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Hernandez R, Li X, Shi J, Dave TR, Zhou T, Chen Q, Zhou C. Paternal hypercholesterolemia elicits sex-specific exacerbation of atherosclerosis in offspring. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e179291. [PMID: 39253968 PMCID: PMC11385100 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.179291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging studies suggest that various parental exposures affect offspring cardiovascular health, yet the specific mechanisms, particularly the influence of paternal cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors on offspring cardiovascular health, remain elusive. The present study explores how paternal hypercholesterolemia affects offspring atherosclerosis development using the LDL receptor-deficient (LDLR-/-) mouse model. We found that paternal high-cholesterol diet feeding led to significantly increased atherosclerosis in F1 female, but not male, LDLR-/- offspring. Transcriptomic analysis highlighted that paternal hypercholesterolemia stimulated proatherogenic genes, including Ccn1 and Ccn2, in the intima of female offspring. Sperm small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs), particularly transfer RNA-derived (tRNA-derived) small RNAs (tsRNAs) and rRNA-derived small RNAs (rsRNAs), contribute to the intergenerational transmission of paternally acquired metabolic phenotypes. Using a newly developed PANDORA-Seq method, we identified that high-cholesterol feeding elicited changes in sperm tsRNA/rsRNA profiles that were undetectable by traditional RNA-Seq, and these altered sperm sncRNAs were potentially key factors mediating paternal hypercholesterolemia-elicited atherogenesis in offspring. Interestingly, high-cholesterol feeding altered sncRNA biogenesis-related gene expression in the epididymis but not testis of LDLR-/- sires; this may have led to the modified sperm sncRNA landscape. Our results underscore the sex-specific intergenerational effect of paternal hypercholesterolemia on offspring cardiovascular health and contribute to the understanding of chronic disease etiology originating from parental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hernandez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Xiuchun Li
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Junchao Shi
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, Department of Human Genetics, and
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Tejasvi R Dave
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Qi Chen
- Molecular Medicine Program, Department of Human Genetics, and
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
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2
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Li S, Wang K, Jiang K, Xing D, Deng R, Xu Y, Ding Y, Guan H, Chen LL, Wang D, Chen Y, Bu W, Xiang Y. Brazilin-Ce nanoparticles attenuate inflammation by de/anti-phosphorylation of IKKβ. Biomaterials 2024; 305:122466. [PMID: 38184960 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation is associated with a series of diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease and infection, and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation modification of proteins are important in inflammation regulation. Here we designed and synthesized a novel Brazilin-Ce nanoparticle (BX-Ce NPs) using Brazilin, which has been used for anti-inflammation in cardiovascular diseases but with narrow therapeutic window, and Cerium (IV), a lanthanide which has the general activity in catalyzing the hydrolysis of phosphoester bonds, to conferring de/anti-phosphorylation of IKKβ. We found that BX-Ce NPs specifically bound to Asn225 and Lys428 of IKKβ and inhibited its phosphorylation at Ser181, contributing to appreciably anti-inflammatory effect in cellulo (IC50 = 2.5 μM). In vivo mouse models of myocardial infarction and sepsis also showed that the BX-Ce NPs significantly ameliorated myocardial injury and improved survival in mice with experimental sepsis through downregulating phosphorylation of IKKβ. These findings provided insights for developing metal nanoparticles for guided ion interfere therapy, particularly synergistically target de/anti-phosphorylation as promising therapeutic agents for inflammation and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Dongmei Xing
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Heart Center/National Regional (Traditional Chinese Medicine) Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Ruhua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yue Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Huida Guan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lin-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China.
| | - Wenbo Bu
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Yaozu Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China.
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3
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Carramolino L, Albarrán-Juárez J, Markov A, Hernández-SanMiguel E, Sharysh D, Cumbicus V, Morales-Cano D, Labrador-Cantarero V, Møller PL, Nogales P, Benguria A, Dopazo A, Sanchez-Cabo F, Torroja C, Bentzon JF. Cholesterol lowering depletes atherosclerotic lesions of smooth muscle cell-derived fibromyocytes and chondromyocytes. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2024; 3:203-220. [PMID: 39196190 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-023-00412-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Drugs that lower plasma apolipoprotein B (ApoB)-containing lipoproteins are central to treating advanced atherosclerosis and provide partial protection against clinical events. Previous research showed that lowering ApoB-containing lipoproteins stops plaque inflammation, but how these drugs affect the heterogeneous population of plaque cells derived from smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is unknown. SMC-derived cells are the main cellular component of atherosclerotic lesions and the source of structural components that determine the size of plaques and their propensity to rupture and trigger thrombosis, the proximate cause of heart attack and stroke. Using lineage tracing and single-cell techniques to investigate the full SMC-derived cellular compartment in progressing and regressing plaques in mice, here we show that lowering ApoB-containing lipoproteins reduces nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling in SMC-derived fibromyocytes and chondromyocytes and leads to depletion of these abundant cell types from plaques. These results uncover an important mechanism through which cholesterol-lowering drugs can achieve plaque regression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Chondrocytes/drug effects
- Chondrocytes/pathology
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Anticholesteremic Agents/pharmacology
- Anticholesteremic Agents/therapeutic use
- Male
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Cholesterol/blood
- Mice
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/metabolism
- Single-Cell Analysis
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julián Albarrán-Juárez
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anton Markov
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Diana Sharysh
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vanessa Cumbicus
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Morales-Cano
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Paula Nogales
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Benguria
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Dopazo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Torroja
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacob F Bentzon
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain.
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Abstract
The medial layer of the arterial wall is composed mainly of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Under physiological conditions, VSMCs assume a contractile phenotype, and their primary function is to regulate vascular tone. In contrast with terminally differentiated cells, VSMCs possess phenotypic plasticity, capable of transitioning into other cellular phenotypes in response to changes in the vascular environment. Recent research has shown that VSMC phenotypic switching participates in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, where the various types of dedifferentiated VSMCs accumulate in the atherosclerotic lesion and participate in the associated vascular remodeling by secreting extracellular matrix proteins and proteases. This review article discusses the 9 VSMC phenotypes that have been reported in atherosclerotic lesions and classifies them into differentiated VSMCs, intermediately dedifferentiated VSMCs, and dedifferentiated VSMCs. It also provides an overview of several methodologies that have been developed for studying VSMC phenotypic switching and discusses their respective advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runji Chen
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - David G. McVey
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Daifei Shen
- Research Center for Translational MedicineThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | | | - Shu Ye
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
- Cardiovascular‐Metabolic Disease Translational Research ProgrammeNational University of SingaporeSingapore
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5
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Wang F, Liu J, Hernandez R, Park SH, Lai YJ, Wang S, Blumberg B, Zhou C. Adipocyte-Derived PXR Signaling Is Dispensable for Diet-Induced Obesity and Metabolic Disorders in Mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1207-1215. [PMID: 37230767 PMCID: PMC10449100 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a xenobiotic receptor that can be activated by numerous chemicals including endogenous hormones, dietary steroids, pharmaceutical agents, and environmental chemicals. PXR has been established to function as a xenobiotic sensor to coordinately regulate xenobiotic metabolism by regulating the expression of many enzymes and transporters required for xenobiotic metabolism. Recent studies have implicated a potentially important role for PXR in obesity and metabolic disease beyond xenobiotic metabolism, but how PXR action in different tissues or cell types contributes to obesity and metabolic disorders remains elusive. To investigate the role of adipocyte PXR in obesity, we generated a novel adipocyte-specific PXR deficient mouse model (PXRΔAd). Notably, we found that loss of adipocyte PXR did not affect food intake, energy expenditure, and obesity in high-fat diet-fed male mice. PXRΔAd mice also had similar obesity-associated metabolic disorders including insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis as control littermates. PXR deficiency in adipocytes did not affect expression of key adipose genes in PXRΔAd mice. Our findings suggest that adipocyte PXR signaling may be dispensable in diet-induced obesity and metabolic disorders in mice. Further studies are needed to understand the role of PXR signaling in obesity and metabolic disorders in the future. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The authors demonstrate that deficiency of adipocyte pregnane X receptor (PXR) does not affect diet-induced obesity or metabolic disorders in mice and infers that adipocyte PXR signaling may not play a key role in diet-induced obesity. More studies are needed to understand the tissue-specific role of PXR in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (F.W., S.-H.P., S.W.); Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California (J.L., R.H., Y.-J.L., C.Z.); and Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California (B.B.)
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (F.W., S.-H.P., S.W.); Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California (J.L., R.H., Y.-J.L., C.Z.); and Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California (B.B.)
| | - Rebecca Hernandez
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (F.W., S.-H.P., S.W.); Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California (J.L., R.H., Y.-J.L., C.Z.); and Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California (B.B.)
| | - Se-Hyung Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (F.W., S.-H.P., S.W.); Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California (J.L., R.H., Y.-J.L., C.Z.); and Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California (B.B.)
| | - Ying-Jing Lai
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (F.W., S.-H.P., S.W.); Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California (J.L., R.H., Y.-J.L., C.Z.); and Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California (B.B.)
| | - Shuxia Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (F.W., S.-H.P., S.W.); Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California (J.L., R.H., Y.-J.L., C.Z.); and Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California (B.B.)
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (F.W., S.-H.P., S.W.); Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California (J.L., R.H., Y.-J.L., C.Z.); and Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California (B.B.)
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (F.W., S.-H.P., S.W.); Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California (J.L., R.H., Y.-J.L., C.Z.); and Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California (B.B.)
