1
|
Silva MJA, Silva CS, Marinho RL, Cabral JG, Gurrão EPDC, dos Santos PAS, Casseb SMM, Lima KVB, Lima LNGC. Analysis of Epidemiological Factors and SNP rs3804100 of TLR2 for COVID-19 in a Cohort of Professionals Who Worked in the First Pandemic Wave in Belém-PA, Brazil. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1907. [PMID: 37895256 PMCID: PMC10606513 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by coronavirus 2 of the severe acute syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes, such as TLR2, responsible for an effective human immune response, can change the course of infection. The objective of this article was to verify associations between epidemiological factors and TLR2 SNP rs3804100 (Thymine [T] > Cytosine [C]) in professionals from Health Institutions (HI) who worked during the first pandemic wave and COVID-19. A case-control study was conducted with Belém-PA HI workers (Northern Brazil), divided into symptomatology groups (Asymptomatic-AS; n = 91; and Symptomatic-SI; n = 123); and severity groups classified by Chest Computerized Tomography data (symptomatic with pulmonary involvement-SCP; n = 35; symptomatic without pulmonary involvement-SSP; n = 8). Genotyping was performed by Sanger sequencing, and Statistical Analysis was conducted through the SPSS program. Bioinformatics servers predicted the biological functions of the TLR2 SNP. There were associations between the presence of comorbidities and poor prognosis of COVID-19 (especially between symptomatology and severity of COVID-19 and overweight and obesity) and between the sickness in family members and kinship (related to blood relatives). The homozygous recessive (C/C) genotype was not found, and the frequency of the mutant allele (C) was less than 10% in the cohort. No significant associations were found for this SNP in this cohort. The presence of SNP was indicated to be benign and causes a decrease in the stability of the TLR2 protein. These data can help the scientific community and medicine find new forms of COVID-19 containment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Jessé Abrahão Silva
- Master Program in Epidemiology and Health Surveillance (PPGEVS), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Caroliny Soares Silva
- Master and PhD Program in Parasitic Biology in the Amazon (PPGBPA), University of State of Pará (UEPA), Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (P.A.S.d.S.)
| | - Rebecca Lobato Marinho
- Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (J.G.C.); (E.P.d.C.G.); (S.M.M.C.); (K.V.B.L.)
| | - Jeanne Gonçalves Cabral
- Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (J.G.C.); (E.P.d.C.G.); (S.M.M.C.); (K.V.B.L.)
| | - Ellen Polyana da Costa Gurrão
- Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (J.G.C.); (E.P.d.C.G.); (S.M.M.C.); (K.V.B.L.)
| | - Pabllo Antonny Silva dos Santos
- Master and PhD Program in Parasitic Biology in the Amazon (PPGBPA), University of State of Pará (UEPA), Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (P.A.S.d.S.)
| | - Samir Mansour Moraes Casseb
- Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (J.G.C.); (E.P.d.C.G.); (S.M.M.C.); (K.V.B.L.)
| | - Karla Valéria Batista Lima
- Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (J.G.C.); (E.P.d.C.G.); (S.M.M.C.); (K.V.B.L.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Niroomand A, Hirdman G, Pierre L, Ghaidan H, Kjellström S, Stenlo M, Hyllén S, Olm F, Lindstedt S. Proteomic changes to immune and inflammatory processes underlie lung preservation using ex vivo cytokine adsorption. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1274444. [PMID: 37849943 PMCID: PMC10577429 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1274444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In recent years, the field of graft preservation has made considerable strides in improving outcomes related to solid organ restoration and regeneration. Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) in line with the related devices and treatments has yielded promising results within preclinical and clinical studies, with the potential to improve graft quality. Its main benefit is to render marginal and declined donor lungs suitable for transplantation, ultimately increasing the donor pool available for transplantation. In addition, using such therapies in machine perfusion could also increase preservation time, facilitating logistical planning. Cytokine adsorption has been demonstrated as a potentially safe and effective therapy when applied to the EVLP circuit and post-transplantation. However, the mechanism by which this therapy improves the donor lung on a molecular basis is not yet fully understood. Methods We hypothesized that there were characteristic inflammatory and immunomodulatory differences between the lungs treated with and without cytokine adsorption, reflecting proteomic changes in the gene ontology pathways and across inflammation-related proteins. In this study, we investigate the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of how cytokine adsorption impacts lung function when used during EVLP and post-transplantation as hemoperfusion in a porcine model. Lung tissues during EVLP and post-lung transplantation were analyzed for their proteomic profiles using mass spectrometry. Results We found through gene set enrichment analysis that the inflammatory and immune processes and coagulation pathways were significantly affected by the cytokine treatment after EVLP and transplantation. Conclusion In conclusion, we showed that the molecular mechanisms are using a proteomic approach behind the previously reported effects of cytokine adsorption when compared to the non-treated transplant recipients undergoing EVLP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Niroomand
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- School of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Gabriel Hirdman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Leif Pierre
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Transplantation, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Haider Ghaidan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Transplantation, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sven Kjellström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, BioMS, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Stenlo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Transplantation, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Snejana Hyllén
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Franziska Olm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sandra Lindstedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Transplantation, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Das M, David D, Horo I, Van Hooij A, Tió-Coma M, Geluk A, Vedithi SC. Mycobacterium leprae and host immune transcriptomic signatures for reactional states in leprosy. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1113318. [PMID: 37051521 PMCID: PMC10083373 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1113318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundMycobacterium leprae transcriptomic and human host immune gene expression signatures that demonstrate a plausible association with type I (T1R) and type II reactions (T2R) aid in early diagnosis, prevention of nerve damage and consequent demyelinating neuropathy in leprosy. The aim of the study is to identify M. leprae and host-associated gene-expression signatures that are associated with reactional states in leprosy.MethodsThe differentially expressed genes from the whole transcriptome of M. leprae were determined using genome-wide hybridization arrays with RNA extracted from skin biopsies of 20 T1R, 20 T2R and 20 non reactional controls (NR). Additionally, human immune gene-expressions were profiled using RT2-PCR profiler arrays and real-time qPCRs.ResultsThe RNA quality was optimal in 16 NR, 18 T1R and 19 T2R samples. Whole transcriptome expression array of these samples revealed significant upregulation of the genes that encode integral and intrinsic membrane proteins, hydrolases and oxidoreductases. In T1R lesional skin biopsy specimens, the top 10 significantly upregulated genes are ML2064, ML1271, ML1960, ML1220, ML2498, ML1996, ML2388, ML0429, ML2030 and ML0224 in comparison to NR. In T2R, genes ML2498, ML1526, ML0394, ML1960, ML2388, ML0429, ML0281, ML1847, ML1618 and ML1271 were significantly upregulated. We noted ML2664 was significantly upregulated in T1R and repressed in T2R. Conversely, we have not noted any genes upregulated in T2R and repressed in T1R. In both T1R and T2R, ML2388 was significantly upregulated. This gene encodes a probable membrane protein and epitope prediction using Bepipred-2.0 revealed a distinct B-cell epitope. Overexpression of ML2388 was noted consistently across the reaction samples. From the host immune gene expression profiles, genes for CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL2, CD40LG, IL17A and CXCL11 were upregulated in T1R when compared to the NR. In T2R, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL9, CXCL2 and CD40LG were upregulated when compared to the NR group.ConclusionA gene set signature involving bacterial genes ML2388, ML2664, and host immune genes CXCL10 and IL-17A can be transcriptomic markers for reactional states in leprosy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhusmita Das
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Division, Schieffelin Institute of Health Research and Leprosy Centre, Karigiri, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
- *Correspondence: Madhusmita Das,
| | - Diana David
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Division, Schieffelin Institute of Health Research and Leprosy Centre, Karigiri, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ilse Horo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Division, Schieffelin Institute of Health Research and Leprosy Centre, Karigiri, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anouk Van Hooij
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Maria Tió-Coma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tsang TK, Wang C, Tsang NNY, Fang VJ, Perera RAPM, Malik Peiris JS, Leung GM, Cowling BJ, Ip DKM. Impact of host genetic polymorphisms on response to inactivated influenza vaccine in children. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:21. [PMID: 36804941 PMCID: PMC9940051 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00621-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In randomized controlled trials of influenza vaccination, 550 children received trivalent-inactivated influenza vaccine, permitting us to explore relationship between vaccine response and host single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 23 candidate genes with adjustment of multiple testing. For host SNPs in TLR7-1817G/T (rs5741880), genotype GT was associated with lower odds (OR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.53) of have post-vaccination hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) titers ≥40, compared with genotype GG and TT combined under the over-dominant model. For host SNPs in TLR8-129G/C (rs3764879), genotype GT was associated with lower odds (OR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.28, 0.80) of have post vaccination HAI titers ≥40 compared with genotype GG and AA combined under the over-dominant model. Our results could contribute to the development of better vaccines that may offer improved protection to all recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim K. Tsang
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China ,Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Can Wang
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Nicole N. Y. Tsang
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Vicky J. Fang
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ranawaka A. P. M. Perera
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - J. S. Malik Peiris
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China ,grid.194645.b0000000121742757HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Gabriel M. Leung
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China ,Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Benjamin J. Cowling
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China ,Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Dennis K. M. Ip
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wigger GW, Khani D, Ahmed M, Sayegh L, Auld SC, Fan X, Guidot DM, Staitieh BS. Alcohol impairs recognition and uptake of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by suppressing toll-like receptor 2 expression. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:2214-2224. [PMID: 36281822 PMCID: PMC9772112 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol impairs pulmonary innate immune function and is associated with an increased risk of tuberculosis (TB). Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a pattern recognition receptor on alveolar macrophages that recognizes Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The expression of TLR2 depends, in part, on granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) signaling. Given our prior work demonstrating the suppression of GM-CSF signaling following chronic alcohol ingestion, we hypothesized that alcohol impairs TLR2 expression via the suppression of GM-CSF and thereby reduces the ability of the macrophage to recognize and phagocytose Mtb. METHODS Primary alveolar macrophages were isolated from control-fed and alcohol-fed rats. Prior to cell isolation, some alcohol-fed rats were treated with intranasal GM-CSF and then endotracheally inoculated with an attenuated strain of Mtb. Primary macrophages were then isolated and immunofluorescence was used to determine phagocytic efficiency and TLR2 expression in the presence and absence of GM-CSF treatment and phagocytic efficiency in the presence and absence of TLR2 neutralization. RESULTS TLR2 expression and phagocytosis of Mtb were significantly lower in the alveolar macrophages of alcohol-fed rats than control-fed rats. In parallel, blocking TLR2 signaling recapitulated this decreased phagocytosis of Mtb. In contrast, intranasal GM-CSF treatment restored TLR2 expression and Mtb phagocytosis in the alveolar macrophages of alcohol-fed rats to levels comparable to those of control-fed rats. CONCLUSIONS Chronic alcohol ingestion reduces TLR2 protein expression and phagocytosis of Mtb, likely due to impaired GM-CSF signaling. GM-CSF restores membrane-bound TLR2 expression and phagocytic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Wigger
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Darya Khani
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mariam Ahmed
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Layal Sayegh
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sara C Auld
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xian Fan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David M Guidot
