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Sun M, Tang H, Xiao T, Li Y, Li Y. ANAX4 is a downstream molecule of LGP2 and promotes GCRV proliferation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 153:109861. [PMID: 39216711 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
This study explored the key molecules and signal pathways in the pathogenesis of grass carp reovirus (GCRV). Using immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry and Co-IP validation, the protein CiANXA4 was identified which interacts indirectly with CiLGP2. CiANXA4 encodes 321 amino acids, including 4 ANX domains. To explore the role of CiANXA4 in the anti-GCRV immune response, we used overexpression and siRNA knockdown in cells. The results showed that overexpression of the CiANXA4 gene significantly increased the mRNA content of vp2 and vp7 in GCRV-infected cells, and the virus titer greatly increased. Knockdown of CiANXA4 significantly inhibited the mRNA levels of vp2 and vp7, and the protein levels of viral protein VP7 also significantly decreased. This suggests that CiANXA4 promotes viral proliferation. Further, we demonstrate that the ANX3 and ANX4 domains are key domains that limit CiANXA4 function by constructing domain-deletion mutants. Finally, we investigated the relationship between CiLGP2 and CiANXA4. RT-PCR and Western blot results showed that CiLGP2 mRNA and protein expression levels were not affected by CiANXA4 overexpression. In contrast, overexpression of CiLGP2 resulted in significant reductions in CiANXA4 mRNA and protein levels. This suggests that the function of CiANXA4 is restricted by CiLGP2, and CiANXA4 is a downstream molecule of CiLGP2. These results reveal that CiANXA4 plays a critical role in the anti-GCRV innate immune response of grass carp, and provides new targets and strategies to develop antiviral drugs and improve disease resistance in grass carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxue Sun
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Tiaoyi Xiao
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yaoguo Li
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Yilin Li
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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2
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Saikh KU, Anam K, Sultana H, Ahmed R, Kumar S, Srinivasan S, Ahmed H. Targeting Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response Protein 88 (MyD88) and Galectin-3 to Develop Broad-Spectrum Host-Mediated Therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8421. [PMID: 39125989 PMCID: PMC11313481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nearly six million people worldwide have died from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Although COVID-19 vaccines are largely successful in reducing the severity of the disease and deaths, the decline in vaccine-induced immunity over time and the continuing emergence of new viral variants or mutations underscore the need for an alternative strategy for developing broad-spectrum host-mediated therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. A key feature of severe COVID-19 is dysregulated innate immune signaling, culminating in a high expression of numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and a lack of antiviral interferons (IFNs), particularly type I (alpha and beta) and type III (lambda). As a natural host defense, the myeloid differentiation primary response protein, MyD88, plays pivotal roles in innate and acquired immune responses via the signal transduction pathways of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a type of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). However, recent studies have highlighted that infection with viruses upregulates MyD88 expression and impairs the host antiviral response by negatively regulating type I IFN. Galectin-3 (Gal3), another key player in viral infections, has been shown to modulate the host immune response by regulating viral entry and activating TLRs, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and NF-κB, resulting in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and contributing to the overall inflammatory response, the so-called "cytokine storm". These studies suggest that the specific inhibition of MyD88 and Gal3 could be a promising therapy for COVID-19. This review presents future directions for MyD88- and Gal3-targeted antiviral drug discovery, highlighting the potential to restore host immunity in SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal U. Saikh
- GlycoMantra Inc., bwtech South of the University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1450 South Rolling Road, Baltimore, MD 21227, USA; (K.A.); (H.S.); (R.A.); (S.K.); (S.S.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hafiz Ahmed
- GlycoMantra Inc., bwtech South of the University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1450 South Rolling Road, Baltimore, MD 21227, USA; (K.A.); (H.S.); (R.A.); (S.K.); (S.S.)
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3
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Idowu M, Taiwo G, Sidney T, Treon E, Leal Y, Ologunagba D, Eichie F, Pech-Cervantes A, Ogunade IM. Effects of rumen-bypass protein supplement on growth performance, hepatic mitochondrial protein complexes, and hepatic immune gene expression of beef steers with divergent residual feed intake. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293718. [PMID: 38959213 PMCID: PMC11221652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated the impact of a rumen-bypass protein (RBP) supplement on growth performance, plasma and urinary N (UN) concentration, hepatic mitochondrial protein complexes, and hepatic mRNA expression of immune genes of beef steers with negative or positive residual feed intake (RFI) phenotype. Forty crossbred beef steers with an average body weight (BW) of 492 ± 36 kg were subjected to a generalized randomized block design over a 42-day experimental period. This study followed a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The factors evaluated were: 1) RFI classification (low-RFI (-2.12 kg/d) vs. high-RFI (2.02 kg/d), and 2) rumen-bypass protein supplement: RBP supplement (RBP; 227 g/steer/d) vs. control diet (CON; 0 g/d), resulting in four distinct treatments: LRFI-CON (n = 10), LRFI-RBP (n = 10), HRFI-CON (n = 10), and HRFI-RBP (n = 10). The RBP supplement (84% crude protein) is a mixture of hydrolyzed feather meal, porcine blood meal, and DL-methionine hydroxy analogue. The beef steers were stratified by BW, randomly assigned to treatments, and housed in four pens (1 treatment/pen) equipped with two GrowSafe feed bunks each to measure individual dry mater intake (DMI). Body weight was measured every 7 d. Liver tissue samples were collected on d 42 from all the beef steers. These samples were used for mRNA expression analysis of 16 immune-related genes and for evaluating the mitochondrial protein complexes I - V. No significant effects due to RBP supplementation or RFI × RBP interactions (P > 0.05) were observed for average daily gain (ADG) and DMI. However, compared to high-RFI steers, low-RFI steers showed a trend towards reduced DMI (12.9 vs. 13.6 kg/d; P = 0.07) but ADG was similar for the two RFI groups. Regardless of RFI status, supplemental RBP increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (P = 0.01), with a lower BUN concentration in low-RFI steers compared to high-RFI ones. A tendency for interaction (P = 0.07) between RFI and RBP was detected for the UN concentrations; feeding the dietary RBP increased the UN concentration in high-RFI beef steers (209 vs. 124 mM), whereas the concentration was lower than that of the CON group for low-RFI beef steers (86 vs. 131 mM). Interactions of RBP and RFI were observed (P ≤ 0.05) for mitochondrial activities of complexes IV, V, and mRNA expressions of some immune genes such as TLR2, TLR3, and IL23A. In conclusion, while RBP supplementation did not alter growth performance, its observed effects on hepatic immune gene expression, mitochondrial protein complexes, BUN, and UN depended on the beef steers' RFI phenotype. Therefore, the RFI status of beef steers should be considered in future studies evaluating the effects of dietary protein supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modoluwamu Idowu
- Division of Animal Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Godstime Taiwo
- Division of Animal Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Taylor Sidney
- Division of Animal Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Emily Treon
- Division of Animal Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yarahy Leal
- Division of Animal Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Deborah Ologunagba
- Division of Animal Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Francisca Eichie
- Division of Animal Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Andres Pech-Cervantes
- Division of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ibukun M. Ogunade
- Division of Animal Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
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Genoyer E, Wilson J, Ames JM, Stokes C, Moreno D, Etzyon N, Oberst A, Gale M. Exposure of negative-sense viral RNA in the cytoplasm initiates innate immunity to West Nile virus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.07.597966. [PMID: 38895355 PMCID: PMC11185705 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.597966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
For many RNA viruses, immunity is triggered when RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) detect viral RNA. However, only a minority of infected cells undergo innate immune activation. By examining these "first responder" cells during West Nile virus infection, we found that specific accumulation of anti- genomic negative-sense viral RNA (-vRNA) underlies innate immune activation and that RIG-I preferentially interacts with -vRNA. However, flaviviruses sequester -vRNA into membrane-bound replication compartments away from cytosolic sensors. We found that single-stranded -vRNA accumulates outside of replication compartments in "first responder" cells, rendering it accessible to RLRs. Exposure of this -vRNA occurs at late timepoints of infection, is linked to viral assembly, and depends on the expression of viral structural proteins. These findings reveal that while most infected cells replicate high levels of vRNA, release of -vRNA from replication compartments during assembly occurs at low frequency and is critical for initiation of innate immunity during flavivirus infection.