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6
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Hernandez R, Shi J, Liu J, Li X, Wu J, Zhao L, Zhou T, Chen Q, Zhou C. PANDORA-Seq unveils the hidden small noncoding RNA landscape in atherosclerosis of LDL receptor-deficient mice. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100352. [PMID: 36871792 PMCID: PMC10119612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs) play diverse roles in numerous biological processes. While the widely used RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) method has advanced sncRNA discovery, RNA modifications can interfere with the complementary DNA library construction process, preventing the discovery of highly modified sncRNAs including transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) and ribosomal RNA-derived small RNAs (rsRNAs) that may have important functions in disease development. To address this technical obstacle, we recently developed a novel PANDORA-Seq (Panoramic RNA Display by Overcoming RNA Modification Aborted Sequencing) method to overcome RNA modification-elicited sequence interferences. To identify novel sncRNAs associated with atherosclerosis development, LDL receptor-deficient (LDLR-/-) mice were fed a low-cholesterol diet or high-cholesterol diet (HCD) for 9 weeks. Total RNAs isolated from the intima were subjected to PANDORA-Seq and traditional RNA-Seq. By overcoming RNA modification-elicited limitations, PANDORA-Seq unveiled an rsRNA/tsRNA-enriched sncRNA landscape in the atherosclerotic intima of LDLR-/- mice, which was strikingly different from that detected by traditional RNA-Seq. While microRNAs were the dominant sncRNAs detected by traditional RNA-Seq, PANDORA-Seq substantially increased the reads of rsRNAs and tsRNAs. PANDORA-Seq also detected 1,383 differentially expressed sncRNAs induced by HCD feeding, including 1,160 rsRNAs and 195 tsRNAs. One of HCD-induced intimal tsRNAs, tsRNA-Arg-CCG, may contribute to atherosclerosis development by regulating the proatherogenic gene expression in endothelial cells. Overall, PANDORA-Seq revealed a hidden rsRNA and tsRNA population associated with atherosclerosis development. These understudied tsRNAs and rsRNAs, which are much more abundant than microRNAs in the atherosclerotic intima of LDLR-/- mice, warrant further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hernandez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Junchao Shi
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Xiuchun Li
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jake Wu
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Linlin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Qi Chen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA; Molecular Medicine Program, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
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7
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Gan J, Guo L, Zhang X, Yu Q, Yang Q, Zhang Y, Zeng W, Jiang X, Guo M. Anti-inflammatory therapy of atherosclerosis: focusing on IKKβ. J Inflamm (Lond) 2023; 20:8. [PMID: 36823573 PMCID: PMC9951513 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-023-00330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation has been identified as a major contributor in the development of atherosclerosis. Nuclear Factor-κappa B (NF-κB) is a critical transcription factors family of the inflammatory pathway. As a major catalytic subunit of the IKK complex, IκB kinase β (IKKβ) drives canonical activation of NF-κB and is implicated in the link between inflammation and atherosclerosis, making it a promising therapeutic target. Various natural product derivatives, extracts, and synthetic, show anti-atherogenic potential by inhibiting IKKβ-mediated inflammation. This review focuses on the latest knowledge and current research landscape surrounding anti-atherosclerotic drugs that inhibit IKKβ. There will be more opportunities to fully understand the complex functions of IKKβ in atherogenesis and develop new effective therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Gan
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Guo
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qun Yu
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiuyue Yang
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yilin Zhang
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyun Zeng
- grid.459559.10000 0004 9344 2915Oncology department, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Maojuan Guo
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
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8
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Deaton RA, Bulut G, Serbulea V, Salamon A, Shankman LS, Nguyen AT, Owens GK. A New Autosomal Myh11-CreERT2 Smooth Muscle Cell Lineage Tracing and Gene Knockout Mouse Model-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:203-211. [PMID: 36519470 PMCID: PMC9877184 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Myh11 promoter is extensively used as a smooth muscle cell (SMC) Cre-driver and is regarded as the most restrictive and specific promoter available to study SMCs. Unfortunately, in the existing Myh11-CreERT2 mouse, the transgene was inserted on the Y chromosome precluding the study of female mice. Given the importance of including sex as a biological variable and that numerous SMC-based diseases have a sex-dependent bias, the field has been tremendously limited by the lack of a model to study both sexes. Here, we describe a new autosomal Myh11-CreERT2 mouse (referred to as Myh11-CreERT2-RAD), which allows for SMC-specific lineage tracing and gene knockout studies in vivo using both male and female mice. METHODS A Myh11-CreERT2-RAD transgenic C57BL/6 mouse line was generated using bacterial artificial chromosome clone RP23-151J22 modified to contain a Cre-ERT2 after the Myh11 start codon. Myh11-CreERT2-RAD mice were crossed with 2 different fluorescent reporter mice and tested for SMC-specific labeling by flow cytometric and immunofluorescence analyses. RESULTS Myh11-CreERT2-RAD transgene insertion was determined to be on mouse chromosome 2. Myh11-CreERT2-RAD fluorescent reporter mice showed Cre-dependent, tamoxifen-inducible labeling of SMCs equivalent to the widely used Myh11-CreERT2 mice. Labeling was equivalent in both male and female Cre+ mice and was limited to vascular and visceral SMCs and pericytes in various tissues as assessed by immunofluorescence. CONCLUSIONS We generated and validated the function of an autosomal Myh11-CreERT2-RAD mouse that can be used to assess sex as a biological variable with respect to the normal and pathophysiological functions of SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Deaton
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, 415 Lane Road, Suite 1010, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | - Gamze Bulut
- College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185
| | - Vlad Serbulea
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, 415 Lane Road, Suite 1010, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | - Anita Salamon
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, 415 Lane Road, Suite 1010, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | - Laura S. Shankman
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, 415 Lane Road, Suite 1010, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | | | - Gary K. Owens
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, 415 Lane Road, Suite 1010, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
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9
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Liu J, Shi J, Hernandez R, Li X, Konchadi P, Miyake Y, Chen Q, Zhou T, Zhou C. Paternal phthalate exposure-elicited offspring metabolic disorders are associated with altered sperm small RNAs in mice. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 172:107769. [PMID: 36709676 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ubiquitous plastic-associated endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is associated with the increased risk of many chronic diseases. For example, phthalate exposure is associated with cardiometabolic mortality in humans, with societal costs ∼ $39 billion/year or more. We recently demonstrated that several widely used plastic-associated EDCs increase cardiometabolic disease in appropriate mouse models. In addition to affecting adult health, parental exposure to EDCs has also been shown to cause metabolic disorders, including obesity and diabetes, in the offspring. While most studies have focused on the impact of maternal EDC exposure on the offspring's health, little is known about the effects of paternal EDC exposure. In the current study, we investigated the adverse impact of paternal exposure to a ubiquitous but understudied phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) on the metabolic health of F1 and F2 offspring in mice. Paternal DCHP exposure led to exacerbated insulin resistance and impaired insulin signaling in F1 offspring without affecting diet-induced obesity. We previously showed that sperm small non-coding RNAs including tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) and rRNA-derived small RNAs (rsRNAs) contribute to the intergenerational transmission of paternally acquired metabolic disorders. Using a novel PANDORA-seq, we revealed that DCHP exposure can lead to sperm tsRNA/rsRNA landscape changes that were undetected by traditional RNA-seq, which may contribute to DCHP-elicited adverse effects. Lastly, we found that paternal DCHP can also cause sex-specific transgenerational adverse effects in F2 offspring and elicited glucose intolerance in female F2 descendants. Our results suggest that exposure to endocrine disrupting phthalates may have intergenerational and transgenerational adverse effects on the metabolic health of their offspring. These findings increase our understanding of the etiology of chronic human diseases originating from chemical-elicited intergenerational and transgenerational effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Liu
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Junchao Shi
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Rebecca Hernandez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Xiuchun Li
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Pranav Konchadi
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Yuma Miyake
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Qi Chen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, NV 89557, United States
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
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10
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Déglise S, Bechelli C, Allagnat F. Vascular smooth muscle cells in intimal hyperplasia, an update. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1081881. [PMID: 36685215 PMCID: PMC9845604 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1081881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial occlusive disease is the leading cause of death in Western countries. Core contemporary therapies for this disease include angioplasties, stents, endarterectomies and bypass surgery. However, these treatments suffer from high failure rates due to re-occlusive vascular wall adaptations and restenosis. Restenosis following vascular surgery is largely due to intimal hyperplasia. Intimal hyperplasia develops in response to vessel injury, leading to inflammation, vascular smooth muscle cells dedifferentiation, migration, proliferation and secretion of extra-cellular matrix into the vessel's innermost layer or intima. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge on the origin and mechanisms underlying the dysregulated proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells in intimal hyperplasia, and we present the new avenues of research targeting VSMC phenotype and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Florent Allagnat
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Imai T, Van TM, Pasparakis M, Polykratis A. Smooth muscle cell specific NEMO deficiency inhibits atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12538. [PMID: 35869246 PMCID: PMC9307802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of atherosclerotic plaques is the result of a chronic inflammatory response coordinated by stromal and immune cellular components of the vascular wall. While endothelial cells and leukocytes are well-recognised mediators of inflammation in atherosclerosis, the role of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) remains incompletely understood. Here we aimed to address the role of canonical NF-κB signalling in SMCs in the development of atherosclerosis. We investigated the role of NF-κB signalling in SMCs in atherosclerosis by employing SMC-specific ablation of NEMO, an IKK complex subunit that is essential for canonical NF-κB activation, in ApoE−/− mice. We show that SMC-specific ablation of NEMO (NEMOSMCiKO) inhibited high fat diet induced atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice. NEMOSMCiKO/ApoE−/− mice developed less and smaller atherosclerotic plaques, which contained fewer macrophages, decreased numbers of apoptotic cells and smaller necrotic areas and showed reduced inflammation compared to the plaques of ApoE−/− mice. In addition, the plaques of NEMOSMCiKO/ApoE−/− mice showed higher expression of α-SMA and lower expression of the transcriptional factor KLF4 compared to those of ApoE−/− mice. Consistently, in vitro, NEMO-deficient SMCs exhibited reduced proliferation and migration, as well as decreased KLF4 expression and lower production of IL-6 and MCP-1 upon inflammatory stimulus (TNF or LPS) compared to NEMO-expressing SMCs. In conclusion, NEMO-dependent activation of NF-κB signalling in SMCs critically contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by regulating SMC proliferation, migration and phenotype switching in response to inflammatory stimuli.