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bashar S Staitieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Aflouk Y, Inoubli O, Saoud H, Zaafrane F, Gaha L, Bel Hadj Jrad B. Association between TLR2 polymorphisms (- 196-174 Ins/Del, R677W, R753Q, and P631H) and schizophrenia in a Tunisian population. Immunol Res 2021; 69:541-552. [PMID: 34546527 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since immune dysregulation has been well studied in schizophrenia pathophysiology, recent studies showed a potent role of TLR2 in neuroinflammation process underlying schizophrenia pathogenesis. However, the genetic predisposition is still unclear. Thus, we hypothesized that TLR2 polymorphisms - 196-174 Ins/Del (rs111200466), R753Q (rs5743708), R677W (rs121917864), and P631H (rs5743704) could be involved in schizophrenia predisposition. A case-control study was performed on a Tunisian population composed of 250 healthy controls and 250 patients genotyped by PCR-RFLP. Genotype and allele distribution were evaluated with sex, schizophrenia subtypes, and other clinical features. We also assessed a haplotype analysis for TLR2 polymorphisms with schizophrenia. Our results showed higher ins/del genotype frequency in healthy women compared to patients (p = 0.006; OR = 0.2). In the other hand, logistic regression showed higher ins/del genotype frequency in controls compared to paranoid patients (p = 0.05; OR = 0.48, adjusted). Frequencies of CT and T allele of R677W were significantly higher in patients compared to controls (p < 10-4, OR = 10.39; p < 10-4, OR = 4, adjusted, respectively). R753Q polymorphism was exclusively detected in patients (GA + AA = 2.5%) particularly in men with disorganized subtype. P631H did not show any association with schizophrenia. Finally, haplotype analysis showed that InsGTC and delGTC were associated with higher risk of schizophrenia (p = 0.0001, OR = 8.58; p = 0.04, OR = 5.01, respectively). In the Tunisian population, our results suggested that TLR2 R677W could be associated with susceptibility for schizophrenia, while - 196-174 Ins/Del suggested a trend of protection in women. Otherwise, R753Q could have an effect on schizophrenia especially for disorganized subgroup.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Aflouk
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Oumaima Inoubli
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hana Saoud
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ferid Zaafrane
- Department of Psychiatry and Vulnerability to Psychoses Laboratory-CHU Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Lotfi Gaha
- Department of Psychiatry and Vulnerability to Psychoses Laboratory-CHU Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Besma Bel Hadj Jrad
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lai YH, Tsai BY, Hsu CY, Chen YH, Chou PH, Chen YL, Liu HC, Ko WC, Tsai PJ, Hung YP. The Role of Toll-Like Receptor-2 in Clostridioides difficile Infection: Evidence From a Mouse Model and Clinical Patients. Front Immunol 2021; 12:691039. [PMID: 34322122 PMCID: PMC8313301 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.691039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clostridioides difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the major components of innate immunity that sense pathogens. The relationship between TLRs and C. difficile infection (CDI) was analyzed in clinical patients and a mouse model. Materials and Methods A prospective investigation was conducted in medical wards of Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan, from January 2011 to January 2013. Adult patients were followed up for the development of CDI. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TLR2 and TLR4 were analyzed to assess the relationship between genetic polymorphisms and the development of CDI. A mouse model of CDI was used to investigate the pathogenic role of TLRs in CDI, TLR2 and TLR4 knockout (Tlr2-/- and Tlr4-/-) mice. Results In the prospective study, 556 patients were enrolled, and 6.5% (36) of patients, accounting for 3.59 episodes per 1000 patient-days, developed CDI. Of 539 patients with available blood samples, the TLR2 rs3804099 polymorphism was more often noted in those with CDI than in those without CDI (64.5% vs. 46.1%; P = 0.046) but was not significant in multivariate analysis. Because the TLR2 rs3804099 polymorphism was moderately associated with CDI, the role of TLR2 and TLR4 was further evaluated in a mouse model. Both Tlr2-/- and Tlr4-/- mice showed more severe CDI disease than wild-type mice in terms of body weight change and fecal content five days after oral challenge with C. difficile. Furthermore, Tlr2-/- mice suffered from more severe disease than Tlr4-/- mice, as evidenced by stool consistency, cecum weight, and survival rate. Conclusion The TLR2 rs3804099 polymorphism is marginally associated with the development of CDI, and the pathogenic role of TLR2 is further supported by a mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsin Lai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Yang Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Hsu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Han Chou
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Lin Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chieh Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jane Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Pin Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Quirino MG, Macedo LC, Pagnano KBB, Pagliarini-E-Silva S, Sell AM, Visentainer JEL. Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4995-5001. [PMID: 34191235 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of transmembrane receptors whose signaling control cellular processes of cell proliferation, survival, apoptosis, angiogenesis, remodeling, and repair of tissues. Polymorphisms in TLR genes can change the balance between pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, modulating the risk of infection, chronic inflammation, and cancer. Although many studies have demonstrated the direct involvement of TLR signaling in the benefit of tumor cells in certain cancers, little is known about the influence of these gene polymorphisms on myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). In this context, the objective of the study was to investigate a possible association between the TLR polymorphisms and the development of MPNs. 167 patients diagnosed with MPN and 222 healthy controls from the same region were evaluated. Genomic DNA was extracted and the TLR2 (rs5743708), TLR4 (rs4986790, rs4986791), TLR9 (rs5743836, rs187084) and JAK2V617F polymorphisms were genotyped by PCR-RFLP. The statistical analysis was performed by OpenEpi and SNPstat software. The JAK2V617F mutation was found in 68.32% of patients. TLR9-1486C/T CT genotype was less frequent in patients with polycythemia vera (PV) (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.20-0.78, P = 0.025). When haplotype frequencies were analyzed, -1237T/-1486C (TLR9) was also less frequent in men (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.36-0.94) and JAK negative men patients (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.21-0.88). We can infer that the TLR9-1486 CT genotype could be associated with protection for PV and the TLR9-1237T/-1486C haplotype, protection for men, as well as for JAK negative men patients with MPN. There were no associations between TLR2 and TLR4 gene polymorphisms and MPN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marília Gonçalves Quirino
- Graduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology of the State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, bloco T20, sala 109, Maringá, PR, CEP: 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Luciana Conci Macedo
- Graduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology of the State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, bloco T20, sala 109, Maringá, PR, CEP: 87020-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Maria Sell
- Graduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology of the State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, bloco T20, sala 109, Maringá, PR, CEP: 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Jeane Eliete Laguila Visentainer
- Graduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology of the State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, bloco T20, sala 109, Maringá, PR, CEP: 87020-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Genome-Wide Linkage Analysis of the Risk of Contracting a Bloodstream Infection in 47 Pedigrees Followed for 23 Years Assembled From a Population-Based Cohort (the HUNT Study). Crit Care Med 2021; 48:1580-1586. [PMID: 32885941 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bloodstream infection is an important cause of death worldwide. The main objective of this study was to identify genetic loci linked to risk of contracting a bloodstream infection. DESIGN Genome-wide linkage analysis. SETTING Population-based, Norwegian cohort, followed between 1995 and 2017. SUBJECTS Among 69,423 genotyped subjects, there were 47 families with two or more second-degree relatives with bloodstream infection in the follow-up period. There were 365 subjects in these families, of which 110 were affected. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The cohort was genotyped using Illumina HumanCoreExome (Illumina, San Diego, CA) arrays. Before linkage analysis, single-nucleotide polymorphisms were pruned and clumped. In nonparametric linkage analysis using an exponential model, we found three loci with a suggestive linkage to bloodstream infection, all on chromosome 4, at 46.6 centimorgan (logarithm of odds, 2.3), 57.7 centimorgan (logarithm of odds, 3.2), and 70.0 centimorgan (logarithm of odds, 2.1). At the peak of the lead region are three genes: TLR10, TLR1, and TLR6. CONCLUSIONS Variations in the TLR10/1/6 locus appear to be linked with the risk of contracting a bloodstream infection.
Collapse
|
10
|
Su Q, Chen Y, Wang B, Zhang Q, He H. Genetic characterizations of Toll-like receptors in the brown rat and their associations with pathogen infections. Integr Zool 2021; 17:879-889. [PMID: 34003606 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important initiators of innate immune responses that target host-pathogen interactions. However, further research into the molecular characteristics of TLRs in wild populations is required, as well as how TLRs genetically influenced pathogen infections in the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus). Here, we explored the genetic characterization and evolution of 2 sensing nucleic acid TLRs (TLR7 and TLR8) and 2 sensing non-nucleic acid TLRs (TLR2 and TLR4) in the wild brown rat, and assessed their associations with 2 RNA viruses (Seoul hantavirus and rat hepatitis E virus (HEV)) and 2 bacteria (Leptospira and Bartonella). In these 4 TLRs, we discovered a total of 16 variants. Furthermore, TLR8 had high genetic diversity among 7 variants, while TLR2 had low genetic diversity with only 1 variant. According to selective pressure analyses, TLR4, TLR7, and TLR8 genes evolved under purifying selection. Interestingly, significant associations were found between 3 TLR8 variants and HEV infection, as well as 1 TLR2 variant and Bartonella infection. Overall, our findings provided a glimpse into the genetic characterization of TLRs in the brown rat, and further demonstrated that TLR2 and TLR8 genetic variations were related to Bartonella and HEV infection, respectively. Especially, TLR8 may be a good candidate immune gene for future research on molecular ecology and functional adaptation in wild populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Su
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingxun Zhang
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxuan He
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Takehara M, Kobayashi K, Nagahama M. Toll-Like Receptor 4 Protects Against Clostridium perfringens Infection in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:633440. [PMID: 33763386 PMCID: PMC7982660 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.633440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been reported to protect against Gram-negative bacteria by acting as a pathogen recognition receptor that senses mainly lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria. However, the role of TLR4 in Gram-positive bacterial infection is less well understood. Clostridium perfringens type A is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes gas gangrene characterized by severe myonecrosis. It was previously demonstrated that C. perfringens θ-toxin is a TLR4 agonist, but the role of TLR4 in C. perfringens infection is unclear. Here, TLR4-defective C3H/HeJ mice infected with C. perfringens showed a remarkable decrease in survival rate, an increase in viable bacterial counts, and accelerated destruction of myofibrils at the infection site compared with wild-type C3H/HeN mice. These results demonstrate that TLR4 plays an important role in the elimination of C. perfringens. Remarkable increases in levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), were observed in C. perfringens-infected C3H/HeN mice, whereas the increases were limited in C3H/HeJ mice. Generally, increased G-CSF accelerates granulopoiesis in the bone marrow and the spleen to exacerbate neutrophil production, resulting in elimination of bacteria. The number of neutrophils in the spleen was increased in C. perfringens-infected C3H/HeN mice compared with non-infected mice, while the increase was lower in C. perfringens-infected C3H/HeJ mice. Furthermore, DNA microarray analysis revealed that the mutation in TLR4 partially affects host gene expression during C. perfringens infection. Together, our results illustrate that TLR4 is crucial for the innate ability to eliminate C. perfringens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Takehara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Japan
| | - Keiko Kobayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nagahama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Djuric O, Andjelkovic M, Vreca M, Skakic A, Pavlovic S, Novakovic I, Jovanovic B, Skodric-Trifunovic V, Markovic-Denic L. Genetic variants in TNFA, LTA, TLR2 and TLR4 genes and risk of sepsis in patients with severe trauma: nested case-control study in a level-1 trauma centre in SERBIA. Injury 2021; 52:419-425. [PMID: 33436266 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2020.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) represent important genetic risk factors for susceptibility to posttraumatic sepsis and a potential target for immunotherapy. We aimed to evaluate the association between 8 different SNVs within tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFA), lymphotoxin alpha (LTA) and Toll-like receptor (TLR2 and TLR4) genes and the risk of posttraumatic sepsis. METHODS Nested case-control study was conducted in the emergency department of the Clinical Centre of Serbia including 228 traumatized patients (44 with sepsis and 184 without sepsis). To compare the results of trauma subjects with the data from the general population, a control group of 101 healthy persons was included in the study. Genotyping of TNFA (rs1800629 and rs361525), LTA (rs909253), TLR2 (rs3804099, rs4696480 and rs3804100), and TLR4 (rs4986790 and rs4986791) was performed for all patients within all three groups using the real-time PCR method. MutationTaster database and in silico software SIFT were used to predict the variant pathogenic effect. RESULTS Carriage of the G allele of the TNFA rs1800629 gene variant (OR 2.1, 95%CI 1.06-4.16) and T allele-carriage of the TLR4 rs4986791 genetic variant (OR 3.02, 95%CI 1.31-6.57) were associated with significantly higher risk of sepsis in trauma patients when compared to the general population prone to sepsis and traumatized patients without developing a sepsis, respectively. Of these two variants, only variant in TLR4 gene (rs4986791) has been labeled as disease causing by both the MutationTaster database and the in-silico software SIFT, which further supports the role of this variant in various pathologies including sepsis. For the remaining six variants no significant association with the susceptibility to sepsis was detected. CONCLUSIONS Carriage of the G allele of the TNFA rs1800629 gene variant and T allele-carriage of the TLR4 rs4986791 genetic variant confer significant risk of posttraumatic sepsis. TLR4 gene variants (rs4986790 and rs4986791) has been labelled as disease causing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Djuric