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5
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Woo Y, Ma M, Okawa M, Saito T. Hepatocyte Intrinsic Innate Antiviral Immunity against Hepatitis Delta Virus Infection: The Voices of Bona Fide Human Hepatocytes. Viruses 2024; 16:740. [PMID: 38793622 PMCID: PMC11126147 DOI: 10.3390/v16050740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of viral infection is attributed to two folds: intrinsic cell death pathway activation due to the viral cytopathic effect, and immune-mediated extrinsic cellular injuries. The immune system, encompassing both innate and adaptive immunity, therefore acts as a double-edged sword in viral infection. Insufficient potency permits pathogens to establish lifelong persistent infection and its consequences, while excessive activation leads to organ damage beyond its mission to control viral pathogens. The innate immune response serves as the front line of defense against viral infection, which is triggered through the recognition of viral products, referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), by host cell pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The PRRs-PAMPs interaction results in the induction of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in infected cells, as well as the secretion of interferons (IFNs), to establish a tissue-wide antiviral state in an autocrine and paracrine manner. Cumulative evidence suggests significant variability in the expression patterns of PRRs, the induction potency of ISGs and IFNs, and the IFN response across different cell types and species. Hence, in our understanding of viral hepatitis pathogenesis, insights gained through hepatoma cell lines or murine-based experimental systems are uncertain in precisely recapitulating the innate antiviral response of genuine human hepatocytes. Accordingly, this review article aims to extract and summarize evidence made possible with bona fide human hepatocytes-based study tools, along with their clinical relevance and implications, as well as to identify the remaining gaps in knowledge for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yein Woo
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Muyuan Ma
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Masashi Okawa
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- R&D Department, PhoenixBio USA Corporation, New York, NY 10006, USA
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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6
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Temizoz B, Shibahara T, Hioki K, Hayashi T, Kobiyama K, Lee MSJ, Surucu N, Sag E, Kumanogoh A, Yamamoto M, Gursel M, Ozen S, Kuroda E, Coban C, Ishii KJ. 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), a partial STING agonist, competes for human STING activation. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1353336. [PMID: 38533502 PMCID: PMC10963404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1353336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) is a mouse-selective stimulator of interferon gene (STING) agonist exerting STING-dependent anti-tumor activity. Although DMXAA cannot fully activate human STING, DMXAA reached phase III in lung cancer clinical trials. How DMXAA is effective against human lung cancer is completely unknown. Here, we show that DMXAA is a partial STING agonist interfering with agonistic STING activation, which may explain its partial anti-tumor effect observed in humans, as STING was reported to be pro-tumorigenic for lung cancer cells with low antigenicity. Furthermore, we developed a DMXAA derivative-3-hydroxy-5-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-4-methyl-9H-xanthen-9-one (HHMX)-that can potently antagonize STING-mediated immune responses both in humans and mice. Notably, HHMX suppressed aberrant responses induced by STING gain-of-function mutations causing STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI) in in vitro experiments. Furthermore, HHMX treatment suppressed aberrant STING pathway activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from SAVI patients. Lastly, HHMX showed a potent therapeutic effect in SAVI mouse model by mitigating disease progression. Thus, HHMX offers therapeutic potential for STING-associated autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Temizoz
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International Vaccine Design Center (VDesC), The Institute of Medical Science (IMSUT), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shibahara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kou Hioki
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Hayashi
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International Vaccine Design Center (VDesC), The Institute of Medical Science (IMSUT), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouji Kobiyama
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International Vaccine Design Center (VDesC), The Institute of Medical Science (IMSUT), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michelle Sue Jann Lee
- International Vaccine Design Center (VDesC), The Institute of Medical Science (IMSUT), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Malaria Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science (IMSUT), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naz Surucu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Erdal Sag
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Division of Infectious Disease, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mayda Gursel
- MG Laboratory on Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Basic and Translational Research Program, Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Seza Ozen
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Etsushi Kuroda
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Cevayir Coban
- International Vaccine Design Center (VDesC), The Institute of Medical Science (IMSUT), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Malaria Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science (IMSUT), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken J. Ishii
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International Vaccine Design Center (VDesC), The Institute of Medical Science (IMSUT), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Ferrer MD, Reynés C, Jiménez L, Malagraba G, Monserrat-Mesquida M, Bouzas C, Sureda A, Tur JA, Pons A. Nitrite Attenuates the In Vitro Inflammatory Response of Immune Cells to the SARS-CoV-2 S Protein without Interfering in the Antioxidant Enzyme Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3001. [PMID: 38474248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25053001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 induces a hyperinflammatory reaction due to the excessive release of cytokines during the immune response. The bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contributes to the low-grade inflammation associated with the metabolic syndrome, enhancing the hyperinflammatory reaction induced by the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The intake of sodium nitrate, a precursor of nitrite and nitric oxide, influences the antioxidant and pro-inflammatory gene expression profile after immune stimulation with LPS in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from metabolic syndrome patients. We aimed to assess the inflammatory and antioxidant responses of immune cells from metabolic syndrome patients to exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S protein) together with LPS and the effect of nitrite in these responses. Whole blood samples obtained from six metabolic syndrome patients were cultured for 16 h at 37 °C with four different media: control medium, control medium plus LPS (100 ng/mL), control medium plus LPS (100 ng/mL) plus S protein (10 ng/mL), and control medium plus LPS (100 ng/mL) plus S protein (10 ng/mL) plus nitrite (5 µM). Immune stimulation with the LPS/S protein enhanced nitrate biosynthesis from nitrite oxidation and probably from additional organic precursors. In vitro incubations with the LPS/S protein enhanced the expression and/or release of pro-inflammatory TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, and TLR4, as well as the expression of the anti-inflammatory IL-1ra and IL-10 and antioxidant enzymes. Nitrite attenuated the pro- and anti-inflammatory response induced by the S protein without interfering with the activation of TLR4 and antioxidant enzyme expression, raising the possibility that nitrite could have potential as a coadjutant in the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel D Ferrer
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Clara Reynés
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Laura Jiménez
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Gianluca Malagraba
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Margalida Monserrat-Mesquida
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Bouzas
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep A Tur
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Pons
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Chabukdhara P, Kalita DJ, Tamuly S, Bora DP, Saikia DP, Borah S, Hazorika M, Borah MC, Gogoi SM, Deka NJ, Gogoi A, Bordoloi G, Khargharia S, Pathak SS. RIG-I expression pattern and cytokine profile in indigenous ducks infected with duck plague virus. Microb Pathog 2023:106205. [PMID: 37339691 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to elucidate mRNA expression pattern of RIG-I and serum cytokines profile alterations in indigenous ducks of Assam, India viz. Pati, Nageswari and Cinahanh in response to natural infections of duck plague virus. Field outbreaks of duck plague virus were attended during the study period for collection of tissue and blood samples. The ducks under study were divided into three distinct groups as per health status i.e. healthy, duck plague infected and recovered. Results from the study revealed that RIG-I gene expression was significantly upregulated in liver, intestine, spleen, brain and PBMC of both infected and recovered ducks. However, fold changes in RIG- I gene expression was lower in recovered ducks as compared to infected ones which indicated continued stimulation of RIG-I gene by the latent viruses. Both serum pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines were elevated in infected ducks as compared to healthy and recovered ducks, indicating activation of inflammatory reactions in the ducks due to virus invasion. The results from the study indicated that innate immune components of the infected ducks were stimulated in order to make an attempt to resist the virus from the infected ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta Chabukdhara
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Biochemistry, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, Assam, 787 051, India.
| | - Dhruba Jyoti Kalita
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
| | - Shantanu Tamuly
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
| | - Durlav Prasad Bora
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
| | - Deep Prakash Saikia
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
| | - Sanjib Borah
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Biochemistry, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, Assam, 787 051, India
| | - Mousumi Hazorika
- Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
| | - Mukul C Borah
- Department of Livestock Production and Management (Biostatistics), College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
| | - Sophia M Gogoi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
| | - Naba Jyoti Deka
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
| | - Ankita Gogoi
- Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, Assam, 787 051, India
| | - Gautam Bordoloi
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, Assam, 787 051, India
| | - Sanjib Khargharia
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, Assam, 787 051, India
| | - Siddhartha S Pathak
- Department of Livestock Production and Management (Poultry Science), Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, Assam, 787 051, India
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9
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Nagaraj S, Stankiewicz-Drogon A, Darzynkiewicz E, Grzela R. RNA sensor response in HeLa cells for transfected mRNAs prepared in vitro by SP6 and HiT7 RNA polymerases: A comparative study. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1017934. [PMID: 36406230 PMCID: PMC9669293 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1017934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro transcribed (IVT) synthetic mRNAs are in high demand due to their attractive bench to clinic translational processes. Mainly, the procedure to make IVT mRNA using bacteriophage RNA polymerases (RNAP) is relatively uncomplicated and scalable to produce large quantities in a short time period. However, IVT mRNA preparations are accompanied by contaminants such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as by-products that elicit undesired cellular immune responses upon transfections. Therefore, removing dsRNA contaminants is critical in IVT mRNA preparations for therapeutic applications. One such method to minimize dsRNA contaminants is to use genetically modified thermostable bacteriophage polymerase, HiT7 RNAP that performs IVT reaction at a higher temperature than typically used. However, the cellular RNA sensor response for IVT mRNA preparations by HiT7 RNAP is not characterized. Here, we compared the cellular RNA sensor response for mRNAs prepared by HiT7 RNAP (at 50°C) and SP6 RNAP (at 37°C) in HeLa cells. We show that IVT mRNA preparations by HiT7 RNAP reduced the dsRNA levels and dsRNA specific RNA sensor response (retinoic acid-inducible gene I, RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated 5, MDA5) compared to the IVT mRNA preparations by SP6 RNAP. Similarly, the incorporation of pseudouridine nucleotides instead of uridine nucleotides reduced dsRNA sensor response and increased the mRNA translation. Overall, the least dsRNA mediated RNA sensor response is observed when mRNA is synthesized by HiT7 RNAP and incorporated with pseudouridine nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siranjeevi Nagaraj
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Centre of New Technologies, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Stankiewicz-Drogon
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Edward Darzynkiewicz
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Centre of New Technologies, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Grzela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Centre of New Technologies, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
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10
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Małkowska P, Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P. Factors affecting RIG-I-Like receptors activation - New research direction for viral hemorrhagic fevers. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1010635. [PMID: 36248895 PMCID: PMC9557057 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1010635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) is a term referring to a group of life-threatening infections caused by several virus families (Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae and Flaviviridae). Depending on the virus, the infection can be mild and can be also characterized by an acute course with fever accompanied by hypervolemia and coagulopathy, resulting in bleeding and shock. It has been suggested that the course of the disease is strongly influenced by the activation of signaling pathways leading to RIG-I-like receptor-dependent interferon production. RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are one of two major receptor families that detect viral nucleic acid. RLR receptor activation is influenced by a number of factors that may have a key role in the differences that occur during the antiviral immune response in VHF. In the present study, we collected data on RLR receptors in viral hemorrhagic fevers and described factors that may influence the activation of the antiviral response. RLR receptors seem to be a good target for VHF research, which may contribute to better therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. However, due to the difficulty of conducting such studies in humans, we suggest using Lagovirus europaeus as an animal model for VHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Małkowska
- Doctoral School, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- *Correspondence: Paulina Małkowska,
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11
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Ferreira AR, Gouveia A, Magalhães AC, Valença I, Marques M, Kagan JC, Ribeiro D. Human Cytomegalovirus vMIA Inhibits MAVS Oligomerization at Peroxisomes in an MFF-Dependent Manner. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:871977. [PMID: 35445031 PMCID: PMC9014249 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.871977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon intracellular recognition of viral RNA, RIG-I-like proteins interact with MAVS at peroxisomes and mitochondria, inducing its oligomerization and the downstream production of direct antiviral effectors. The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is able to specifically evade this antiviral response, via its antiapoptotic protein vMIA. Besides suppressing the programmed cell death of infected cells, vMIA inhibits the antiviral signalling at mitochondria by inducing the organelle’s fragmentation, consequently hindering the interaction between MAVS and the endoplasmic reticulum protein STING. Here we demonstrate that vMIA interferes with the peroxisomal antiviral signalling via a distinct mechanism that is independent of the organelle’s morphology and does not affect STING. vMIA interacts with MAVS at peroxisomes and inhibits its oligomerization, restraining downstream signalling, in an MFF-dependent manner. This study also demonstrates that vMIA is totally dependent on the organelle’s fission machinery to induce peroxisomal fragmentation, while this dependency is not observed at mitochondria. Furthermore, although we demonstrate that vMIA is also able to inhibit MAVS oligomerization at mitochondria, our results indicate that this process, such as the whole vMIA-mediated inhibition of the mitochondrial antiviral response, is independent of MFF. These observed differences in the mechanisms of action of vMIA towards both organelles, likely reflect their intrinsic differences and roles throughout the viral infection. This study uncovers specific molecular mechanisms that may be further explored as targets for antiviral therapy and highlights the relevance of peroxisomes as platforms for antiviral signalling against HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Ferreira
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ana Gouveia
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Magalhães
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Valença
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mariana Marques
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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12
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Miller HE, Ilieva M, Bishop AJR, Uchida S. Current Status of Epitranscriptomic Marks Affecting lncRNA Structures and Functions. Noncoding RNA 2022; 8:ncrna8020023. [PMID: 35447886 PMCID: PMC9025719 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna8020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) belong to a class of non-protein-coding RNAs with their lengths longer than 200 nucleotides. Most of the mammalian genome is transcribed as RNA, yet only a small percent of the transcribed RNA corresponds to exons of protein-coding genes. Thus, the number of lncRNAs is predicted to be several times higher than that of protein-coding genes. Because of sheer number of lncRNAs, it is often difficult to elucidate the functions of all lncRNAs, especially those arising from their relationship to their binding partners, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. Due to their binding to other macromolecules, it has become evident that the structures of lncRNAs influence their functions. In this regard, the recent development of epitranscriptomics (the field of study to investigate RNA modifications) has become important to further elucidate the structures and functions of lncRNAs. In this review, the current status of lncRNA structures and functions influenced by epitranscriptomic marks is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry E. Miller
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (H.E.M.); (A.J.R.B.)