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12
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Lee DK, Kim T, Byeon J, Park M, Kim S, Kim J, Choi S, Lee G, Park C, Lee KW, Kwon YJ, Lee JH, Kwon YG, Kim YM. REDD1 promotes obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction via atypical NF-κB activation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6303. [PMID: 36272977 PMCID: PMC9588012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated in development and DNA damage response 1 (REDD1) expression is upregulated in response to metabolic imbalance and obesity. However, its role in obesity-associated complications is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the REDD1-NF-κB axis is crucial for metabolic inflammation and dysregulation. Mice lacking Redd1 in the whole body or adipocytes exhibited restrained diet-induced obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis. Myeloid Redd1-deficient mice showed similar results, without restrained obesity and hepatic steatosis. Redd1-deficient adipose-derived stem cells lost their potential to differentiate into adipocytes; however, REDD1 overexpression stimulated preadipocyte differentiation and proinflammatory cytokine expression through atypical IKK-independent NF-κB activation by sequestering IκBα from the NF-κB/IκBα complex. REDD1 with mutated Lys219/220Ala, key amino acid residues for IκBα binding, could not stimulate NF-κB activation, adipogenesis, and inflammation in vitro and prevented obesity-related phenotypes in knock-in mice. The REDD1-atypical NF-κB activation axis is a therapeutic target for obesity, meta-inflammation, and metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Keon Lee
- grid.412010.60000 0001 0707 9039Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Taesam Kim
- grid.412010.60000 0001 0707 9039Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Junyoung Byeon
- grid.412010.60000 0001 0707 9039Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Minsik Park
- grid.412010.60000 0001 0707 9039Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Kim
- grid.412010.60000 0001 0707 9039Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Joohwan Kim
- grid.412010.60000 0001 0707 9039Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwan Choi
- grid.412010.60000 0001 0707 9039Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Gihwan Lee
- grid.256681.e0000 0001 0661 1492Division of Life Sciences, Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828 Republic of Korea
| | - Chanin Park
- grid.256681.e0000 0001 0661 1492Division of Life Sciences, Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828 Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- grid.256681.e0000 0001 0661 1492Division of Life Sciences, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK4 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828 Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jeong-Hyung Lee
- grid.412010.60000 0001 0707 9039Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- grid.412010.60000 0001 0707 9039Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341 Republic of Korea
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13
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Hu M, Hiroyasu S, Granville DJ, Kassiri Z. Implications of SM22α-Cre expression in keratinocytes and un-anticipated inflammatory skin lesions in a model of atherosclerosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H528-H534. [PMID: 35930445 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00325.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified mice are widely used to recapitulate human diseases. Atherosclerosis can be induced in mice with low density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr)-deficiency and high fat diet (HFD). Disintegrin and metalloproteinase-17 (ADAM17) in the smooth muscle cell (SMC) contributes to vascular pathologies, and hence its role in atherosclerosis was investigated. ADAM17 deletion in SMCs by Sm22α-Cre driver (Ldlr-/-/Adam17Sm22Cre) and HFD resulted in severe skin lesions in >70% of mice, associated with skin inflammation, which were not observed in Ldlr-/--HFD, nor in mice with SMC-deficiency of ADAM17 by a different Cre-driver (Ldlr-/-/Adam17Myh11Cre). We found that Sm22α is highly expressed in keratinocytes (compared to SMCs), which could underlie the observed skin lesion in Ldlr-/-/Adam17Sm22Cre-HFD. Although expression of Sm22α in non-SMC cells has been reported, this is the first study demonstrating a severe side-effect resulting from the off-target expression of Sm22α-Cre, resulting in ADAM17 loss in keratinocytes that led to a moribund state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hu
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sho Hiroyasu
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,ICORD Centre and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David J Granville
- ICORD Centre and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zamaneh Kassiri
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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14
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Meng Z, Hernandez R, Liu J, Gwag T, Lu W, Hsiai TK, Kaul M, Zhou T, Zhou C. HIV Protein Tat Induces Macrophage Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis Development in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Deficient Mice. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2022; 36:201-215. [PMID: 33459922 PMCID: PMC8286272 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-021-07141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE HIV infection is consistently associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. HIV protein Tat, a transcriptional activator of HIV, has been shown to activate NF-κB signaling and promote inflammation in vitro. However, the atherogenic effects of HIV Tat have not been investigated in vivo. Macrophages are one of the major cell types involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. We and others have previously revealed the important role of IκB kinase β (IKKβ), a central inflammatory coordinator through activating NF-κB, in the regulation of macrophage functions and atherogenesis. This study investigated the impact of HIV Tat exposure on macrophage functions and atherogenesis. METHODS To investigate the effects of Tat on macrophage IKKβ activation and atherosclerosis development in vivo, myeloid-specific IKKβ-deficient LDLR-deficient (IKKβΔMyeLDLR-/-) mice and their control littermates (IKKβF/FLDLR-/-) were exposed to recombinant HIV protein Tat. RESULTS Exposure to Tat significantly increased atherosclerotic lesion size and plaque vulnerability in IKKβF/FLDLR-/- but not IKKβΔMyeLDLR-/- mice. Deficiency of myeloid IKKβ attenuated Tat-elicited macrophage inflammatory responses and atherosclerotic lesional inflammation in IKKβΔMyeLDLR-/- mice. Further, RNAseq analysis demonstrated that HIV protein Tat affects the expression of many atherosclerosis-related genes in vitro in an IKKβ-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal atherogenic effects of HIV protein Tat in vivo and demonstrate a pivotal role of myeloid IKKβ in Tat-driven atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojie Meng
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Hernandez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Taesik Gwag
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Weiwei Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tzung K Hsiai
- Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, David Geffen School of Medicine, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
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15
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Liu J, Hernandez R, Li X, Meng Z, Chen H, Zhou C. Pregnane X Receptor Mediates Atherosclerosis Induced by Dicyclohexyl Phthalate in LDL Receptor-Deficient Mice. Cells 2022; 11:1125. [PMID: 35406689 PMCID: PMC8997706 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic-associated endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been implicated in the etiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in humans, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) is a widely used phthalate plasticizer; whether and how exposure to DCHP elicits adverse effects in vivo is mostly unknown. We previously reported that DCHP is a potent ligand of the pregnane X receptor (PXR) which acts as a xenobiotic sensor to regulate xenobiotic metabolism. PXR also functions in macrophages to regulate atherosclerosis development in animal models. In the current study, LDL receptor-deficient mice with myeloid-specific PXR deficiency (PXRΔMyeLDLR-/-) and their control littermates (PXRF/FLDLR-/-) were used to determine the impact of DCHP exposure on macrophage function and atherosclerosis. Chronic exposure to DCHP significantly increased atherosclerotic lesion area in the aortic root and brachiocephalic artery of PXRF/FLDLR-/- mice by 65% and 77%, respectively. By contrast, DCHP did not affect atherosclerosis development in PXRΔMyeLDLR-/- mice. Exposure to DCHP led to elevated expression of the scavenger receptor CD36 in macrophages and increased macrophage form cell formation in PXRF/FLDLR-/- mice. Our findings provide potential mechanisms underlying phthalate-associated CVD risk and will ultimately stimulate further investigations and mitigation of the adverse effects of plastic-associated EDCs on CVD risk in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Liu
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (J.L.); (R.H.); (X.L.); (Z.M.)
| | - Rebecca Hernandez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (J.L.); (R.H.); (X.L.); (Z.M.)
| | - Xiuchun Li
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (J.L.); (R.H.); (X.L.); (Z.M.)
| | - Zhaojie Meng
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (J.L.); (R.H.); (X.L.); (Z.M.)
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (J.L.); (R.H.); (X.L.); (Z.M.)
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16
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Hernandez R, Zhou C. Recent Advances in Understanding the Role of IKKβ in Cardiometabolic Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:752337. [PMID: 34957242 PMCID: PMC8692734 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.752337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes, are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Cardiometabolic diseases are associated with many overlapping metabolic syndromes such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and central adiposity. However, the underlying causes of cardiometabolic diseases and associated syndromes remain poorly understood. Within the past couple of decades, considerable progresses have been made to understand the role of inflammatory signaling in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases. The transcription factor, NF-κB, a master regulator of the innate and adaptive immune responses, is highly active in cardiometabolic diseases. IκB kinase β (IKKβ), the predominant catalytic subunit of the IKK complex, is required for canonical activation of NF-κB, and has been implicated as the critical molecular link between inflammation and cardiometabolic diseases. Recent studies have revealed that IKKβ has diverse and unexpected roles in mediating adiposity, insulin sensitivity, glucose homeostasis, vascular function, and atherogenesis through complex mechanisms. IKKβ has been demonstrated as a critical player in the development of cardiometabolic diseases and is implicated as a promising therapeutic target. This review summarizes current knowledge of the functions of IKKβ in mediating the development and progression of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hernandez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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17
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Lu W, Meng Z, Hernandez R, Zhou C. Fibroblast-specific IKKβ deficiency ameliorates angiotensin II-induced adverse cardiac remodeling in mice. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e150161. [PMID: 34324438 PMCID: PMC8492299 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.150161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac inflammation and fibrosis contribute significantly to hypertension-related adverse cardiac remodeling. IκB kinase β (IKK-β), a central coordinator of inflammation through activation of NF-κB, has been demonstrated as a key molecular link between inflammation and cardiovascular disease. However, the cell-specific contribution of IKK-β signaling toward adverse cardiac remodeling remains elusive. Cardiac fibroblasts are one of the most populous nonmyocyte cell types in the heart that play a key role in mediating cardiac fibrosis and remodeling. To investigate the function of fibroblast IKK-β, we generated inducible fibroblast-specific IKK-β–deficient mice. Here, we report an important role of IKK-β in the regulation of fibroblast functions and cardiac remodeling. Fibroblast-specific IKK-β–deficient male mice were protected from angiotensin II–induced cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and macrophage infiltration. Ablation of fibroblast IKK-β inhibited angiotensin II–stimulated fibroblast proinflammatory and profibrogenic responses, leading to ameliorated cardiac remodeling and improved cardiac function in IKK-β–deficient mice. Findings from this study establish fibroblast IKK-β as a key factor regulating cardiac fibrosis and function in hypertension-related cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, United States of America
| | - Zhaojie Meng
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Hernandez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, United States of America
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, United States of America
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18
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Role of NF-κB in Ageing and Age-Related Diseases: Lessons from Genetically Modified Mouse Models. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081906. [PMID: 34440675 PMCID: PMC8394846 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is a complex process, induced by multifaceted interaction of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. It is manifested by a decline in the physiological functions of organisms and associated to the development of age-related chronic diseases and cancer development. It is considered that ageing follows a strictly-regulated program, in which some signaling pathways critically contribute to the establishment and maintenance of the aged state. Chronic inflammation is a major mechanism that promotes the biological ageing process and comorbidity, with the transcription factor NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) as a crucial mediator of inflammatory responses. This, together with the finding that the activation or inhibition of NF-κB can induce or reverse respectively the main features of aged organisms, has brought it under consideration as a key transcription factor that acts as a driver of ageing. In this review, we focused on the data obtained entirely through the generation of knockout and transgenic mouse models of either protein involved in the NF-κB signaling pathway that have provided relevant information about the intricate processes or molecular mechanisms that control ageing. We have reviewed the relationship of NF-κB and premature ageing; the development of cancer associated with ageing and the implication of NF-κB activation in the development of age-related diseases, some of which greatly increase the risk of developing cancer.