- Institute of Epidemiology, Faculty of medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marina Andjelkovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Misa Vreca
- Laboratory for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Anita Skakic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sonja Pavlovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Novakovic
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Jovanovic
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Center for Anesthesia and Resuscitation, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
The Arg753Gln Polymorphism of Toll-Like Receptor 2 Has a Lower Occurrence in Patients with Syphilis, Suggesting Its Protective Effect in Czech and Slovak Individuals. Infect Immun 2020; 89:IAI.00503-20. [PMID: 33077622 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00503-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Syphilis is a bacterial infection caused by Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum Infection with T. pallidum subsp. pallidum and its dissemination lead to the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines triggered by the interaction of bacterial lipoproteins with Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). TLR2 contains several nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms that may impact the activation of its signaling cascade and alter the responsiveness to, or the course of, various infectious diseases, including those caused by pathogenic spirochetes. To investigate whether TLR2 polymorphism may influence susceptibility to syphilis, 221 healthy individuals with no history of syphilis (controls) and 137 patients diagnosed with syphilis (cases) were screened for the presence of the Arg753Gln polymorphism in the TLR2 gene (2258G→A; rs5743708). The Arg753Gln variant occurs at a significantly lower frequency in syphilis patients (4 of 137 [3%]) than in controls (24 of 221 [10.9%]). These data suggest that TLR2 Arg753Gln may protect from the development of syphilis due to reduced signaling.
Collapse
|
14
|
Zahoor A, Yang C, Yang Y, Akhtar M, Umar T, Khan MA, Ahmad S, Deng G, Guo MY. MerTK negatively regulates Staphylococcus aureus induced inflammatory response via SOCS1/SOCS3 and Mal. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151960. [PMID: 32747017 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), one of Gram-positive pathogen, is frequently associated with acute lung inflammation. The central feature of S. aureus acute lung inflammation are pulmonary dysfunctioning and impeded host defence response, which cause failure in inflammatory cytokines homeostasis and leads to serious tissue damage. However, the role of the Mer receptor tyrosine kinase (MerTK) in the lung following S. aureus infection remains elusive. Here, we investigate whether MerTK alleviates S. aureus induced uncontrolled inflammation through negatively regulating toll-like receptor 2 and 6 (TLR2/ TLR6) via suppressor of cytokine signalling 1, 3 (SOCS1/SOCS3). METHODS AND RESULTS We found in mice lung tissues and RAW 264.7 macrophages upon S. aureus infection activates TLR2 and TLR6 driven mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling pathways, resulting in production of inflammatory cytokines including tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6). Furthermore, S. aureus-infection groups showed a significant up-regulation of MerTK which serves as mediator of SOCS1 and SOCS3. Subsequently, through feedback mechanism SOCS1/3 degrade Mal, resulting in inhibition of downstream TLR mediated inflammatory pathways. Moreover, MerTK-/- mice lung tissues and silencing MerTK in RAW 264.7 inhibited the S. aureus-induced activation of MerTK, which significantly upregulated the phosphorylation of crucial protein in MAPKs (ERK, JNK, p38) and NF-κB (IĸBα, p65) signalling pathways, as well as the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION Collectively, these findings indicate the important role of MerTK in self-regulatory resolution of S. aureus-induced inflammatory pathways and cytokines through intrinsic SOCS1 and SOCS3 repressed feedback on TLR2, TLR6 both in vivo and in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Zahoor
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; College of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Yang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Akhtar
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Talha Umar
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Murad Ali Khan
- College of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Shakoor Ahmad
- College of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ganzhen Deng
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Meng-Yao Guo
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Romano A, Parrinello NL, Simeon V, Puglisi F, La Cava P, Bellofiore C, Giallongo C, Camiolo G, D'Auria F, Grieco V, Larocca F, Barbato A, Cambria D, La Spina E, Tibullo D, Palumbo GA, Conticello C, Musto P, Di Raimondo F. High-density neutrophils in MGUS and multiple myeloma are dysfunctional and immune-suppressive due to increased STAT3 downstream signaling. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1983. [PMID: 32029833 PMCID: PMC7005058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58859-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand neutrophil impairment in the progression from MGUS through active MM, we investigated the function of mature, high-density neutrophils (HDNs), isolated from peripheral blood. In 7 MM, 3 MGUS and 3 healthy subjects by gene expression profile, we identified a total of 551 upregulated and 343 downregulated genes in MM-HDN, involved in chemokine signaling pathway and FC-gamma receptor mediated phagocytosis conveying in the activation of STAT proteins. In a series of 60 newly diagnosed MM and 30 MGUS patients, by flow-cytometry we found that HDN from MM, and to a lesser extend MGUS, had an up-regulation of the inducible FcγRI (also known as CD64) and a down-regulation of the constitutive FcγRIIIa (also known as CD16) together with a reduced phagocytic activity and oxidative burst, associated to increased immune-suppression that could be reverted by arginase inhibitors in co-culture with lymphocytes. In 43 consecutive newly-diagnosed MM patients, who received first-line treatment based on bortezomib, thalidomide and dexamethasone, high CD64 could identify at diagnosis patients with inferior median overall survival (39.5 versus 86.7 months, p = 0.04). Thus, HDNs are significantly different among healthy, MGUS and MM subjects. In both MGUS and MM neutrophils may play a role in supporting both the increased susceptibility to infection and the immunological dysfunction that leads to tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Romano