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Bioinformatics Research Network, Atlanta, GA 30317, USA
| | - Mirolyuba Ilieva
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-2450 Copenhagen SV, Denmark;
| | - Alexander J. R. Bishop
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (H.E.M.); (A.J.R.B.)
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- May’s Cancer Center, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Shizuka Uchida
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-2450 Copenhagen SV, Denmark;
- Correspondence: or
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13
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Nelli RK, Mora-Díaz JC, Giménez-Lirola LG. The Betacoronavirus PHEV Replicates and Disrupts the Respiratory Epithelia and Upregulates Key Pattern Recognition Receptor Genes and Downstream Mediators, Including IL-8 and IFN-λ. mSphere 2021; 6:e0082021. [PMID: 34935443 PMCID: PMC8694173 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00820-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The upper respiratory tract is the primary site of infection by porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV). In this study, primary porcine respiratory epithelial cells (PRECs) were cultured in an air-liquid interface (ALI) to differentiate into a pseudostratified columnar epithelium, proliferative basal cells, M cells, ciliated cells, and mucus-secreting goblet cells. ALI-PRECs recreates a cell culture environment morphologically and functionally more representative of the epithelial lining of the swine trachea than traditional culture systems. PHEV replicated actively in this environment, inducing cytopathic changes and progressive disruption of the mucociliary apparatus. The innate immunity against PHEV was comparatively evaluated in ALI-PREC cultures and tracheal tissue sections derived from the same cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived (CDCD) neonatal donor pigs. Increased expression levels of TLR3 and/or TLR7, RIG1, and MyD88 genes were detected in response to infection, resulting in the transcriptional upregulation of IFN-λ1 in both ALI-PREC cultures and tracheal epithelia. IFN-λ1 triggered the upregulation of the transcription factor STAT1, which in turn induced the expression of the antiviral IFN-stimulated genes OAS1 and Mx1. No significant modulation of the major proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was detected in response to PHEV infection. However, a significant upregulation of different chemokines was observed in ALI-PREC cultures (CCL2, CCL5, CXCL8, and CXCL10) and tracheal epithelium (CXCL8 and CXCL10). This study shed light on the molecular mechanisms driving the innate immune response to PHEV at the airway epithelium, underscoring the important role of respiratory epithelial cells in the maintenance of respiratory homeostasis and on the initiation, resolution, and outcome of the infectious process. IMPORTANCE The neurotropic betacoronavirus porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) primarily infects and replicates in the swine upper respiratory tract, causing vomiting and wasting disease and/or encephalomyelitis in suckling pigs. This study investigated the modulation of key early innate immune genes at the respiratory epithelia in vivo, on tracheal tissue sections from experimentally infected pigs, and in vitro, on air-liquid interface porcine respiratory cell cultures. The results from the study underscore the important role of respiratory epithelial cells in maintaining respiratory homeostasis and on the initiation, resolution, and outcome of the PHEV infectious process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul K. Nelli
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Mora-Díaz
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Luis G. Giménez-Lirola
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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14
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Nitika, Wei J, Hui AM. The Development of mRNA Vaccines for Infectious Diseases: Recent Updates. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:5271-5285. [PMID: 34916811 PMCID: PMC8668227 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s341694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
mRNA-based technologies have been of interest for the past few years to be used for therapeutics. Several mRNA vaccines for various diseases have been in preclinical and clinical stages. With the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the emergence of mRNA vaccines has transformed modern science. Recently, two major mRNA vaccines have been developed and approved by global health authorities for administration on the general population for protection against SARS-CoV-2. They have been proven to be successful in conferring protection against the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variants. This will draw attention to various mRNA vaccines against infectious diseases that are in the early stages of clinical trials. mRNA vaccines offer several advantages ranging from rapid design, generation, manufacturing, and administration and have strong potential to be used against various diseases in the future. Here, we summarize the mRNA-based vaccines in development against various infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika
- Fosun Pharma USA Inc., Boston, MA, USA.,Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Industrial Development, Co., Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Wei
- Fosun Pharma USA Inc., Boston, MA, USA.,Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Industrial Development, Co., Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Min Hui
- Fosun Pharma USA Inc., Boston, MA, USA.,Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Industrial Development, Co., Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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15
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Activation of Innate Immunity by Therapeutic Nucleic Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413360. [PMID: 34948156 PMCID: PMC8704878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based therapeutics have gained increased attention during recent decades because of their wide range of application prospects. Immunostimulatory nucleic acids represent a promising class of potential drugs for the treatment of tumoral and viral diseases due to their low toxicity and stimulation of the body’s own innate immunity by acting on the natural mechanisms of its activation. The repertoire of nucleic acids that directly interact with the components of the immune system is expanding with the improvement of both analytical methods and methods for the synthesis of nucleic acids and their derivatives. Despite the obvious progress in this area, the problem of delivering therapeutic acids to target cells as well as the unresolved issue of achieving a specific therapeutic effect based on activating the mechanism of interferon and anti-inflammatory cytokine synthesis. Minimizing the undesirable effects of excessive secretion of inflammatory cytokines remains an unsolved task. This review examines recent data on the types of immunostimulatory nucleic acids, the receptors interacting with them, and the mechanisms of immunity activation under the action of these molecules. Finally, data on immunostimulatory nucleic acids in ongoing and completed clinical trials will be summarized.
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16
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Interplay between Hepatitis E Virus and Host Cell Pattern Recognition Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179259. [PMID: 34502167 PMCID: PMC8431321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) usually causes self-limiting acute hepatitis, but the disease can become chronic in immunocompromised individuals. HEV infection in pregnant women is reported to cause up to 30% mortality, especially in the third trimester. Additionally, extrahepatic manifestations like neuronal and renal diseases and pancreatitis are also reported during the course of HEV infection. The mechanism of HEV pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Innate immunity is the first line of defense triggered within minutes to hours after the first pathogenic insult. Growing evidence based on reverse genetics systems, in vitro cell culture models, and representative studies in animal models including non-human primates, has implicated the role of the host’s innate immune response during HEV infection. HEV persists in presence of interferons (IFNs) plausibly by evading cellular antiviral defense. This review summarizes our current understanding of recognizing HEV-associated molecular patterns by host cell Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) in eliciting innate immune response during HEV infection as well as mechanisms of virus-mediated immune evasion.
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17
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Thomas G, Micci L, Yang W, Katakowski J, Oderup C, Sundar P, Wang X, Geles KG, Potluri S, Salek-Ardakani S. Intra-Tumoral Activation of Endosomal TLR Pathways Reveals a Distinct Role for TLR3 Agonist Dependent Type-1 Interferons in Shaping the Tumor Immune Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2021; 11:711673. [PMID: 34381732 PMCID: PMC8351420 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.711673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have received considerable attention as therapeutic targets for cancer immunotherapy owing to their ability to convert immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments towards a more T-cell inflamed phenotype. However, TLRs differ in their cell expression profiles and intracellular signaling pathways, raising the possibility that distinct TLRs differentially influence the tumor immune microenvironment. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we address this by comparing the tumor immune composition of B16F10 melanoma following treatment with agonists of TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9. Marked differences are observed between treatments, including decreased tumor-associated macrophages upon TLR7 agonist treatment. A biased type-1 interferon signature is elicited upon TLR3 agonist treatment as opposed to a type-2 interferon signature with TLR9 agonists. TLR3 stimulation was associated with increased macrophage antigen presentation gene expression and decreased expression of PD-L1 and the inhibitory receptors Pirb and Pilra on infiltrating monocytes. Furthermore, in contrast to TLR7 and TLR9 agonists, TLR3 stimulation ablated FoxP3 positive CD4 T cells and elicited a distinct CD8 T cell activation phenotype highlighting the potential for distinct synergies between TLR agonists and combination therapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Thomas
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Luca Micci
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Joseph Katakowski
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Cecilia Oderup
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Purnima Sundar
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Xiao Wang
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Kenneth G Geles
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Shobha Potluri
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Shahram Salek-Ardakani
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
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18
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Ichikawa K, Motoe Y, Ezaki R, Matsuzaki M, Horiuchi H. Knock-in of the duck retinoic acid-inducible gene I ( RIG-I) into the Mx gene in DF-1 cells enables both stable and immune response-dependent RIG-I expression. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 27:101084. [PMID: 34381879 PMCID: PMC8332658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Waterfowls, such as ducks, are natural hosts of avian influenza virus (AIV) and can genetically limit the pathogenicity. On the other hand, some AIV strains cause severe pathogenicity in chickens. It is suggested that differences in the pathogenicity of AIV infection between waterfowls and chickens are related to the expression of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), a pattern recognition receptor that chickens evolutionally lack. Here, we knocked-in the duck RIG-I bearing the T2A peptide sequence at the 3′ region of the Mx, an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG), in chicken embryo fibroblast cells (DF-1) using the precise integration into target chromosome (PITCh) system to control the duck RIG-I expression in chickens. The expression patterns of the duck RIG-I were then analyzed using qPCR. The knocked-in DF-1 cells expressed RIG-I via the stimulation of IFN-β and poly(I:C) in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, poly(I:C) stimulation in the knocked-in DF-1 cells upregulated RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) family signaling pathway-related genes IFN-β, OASL, and IRF7. The IFN-β-dependent expression of RIG-I and upregulation of IFN-β in the poly(I:C) stimulation demonstrated a positive-feedback loop via RIG-I, usually evident in ducks. Overall, this novel strategy established RIG-I-dependent immune response in chickens without overexpression of RIG-I and disruption of the host genes. RIG-I activates the innate immune response-related genes such as type I interferons. Loss of chicken RIG-I accounts for the pathogenicity of the avian influenza virus. This strategy controls RIG-I by host gene promoter activation via gene targeting. The knocked-in DF-1 cells express RIG-I upon IFN-β and poly (I:C) stimulation. A RIG-I-dependent immune response was observed without overexpression.