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19
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Intermedin 1-53 attenuates atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability by inhibiting CHOP-mediated apoptosis and inflammasome in macrophages. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:436. [PMID: 33934111 PMCID: PMC8088440 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03712-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability and rupture increase the risk of acute coronary syndromes. Advanced lesion macrophage apoptosis plays important role in the rupture of atherosclerotic plaque, and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) has been proved to be a key mechanism of macrophage apoptosis. Intermedin (IMD) is a regulator of ERS. Here, we investigated whether IMD enhances atherosclerotic plaque stability by inhibiting ERS-CHOP-mediated apoptosis and subsequent inflammasome in macrophages. We studied the effects of IMD on features of plaque vulnerability in hyperlipemia apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice. Six-week IMD1-53 infusion significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesion size. Of note, IMD1-53 lowered lesion macrophage content and necrotic core size and increased fibrous cap thickness and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) content thus reducing overall plaque vulnerability. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that IMD1-53 administration prevented ERS activation in aortic lesions of ApoE−/− mice, which was further confirmed in oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL) induced macrophages. Similar to IMD, taurine (Tau), a non-selective ERS inhibitor significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesion size and plaque vulnerability. Moreover, C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), a pro-apoptosis transcription factor involved in ERS, was significantly increased in advanced lesion macrophages, and deficiency of CHOP stabilized atherosclerotic plaques in AopE−/− mice. IMD1-53 decreased CHOP level and apoptosis in vivo and in macrophages treated with ox-LDL. In addition, IMD1-53 infusion ameliorated NLRP3 inflammasome and subsequent proinflammatory cytokines in vivo and in vitro. IMD may attenuate the progression of atherosclerotic lesions and plaque vulnerability by inhibiting ERS-CHOP-mediated macrophage apoptosis, and subsequent NLRP3 triggered inflammation. The inhibitory effect of IMD on ERS-induced macrophages apoptosis was probably mediated by blocking CHOP activation.
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20
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Yamakawa D, Katoh D, Kasahara K, Shiromizu T, Matsuyama M, Matsuda C, Maeno Y, Watanabe M, Nishimura Y, Inagaki M. Primary cilia-dependent lipid raft/caveolin dynamics regulate adipogenesis. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108817. [PMID: 33691104 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia play a pivotal role in signal transduction and development and are known to serve as signaling hubs. Recent studies have shown that primary cilium dysfunction influences adipogenesis, but the mechanisms are unclear. Here, we show that mesenchymal progenitors C3H10T1/2 depleted of trichoplein, a key regulator of cilium formation, have significantly longer cilia than control cells and fail to differentiate into adipocytes. Mechanistically, the elongated cilia prevent caveolin-1- and/or GM3-positive lipid rafts from being assembled around the ciliary base where insulin receptor proteins accumulate, thereby inhibiting the insulin-Akt signaling. We further generate trichoplein knockout mice, in which adipogenic progenitors display elongated cilia and impair the lipid raft dynamics. The knockout mice on an extended high-fat diet exhibit reduced body fat and smaller adipocytes than wild-type (WT) mice. Overall, our results suggest a role for primary cilia in regulating adipogenic signal transduction via control of the lipid raft dynamics around cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daishi Yamakawa
- Department of Physiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Daisuke Katoh
- Department of Physiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan; Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kousuke Kasahara
- Department of Physiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiromizu
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsuyama
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Shigei Medical Research Institute, 2117 Yamada, Minami-ku, Okayama 701-0202, Japan
| | - Chise Matsuda
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yumi Maeno
- Department of Physiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Watanabe
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Masaki Inagaki
- Department of Physiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
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21
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Bulut GB, Alencar GF, Owsiany KM, Nguyen AT, Karnewar S, Haskins RM, Waller LK, Cherepanova OA, Deaton RA, Shankman LS, Keller SR, Owens GK. KLF4 (Kruppel-Like Factor 4)-Dependent Perivascular Plasticity Contributes to Adipose Tissue inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:284-301. [PMID: 33054397 PMCID: PMC7769966 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smooth muscle cells and pericytes display remarkable plasticity during injury and disease progression. Here, we tested the hypothesis that perivascular cells give rise to Klf4-dependent macrophage-like cells that augment adipose tissue (AT) inflammation and metabolic dysfunction associated with diet-induced obesity (DIO). Approach and Results: Using Myh11-CreERT2 eYFP (enhanced yellow fluorescent protein) mice and flow cytometry of the stromovascular fraction of epididymal AT, we observed a large fraction of smooth muscle cells and pericytes lineage traced eYFP+ cells expressing macrophage markers. Subsequent single-cell RNA sequencing, however, showed that the majority of these cells had no detectable eYFP transcript. Further exploration revealed that intraperitoneal injection of tamoxifen in peanut oil, used for generating conditional knockout or reporter mice in thousands of previous studies, resulted in large increase in the autofluorescence and false identification of macrophages within epididymal AT as being eYFP+; and unintended proinflammatory consequences. Using newly generated Myh11-DreERT2tdTomato mice given oral tamoxifen, we virtually eliminated the problem with autofluorescence and identified 8 perivascular cell dominated clusters, half of which were altered upon DIO. Given that perivascular cell KLF4 (kruppel-like factor 4) can have beneficial or detrimental effects, we tested its role in obesity-associated AT inflammation. While smooth muscle cells and pericytes-specific Klf4 knockout (smooth muscle cells and pericytes Klf4Δ/Δ) mice were not protected from DIO, they displayed improved glucose tolerance upon DIO, and showed marked decreases in proinflammatory macrophages and increases in LYVE1+ lymphatic endothelial cells in the epididymal AT. CONCLUSIONS Perivascular cells within the AT microvasculature dynamically respond to DIO and modulate tissue inflammation and metabolism in a KLF4-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze B. Bulut
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia
| | - Gabriel F. Alencar
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia
| | | | - Anh T. Nguyen
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia
| | - Santosh Karnewar
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia
| | - Ryan M. Haskins
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia
| | - Lillian K. Waller
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia
| | - Olga A. Cherepanova
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic
| | - Rebecca A. Deaton
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia
| | - Laura S. Shankman
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia
| | - Susanna R. Keller
- Department of Medicine-Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia
| | - Gary K. Owens
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia
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22
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Norman-Burgdolf H, Li D, Sullivan P, Wang S. CD47 differentially regulates white and brown fat function. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio056747. [PMID: 33328190 PMCID: PMC7758621 DOI: 10.1242/bio.056747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms that enhance energy expenditure are attractive therapeutic targets for obesity. Previously we have demonstrated that mice lacking cd47 are leaner, exhibit increased energy expenditure, and are protected against diet-induced obesity. In this study, we further defined the physiological role of cd47 deficiency in regulating mitochondrial function and energy expenditure in both white and brown adipose tissue. We observed that cd47 deficient mice (under normal chow diet) had comparable amount of white fat mass but reduced white adipocyte size as compared to wild-type mice. Subsequent ex vivo and in vitro studies suggest enhanced lipolysis, and not impaired lipogenesis or energy utilization, contributes to this phenotype. In contrast to white adipose tissue, there were no obvious morphological differences in brown adipose tissue between wild-type and knockout mice. However, mitochondria isolated from brown fat of cd47 deficient mice had significantly higher rates of free fatty acid-mediated uncoupling. This suggests that enhanced fuel availability via white adipose tissue lipolysis may perpetuate elevated brown adipose tissue energy expenditure and contributes to the lean phenotype observed in cd47 deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Norman-Burgdolf
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Research and Development, Lexington VA Medical Center, Lexington KY 40502, USA
| | - Patrick Sullivan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Research and Development, Lexington VA Medical Center, Lexington KY 40502, USA
| | - Shuxia Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Research and Development, Lexington VA Medical Center, Lexington KY 40502, USA
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23
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Peng H, Guo Q, Su T, Xiao Y, Li CJ, Huang Y, Luo XH. Identification of SCARA3 with potential roles in metabolic disorders. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:2149-2167. [PMID: 33318306 PMCID: PMC7880357 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by the expansion of adipose tissue which is partially modulated by adipogenesis. In the present study, we identified five differentially expressed genes by incorporating two adipogenesis-related datasets from the GEO database and their correlation with adipogenic markers. However, the role of scavenger receptor class A member 3 (SCARA3) in obesity-related disorders has been rarely reported. We found that Scara3 expression in old adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Ad-MSCs) was lower than it in young Ad-MSCs. Obese mice caused by deletion of the leptin receptor gene (db/db) or by a high-fat diet both showed reduced Scara3 expression in inguinal white adipose tissue. Moreover, hypermethylation of SCARA3 was observed in patients with type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. Data from the CTD database indicated that SCARA3 is a potential target for metabolic diseases. Mechanistically, JUN was predicted as a transcriptional factor of SCARA3 in different databases which is consistent with our further bioinformatics analysis. Collectively, our study suggested that SCARA3 is potentially associated with age-related metabolic dysfunction, which provided new insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity as well as other obesity-associated metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tian Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ye Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chang-Jun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang-Hang Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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24
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Chen WP, Zhang G, Cheng ZJ, Gu XH, Li M, Liu X. Inhibitor Kappa B Kinase β, Modulated by DJ-1/p-VHL, Reduces Phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) Accumulation via Autophagy in Alzheimer's Disease Model. Neuroscience 2020; 452:1-12. [PMID: 33069779 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated Inhibitor Kappa B Kinase β (IKKβ) facilitates autophagy, which in turn mediates p-Tau protein clearance. However, the specific regulatory mechanism in Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unclear. Firstly, AD model was generated by the intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of the Β-amyloid 1-42 (Aβ1-42) peptide. Subsequently, mice were injected with shRNA adenoviral transduction particles designed to target DJ-1 or Aβ1-42 or Aβ1-42 + shNC or Aβ1-42 + shRNA against DJ-1. shRNA against DJ-1 were injected into hippocampus of mice (8 × 104 viral particles for each mice) for seven consecutive days. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the accumulation of Aβ in the hippocampus of mice, and Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining assay was carried to detect pathological changes in the hippocampus of mice. Further, sh-IKKβ, shDJ-1, pcDNA-IKKβ and pcDNA-DJ-1 plasmids were transfected into HT-22 cells, MTT assay, TUNEL staining and Hoechst staining were performed to detect cell viability and apoptosis, respectively. Western blotting was carried to measure the relative expression of proteins. Findings indicated that Aβ1-42 inhibited autophagy and up-regulated p-Tau protein expression; Overexpression of IKKβ and DJ-1 all rescued the autophagy inhibited by Aβ1-42 and down-regulated p-Tau protein expression induced by Aβ1-42; DJ-1 up-regulated IKKβ via p-VHL, further promoted autophagy and reduced the expression of p-Tau protein; DJ-1 knockdown inhibited autophagy and up-regulated p-Tau protein expression, resulting in delayed behavior in mice. In conclusion, IKKβ, modulated by DJ-1/p-VHL, reduces p-Tau accumulation via autophagy in AD's disease model. This study may provide theoretical basis for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ping Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, JiangXi Mental Hospital, Nanchang 330029, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Zhi-Juan Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Xun-Hu Gu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China.