- Department of Surgery and Medical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Division of Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico e Vittorio Emanuele di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - N L Parrinello
- Division of Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico e Vittorio Emanuele di Catania, Catania, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - V Simeon
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, IRCCS-CROB, Rionero in Vulture (Pz), Potenza, Italy
- Department of Mental Health and Preventive Medicine, Medical Statistics Unit, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - F Puglisi
- Division of Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico e Vittorio Emanuele di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - P La Cava
- Division of Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico e Vittorio Emanuele di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - C Bellofiore
- Department of Surgery and Medical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Division of Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico e Vittorio Emanuele di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - C Giallongo
- Division of Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico e Vittorio Emanuele di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - G Camiolo
- Division of Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico e Vittorio Emanuele di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - F D'Auria
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, IRCCS-CROB, Rionero in Vulture (Pz), Potenza, Italy
| | - V Grieco
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, IRCCS-CROB, Rionero in Vulture (Pz), Potenza, Italy
| | - F Larocca
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, IRCCS-CROB, Rionero in Vulture (Pz), Potenza, Italy
| | - A Barbato
- Division of Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico e Vittorio Emanuele di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - D Cambria
- Division of Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico e Vittorio Emanuele di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - E La Spina
- Biometec, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - D Tibullo
- Biometec, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - G A Palumbo
- Division of Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico e Vittorio Emanuele di Catania, Catania, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - C Conticello
- Division of Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico e Vittorio Emanuele di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - P Musto
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, IRCCS-CROB, Rionero in Vulture (Pz), Potenza, Italy
- Chair and Unit of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy
| | - F Di Raimondo
- Department of Surgery and Medical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
- Division of Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico e Vittorio Emanuele di Catania, Catania, Italy.
- Department of Mental Health and Preventive Medicine, Medical Statistics Unit, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Toll-Like Receptor 2–Mediated Autophagy Promotes Microglial Cell Death by Modulating the Microglial M1/M2 Phenotype. Inflammation 2019; 43:701-711. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
17
|
Wu Y, Nie Y, Huang J, Qiu Y, Wan B, Liu G, Chen J, Chen D, Pang Q. Protostemonine alleviates heat-killed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced acute lung injury through MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 77:105964. [PMID: 31669889 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and its most severe form acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by gram-positive bacteria threatens human life because effective treatments and medicines is unavailable. Protostemonine (PSN), an active alkaloid mainly isolated from the roots of Stemona sesslifolia, has anti-inflammatory effects on asthma and gram-negative bacteria-induced ALI. Here, we found that PSN exhibits anti-inflammatory effects and alleviates heat-killed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HKMRSA)-induced pneumonia. PSN treatment significantly attenuated HKMRSA-induced pathological injury, pulmonary neutrophil infiltration, tissue permeability and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) in murine ALI model. In addition, PSN decreased the content of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and the expression of iNOS, as well as the production of NO in HKMRSA-induced bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs). Furthermore, treatment with PSN suppressed the activation of MAPKs (e.g. p38 MAPK, JNK and ERK) and NF-κB. Collectively, our results suggest that PSN ameliorates gram-positive bacteria-induced ALI in mice by inhibition of the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, and our studies suggest that PSN might be a novel candidate for treating ALI/ARDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaxian Wu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Yunjuan Nie
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214062, PR China
| | - Yubao Qiu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Binbin Wan
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Gang Liu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Junliang Chen
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Dan Chen
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| | - Qingfeng Pang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Moniuszko-Malinowska A, Penza P, Czupryna P, Zajkowska O, Pancewicz S, Król M, Świerzbińska R, Dunaj J, Zajkowska J. Assessment of TLR-2 concentration in tick-borne encephalitis and neuroborreliosis. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2019; 79:502-506. [PMID: 31495224 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2019.1661510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to check whether measurement of TLR-2 in serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can help differentiate between neuroborreliosis (NB) and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). Eighty patients with meningitis and meningoencephalitis were divided into two groups: Group I - patients with NB (n = 40) and Group II - patients with TBE (n = 40). Diagnosis was based on the clinical picture, CSF examination and presence of specific antibodies in serum and CSF. The control group (CG) consisted of healthy blood donors (n = 25) and patients in whom inflammatory process in central nervous system was excluded (n = 25). Concentration of TLR-2 was measured using a commercial kit [TLR-2 Elisa Kit (EIAab, China)]. The serum and CSF TLR-2 concentration of NB patients was significantly higher than in CG. The serum and CSF TLR-2 concentration in TBE patients was significantly higher than in the CG. Receiver operating characteristic analysis of the serum TLR-2 concentration showed significant differences between the group of patients with NB and a group of patients with TBE. TLR-2 is involved in the development of inflammatory process in the CNS caused by both tick-borne pathogens: viral and bacterial as TLR-2 concentration in both CSF and serum differentiates these groups from healthy patients. Although TLR-2 cannot be used as a sole and reliable biomarker differentiating NB from TBE, results of our study are a step forward toward discovering such biomarker in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok , Białystok , Poland