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Key Words
- AIV, avian influenza virus
- Avian influenza virus
- DSB, DNA double-strand break
- HPAIV, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus
- IFNs, interferons
- IRF7, interferon regulatory factor 7
- ISG, interferon-stimulated gene
- ISRE, IFN-stimulated response element
- Innate immune response
- Interferons
- Knock-in
- LPAIV, low pathogenic avian influenza virus
- MMEJ, microhomology-mediated end-joining
- OASL, 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthase-like protein
- PITCh, precise integration into target chromosome
- Precise integration into target chromosome
- RIG-I, retinoic acid-inducible gene I
- RLR, RIG-I-like receptor
- Retinoic acid-inducible gene I
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennosuke Ichikawa
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Yuzuha Motoe
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Ryo Ezaki
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Mei Matsuzaki
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Horiuchi
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
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19
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Zhou P, Ma L, Rao Z, Li Y, Zheng H, He Q, Luo R. Duck Tembusu Virus Infection Promotes the Expression of Duck Interferon-Induced Protein 35 to Counteract RIG-I Antiviral Signaling in Duck Embryo Fibroblasts. Front Immunol 2021; 12:711517. [PMID: 34335626 PMCID: PMC8320746 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.711517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an emerging pathogenic flavivirus that has caused a substantial drop in egg production and severe neurological disorders in domestic waterfowl. Several studies have revealed that viral proteins encoded by DTMUV antagonize host IFN-mediated antiviral responses to facilitate virus replication. However, the role of host gene expression regulated by DTMUV in innate immune evasion remains largely unknown. Here, we utilized a stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based proteomics analysis of DTMUV-infected duck embryo fibroblasts (DEFs) to comprehensively investigate host proteins involved in DTMUV replication and innate immune response. A total of 250 differentially expressed proteins were identified from 2697 quantified cellular proteins, among which duck interferon-induced protein 35 (duIFI35) was dramatically up-regulated due to DTMUV infection in DEFs. Next, we demonstrated that duIFI35 expression promoted DTMUV replication and impaired Sendai virus-induced IFN-β production. Moreover, duIFI35 was able to impede duck RIG-I (duRIG-I)-induced IFN-β promoter activity, rather than IFN-β transcription mediated by MDA5, MAVS, TBK1, IKKϵ, and IRF7. Importantly, we found that because of the specific interaction with duIFI35, the capacity of duRIG-I to recognize double-stranded RNA was significantly impaired, resulting in the decline of duRIG-I-induced IFN-β production. Taken together, our data revealed that duIFI35 expression stimulated by DTMUV infection disrupted duRIG-I-mediated host antiviral response, elucidating a distinct function of duIFI35 from human IFI35, by which DTMUV escapes host innate immune response, and providing information for the design of antiviral drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Zaixiao Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huijun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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20
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Ouyang W, Xie T, Fang H, Gao C, Stantchev T, Clouse KA, Yuan K, Ju T, Frucht DM. Variable Induction of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines by Commercial SARS CoV-2 Spike Protein Reagents: Potential Impacts of LPS on In Vitro Modeling and Pathogenic Mechanisms In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7540. [PMID: 34299155 PMCID: PMC8305765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokine production following infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Like SARS CoV-1, SARS CoV-2 enters host cells via its spike protein, which attaches to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As SARS CoV-1 spike protein is reported to induce cytokine production, we hypothesized that this pathway could be a shared mechanism underlying pathogenic immune responses. We herein compared the capabilities of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), SARS CoV-1 and SARS CoV-2 spike proteins to induce cytokine expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We observed that only specific commercial lots of SARS CoV-2 induce cytokine production. Surprisingly, recombinant SARS CoV-2 spike proteins from different vendors and batches exhibited different patterns of cytokine induction, and these activities were not inhibited by blockade of spike protein-ACE2 binding using either soluble ACE2 or neutralizing anti-S1 antibody. Moreover, commercial spike protein reagents contained varying levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which correlated directly with their abilities to induce cytokine production. The LPS inhibitor, polymyxin B, blocked this cytokine induction activity. In addition, SARS CoV-2 spike protein avidly bound soluble LPS in vitro, rendering it a cytokine inducer. These results not only suggest caution in monitoring the purity of SARS CoV-2 spike protein reagents, but they indicate the possibility that interactions of SARS CoV-2 spike protein with LPS from commensal bacteria in virally infected mucosal tissues could promote pathogenic inflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Ouyang
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (W.O.); (T.X.); (H.F.)
| | - Tao Xie
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (W.O.); (T.X.); (H.F.)
| | - Hui Fang
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (W.O.); (T.X.); (H.F.)
| | - Chunling Gao
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research I, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (C.G.); (T.S.); (K.A.C.)
| | - Tzanko Stantchev
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research I, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (C.G.); (T.S.); (K.A.C.)
| | - Kathleen A. Clouse
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research I, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (C.G.); (T.S.); (K.A.C.)
| | - Kun Yuan
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (K.Y.); (T.J.)
| | - Tongzhong Ju
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (K.Y.); (T.J.)
| | - David M. Frucht
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (W.O.); (T.X.); (H.F.)
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21
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Irinotecan (CPT-11) Canonical Anti-Cancer Drug Can also Modulate Antiviral and Pro-Inflammatory Responses of Primary Human Synovial Fibroblasts. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061431. [PMID: 34201243 PMCID: PMC8230279 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are a group of arboviruses that generate chronic inflammatory rheumatisms in humans. Currently, no approved vaccines or antiviral therapies are available to prevent or treat alphavirus-induced diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the repositioning of the anti-cancer molecule irinotecan as a potential modulator of the antiviral and inflammatory responses of primary human synovial fibroblasts (HSF), the main stromal cells of the joint synovium. HSF were exposed to O’nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (PIC) to mimic, respectively, acute and chronic infectious settings. The cytokine IL-1β was used as a major pro-inflammatory cytokine to stimulate HSF. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that irinotecan at 15 µM was able to amplify the antiviral response (i.e., interferon-stimulated gene expression) of HSF exposed to PIC and reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory genes (CXCL8, IL-6 and COX-2) upon IL-1β treatment. These results were associated with the regulation of the expression of several genes, including those encoding for STAT1, STAT2, p53 and NF-κB. Irinotecan did not modulate these responses in both untreated cells and cells stimulated with ONNV. This suggests that this drug could be therapeutically useful for the treatment of chronic and severe (rather than acute) arthritis due to viruses.
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22
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Liu T, Liu S, Zhou X. Innate Immune Responses and Pulmonary Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1304:53-71. [PMID: 34019263 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68748-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first defense line of the host against various infectious pathogens, environmental insults, and other stimuli causing cell damages. Upon stimulation, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) act as sensors to activate innate immune responses, containing NF-κB signaling, IFN response, and inflammasome activation. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and other nucleic acid sensors are involved in innate immune responses. The activation of innate immune responses can facilitate the host to eliminate pathogens and maintain tissue homeostasis. However, the activity of innate immune responses needs to be tightly controlled to ensure the optimal intensity and duration of activation under various contexts. Uncontrolled innate immune responses can lead to various disorders associated with aberrant inflammatory response, including pulmonary diseases such as COPD, asthma, and COVID-19. In this chapter, we will have a broad overview of how innate immune responses function and the regulation and activation of innate immune response at molecular levels as well as their contribution to various pulmonary diseases. A better understanding of such association between innate immune responses and pulmonary diseases may provide potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Siqi Liu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Jones CE, Tan WS, Grey F, Hughes DJ. Discovering antiviral restriction factors and pathways using genetic screens. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34020727 PMCID: PMC8295917 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections activate the powerful interferon (IFN) response that induces the expression of several hundred IFN stimulated genes (ISGs). The principal role of this extensive response is to create an unfavourable environment for virus replication and to limit spread; however, untangling the biological consequences of this large response is complicated. In addition to a seemingly high degree of redundancy, several ISGs are usually required in combination to limit infection as individual ISGs often have low to moderate antiviral activity. Furthermore, what ISG or combination of ISGs are antiviral for a given virus is usually not known. For these reasons, and since the function(s) of many ISGs remains unexplored, genome-wide approaches are well placed to investigate what aspects of this response result in an appropriate, virus-specific phenotype. This review discusses the advances screening approaches have provided for the study of host defence mechanisms, including clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), ISG expression libraries and RNA interference (RNAi) technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe E Jones
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Wenfang S Tan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Finn Grey
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - David J Hughes
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
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24
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Host Cell Restriction Factors of Bunyaviruses and Viral Countermeasures. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050784. [PMID: 33925004 PMCID: PMC8146327 DOI: 10.3390/v13050784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bunyavirales order comprises more than 500 viruses (generally defined as bunyaviruses) classified into 12 families. Some of these are highly pathogenic viruses infecting different hosts, including humans, mammals, reptiles, arthropods, birds, and/or plants. Host cell sensing of infection activates the innate immune system that aims at inhibiting viral replication and propagation. Upon recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by cellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), numerous signaling cascades are activated, leading to the production of interferons (IFNs). IFNs act in an autocrine and paracrine manner to establish an antiviral state by inducing the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Some of these ISGs are known to restrict bunyavirus infection. Along with other constitutively expressed host cellular factors with antiviral activity, these proteins (hereafter referred to as “restriction factors”) target different steps of the viral cycle, including viral entry, genome transcription and replication, and virion egress. In reaction to this, bunyaviruses have developed strategies to circumvent this antiviral response, by avoiding cellular recognition of PAMPs, inhibiting IFN production or interfering with the IFN-mediated response. Herein, we review the current knowledge on host cellular factors that were shown to restrict infections by bunyaviruses. Moreover, we focus on the strategies developed by bunyaviruses in order to escape the antiviral state developed by the infected cells.