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25
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Sui Y, Meng Z, Park SH, Lu W, Livelo C, Chen Q, Zhou T, Zhou C. Myeloid-specific deficiency of pregnane X receptor decreases atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:696-706. [PMID: 32170024 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a nuclear receptor that can be activated by numerous drugs and xenobiotic chemicals. PXR thereby functions as a xenobiotic sensor to coordinately regulate host responses to xenobiotics by transcriptionally regulating many genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism. We have previously reported that PXR has pro-atherogenic effects in animal models, but how PXR contributes to atherosclerosis development in different tissues or cell types remains elusive. In this study, we generated an LDL receptor-deficient mouse model with myeloid-specific PXR deficiency (PXRΔMyeLDLR-/-) to elucidate the role of macrophage PXR signaling in atherogenesis. The myeloid PXR deficiency did not affect metabolic phenotypes and plasma lipid profiles, but PXRΔMyeLDLR-/- mice had significantly decreased atherosclerosis at both aortic root and brachiocephalic arteries compared with control littermates. Interestingly, the PXR deletion did not affect macrophage adhesion and migration properties, but reduced lipid accumulation and foam cell formation in the macrophages. PXR deficiency also led to decreased expression of the scavenger receptor CD36 and impaired lipid uptake in macrophages of the PXRΔMyeLDLR-/- mice. Further, RNA-Seq analysis indicated that treatment with a prototypical PXR ligand affects the expression of many atherosclerosis-related genes in macrophages in vitro. These findings reveal a pivotal role of myeloid PXR signaling in atherosclerosis development and suggest that PXR may be a potential therapeutic target in atherosclerosis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Sui
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences,University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Zhaojie Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences,University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536; Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Se-Hyung Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences,University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Weiwei Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences,University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Christopher Livelo
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Qi Chen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences,University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536; Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521. mailto:
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26
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Chakraborty R, Saddouk FZ, Carrao AC, Krause DS, Greif DM, Martin KA. Promoters to Study Vascular Smooth Muscle. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 39:603-612. [PMID: 30727757 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are a critical component of blood vessel walls that provide structural support, regulate vascular tone, and allow for vascular remodeling. These cells also exhibit a remarkable plasticity that contributes to vascular growth and repair but also to cardiovascular pathologies, including atherosclerosis, intimal hyperplasia and restenosis, aneurysm, and transplant vasculopathy. Mouse models have been an important tool for the study of SMC functions. The development of smooth muscle-expressing Cre-driver lines has allowed for exciting discoveries, including recent advances revealing the diversity of phenotypes derived from mature SMC transdifferentiation in vivo using inducible CreER T2 lines. We review SMC-targeting Cre lines driven by the Myh11, Tagln, and Acta2 promoters, including important technical considerations associated with these models. Limitations that can complicate study of the vasculature include expression in visceral SMCs leading to confounding phenotypes, and expression in multiple nonsmooth muscle cell types, such as Acta2-Cre expression in myofibroblasts. Notably, the frequently employed Tagln/ SM22α- Cre driver expresses in the embryonic heart but can also confer expression in nonmuscular cells including perivascular adipocytes and their precursors, myeloid cells, and platelets, with important implications for interpretation of cardiovascular phenotypes. With new Cre-driver lines under development and the increasing use of fate mapping methods, we are entering an exciting new era in SMC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Chakraborty
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (R.C., F.Z.S., A.C.C., D.M.G., K.A.M.)
| | - Fatima Zahra Saddouk
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (R.C., F.Z.S., A.C.C., D.M.G., K.A.M.).,Department of Genetics (F.Z.S., D.M.G.)
| | - Ana Catarina Carrao
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (R.C., F.Z.S., A.C.C., D.M.G., K.A.M.)
| | - Diane S Krause
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Cell Biology, and Pathology (D.S.K.)
| | - Daniel M Greif
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (R.C., F.Z.S., A.C.C., D.M.G., K.A.M.).,Department of Genetics (F.Z.S., D.M.G.)
| | - Kathleen A Martin
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (R.C., F.Z.S., A.C.C., D.M.G., K.A.M.).,Department of Pharmacology (K.A.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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27
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Imamura T, Xue J, Poulsen O, Zhou D, Karin M, Haddad GG. Intermittent hypoxia and hypercapnia induces inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB kinase subunit β-dependent atherosclerosis in pulmonary arteries. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R763-R769. [PMID: 31618063 PMCID: PMC6962627 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00056.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies have shown that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) increases atherosclerosis risk. The inflammation, especially mediated by the macrophages via nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), has been speculated to contribute to atherogenicity in OSA patients. Inhibitor of NF-κB kinase-β (IKKβ) is an essential element of the NF-κB pathway and is linked to atherosclerosis. We previously reported that atherosclerosis was accelerated in pulmonary artery (PA) but not in aorta when low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (Ldlr-/-) mice were exposed to intermittent hypoxia/hypercapnia (IHH), a surrogate for recurrent upper-airway obstruction. Therefore, we hypothesized that IKKβ-dependent NF-κB activation in monocytes and macrophages plays a role in IHH-induced PA atherosclerosis. To test this hypothesis, myeloid restricted IKKβ deletion (IkkβΔMye) or control (IkkβF/F) mice were crossed with Ldlr-/- mice to generate double-knockout mice. Then, the mice were exposed to IHH or room air (Air) on high-fat diet for 8 or 16 wk. Lesions of PA and aorta were examined in IkkβΔMye;Ldlr-/- and IkkβF/F;Ldlr-/- male mice under IHH vs. Air. The results revealed that IKKβ deletion abolished IHH-induced PA atherosclerosis after 8-wk exposure but not after 16-wk exposure (8 wk: IkkβF/F;Ldlr-/-, IHH 13.5 ± 1.4 vs. Air 5.7 ± 0.7%, P < 0.01; IkkβΔMye;Ldlr-/-, IHH 7.4 ± 1.9% vs. Air 4.6 ± 1.3%, P = 0.24). Both IKKβ deletion and IHH had no effects on atherosclerosis in the aorta. Our findings demonstrate that IKKβ-dependent NF-κB activity in myeloid-lineage cells plays a critical role in IHH-induced PA atherosclerosis at the early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Imamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Jin Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Orit Poulsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Gabriel G Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
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28
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Lu W, Park SH, Meng Z, Wang F, Zhou C. Deficiency of Adipocyte IKKβ Affects Atherosclerotic Plaque Vulnerability in Obese LDLR Deficient Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e012009. [PMID: 31203708 PMCID: PMC6645619 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Obesity‐associated chronic inflammation has been known to contribute to atherosclerosis development, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Recent studies have revealed novel functions of IKKβ (inhibitor of NF‐κB [nuclear factor κB] kinase β), a key coordinator of inflammation through activation of NF‐κB, in atherosclerosis and adipose tissue development. However, it is not clear whether IKKβ signaling in adipocytes can also affect atherogenesis. This study aims to investigate the impact of adipocyte IKKβ expression on atherosclerosis development in lean and obese LDLR (low‐density lipoprotein receptor)–deficient (LDLR−/−) mice. Methods and Results To define the role of adipocyte IKKβ in atherogenesis, we generated adipocyte‐specific IKKβ‐deficient LDLR−/− (IKKβΔAdLDLR−/−) mice. Targeted deletion of IKKβ in adipocytes did not affect adiposity and atherosclerosis in lean LDLR−/− mice when fed a low‐fat diet. In response to high‐fat feeding, however, IKKβΔAdLDLR−/− mice had defective adipose remodeling and increased adipose tissue and systemic inflammation. Deficiency of adipocyte IKKβ did not affect atherosclerotic lesion sizes but resulted in enhanced lesional inflammation and increased plaque vulnerability in obese IKKβΔAdLDLR−/− mice. Conclusions These data demonstrate that adipocyte IKKβ signaling affects the evolution of atherosclerosis plaque vulnerability in obese LDLR−/− mice. This study suggests that the functions of IKKβ signaling in atherogenesis are complex, and IKKβ in different cell types or tissues may have different effects on atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Lu
- 1 Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences University of Kentucky Lexington KY
| | - Se-Hyung Park
- 1 Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences University of Kentucky Lexington KY
| | - Zhaojie Meng
- 1 Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences University of Kentucky Lexington KY
| | - Fang Wang
- 1 Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences University of Kentucky Lexington KY
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- 1 Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences University of Kentucky Lexington KY.,2 Saha Cardiovascular Research Center University of Kentucky Lexington KY
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29
