of settings, including infections. In this review, we describe studies that use transgenic mice to determine how signals through the T-cell receptor (TCR) contribute to the development, differentiation, and activity of Treg cells in in vivo settings. By varying the amount and quality of the self-peptide recognized by an autoreactive TCR, we have shown that the interplay between autoreactive thymocyte deletion and Treg cell formation leads to a Treg cell repertoire that is biased toward low abundance agonist self-peptides. In an autoimmune disease setting, we have demonstrated that diverse TCR specificities can be required in order for Treg cells to prevent disease in a mouse model of autoimmune inflammatory arthritis. Lastly, we have shown that Treg cells initially selected based on specificity for a self-peptide can be activated by TCR recognition of a viral peptide, and that they can acquire a specialized phenotype and suppress antiviral effector cell activity at the site of infection. These studies provide insights into the pivotal role that TCR specificity plays in the formation and activity of Treg cells.
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50
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Bin Dhuban K, Kornete M, S Mason E, Piccirillo CA. Functional dynamics of Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells in mice and humans. Immunol Rev 2014; 259:140-58. [PMID: 24712464 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3)(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are critical mediators for the establishment of self-tolerance and immune homeostasis and for the control of pathology in various inflammatory responses. While Foxp3(+) Treg cells often control immune responses in secondary lymphoid tissues, they must also traffic to and persist within non-lymphoid tissues, where they integrate various environmental cues to coordinate and adapt their effector acitvities in these sites. In recent years, our group has made use of several mouse models, including the non-obese diabetic model of type 1 diabetes, to characterize the factors, which impact the homeostasis, function, and reprogramming potential of Foxp3(+) Treg cells in situ. In addition, our recent work shows that Foxp3(+) Treg cells possess distinct post-transcriptional mechanisms of gene regulation, namely mRNA translation, to modulate tissue-specific inflammatory responses. In humans, there is a pressing need for reliable markers of FOXP3(+) Treg cells and their related function in blood and tissue. Experimental progress in our group has enabled us to discover novel markers of FOXP3(+) Treg cell (dys)function and unique gene signatures that discriminate effector and Treg cells, as well as functional and dysfunctional FOXP3(+) Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Bin Dhuban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, FOCIS Center of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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