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25
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Saikh KU. MyD88 and beyond: a perspective on MyD88-targeted therapeutic approach for modulation of host immunity. Immunol Res 2021; 69:117-128. [PMID: 33834387 PMCID: PMC8031343 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The continuous emergence of infectious pathogens along with antimicrobial resistance creates a need for an alternative approach to treat infectious diseases. Targeting host factor(s) which are critically involved in immune signaling pathways for modulation of host immunity offers to treat a broad range of infectious diseases. Upon pathogen-associated ligands binding to the Toll-like/ IL-1R family, and other cellular receptors, followed by recruitment of intracellular signaling adaptor proteins, primarily MyD88, trigger the innate immune responses. But activation of host innate immunity strongly depends on the correct function of MyD88 which is tightly regulated. Dysregulation of MyD88 may cause an imbalance that culminates to a wide range of inflammation-associated syndromes and diseases. Furthermore, recent reports also describe that MyD88 upregulation with many viral infections is linked to decreased antiviral type I IFN response, and MyD88-deficient mice showed an increase in survivability. These reports suggest that MyD88 is also negatively involved via MyD88-independent pathways of immune signaling for antiviral type I IFN response. Because of its expanding role in controlling host immune signaling pathways, MyD88 has been recognized as a potential drug target in a broader drug discovery paradigm. Targeting BB-loop of MyD88, small molecule inhibitors were designed by structure-based approach which by blocking TIR-TIR domain homo-dimerization have shown promising therapeutic efficacy in attenuating MyD88-mediated inflammatory impact, and increased antiviral type I IFN response in experimental mouse model of diseases. In this review, we highlight the reports on MyD88-linked immune response and MyD88-targeted therapeutic approach with underlying mechanisms for controlling inflammation and antiviral type I IFN response. HIGHLIGHTS: • Host innate immunity is activated upon PAMPs binding to PRRs followed by immune signaling through TIR domain-containing adaptor proteins mainly MyD88. • Structure-based approach led to develop small-molecule inhibitors which block TIR domain homodimerization of MyD88 and showed therapeutic efficacy in limiting severe inflammation-associated impact in mice. • Therapeutic intervention of MyD88 also showed an increase in antiviral effect with strong type I IFN signaling linked to increased phosphorylation of IRFs via MyD88-independent pathway. • MyD88 inhibitors might be potentially useful as a small-molecule therapeutics for modulation of host immunity against inflammatory diseases and antiviral therapy. • However, prior clinical use of more in-depth efforts should be focused for suitability of the approach in deploying to complex diseases including COPD and COVID-19 in limiting inflammation-associated syndrome to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal U Saikh
- Department of Bacterial Immunology, Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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26
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Choudhury SKM, Ma X, Abdullah SW, Zheng H. Activation and Inhibition of the NLRP3 Inflammasome by RNA Viruses. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:1145-1163. [PMID: 33814921 PMCID: PMC8009543 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s295706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation refers to the response of the immune system to viral, bacterial, and fungal infections, or other foreign particles in the body, which can involve the production of a wide array of soluble inflammatory mediators. It is important for the development of many RNA virus-infected diseases. The primary factors through which the infection becomes inflammation involve inflammasome. Inflammasomes are proteins complex that the activation is responsive to specific pathogens, host cell damage, and other environmental stimuli. Inflammasomes bring about the maturation of various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-18 and IL-1β in order to mediate the innate immune defense mechanisms. Many RNA viruses and their components, such as encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) 2B viroporin, the viral RNA of hepatitis C virus, the influenza virus M2 viroporin, the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) small hydrophobic (SH) viroporin, and the human rhinovirus (HRV) 2B viroporin can activate the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome to influence the inflammatory response. On the other hand, several viruses use virus-encoded proteins to suppress inflammation activation, such as the influenza virus NS1 protein and the measles virus (MV) V protein. In this review, we summarize how RNA virus infection leads to the activation or inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Mohiuddin Choudhury
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - XuSheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sahibzada Waheed Abdullah
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - HaiXue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
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27
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Harizaj A, De Smedt SC, Lentacker I, Braeckmans K. Physical transfection technologies for macrophages and dendritic cells in immunotherapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 18:229-247. [PMID: 32985919 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1828340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, two important antigen presenting cells (APCs) of the innate immune system, are being explored for the use in cell-based cancer immunotherapy. For this application, the therapeutic potential of patient-derived APCs is increased by delivering different types of functional macromolecules, such as mRNA and pDNA, into their cytosol. Compared to the use of viral and non-viral delivery vectors, physical intracellular delivery techniques are known to be more straightforward, more controllable, faster and generate high delivery efficiencies. AREAS COVERED This review starts with electroporation as the most traditional physical transfection method, before continuing with the more recent technologies such as sonoporation, nanowires and microfluidic cell squeezing. A description is provided of each of those intracellular delivery technologies with their strengths and weaknesses, especially paying attention to delivery efficiency and safety profile. EXPERT OPINION Given the common use of electroporation for the production of therapeutic APCs, it is recommended that more detailed studies are performed on the effect of electroporation on APC fitness, even down to the genetic level. Newer intracellular delivery technologies seem to have less impact on APC functionality but further work is needed to fully uncover their suitability to transfect APCs with different types of macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranit Harizaj
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ine Lentacker
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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28
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Saikh KU, Morazzani EM, Piper AE, Bakken RR, Glass PJ. A small molecule inhibitor of MyD88 exhibits broad spectrum antiviral activity by up regulation of type I interferon. Antiviral Res 2020; 181:104854. [PMID: 32621945 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies highlight that infection with Coxsackievirus B3, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), Marburg virus, or stimulation using poly I:C (dsRNA), upregulates the signaling adaptor protein MyD88 and impairs the host antiviral type I interferon (IFN) responses. In contrast, MyD88 deficiency (MyD88-/-) increases the type I IFN and survivability of mice implying that MyD88 up regulation limits the type I IFN response. Reasoning that MyD88 inhibition in a virus-like manner may increase type I IFN responses, our studies revealed lipopolysaccharide stimulation of U937 cells or poly I:C stimulation of HEK293-TLR3, THP1 or U87 cells in the presence of a previously reported MyD88 inhibitor (compound 4210) augmented IFN-β and RANTES production. Consistent with these results, overexpression of MyD88 decreased IFN-β, whereas MyD88 inhibition rescued IFN-β production concomitant with increased IRF3 phosphorylation, suggesting IRF-mediated downstream signaling to the IFN-β response. Further, compound 4210 treatment inhibited MyD88 interaction with IRF3/IRF7 indicating that MyD88 restricts type I IFN signaling through sequestration of IRF3/IRF7. In cell based infection assays, compound 4210 treatment suppressed replication of VEEV, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Ebola virus (EBOV), Rift Valley Fever virus, Lassa virus, and Dengue virus with IC50 values ranging from 11 to 42 μM. Notably, administration of compound 4210 improved survival, weight change, and clinical disease scores in mice following challenge with VEEV TC-83 and EBOV. Collectively, these results provide evidence that viral infections responsive to MyD88 inhibition lead to activation of IRF3/IRF7 and promoted a type I IFN response, thus, raising the prospect of an approach of host-directed antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal U Saikh
- Department of Bacterial Immunology, Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Elaine M Morazzani
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Ashley E Piper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Russell R Bakken
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Pamela J Glass
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
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29
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Gu T, Li G, Tian Y, Chen L, Wu X, Zeng T, Xu Q, Vladyslav S, Chen G, Lu L. Structural features and antiviral function of the MDA5 gene in ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos). CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2019-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) is an important cytoplasmic RNA sensor that detects viral double-stranded RNA in innate immunity. The objective of this study was to characterize the structure and function of the MDA5 gene in the duck. In this study, full-length duck MDA5 (duMDA5) complementary DNA (cDNA) was obtained using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and rapid amplification of the cDNA ends. The cDNA consisted of a 123 nucleotide 5′ untranslated region (UTR), a 735 nucleotide 3′ UTR, and a 3012 nucleotide open-reading frame, encoding 1003 amino acids. Multiple sequence alignments showed that duMDA5 had 91.18% and 83.11% amino acid sequence similarity with geese and chicken MDA5, respectively, as well as 59.76%–61.26% sequence identity with mammalian homologs. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that MDA5 has been highly conserved throughout vertebrate evolution. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that the duMDA5 mRNA is scarcely detected in healthy tissues and the highest relative transcript level of duMDA5 was induced during poly(I:C) stimulation. Furthermore, knockdown duMDA5 significantly inhibited the transcription of poly(I:C)-induced beta interferons, nuclear factor kappa-B, interferon regulatory factor 7, translocated intimin receptor domain-containing adaptor protein inducing beta interferons, interferon-induced GTP-binding protein, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and 2 mRNA. Taken together, these results suggest that duMDA5 is an important receptor for inducing antiviral activity in the duck’s innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Gu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Molecular Design, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqin Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou 310021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Tian
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou 310021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou 310021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinsheng Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Molecular Design, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Molecular Design, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Spyrydonov Vladyslav
- National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03041, Ukraine
| | - Guohong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Molecular Design, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lizhi Lu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People’s Republic of China
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30
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Lee SB, Park YH, Chungu K, Woo SJ, Han ST, Choi HJ, Rengaraj D, Han JY. Targeted Knockout of MDA5 and TLR3 in the DF-1 Chicken Fibroblast Cell Line Impairs Innate Immune Response Against RNA Ligands. Front Immunol 2020; 11:678. [PMID: 32425931 PMCID: PMC7204606 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system, which senses invading pathogens, plays a critical role as the first line of host defense. After recognition of foreign RNA ligands (e.g., RNA viruses), host cells generate an innate immune or antiviral response via the interferon-mediated signaling pathway. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-1) acts as a major sensor that recognizes a broad range of RNA ligands in mammals; however, chickens lack a RIG-1 homolog, meaning that RNA ligands should be recognized by other cellular sensors such as melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) and toll-like receptors (TLRs). However, it is unclear which of these cellular sensors compensates for the loss of RIG-1 to act as the major sensor for RNA ligands. Here, we show that chicken MDA5 (cMDA5), rather than chicken TLRs (cTLRs), plays a pivotal role in the recognition of RNA ligands, including poly I:C and influenza virus. First, we used a knockdown approach to show that both cMDA5 and cTLR3 play roles in inducing interferon-mediated innate immune responses against RNA ligands in chicken DF-1 cells. Furthermore, targeted knockout of cMDA5 or cTLR3 in chicken DF-1 cells revealed that loss of cMDA5 impaired the innate immune responses against RNA ligands; however, the responses against RNA ligands were retained after loss of cTLR3. In addition, double knockout of cMDA5 and cTLR3 in chicken DF-1 cells abolished the innate immune responses against RNA ligands, suggesting that cMDA5 is the major sensor whereas cTLR3 is a secondary sensor. Taken together, these findings provide an understanding of the functional role of cMDA5 in the recognition of RNA ligands in chicken DF-1 cells and may facilitate the development of an innate immune-deficient cell line or chicken model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Bin Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Hyun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kelly Chungu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Je Woo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Taek Han