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Cao H, Jiang S, Yuan R, Zhang W, Liu Y, Shao C, Shao S. Inhibition of IκB Kinase 2 Attenuated the Proliferation and Induced Apoptosis of Gastric Cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:1204-1216. [PMID: 30560335 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IκB kinase 2 (IKK2) is the primary catalytic subunit of the IKK complex. Activation of IKK phosphorylates the inhibitors of NF-κB (IκB), triggering the translocation of NF-κB. AIMS Although IKK2 has been investigated in the inflammation-cancer transformation of gastric epithelium, its role in gastric cancer (GC) cells remained unexplored. METHODS The IKK2 distribution and expression were measured by immunochemistry staining in clinical specimens. The proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of GC cells were analyzed after IKK2 expression intervention. Using Erk and β-catenin inhibitors, we investigated the relationship between IKK2 and Erk and β-catenin pathways. In the GC-burdened mice, we confirmed the effects of IKK2 inhibition on tumor growth. RESULTS Here, we found that IKK2 expression in the GC area was even higher than adjacent inflammatory area, and the GC patients with high expression of IKK2 showed worse overall and disease-free survival. Introduction of IKK2 inhibitor SC-514 inhibited the cell proliferation and induced apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells, in turn overexpression of IKK2 in MGC-823 cells showed the reverse effects. The proliferative activity of IKK2 on GC cells was dependent on the activation of β-catenin and Erk pathways. Additionally, IKK2 alteration affected the migration of GC cells. In vivo, IKK2 inhibition mitigated the tumor growth. Decreased expression of PCNA as well as an increase in cleaved caspase 3 and p53 were observed. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that IKK2 promotes the GC cell proliferation and inhibits their apoptosis, suggesting it may be a potential target for GC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cao
- Digestive Disease Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Sihong Jiang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruitao Yuan
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shihe Shao
- Digestive Disease Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China. .,School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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30
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Ben J, Jiang B, Wang D, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Qi Y, Tong X, Chen L, Liu X, Zhang Y, Zhu X, Li X, Zhang H, Bai H, Yang Q, Ma J, Wiemer EAC, Xu Y, Chen Q. Major vault protein suppresses obesity and atherosclerosis through inhibiting IKK-NF-κB signaling mediated inflammation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1801. [PMID: 30996248 PMCID: PMC6470148 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-orchestrated, low-grade chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role in obesity and atherogenesis. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we identify major vault protein (MVP), the main component of unique cellular ribonucleoprotein particles, as a suppressor for NF-κB signaling in macrophages. Both global and myeloid-specific MVP gene knockout aggravates high-fat diet induced obesity, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis and atherosclerosis in mice. The exacerbated metabolic disorders caused by MVP deficiency are accompanied with increased macrophage infiltration and heightened inflammatory responses in the microenvironments. In vitro studies reveal that MVP interacts with TRAF6 preventing its recruitment to IRAK1 and subsequent oligomerization and ubiquitination. Overexpression of MVP and its α-helical domain inhibits the activity of TRAF6 and suppresses macrophage inflammation. Our results demonstrate that macrophage MVP constitutes a key constraint of NF-κB signaling thereby suppressing metabolic diseases. Metabolic diseases are associated with chronic, low-grade inflammation. Here the authors show that major vault protein (MVP) suppresses NF-κB signalling in macrophages via an IRAK1–TRAF6 axis and that loss of MVP in myeloid cells exacerbates the inflammatory response in mice fed a high fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Ben
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qingling Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yongjing Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xing Tong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xianzhong Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Bayi Clinical Medicine School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Hui Bai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Junqing Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Erik A C Wiemer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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31
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Meng Z, Gwag T, Sui Y, Park SH, Zhou X, Zhou C. The atypical antipsychotic quetiapine induces hyperlipidemia by activating intestinal PXR signaling. JCI Insight 2019; 4:125657. [PMID: 30728326 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Quetiapine, one of the most prescribed atypical antipsychotics, has been associated with hyperlipidemia and an increased risk for cardiovascular disease in patients, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we identified quetiapine as a potent and selective agonist for pregnane X receptor (PXR), a key nuclear receptor that regulates xenobiotic metabolism in the liver and intestine. Recent studies have indicated that PXR also plays an important role in lipid homeostasis. We generated potentially novel tissue-specific PXR-KO mice and demonstrated that quetiapine induced hyperlipidemia by activating intestinal PXR signaling. Quetiapine-mediated PXR activation stimulated the intestinal expression of cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), leading to increased intestinal lipid absorption. While NPC1L1 is a known PXR target gene, we identified a DR-1-type PXR-response element in the MTP promoter and established MTP as a potentially novel transcriptional target of PXR. Quetiapine's effects on PXR-mediated gene expression and cholesterol uptake were also confirmed in cultured murine enteroids and human intestinal cells. Our findings suggest a potential role of PXR in mediating adverse effects of quetiapine in humans and provide mechanistic insights for certain atypical antipsychotic-associated dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojie Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Taesik Gwag
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Yipeng Sui
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Se-Hyung Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Xiangping Zhou
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Upstate Medical College, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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32
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Gomez D, Baylis RA, Durgin BG, Newman AAC, Alencar GF, Mahan S, St Hilaire C, Müller W, Waisman A, Francis SE, Pinteaux E, Randolph GJ, Gram H, Owens GK. Interleukin-1β has atheroprotective effects in advanced atherosclerotic lesions of mice. Nat Med 2018; 24:1418-1429. [PMID: 30038218 PMCID: PMC6130822 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of research, our understanding of the processes controlling late-stage atherosclerotic plaque stability remains poor. A prevailing hypothesis is that reducing inflammation may improve advanced plaque stability, as recently tested in the Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcome Study (CANTOS) trial, in which post-myocardial infarction subjects were treated with an IL-1β antibody. Here, we performed intervention studies in which smooth muscle cell (SMC) lineage-tracing Apoe-/- mice with advanced atherosclerosis were treated with anti-IL-1β or IgG control antibodies. Surprisingly, we found that IL-1β antibody treatment between 18 and 26 weeks of Western diet feeding induced a marked reduction in SMC and collagen content, but increased macrophage numbers in the fibrous cap. Moreover, although IL-1β antibody treatment had no effect on lesion size, it completely inhibited beneficial outward remodeling. We also found that SMC-specific knockout of Il1r1 (encoding IL-1 receptor type 1) resulted in smaller lesions nearly devoid of SMCs and lacking a fibrous cap, whereas macrophage-selective loss of IL-1R1 had no effect on lesion size or composition. Taken together, these results show that IL-1β has multiple beneficial effects in late-stage murine atherosclerosis, including promotion of outward remodeling and formation and maintenance of an SMC- and collagen-rich fibrous cap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Gomez
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Richard A Baylis
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Brittany G Durgin
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alexandra A C Newman
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gabriel F Alencar
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sidney Mahan
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cynthia St Hilaire
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Werner Müller
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sheila E Francis
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Emmanuel Pinteaux
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hermann Gram
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gary K Owens
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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33
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Wang F, Liu Z, Park SH, Gwag T, Lu W, Ma M, Sui Y, Zhou C. Myeloid β-Catenin Deficiency Exacerbates Atherosclerosis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Deficient Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1468-1478. [PMID: 29724817 PMCID: PMC6023740 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective— The Wnt/β-catenin signaling is an ancient and evolutionarily conserved pathway that regulates essential aspects of cell differentiation, proliferation, migration and polarity. Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Macrophage is one of the major cell types involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, but the role of macrophage β-catenin in atherosclerosis remains elusive. This study aims to investigate the impact of β-catenin expression on macrophage functions and atherosclerosis development. Approach and Results— To investigate the role of macrophage canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling in atherogenesis, we generated β-cateninΔmyeLDLR−/− mice (low-density lipoprotein receptor–deficient mice with myeloid-specific β-catenin deficiency). As expected, deletion of β-catenin decreased macrophage adhesion and migration properties in vitro. However, deficiency of β-catenin significantly increased atherosclerotic lesion areas in the aortic root of LDLR−/− (low-density lipoprotein receptor–deficient) mice without affecting the plasma lipid levels and atherosclerotic plaque composition. Mechanistic studies revealed that β-catenin can regulate activation of STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway in macrophages, and ablation of β-catenin resulted in STAT3 downregulation and STAT1 activation, leading to elevated macrophage inflammatory responses and increased atherosclerosis. Conclusions— This study demonstrates a critical role of myeloid β-catenin expression in atherosclerosis by modulating macrophage inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (F.W., Z.L., S.-H.P., T.G., W.L., M.M., Y.S., C.Z.)
| | - Zun Liu
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (F.W., Z.L., S.-H.P., T.G., W.L., M.M., Y.S., C.Z.)
| | - Se-Hyung Park
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (F.W., Z.L., S.-H.P., T.G., W.L., M.M., Y.S., C.Z.)
| | - Taesik Gwag
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (F.W., Z.L., S.-H.P., T.G., W.L., M.M., Y.S., C.Z.)
| | - Weiwei Lu
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (F.W., Z.L., S.-H.P., T.G., W.L., M.M., Y.S., C.Z.)
| | - Murong Ma
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (F.W., Z.L., S.-H.P., T.G., W.L., M.M., Y.S., C.Z.)
| | - Yipeng Sui
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (F.W., Z.L., S.-H.P., T.G., W.L., M.M., Y.S., C.Z.)
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (F.W., Z.L., S.-H.P., T.G., W.L., M.M., Y.S., C.Z.)