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee Jung Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Deivendran Rengaraj
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Yong Han
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Binding of Duck Tembusu Virus Nonstructural Protein 2A to Duck STING Disrupts Induction of Its Signal Transduction Cascade To Inhibit Beta Interferon Induction. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01850-19. [PMID: 32075929 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01850-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV), which is similar to other mosquito-borne flaviviruses that replicate well in most mammalian cells, is an emerging pathogenic flavivirus that has caused epidemics in egg-laying and breeding waterfowl. Immune organ defects and neurological dysfunction are the main clinical symptoms of DTMUV infection. Preinfection with DTMUV makes the virus impervious to later interferon (IFN) treatment, revealing that DTMUV has evolved some strategies to defend against host IFN-dependent antiviral responses. Immune inhibition was further confirmed by screening for DTMUV-encoded proteins, which suggested that NS2A significantly inhibited IFN-β and IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner and facilitated reinfection with duck plague virus (DPV). DTMUV NS2A was able to inhibit duck retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-, and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5)-, mitochondrial-localized adaptor molecules (MAVS)-, stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-, and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)-induced IFN-β transcription, but not duck TBK1- and interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7)-mediated effective phases of IFN response. Furthermore, we found that NS2A competed with duTBK1 in binding to duck STING (duSTING), impaired duSTING-duSTING binding, and reduced duTBK1 phosphorylation, leading to the subsequent inhibition of IFN production. Importantly, we first identified that the W164A, Y167A, and S361A mutations in duSTING significantly impaired the NS2A-duSTING interaction, which is important for NS2A-induced IFN-β inhibition. Hence, our data demonstrated that DTMUV NS2A disrupts duSTING-dependent antiviral cellular defenses by binding with duSTING, which provides a novel mechanism by which DTMUV subverts host innate immune responses. The potential interaction sites between NS2A and duSTING may be the targets of future novel antiviral therapies and vaccine development.IMPORTANCE Flavivirus infections are transmitted through mosquitos or ticks and lead to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide with a spectrum of manifestations. Infection with an emerging flavivirus, DTMUV, manifests with clinical symptoms that include lesions of the immune organs and neurological dysfunction, leading to heavy egg drop and causing serious harm to the duck industry in China, Thailand, Malaysia, and other Southeast Asian countries. Mosquito cells, bird cells, and mammalian cell lines are all susceptible to DTMUV infection. An in vivo study revealed that BALB/c mice and Kunming mice were susceptible to DTMUV after intracerebral inoculation. Moreover, there are no reports about DTMUV-related human disease, but antibodies against DTMUV and viral RNA were detected in serum samples of duck industry workers. This information implies that DTMUV has expanded its host range and may pose a threat to mammalian health. However, the pathogenesis of DTMUV is largely unclear. Our results show that NS2A strongly blocks the STING-induced signal transduction cascade by binding with STING, which subsequently blocks STING-STING binding and TBK1 phosphorylation. More importantly, the W164, Y167, or S361 residues in duSTING were identified as important interaction sites between STING and NS2A that are vital for NS2A-induced IFN production and effective phases of IFN response. Uncovering the mechanism by which DTMUV NS2A inhibits IFN in the cells of its natural hosts, ducks, will help us understand the role of NS2A in DTMUV pathogenicity.
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Shaheen ZR, Stafford JD, Voss MG, Oleson BJ, Stancill JS, Corbett JA. The location of sensing determines the pancreatic β-cell response to the viral mimetic dsRNA. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2385-2397. [PMID: 31915247 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection is an environmental trigger that has been suggested to initiate pancreatic β-cell damage, leading to the development of autoimmune diabetes. Viruses potently activate the immune system and can damage β cells by either directly infecting them or stimulating the production of secondary effector molecules (such as proinflammatory cytokines) during bystander activation. However, how and where β cells recognize viruses is unclear, and the antiviral responses that are initiated following virus recognition are incompletely understood. In this study, we show that the β-cell response to dsRNA, a viral replication intermediate known to activate antiviral responses, is determined by the cellular location of sensing (intracellular versus extracellular) and differs from the cellular response to cytokine treatment. Using biochemical and immunological methods, we show that β cells selectively respond to intracellular dsRNA by expressing type I interferons (IFNs) and inducing apoptosis, but that they do not respond to extracellular dsRNA. These responses differ from the activities of cytokines on β cells, which are mediated by inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and β-cell production of nitric oxide. These findings provide evidence that the antiviral activities of type I IFN production and apoptosis are elicited in β cells via the recognition of intracellular viral replication intermediates and that β cells lack the capacity to respond to extracellular viral intermediates known to activate innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Shaheen
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Joshua D Stafford
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Michael G Voss
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Bryndon J Oleson
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Jennifer S Stancill
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - John A Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226.
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Interferon mediated neuroinflammation in polyglutamine disease is not caused by RNA toxicity. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:3. [PMID: 31919387 PMCID: PMC6952400 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Polyglutamine diseases are neurodegenerative diseases that occur due to the expansion of CAG repeat regions in coding sequences of genes. Previously, we have shown the formation of large protein aggregates along with activation of the interferon pathway leading to apoptosis in a cellular model of SCA17. Here, we corroborate our previous results in a tetracycline-inducible model of SCA17. Interferon gamma and lambda were upregulated in 59Q-TBP expressing cells as compared to 16Q-TBP expressing cells. Besides interferon-stimulated genes, the SCA17 model and Huntington's mice brain samples showed upregulation of RNA sensors. However, in this improved model interferon pathway activation and apoptosis preceded the formation of large polyglutamine aggregates, suggesting a role for CAG repeat RNA or soluble protein aggregates. A polyglutamine minus mutant of TBP, expressing polyCAG mRNA, was created by site directed mutagenesis of 10 potential start codons. Neither this long CAG embedded mRNA nor short polyCAG RNA could induce interferon pathway genes or cause apoptosis. polyQ-TBP induced the expression of canonical RNA sensors but the downstream transcription factor, IRF3, showed a muted response. We found that expanded CAG repeat RNA is not sufficient to account for the neuronal apoptosis. Neuronal cells sense expanded CAG repeats embedded in messenger RNAs of protein-coding genes. However, polyglutamine containing protein is responsible for the interferon-mediated neuroinflammation and cell death seen in polyglutamine disease. Thus, we delineate the inflammatory role of CAG repeats in the mRNA from the resulting polyglutamine tract in the protein. Embedded in messenger RNAs of protein-coding regions, the cell senses CAG repeat expansion and induces the expression of RNA sensors and interferon-stimulated genes.
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Danilenko ED, Belkina AO, Sysoeva GM. Development of Drugs Based on High-Polymeric Double-Stranded RNA for Antiviral and Antitumor Therapy. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) SUPPLEMENT. SERIES B, BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2019; 13:308-323. [PMID: 32288939 PMCID: PMC7104317 DOI: 10.1134/s1990750819040036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract-The review summarizes literature data on the development of drugs based on natural and synthetic high-polymeric double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), their antiviral, immunoadjuvant, and antitumor properties. Special attention is paid to cell receptors responding to exogenous dsRNA, pathways of dsRNA-dependent antiviral reaction, ability of dsRNA to inhibit growth and induce apoptosis of malignant cells. It has been shown that enhancing the innate immune response with dsRNA can be an effective component in improving methods for treating and preventing infectious and cancer diseases. The further use of dsRNA for the correction of pathological processes of different origin is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. D. Danilenko
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology (SRC VB) “Vector”, Khimzavodskaya ul. 9, 633010 Berdsk, Novosibirsk region Russia
| | - A. O. Belkina
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology (SRC VB) “Vector”, Khimzavodskaya ul. 9, 633010 Berdsk, Novosibirsk region Russia
| | - G. M. Sysoeva
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology (SRC VB) “Vector”, Khimzavodskaya ul. 9, 633010 Berdsk, Novosibirsk region Russia
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Sprooten J, Garg AD. Type I interferons and endoplasmic reticulum stress in health and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 350:63-118. [PMID: 32138904 PMCID: PMC7104985 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) comprise of pro-inflammatory cytokines created, as well as sensed, by all nucleated cells with the main objective of blocking pathogens-driven infections. Owing to this broad range of influence, type I IFNs also exhibit critical functions in many sterile inflammatory diseases and immunopathologies, especially those associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-driven signaling pathways. Indeed, over the years accumulating evidence has indicated that the presence of ER stress can influence the production, or sensing of, type I IFNs induced by perturbations like pattern recognition receptor (PRR) agonists, infections (bacterial, viral or parasitic) or autoimmunity. In this article we discuss the link between type I IFNs and ER stress in various diseased contexts. We describe how ER stress regulates type I IFNs production or sensing, or how type I IFNs may induce ER stress, in various circumstances like microbial infections, autoimmunity, diabetes, cancer and other ER stress-related contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Sprooten
- Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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36
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Danilenko ED, Belkina AO, Sysoeva GM. [Development of drugs on the basis of high-polymeric double-stranded RNA for antiviral and antitumor therapy]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2019; 65:277-293. [PMID: 31436169 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20196504277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The review summarizes literature data on the development of drugs based on natural and synthetic high-polymeric double-stranded RNA, and their antiviral, immunoadjuvant and antitumor properties. Special attention is paid to cell receptors responding to exogenous dsRNA, the paths of dsRNA-dependent antiviral reaction, ability of dsRNA to inhibit growth and induce apoptosis ofmalignant cells. It has been shown that enhancing the innate immune response with dsRNA can be an effective component in improving methods for treating and preventing infectious and cancer diseases. The further use of dsRNA for the correction of pathological processes of different origin is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Danilenko
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Berdsk, Russia
| | - A O Belkina
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Berdsk, Russia
| | - G M Sysoeva
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Berdsk, Russia
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37
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Rossbach O. Artificial Circular RNA Sponges Targeting MicroRNAs as a Novel Tool in Molecular Biology. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 17:452-454. [PMID: 31330496 PMCID: PMC6646861 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Rossbach
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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38
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Vo NTK, Moore LC, Leis E, DeWitte-Orr SJ. Class A scavenger receptors mediate extracellular dsRNA sensing, leading to downstream antiviral gene expression in a novel American toad cell line, BufoTad. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:140-149. [PMID: 30452932 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Viral double-stranded (ds)RNA is a potent pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), capable of inducing a strong antiviral state within the cell, protecting the cell from virus infection. In mammals and fish, sensing extracellular dsRNA is mediated by cell-surface class A scavenger receptors (SR-As). Currently, very little is known about SR-As in amphibians, including: sequence, expression patterns and function. To this end, SR-A expression and function was studied in a novel American toad (Anaxyrus americanus) tadpole cell line called BufoTad. BufoTad was derived from a whole tadpole. The cell line exhibits a cobblestone morphology and expresses abundant levels of transcripts for cytokeratin 19, vimentin, claudin 3, chemokine receptor CXCR4, and SR-AI, one of the five members of the SR-A family, collectively suggesting that BufoTad could be endothelial-like. BufoTad cells bound acetylated LDL, whereas the Xenopus laevis kidney epithelial A6 cell line did not, suggesting functional SR-A activity in BufoTad cells. Additionally, three SR-A competitive ligands (DxSO4, fucoidan, poly inosine (pI)) completely blocked AcLDL binding in BufoTad cells, whereas their three corresponding non-competitive ligands (ChSO4, fetuin, poly cytosine (pC)) did not. A commercial dsRNA, poly IC, induced robust expression of an Mx-like gene transcript, a possible antiviral protein in BufoTad cells. Employing the same SR-A ligand blocking assay used for AcLDL blocked dsRNA-induced ISG expression. This study is the first demonstration that amphibian SR-As have functional ligand binding activities in a live biological cellular model and that sensing extracellular dsRNA in amphibian cells leads to antiviral gene expression that is mediated by class A scavenger receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T K Vo
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Levi C Moore
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Eric Leis
- La Crosse Fish Health Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Midwest Fisheries Center, Onalaska, WI, USA
| | - Stephanie J DeWitte-Orr
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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39
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Shaheen ZR, Christmann BS, Stafford JD, Moran JM, Buller RML, Corbett JA. CCR5 is a required signaling receptor for macrophage expression of inflammatory genes in response to viral double-stranded RNA. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R525-R534. [PMID: 30811246 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00019.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Double-stranded (ds) RNA, both synthetic and produced during virus replication, rapidly stimulates MAPK and NF-κB signaling that results in expression of the inflammatory genes inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase 2, and IL-1β by macrophages. Using biochemical and genetic approaches, we have identified the chemokine ligand-binding C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) as a cell surface signaling receptor required for macrophage expression of inflammatory genes in response to dsRNA. Activation of macrophages by synthetic dsRNA does not require known dsRNA receptors, as poly(inosinic:cytidylic) acid [poly(I:C)] activates signaling pathways leading to expression of inflammatory genes to similar levels in wild-type and Toll-like receptor 3- or melanoma differentiation antigen 5-deficient macrophages. In contrast, macrophage activation in response to poly(I:C) is attenuated in macrophages isolated from mice lacking CCR5. These findings support a role for CCR5 as a cell surface signaling receptor that participates in activation of inflammatory genes in macrophages in response to the viral dsRNA mimetic poly(inosinic:cytidylic) acid by pathways that are distinct from classical dsRNA receptor-mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Shaheen
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Benjamin S Christmann
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Joshua D Stafford
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jason M Moran
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - R Mark L Buller
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - John A Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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40
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Nanoparticle Delivery of RIG-I Agonist Enables Effective and Safe Adjuvant Therapy in Pancreatic Cancer. Mol Ther 2018; 27:507-517. [PMID: 30545600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Local immunomodulation can be a promising strategy to augment the efficacy and decrease off-target toxicities associated with cancer treatment. Pancreatic cancer is resistant to immunotherapies due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Herein, we investigated a therapeutic approach involving delivery of a short interfering double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), specific to Bcl2, with 5' triphosphate ends, by lipid calcium phosphate nanoparticles, in an orthotopic allograft KPC model of pancreatic cancer. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors can bind to 5' triphosphate dsRNA (ppp dsRNA), a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, producing type I interferon, while Bcl2 silencing can drive apoptosis of cancer cells. Our approach demonstrated a robust enrichment of tumor tissue with therapeutic nanoparticles and enabled a significant tumor growth inhibition, prolonging median overall survival. Nanoparticles encapsulating dual-therapeutic ppp dsRNA allowed strong induction in levels of pro-inflammatory Th1 cytokines, further increasing proportions of CD8+ T cells over regulatory T cells, M1 over M2 macrophages, and decreased levels of immunosuppressive B regulatory and plasma cells in the tumor microenvironment. Thus, these results provide a new immunotherapy approach for pancreatic cancer.
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41
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Li Y, Li H, Su N, Liu D, Luo R, Jin H. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of duck DDX41. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 88:183-189. [PMID: 30025984 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 41 (DDX41), a receptor belonging to DExD/H-box helicase family, acts as an intracellular DNA sensor and induces type I IFN production in mammals and fish. However, the function of avian DDX41 in innate immune response is still unknown. In this study, the full-length duck DDX41 (duDDX41) cDNA sequence was cloned for the first time and encoded a putative protein of 618 amino acid residues which showed the high sequence similarity with both zebra finch and chicken DDX41s. The duDDX41 mRNA was widely distributed in all tested tissues, especially the cerebrum, cerebellum, and liver. Overexpression of duDDX41 triggered the activation of transcription factors IRF1 and NF-κB, as well as IFN-β expression in DEFs. The DEADc domain of duDDX41 played an extremely vital role in duck type I IFN signaling pathway. Knockdown of duDDX41 by siRNA silencing dramatically decreased IFN-β expression stimulated by poly(dA:dT) or duck enteritis virus (DEV). In addition, the replication of DEV was significantly inhibited in duDDX41-expressed DEFs and was enhanced in DDX41 knockdown DEFs. These results suggest that DDX41 is an important cytosolic DNA sensor and plays a crucial role in duck antiviral innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Huilin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Na Su
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Dejian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Rui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Hui Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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Chow KT, Wilkins C, Narita M, Green R, Knoll M, Loo YM, Gale M. Differential and Overlapping Immune Programs Regulated by IRF3 and IRF5 in Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3036-3050. [PMID: 30297339 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We examined the signaling pathways and cell type-specific responses of IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 5, an immune-regulatory transcription factor. We show that the protein kinases IKKα, IKKβ, IKKε, and TANK-binding kinase 1 each confer IRF5 phosphorylation/dimerization, thus extending the family of IRF5 activator kinases. Among primary human immune cell subsets, we found that IRF5 is most abundant in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Flow cytometric cell imaging revealed that IRF5 is specifically activated by endosomal TLR signaling. Comparative analyses revealed that IRF3 is activated in pDCs uniquely through RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling. Transcriptomic analyses of pDCs show that the partitioning of TLR7/IRF5 and RLR/IRF3 pathways confers differential gene expression and immune cytokine production in pDCs, linking IRF5 with immune regulatory and proinflammatory gene expression. Thus, TLR7/IRF5 and RLR-IRF3 partitioning serves to polarize pDC response outcome. Strategies to differentially engage IRF signaling pathways should be considered in the design of immunotherapeutic approaches to modulate or polarize the immune response for specific outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan T Chow
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; and
| | - Courtney Wilkins
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Miwako Narita
- Laboratory of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata Prefecture 950-2181, Japan
| | - Richard Green
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Megan Knoll
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109;
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109;
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Kim JA, Seong RK, Son SW, Shin OS. Insights into ZIKV-Mediated Innate Immune Responses in Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Epidermal Keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:391-399. [PMID: 30218650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as a global pathogen causing significant public health concern. ZIKV infections in humans principally occur via mosquito bites. Thus, host skin cells are permissive to ZIKV infection and are the first line of defense against the virus. Here, we examined the role and mechanisms of antiviral skin immunity against ZIKV infection. ZIKV infection (African lineage MR766) in human dermal fibroblasts, human epidermal keratinocytes, and HaCaT keratinocytes resulted in distinct expression changes in RIG-I-like receptors, such as RIG-I and MDA5. Inhibition of RIG-I using small interfering RNA resulted in increased viral gene expression and reduced induction of IFNs and IFN-stimulated genes. Furthermore, ZIKV NS1 directly interacted with RIG-I or MDA5 and down-regulated RIG-I-like receptor-mediated antiviral signaling pathways. Asian lineage ZIKV (PRVABC59) infection also showed a distinct pattern of antiviral immunity in human skin cells, compared with other ZIKV strains. Additionally, ZIKV infections in human neural progenitor cells induced the robust activation of RIG-I-like receptor-mediated signaling, followed by highly enhanced IFN-stimulated gene expression. Our findings provide important insights into ZIKV tropism and subsequent antiviral signaling pathways that regulate ZIKV replication in human dermal fibroblasts and human epidermal keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Rak-Kyun Seong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Wook Son
- Department of Dermatology and Division of BK21 Project for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Sarah Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Lindqvist R, Upadhyay A, Överby AK. Tick-Borne Flaviviruses and the Type I Interferon Response. Viruses 2018; 10:E340. [PMID: 29933625 PMCID: PMC6071234 DOI: 10.3390/v10070340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are globally distributed pathogens causing millions of human infections every year. Flaviviruses are arthropod-borne viruses and are mainly transmitted by either ticks or mosquitoes. Mosquito-borne flaviviruses and their interactions with the innate immune response have been well-studied and reviewed extensively, thus this review will discuss tick-borne flaviviruses and their interactions with the host innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lindqvist
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Arunkumar Upadhyay
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Anna K Överby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
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Baid K, Nellimarla S, Huynh A, Boulton S, Guarné A, Melacini G, Collins SE, Mossman KL. Direct binding and internalization of diverse extracellular nucleic acid species through the collagenous domain of class A scavenger receptors. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:922-934. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaushal Baid
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences; McMaster Immunology Research Centre; Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Srinivas Nellimarla
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; McMaster Immunology Research Centre; Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Angela Huynh
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences; McMaster Immunology Research Centre; Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Stephen Boulton