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.Z.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
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34
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Göktuna SI, Diamanti MA, Chau TL. IKK
s and tumor cell plasticity. FEBS J 2018; 285:2161-2181. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serkan I. Göktuna
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Bilkent University Ankara Turkey
- National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM) Bilkent University Ankara Turkey
| | - Michaela A. Diamanti
- Georg‐Speyer‐Haus Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Tieu Lan Chau
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Bilkent University Ankara Turkey
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35
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Sui Y, Park SH, Wang F, Zhou C. Perinatal Bisphenol A Exposure Increases Atherosclerosis in Adult Male PXR-Humanized Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1595-1608. [PMID: 29425287 PMCID: PMC5939635 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a base chemical used extensively in numerous consumer products, and human exposure to BPA is ubiquitous. Higher BPA exposure has been associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in multiple human population-based studies. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for the associations remain elusive. We previously reported that BPA activates the xenobiotic receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR), which has proatherogenic effects in animal models. Because BPA is a potent agonist for human PXR but does not affect rodent PXR activity, a suitable PXR-humanized apolipoprotein E-deficient (huPXR•ApoE-/-) mouse model was developed to study BPA's atherogenic effects. Chronic BPA exposure increased atherosclerosis in the huPXR•ApoE-/- mice. We report that BPA exposure can also activate human PXR signaling in the heart tubes of huPXR•ApoE-/- embryos, and perinatal BPA exposure exacerbated atherosclerosis in adult male huPXR•ApoE-/- offspring. However, atherosclerosis development in female offspring was not affected by perinatal BPA exposure. Perinatal BPA exposure did not affect plasma lipid levels but increased aortic and atherosclerotic lesional fatty acid transporter CD36 expression in male huPXR•ApoE-/- offspring. Mechanistically, PXR epigenetically regulated CD36 expression by increasing H3K4me3 levels and decreasing H3K27me3 levels in the CD36 promoter in response to perinatal BPA exposure. The findings from the present study contribute to our understanding of the association between BPA exposure and increased atherosclerosis or CVD risk in humans, and activation of human PXR should be considered for future BPA risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Sui
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Se-Hyung Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Correspondence: Changcheng Zhou, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, 900 South Limestone Street, #517, Lexington, Kentucky 40536. E-mail:
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36
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Bentzon JF, Majesky MW. Lineage tracking of origin and fate of smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 114:492-500. [PMID: 29293902 PMCID: PMC5852531 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in lineage-tracking techniques have provided new insights into the origins and fates of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in atherosclerosis. Yet new tools present new challenges for data interpretation that require careful consideration of the strengths and weaknesses of the methods employed. At the same time, discoveries in other fields have introduced new perspectives on longstanding questions about steps in atherogenesis that remain poorly understood. In this article, we address both the challenges and opportunities for a better understanding of the mechanisms by which cells appearing as or deriving from SMCs accumulate in atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/physiopathology
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Humans
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Phenotype
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob F Bentzon
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Deparment of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mark W Majesky
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Room 525, M/S C9S-5, Seattle, WA 98011, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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37
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Sui Y, Liu Z, Park SH, Thatcher SE, Zhu B, Fernandez JP, Molina H, Kern PA, Zhou C. IKKβ is a β-catenin kinase that regulates mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. JCI Insight 2018; 3:96660. [PMID: 29367460 PMCID: PMC5821193 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.96660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can give rise to both adipocytes and osteoblasts, but the molecular mechanisms underlying MSC fate determination remain poorly understood. IκB kinase β (IKKβ), a central coordinator of inflammation and immune responses through activation of NF-κB, has been implicated as a critical molecular link between obesity and metabolic disorders. Here, we show that IKKβ can reciprocally regulate adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation of murine and human MSCs through an NF-κB-independent mechanism. IKKβ is a β-catenin kinase that phosphorylates the conserved degron motif of β-catenin to prime it for β-TrCP-mediated ubiquitination and degradation, thereby increasing adipogenesis and inhibiting osteogenesis in MSCs. Animal studies demonstrated that deficiency of IKKβ in BM mesenchymal stromal cells increased bone mass and decreased BM adipocyte formation in adult mice. In humans, IKKβ expression in adipose tissue was also positively associated with increased adiposity and elevated β-catenin phosphorylation. These findings suggest IKKβ as a key molecular switch that regulates MSC fate, and they provide potentially novel mechanistic insights into the understanding of the cross-regulation between the evolutionarily conserved IKKβ and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. The IKKβ-Wnt axis we uncovered may also have important implications for development, homeostasis, and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Sui
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, and
| | - Zun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, and
| | - Se-Hyung Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, and
| | | | - Beibei Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Joseph P. Fernandez
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Henrik Molina
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Philip A. Kern
- Department of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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38
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Al-Huseini I, Ashida N, Kimura T. Deletion of IκB-Kinase β in Smooth Muscle Cells Induces Vascular Calcification Through β-Catenin-Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2 Signaling. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.117.007405. [PMID: 29301759 PMCID: PMC5778968 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular calcification was previously considered as an advanced phase of atherosclerosis; however, recent studies have indicated that such calcification can appear in different situations. Nevertheless, there has been a lack of mechanistic insight to explain the difference. For example, the roles of nuclear factor-κB, a major regulator of inflammation, in vascular calcification are poorly explored, although its roles in atherosclerosis were well documented. Herein, we investigated the roles of nuclear factor-κB signaling in vascular calcification. METHODS AND RESULTS We produced mice with deletion of IKKβ, an essential kinase for nuclear factor-κB activation, in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs; KO mice) and subjected them to the CaCl2-induced aorta injury model. Unexpectedly, KO mice showed more calcification of the aorta than their wild-type littermates, despite the former's suppressed nuclear factor-κB activity. Cultured VSMCs from the aorta of KO mice also showed significant calcification in vitro. In the molecular analysis, we found that Runt-related transcription factor 2, a transcriptional factor accelerating bone formation, was upregulated in cultured VSMCs from KO mice, and its regulator β-catenin was more activated with suppressed ubiquitination in KO VSMCs. Furthermore, we examined VSMCs from mice in which kinase-active or kinase-dead IKKβ was overexpressed in VSMCs. We found that kinase-independent function of IKKβ is involved in suppression of calcification via inactivation of β-catenin, which leads to suppression of Runt-related transcription factor 2 and osteoblast marker genes. CONCLUSIONS IKKβ negatively regulates VSMC calcification through β-catenin-Runt-related transcription factor 2 signaling, which revealed a novel function of IKKβ on vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isehaq Al-Huseini
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noboru Ashida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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39
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Muniappan L, Javidan A, Jiang W, Mohammadmoradi S, Moorleghen JJ, Katz WS, Balakrishnan A, Howatt DA, Subramanian V. Calpain Inhibition Attenuates Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Fibrosis in Diet-induced Obese Mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14398. [PMID: 29089532 PMCID: PMC5663911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue macrophages have been proposed as a link between obesity and insulin resistance. However, the mechanisms underlying these processes are not completely defined. Calpains are calcium-dependent neutral cysteine proteases that modulate cellular function and have been implicated in various inflammatory diseases. To define whether activated calpains influence diet-induced obesity and adipose tissue macrophage accumulation, mice that were either wild type (WT) or overexpressing calpastatin (CAST Tg), the endogenous inhibitor of calpains were fed with high (60% kcal) fat diet for 16 weeks. CAST overexpression did not influence high fat diet-induced body weight and fat mass gain throughout the study. Calpain inhibition showed a transient improvement in glucose tolerance at 5 weeks of HFD whereas it lost this effect on glucose and insulin tolerance at 16 weeks HFD in obese mice. However, CAST overexpression significantly reduced adipocyte apoptosis, adipose tissue collagen and macrophage accumulation as detected by TUNEL, Picro Sirius and F4/80 immunostaining, respectively. CAST overexpression significantly attenuated obesity-induced inflammatory responses in adipose tissue. Furthermore, calpain inhibition suppressed macrophage migration to adipose tissue in vitro. The present study demonstrates a pivotal role for calpains in mediating HFD-induced adipose tissue remodeling by influencing multiple functions including apoptosis, fibrosis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Muniappan
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Aida Javidan
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Weihua Jiang
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | | | - Wendy S Katz
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Anju Balakrishnan
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Deborah A Howatt
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Venkateswaran Subramanian
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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40
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Bae CR, Hino J, Hosoda H, Arai Y, Son C, Makino H, Tokudome T, Tomita T, Kimura T, Nojiri T, Hosoda K, Miyazato M, Kangawa K. Overexpression of C-type Natriuretic Peptide in Endothelial Cells Protects against Insulin Resistance and Inflammation during Diet-induced Obesity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9807. [PMID: 28852070 PMCID: PMC5574992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The endogenous peptide C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) binds its receptor, guanylyl cyclase B (GCB), and is expressed by endothelial cells in diverse tissues. Because the endothelial cells of visceral adipose tissue have recently been reported to play a role in lipid metabolism and inflammation, we investigated the effects of CNP on features of obesity by using transgenic (Tg) mice in which CNP was placed under the control of the Tie2 promoter and was thus overexpressed in endothelial cells (E-CNP). Here we show that increased brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in E-CNP Tg mice increased energy expenditure, decreased mesenteric white adipose tissue (MesWAT) fat weight and adipocyte hypertrophy, and prevented the development of fatty liver. Furthermore, CNP overexpression improved glucose tolerance, decreased insulin resistance, and inhibited macrophage infiltration in MesWAT, thus suppressing pro-inflammation during high-fat diet–induced obesity. Our findings indicate an important role for the CNP produced by the endothelial cells in the regulation of MesWAT hypertrophy, insulin resistance, and inflammation during high-fat diet–induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Rong Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Hino
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Hosoda
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Arai
- Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Cheol Son
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Omics Research Center, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisashi Makino
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tokudome
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tomita
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Biobank, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Kimura
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Nojiri
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiminori Hosoda
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mikiya Miyazato
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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41
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Song KH, Bae SJ, Chang J, Park JH, Jo I, Cho KW, Cho DH. Telmisartan mitigates hyperglycemia-induced vascular inflammation by increasing GSK3β-Ser 9 phosphorylation in endothelial cells and mouse aortas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 491:903-911. [PMID: 28754590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Telmisartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB), attenuates hyperglycemia-aggravated vascular inflammation by decreasing IκB kinase β (IKKβ) expression in endothelial cells. Because glycogen synthase 3β (GSK3β) is involved in inflammatory process by regulating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity, we investigated whether GSK3β mediates telmisartan-ameliorated vascular inflammation in hyperglycemia-treated endothelial cells and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Telmisartan remarkably induced GSK3β-Ser9 phosphorylation in hyperglycemia-treated endothelial cells that accompanied a decrease in hyperglycemia-induced NF-κB p65-Ser536 phosphorylation, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression, and THP-1 monocyte adhesion. Ectopic expression of GSK3β-S9A, a constitutively active mutant of GSK3β, significantly restored complete telmisartan-inhibited NF-κB p65-Ser536 phosphorylation, VCAM-1 expression, and THP-1 monocyte adhesion. In addition, it reversed telmisartan-repressed IKKβ expression. Among the ARB, including losartan and fimasartan, only telmisartan increased GSK3β-Ser9 phosphorylation, and telmisartan-induced GSK3β-Ser9 phosphorylation remained unchanged by pretreatment with GW9662, a specific and irreversible peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) antagonist. Finally, in the aortas of HFD-fed mice, telmisartan treatment significantly attenuated HFD-induced upregulation of NF-κB p65-Ser536 phosphorylation, VCAM-1 expression, and IKKβ expression and downregulation of GSK3β-Ser9 phosphorylation. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that telmisartan ameliorates hyperglycemia-exacerbated vascular inflammation, at least in part, by inducing GSK3β-Ser9 phosphorylation, which consequently inhibits IKKβ expression, NF-κB p65-Ser536 phosphorylation, and VCAM-1 expression in a PPARγ-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee-Ho Song
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, 120-1, Neungdong-ro, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05030, South Korea
| | - Sun-Ju Bae
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Eulji University, 77 Gyeryong-ro, 771 Beon-gil, Jung-gu, Daejeon 34824, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Chang
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, 25 Bongjung-ro, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam do 31151, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ewha Womans University Medical School, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 07985, South Korea
| | - Inho Jo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ewha Womans University Medical School, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 07985, South Korea
| | - Kae Won Cho
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, 25 Bongjung-ro, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam do 31151, South Korea.
| | - Du-Hyong Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Eulji University, 77 Gyeryong-ro, 771 Beon-gil, Jung-gu, Daejeon 34824, South Korea.