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences; McMaster Immunology Research Centre; Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Alba Guarné
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences; McMaster Immunology Research Centre; Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Giuseppe Melacini
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences; McMaster Immunology Research Centre; Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Susan E Collins
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; McMaster Immunology Research Centre; Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Karen L Mossman
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences; McMaster Immunology Research Centre; Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; McMaster Immunology Research Centre; Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
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Poynter SJ, DeWitte-Orr SJ. Understanding Viral dsRNA-Mediated Innate Immune Responses at the Cellular Level Using a Rainbow Trout Model. Front Immunol 2018; 9:829. [PMID: 29740439 PMCID: PMC5924774 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses across genome types produce long dsRNA molecules during replication [viral (v-) dsRNA]. dsRNA is a potent signaling molecule and inducer of type I interferon (IFN), leading to the production of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), and a protective antiviral state within the cell. Research on dsRNA-induced immune responses has relied heavily on a commercially available, and biologically irrelevant dsRNA, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C). Alternatively, dsRNA can be produced by in vitro transcription (ivt-) dsRNA, with a defined sequence and length. We hypothesized that ivt-dsRNA, containing legitimate viral sequence and length, would be a more appropriate proxy for v-dsRNA, compared with poly I:C. This is the first study to investigate the effects of v-dsRNA on the innate antiviral response and to compare v-dsRNA to ivt-dsRNA-induced responses in fish cells, specifically rainbow trout. Previously, class A scavenger receptors (SR-As) were found to be surface receptors for poly I:C in rainbow trout cells. In this study, ivt-dsRNA binding was blocked by poly I:C and v-dsRNA, as well as SR-A competitive ligands, suggesting all three dsRNA molecules are recognized by SR-As. Downstream innate antiviral effects were determined by measuring IFN and ISG transcript levels using qRT-PCR and antiviral assays. Similar to what has been shown previously with ivt-dsRNA, v-dsRNA was able to induce IFN and ISG transcript production between 3 and 24 h, and its effects were length dependent (i.e., longer v-dsRNA produced a stronger response). Interestingly, when v-dsRNA and ivt-dsRNA were length and sequence matched both molecules induced statistically similar IFN and ISG transcript levels, which resulted in similar antiviral states against two aquatic viruses. To pursue sequence effects further, three ivt-dsRNA molecules of the same length but different sequences (including host and viral sequences) were tested for their ability to induce IFN/ISG transcripts and an antiviral state. All three induced responses similarly. This study is the first of its kind to look at the effects v-dsRNA in fish cells as well as to compare ivt-dsRNA to v-dsRNA, and suggests that ivt-dsRNA may be a good surrogate for v-dsRNA in the study of dsRNA-induced responses and potential future antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Poynter
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Mapping of Transcription Termination within the S Segment of SFTS Phlebovirus Facilitated Generation of NSs Deletant Viruses. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00743-17. [PMID: 28592543 PMCID: PMC5533932 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00743-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SFTS phlebovirus (SFTSV) is an emerging tick-borne bunyavirus that was first reported in China in 2009. Here we report the generation of a recombinant SFTSV (rHB29NSsKO) that cannot express the viral nonstructural protein (NSs) upon infection of cells in culture. We show that rHB29NSsKO replication kinetics are greater in interferon (IFN)-incompetent cells and that the virus is unable to suppress IFN induced in response to viral replication. The data confirm for the first time in the context of virus infection that NSs acts as a virally encoded IFN antagonist and that NSs is dispensable for virus replication. Using 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), we mapped the 3' end of the N and NSs mRNAs, showing that the mRNAs terminate within the coding region of the opposite open reading frame. We show that the 3' end of the N mRNA terminates upstream of a 5'-GCCAGCC-3' motif present in the viral genomic RNA. With this knowledge, and using virus-like particles, we could demonstrate that the last 36 nucleotides of the NSs open reading frame (ORF) were needed to ensure the efficient termination of the N mRNA and were required for recombinant virus rescue. We demonstrate that it is possible to recover viruses lacking NSs (expressing just a 12-amino-acid NSs peptide or encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein [eGFP]) or an NSs-eGFP fusion protein in the NSs locus. This opens the possibility for further studies of NSs and potentially the design of attenuated viruses for vaccination studies.IMPORTANCE SFTS phlebovirus (SFTSV) and related tick-borne viruses have emerged globally since 2009. SFTSV has been shown to cause severe disease in humans. For bunyaviruses, it has been well documented that the nonstructural protein (NSs) enables the virus to counteract the human innate antiviral defenses and that NSs is one of the major determinants of virulence in infection. Therefore, the use of reverse genetics systems to engineer viruses lacking NSs is an attractive strategy to rationally attenuate bunyaviruses. Here we report the generation of several recombinant SFTS viruses that cannot express the NSs protein or have the NSs open reading frame replaced with a reporter gene. These viruses cannot antagonize the mammalian interferon (IFN) response mounted to virus infection. The generation of NSs-lacking viruses was achieved by mapping the transcriptional termination of two S-segment-derived subgenomic mRNAs, which revealed that transcription termination occurs upstream of a 5'-GCCAGCC-3' motif present in the virus genomic S RNA.
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Differential Antagonism of Human Innate Immune Responses by Tick-Borne Phlebovirus Nonstructural Proteins. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00234-17. [PMID: 28680969 PMCID: PMC5489658 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00234-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several newly discovered tick-borne viruses causing a wide spectrum of diseases in humans have been ascribed to the Phlebovirus genus of the Bunyaviridae family. The nonstructural protein (NSs) of bunyaviruses is the main virulence factor and interferon (IFN) antagonist. We studied the molecular mechanisms of IFN antagonism employed by the NSs proteins of human apathogenic Uukuniemi virus (UUKV) and those of Heartland virus (HRTV) and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), both of which cause severe disease. Using reporter assays, we found that UUKV NSs weakly inhibited the activation of the beta interferon (IFN-β) promoter and response elements. UUKV NSs weakly antagonized human IFN-β promoter activation through a novel interaction with mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy studies. HRTV NSs efficiently antagonized both IFN-β promoter activation and type I IFN signaling pathways through interactions with TBK1, preventing its phosphorylation. HRTV NSs exhibited diffused cytoplasmic localization. This is in comparison to the inclusion bodies formed by SFTSV NSs. HRTV NSs also efficiently interacted with STAT2 and impaired IFN-β-induced phosphorylation but did not affect STAT1 or its translocation to the nucleus. Our results suggest that a weak interaction between STAT1 and HRTV or SFTSV NSs may explain their inability to block type II IFN signaling efficiently, thus enabling the activation of proinflammatory responses that lead to severe disease. Our findings offer insights into how pathogenicity may be linked to the capacity of NSs proteins to block the innate immune system and illustrate the plethora of viral immune evasion strategies utilized by emerging phleboviruses. IMPORTANCE Since 2011, there has been a large expansion in the number of emerging tick-borne viruses that have been assigned to the Phlebovirus genus. Heartland virus (HRTV) and SFTS virus (SFTSV) were found to cause severe disease in humans, unlike other documented tick-borne phleboviruses such as Uukuniemi virus (UUKV). Phleboviruses encode nonstructural proteins (NSs) that enable them to counteract the human innate antiviral defenses. We assessed how these proteins interacted with the innate immune system. We found that UUKV NSs engaged with innate immune factors only weakly, at one early step. However, the viruses that cause more severe disease efficiently disabled the antiviral response by targeting multiple components at several stages across the innate immune induction and signaling pathways. Our results suggest a correlation between the efficiency of the virus protein/host interaction and severity of disease.
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Lee HR, Choi UY, Hwang SW, Kim S, Jung JU. Viral Inhibition of PRR-Mediated Innate Immune Response: Learning from KSHV Evasion Strategies. Mol Cells 2016; 39:777-782. [PMID: 27871174 PMCID: PMC5125932 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system has evolved to detect and destroy invading pathogens before they can establish systemic infection. To successfully eradicate pathogens, including viruses, host innate immunity is activated through diverse pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which detect conserved viral signatures and trigger the production of type I interferon (IFN) and pro-inflammatory cytokines to mediate viral clearance. Viral persistence requires that viruses co-opt cellular pathways and activities for their benefit. In particular, due to the potent antiviral activities of IFN and cytokines, viruses have developed various strategies to meticulously modulate intracellular innate immune sensing mechanisms to facilitate efficient viral replication and persistence. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the study of viral immune evasion strategies with a specific focus on how Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) effectively targets host PRR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ra Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019,
Korea
| | - Un Yung Choi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Harlyne J. Norris Cancer Research Tower, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, California 90033,
USA
| | - Sung-Woo Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019,
Korea
| | - Stephanie Kim
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Harlyne J. Norris Cancer Research Tower, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, California 90033,
USA
| | - Jae U. Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Harlyne J. Norris Cancer Research Tower, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, California 90033,
USA
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Huang Y, Yu Y, Yang Y, Yang M, Zhou L, Huang X, Qin Q. Antiviral function of grouper MDA5 against iridovirus and nodavirus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:188-196. [PMID: 27050314 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) is a critical member of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) family which can recognize viral RNA and enhances antiviral response in host cells. In this study, a MDA5 homolog from orange spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) (EcMDA5) was cloned, and its roles on grouper virus infection were characterized. The full-length EcMDA5 cDNA encoded a polypeptide of 982 amino acids with 74% identity with MDA5 homolog from rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). Amino acid alignment analysis indicated that EcMDA5 contained three functional domains: two caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARDs), a DEAD box helicase-like (DExDc) domain, a helicase superfamily C-terminal domain (HELICc), and a C-terminal regulatory domain (RD). Upon challenge with Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) or polyinosin-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), the transcript of EcMDA5 was significantly up-regulated especially at the early stage post-injection. Under fluorescence microscopy, we observed that EcMDA5 mostly localized in the cytoplasm of grouper spleen (GS) cells. Interestingly, during virus infection, the distribution pattern of EcMDA5 was significantly altered in SGIV infected cells, but not in red spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) infected cells, suggested that EcMDA5 might interact with viral proteins during SGIV infection. The ectopic expression of EcMDA5 in vitro obviously delayed virus infection induced cytopathic effect (CPE) progression and significantly inhibited viral gene transcription of RGNNV and SGIV. Moreover, overexpression of EcMDA5 not only significantly increased interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) promoter activities in a dose dependent manner, but also enhanced the expression of IRF3, IRF7 and TRAF6. In addition, the transcription level of the proinflammatory factors, including TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 were differently altered by EcMDA5 overexpression during SGIV or RGNNV infection, suggesting that the regulation on proinflammatory cytokines by EcMDA5 were also important for RGNNV infection. Together, our results demonstrated for the first time that the inhibitory effect of fish MDA5 on iridovirus replication might be mainly through the regulation of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yepin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linli Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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