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Park SH, Liu Z, Sui Y, Helsley RN, Zhu B, Powell DK, Kern PA, Zhou C. IKKβ Is Essential for Adipocyte Survival and Adaptive Adipose Remodeling in Obesity. Diabetes 2016; 65:1616-29. [PMID: 26993069 PMCID: PMC4878418 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IκB kinase β (IKKβ), a central coordinator of inflammatory responses through activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), has been implicated as a critical molecular link between inflammation and metabolic disorders; however, the role of adipocyte IKKβ in obesity and related metabolic disorders remains elusive. Here we report an essential role of IKKβ in the regulation of adipose remodeling and adipocyte survival in diet-induced obesity. Targeted deletion of IKKβ in adipocytes does not affect body weight, food intake, and energy expenditure but results in an exaggerated diabetic phenotype when challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD). IKKβ-deficient mice have multiple histopathologies in visceral adipose tissue, including increased adipocyte death, amplified macrophage infiltration, and defective adaptive adipose remodeling. Deficiency of IKKβ also leads to increased adipose lipolysis, elevated plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels, and impaired insulin signaling. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that IKKβ is a key adipocyte survival factor and that IKKβ protects murine and human adipocytes from HFD- or FFA-elicited cell death through NF-κB-dependent upregulation of antiapoptotic proteins and NF-κB-independent inactivation of proapoptotic BAD protein. Our findings establish IKKβ as critical for adipocyte survival and adaptive adipose remodeling in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hyung Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Zun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Yipeng Sui
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Robert N Helsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Beibei Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - David K Powell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Philip A Kern
- Department of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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Rahman SM, Baquero KC, Choudhury M, Janssen RC, de la Houssaye BA, Sun M, Miyazaki-Anzai S, Wang S, Moustaid-Moussa N, Miyazaki M, Friedman JE. C/EBPβ in bone marrow is essential for diet induced inflammation, cholesterol balance, and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2016; 250:172-9. [PMID: 27072340 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis is both a chronic inflammatory disease and a lipid metabolism disorder. C/EBPβ is well documented for its role in the development of hematopoietic cells and integration of lipid metabolism. However, C/EBPβ's role in atherosclerotic progression has not been examined. We assessed the impact of hematopoietic CEBPβ deletion in ApoE(-/-) mice on hyperlipidemia, inflammatory responses and lesion formation in the aorta. METHODS AND RESULTS ApoE(-/-) mice were reconstituted with bone marrow cells derived from either WT or C/EBPβ(-/-) mice and placed on low fat or high fat/high cholesterol diet for 11 weeks. Hematopoietic C/EBPβ deletion in ApoE(-/-) mice reduced blood and hepatic lipids and gene expression of hepatic stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 and fatty acid synthase while expression of ATP binding cassette transporter G1, cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase, and liver X receptor alpha genes were significantly increased. ApoE(-/-) mice reconstituted with C/EBPβ(-/-) bone marrow cells also significantly reduced blood cytokine levels and reduced lesion area in aortic sinuses compared with ApoE(-/-) mice reconstituted with WT bone marrow cells. Silencing of C/EBPβ in RAW264.7 macrophage cells prevented oxLDL-mediated foam cell formation and inflammatory cytokine secretion in conditioned medium. CONCLUSION C/EBPβ in hematopoietic cells is crucial to regulate diet-induced inflammation, hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaikh M Rahman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - Karalee C Baquero
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mahua Choudhury
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Rachel C Janssen
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Ming Sun
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Shu Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Makoto Miyazaki
- Renal and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jacob E Friedman
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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Helsley RN, Sui Y, Park SH, Liu Z, Lee RG, Zhu B, Kern PA, Zhou C. Targeting IκB kinase β in Adipocyte Lineage Cells for Treatment of Obesity and Metabolic Dysfunctions. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1883-95. [PMID: 26991836 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IκB kinase β (IKKβ), a central coordinator of inflammation through activation of nuclear factor-κB, has been identified as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity-associated metabolic dysfunctions. In this study, we evaluated an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) inhibitor of IKKβ and found that IKKβ ASO ameliorated diet-induced metabolic dysfunctions in mice. Interestingly, IKKβ ASO also inhibited adipocyte differentiation and reduced adiposity in high-fat (HF)-fed mice, indicating an important role of IKKβ signaling in the regulation of adipocyte differentiation. Indeed, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genomic deletion of IKKβ in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes blocked these cells differentiating into adipocytes. To further elucidate the role of adipose progenitor IKKβ signaling in diet-induced obesity, we generated mice that selectively lack IKKβ in the white adipose lineage and confirmed the essential role of IKKβ in mediating adipocyte differentiation in vivo. Deficiency of IKKβ decreased HF-elicited adipogenesis in addition to reducing inflammation and protected mice from diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Further, pharmacological inhibition of IKKβ also blocked human adipose stem cell differentiation. Our findings establish IKKβ as a pivotal regulator of adipogenesis and suggest that overnutrition-mediated IKKβ activation serves as an initial signal that triggers adipose progenitor cell differentiation in response to HF feeding. Inhibition of IKKβ with antisense therapy may represent as a novel therapeutic approach to combat obesity and metabolic dysfunctions. Stem Cells 2016;34:1883-1895.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Helsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Yipeng Sui
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Se-Hyung Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Zun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Richard G Lee
- Cardiovascular Antisense Drug Discovery Group, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Beibei Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Philip A Kern
- Department of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Song KH, Park JH, Jo I, Park JY, Seo J, Kim SA, Cho DH. Telmisartan attenuates hyperglycemia-exacerbated VCAM-1 expression and monocytes adhesion in TNFα-stimulated endothelial cells by inhibiting IKKβ expression. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 78:43-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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46
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Zhou C. Novel functions of PXR in cardiometabolic disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:1112-1120. [PMID: 26924429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic disease emerges as a worldwide epidemic and there is urgent need to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this chronic disease. The chemical environment to which we are exposed has significantly changed in the past few decades and recent research has implicated its contribution to the development of many chronic human diseases. However, the mechanisms of how exposure to chemicals contributes to the development of cardiometabolic disease are poorly understood. Numerous chemicals have been identified as ligands for the pregnane X receptor (PXR), a nuclear receptor functioning as a xenobiotic sensor to coordinately regulate xenobiotic metabolism via transcriptional regulation of xenobiotic-detoxifying enzymes and transporters. In the past decade, the function of PXR in the regulation of xenobiotic metabolism has been extensively studied by many laboratories and the role of PXR as a xenobiotic sensor has been well-established. The identification of PXR as a xenobiotic sensor has provided an important tool for the study of new mechanisms through which xenobiotic exposure impacts human chronic diseases. Recent studies have revealed novel and unexpected roles of PXR in modulating obesity, insulin sensitivity, lipid homeostasis, atherogenesis, and vascular functions. These studies suggest that PXR signaling may contribute significantly to the pathophysiological effects of many known xenobiotics on cardiometabolic disease in humans. The discovery of novel functions of PXR in cardiometabolic disease not only contributes to our understanding of "gene-environment interactions" in predisposing individuals to chronic diseases but also provides strong evidence to inform future risk assessment for relevant chemicals. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Xenobiotic nuclear receptors: New Tricks for An Old Dog, edited by Dr. Wen Xie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changcheng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Yang AN, Zhang HP, Sun Y, Yang XL, Wang N, Zhu G, Zhang H, Xu H, Ma SC, Zhang Y, Li GZ, Jia YX, Cao J, Jiang YD. High-methionine diets accelerate atherosclerosis by HHcy-mediated FABP4 gene demethylation pathway via DNMT1 in ApoE−/−
mice. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3998-4009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Weise-Cross L, Taylor JM, Mack CP. Inhibition of Diaphanous Formin Signaling In Vivo Impairs Cardiovascular Development and Alters Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:2374-83. [PMID: 26381868 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We and others have previously shown that RhoA-dependent stimulation of myocardin-related transcription factor nuclear localization promotes smooth muscle cell (SMC) marker gene expression. The goal of this study was to provide direct in vivo evidence that actin polymerization by the diaphanous-related formins contributes to the regulation of SMC differentiation and phenotype. APPROACH AND RESULTS Conditional Cre-based genetic approaches were used to overexpress a well-characterized dominant-negative variant of mDia1 (DNmDia) in SMC. DNmDia expression in SM22-expressing cells resulted in embryonic and perinatal lethality in ≈20% of mice because of defects in myocardial development and SMC investment of peripheral vessels. Although most DNmDia(+)/SM22Cre(+) mice exhibited no overt phenotype, the re-expression of SMC differentiation marker gene expression that occurs after carotid artery ligation was delayed, and this effect was accompanied by a significant decrease in myocardin-related transcription factor-A nuclear localization. Interestingly, neointima growth was inhibited by expression of DNmDia in SMC and this was likely because of a defect in directional SMC migration and not to defects in SMC proliferation or survival. Finally, by using the tamoxifen-inducible SM MHC-CreER(T2) line, we showed that SMC-specific induction of DNmDia in adult mice decreased SMC marker gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Our demonstration that diaphanous-related formin signaling plays a role in heart and vascular development and the maintenance of SMC phenotype provides important new evidence that Rho/actin/myocardin-related transcription factor signaling plays a critical role in cardiovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Weise-Cross
- From the Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Joan M Taylor
- From the Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Christopher P Mack
- From the Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
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Buckley ML, Ramji DP. The influence of dysfunctional signaling and lipid homeostasis in mediating the inflammatory responses during atherosclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1498-510. [PMID: 25887161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of myocardial infarction and thrombotic cerebrovascular events, is responsible for the majority of deaths in westernized societies. Mortality from this disease is also increasing at a marked rate in developing countries due to the acquisition of a westernized lifestyle accompanied with elevated rates of obesity and diabetes. Atherosclerosis is recognized as a chronic inflammatory disorder associated with lipid accumulation and the development of fibrotic plaques within the walls of medium and large arteries. A range of immune cells, such as macrophages and T-lymphocytes, through the action of various cytokines, such as interleukins-1 and -33, transforming growth factor-β and interferon-γ, orchestrates the inflammatory response in this disease. The disease is also characterized by marked dysfunction in lipid homeostasis and signaling pathways that control the inflammatory response. This review will discuss the molecular basis of atherosclerosis with particular emphasis on the roles of the immune cells and cytokines along with the dysfunctional lipid homeostasis and cell signaling associated with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Buckley
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Dipak P Ramji
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
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50
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Cao Q, Jiang Y, Shi J, Xu C, Liu X, Yang T, Fu P, Niu T. Artemisinin inhibits the proliferation, migration, and inflammatory reaction induced by tumor necrosis factor-α in vascular smooth muscle cells through nuclear factor kappa B pathway. J Surg Res 2015; 194:667-678. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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