| | | | - Piotr Czupryna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok , Białystok , Poland
| | - Olga Zajkowska
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Applied Informatics and Mathematics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Sławomir Pancewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok , Białystok , Poland
| | - Monika Król
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok , Białystok , Poland
| | - Renata Świerzbińska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok , Białystok , Poland
| | - Justyna Dunaj
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok , Białystok , Poland
| | - Joanna Zajkowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok , Białystok , Poland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhou Q, Gu X, Dong J, Zhu C, Cai Z, He D, Yang C, Xu L, Zheng J. The use of TLR2 modified BMSCs for enhanced bone regeneration in the inflammatory micro-environment. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:3329-3337. [PMID: 31387403 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1626867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Department of Prothodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiachen Dong
- Department of Periodontology, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Zhen Cai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Dongmei He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chi Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Prothodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawei Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nagahama M, Takehara M, Rood JI. Histotoxic Clostridial Infections. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0024-2018. [PMID: 31350831 PMCID: PMC10957196 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0024-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of clostridial myonecrosis or gas gangrene involves an interruption to the blood supply to the infected tissues, often via a traumatic wound, anaerobic growth of the infecting clostridial cells, the production of extracellular toxins, and toxin-mediated cell and tissue damage. This review focuses on host-pathogen interactions in Clostridium perfringens-mediated and Clostridium septicum-mediated myonecrosis. The major toxins involved are C. perfringens α-toxin, which has phospholipase C and sphingomyelinase activity, and C. septicum α-toxin, a β-pore-forming toxin that belongs to the aerolysin family. Although these toxins are cytotoxic, their effects on host cells are quite complex, with a range of intracellular cell signaling pathways induced by their action on host cell membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nagahama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Masaya Takehara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Julian I Rood
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mukherjee S, Huda S, Sinha Babu SP. Toll-like receptor polymorphism in host immune response to infectious diseases: A review. Scand J Immunol 2019; 90:e12771. [PMID: 31054156 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunopolymorphism is considered as an important aspect behind the resistance or susceptibility of the host to an infectious disease. Over the years, researchers have explored many genetic factors for their role in immune surveillance against infectious diseases. Polymorphic characters in the gene encoding Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play profound roles in inducing differential immune responses by the host against parasitic infections. Protein(s) encoded by TLR gene(s) are immensely important due to their ability of recognizing different types of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This study reviews the polymorphic residues present in the nucleotide or in the amino acid sequence of TLRs and their influence on alteration of inflammatory signalling pathways promoting either susceptibility or resistance to major infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, malaria and filariasis. Population-based studies exploring TLR polymorphisms in humans are primarily emphasized to discuss the association of the polymorphic residues with the occurrence and epidemiology of the mentioned infectious diseases. Principal polymorphic residues in TLRs influencing immunity to infection are mostly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). I602S (TLR1), R677W (TLR2), P554S (TLR3), D299G (TLR4), F616L (TLR5), S249P (TLR6), Q11L (TLR7), M1V (TLR8), G1174A (TLR9) and G1031T (TLR10) are presented as the major influential SNPs in shaping immunity to pathogenic infections. The contribution of these SNPs in the structure-function relationship of TLRs is yet not clear. Therefore, molecular studies on such polymorphisms can improve our understanding on the genetic basis of the immune response and pave the way for therapeutic intervention in a more feasible way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sahel Huda
- Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
| | - Santi P Sinha Babu
- Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gomez-Chamorro A, Battilotti F, Cayol C, Mappes T, Koskela E, Boulanger N, Genné D, Sarr A, Voordouw MJ. Susceptibility to infection with Borrelia afzelii and TLR2 polymorphism in a wild reservoir host. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6711. [PMID: 31040326 PMCID: PMC6491475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of polymorphic immune genes in host populations is critical for understanding genetic variation in susceptibility to pathogens. Controlled infection experiments are necessary to separate variation in the probability of exposure from genetic variation in susceptibility to infection, but such experiments are rare for wild vertebrate reservoir hosts and their zoonotic pathogens. The bank vole (Myodes glareolus) is an important reservoir host of Borrelia afzelii, a tick-borne spirochete that causes Lyme disease. Bank vole populations are polymorphic for Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), an innate immune receptor that recognizes bacterial lipoproteins. To test whether the TLR2 polymorphism influences variation in the susceptibility to infection with B. afzelii, we challenged pathogen-free, lab-born individuals of known TLR2 genotype with B. afzelii-infected ticks. We measured the spirochete load in tissues of the bank voles. The susceptibility to infection with B. afzelii following an infected tick bite was very high (95%) and did not differ between TLR2 genotypes. The TLR2 polymorphism also had no effect on the spirochete abundance in the tissues of the bank voles. Under the laboratory conditions of our study, we did not find that the TLR2 polymorphism in bank voles influenced variation in the susceptibility to B. afzelii infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claire Cayol
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tapio Mappes
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Esa Koskela
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Nathalie Boulanger
- Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dolores Genné
- Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anouk Sarr
- Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Maarten Jeroen Voordouw
- Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Takehara M, Seike S, Sonobe Y, Bandou H, Yokoyama S, Takagishi T, Miyamoto K, Kobayashi K, Nagahama M. Clostridium perfringens α-toxin impairs granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor-mediated granulocyte production while triggering septic shock. Commun Biol 2019; 2:45. [PMID: 30729183 PMCID: PMC6355902 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During bacterial infection, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is produced and accelerates neutrophil production from their progenitors. This process, termed granulopoiesis, strengthens host defense, but Clostridium perfringens α-toxin impairs granulopoiesis via an unknown mechanism. Here, we tested whether G-CSF accounts for the α-toxin-mediated impairment of granulopoiesis. We find that α-toxin dramatically accelerates G-CSF production from endothelial cells in response to Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) agonists through activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway. Meanwhile, α-toxin inhibits G-CSF-mediated cell proliferation of Ly-6G+ neutrophils by inducing degradation of G-CSF receptor (G-CSFR). During sepsis, administration of α-toxin promotes lethality and tissue injury accompanied by accelerated production of inflammatory cytokines in a TLR4-dependent manner. Together, our results illustrate that α-toxin disturbs G-CSF-mediated granulopoiesis by reducing the expression of G-CSFR on neutrophils while augmenting septic shock due to excess inflammatory cytokine release, which provides a new mechanism to explain how pathogenic bacteria modulate the host immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Takehara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514 Japan
| | - Soshi Seike
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514 Japan
| | - Yuuta Sonobe
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514 Japan
| | - Hiroto Bandou
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514 Japan
| | - Saki Yokoyama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514 Japan
| | - Teruhisa Takagishi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514 Japan
| | - Kazuaki Miyamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514 Japan
| | - Keiko Kobayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514 Japan
| | - Masahiro Nagahama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tripathi PM, Kant S, Yadav RS, Kushwaha RAS, Prakash V, Rizvi SHM, Parveen A, Mahdi AA, Ahmad I. Expression of Toll-like Receptor 2 and 4 in Peripheral Blood Neutrophil Cells from Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Oman Med J 2017; 32:477-485. [PMID: 29218124 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2017.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality around the world. Preliminary studies have evaluated the association between innate immunity including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and airway samples of patients with COPD. The role of TLRs in peripheral blood neutrophils is poorly understood. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the role of TLR2 and TLR4 in peripheral blood neutrophils of COPD patients. Methods A total of 101 COPD cases and an equal number of healthy controls participated in this case-control study. Peripheral blood neutrophils were isolated from all participants and cultured for 24 hours through lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. The gene expressions of TLR2 and TLR4 were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The protein levels of interleukin (IL)-8 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 were measured in neutrophils cell culture supernatants using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The levels of IL-8 and MMP-9 were significantly higher in patients with COPD compared to healthy controls. Similarly, the gene expression of TLR2 and TLR4 were increased in LPS stimulated peripheral blood neutrophils of patients with COPD. Smoke pack years was positively correlated with IL-8 levels and negatively correlated with forced expiratory volume in the first second % (r = -0.33; p = 0.023) and FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) (r = -0.27; p = 0.011). Conclusions The increased expression of TLR2 and TLR4 suggests its role in disease pathogenesis of COPD. Smoke pack years was negatively associated with spirometric parameters in COPD patients. This may help to predict the smokers without COPD who risk developing the condition in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Mani Tripathi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Surya Kant
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Shanker Yadav
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ram Awadh Singh Kushwaha
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ved Prakash
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Arshiya Parveen
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abbas Ali Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Fibre Toxicology Division, CSIR Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Takehara M, Seike S, Takagishi T, Kobayashi K, Nagahama M. Peptidoglycan accelerates granulopoiesis through a TLR2- and MyD88-dependent pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 487:419-425. [PMID: 28419838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Granulopoiesis is accelerated during Gram-negative bacterial infection through activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). In this study, we tested whether activation of TLR2 promotes granulopoiesis by using the well-known TLR2 agonist, peptidoglycan (PGN). Neutrophils in bone marrow and spleen, and plasma granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) were increased in mice that had received intraperitoneal PGN administration. Incorporation of BrdU into bone marrow neutrophils increased, demonstrating that PGN accelerated granulopoiesis. Treatment of bone marrow cells (BMCs) with PGN increased neutrophils in vitro and promoted the secretion of G-CSF from Ly-6G-Ly-6C+ monocytes. The accelerated granulopoiesis caused by PGN was not seen in TLR2-deficient and MyD88-deficient BMCs. Additionally, PGN induced G-CSF production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. These findings demonstrate that PGN promotes the secretion of G-CSF from monocytes and endothelial cells, leading to the acceleration of granulopoiesis. Our results illustrate that bacterial recognition by TLR2 facilitates granulopoiesis during Gram-positive bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Takehara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Soshi Seike
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Teruhisa Takagishi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Keiko Kobayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nagahama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhou F, Zhan Q, Ding Z, Su L, Fan J, Cui L, Chen N, Wang W, Liu H. A NLRC3-like gene from blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala): Molecular characterization, expression and association with resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 63:213-219. [PMID: 28215743 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
NLRC (the nucleotide-oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor subfamily C) consists of teleost-specific NLRs (NOD-like receptors) and plays pivotal roles in microbial recognition and regulation of innate immune response. In this study, we cloned and characterized a NLRC3-like gene (MamNLRC3-like) from blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) by using the quantitative real-time PCR method, and analyzed the correlation between its polymorphisms and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. The full length cDNA of MamNLRC3-like was 2863 bp, with a 5'-UTR of 169 bp, ORF of 2301 bp and 3'-UTR of 393 bp, encoding 766 amino acid residues. MamNLRC3-like consisted of a conserved NACHT domain, a fish-specific NACHT associated domain (FISNA) and a PYRIN effective domain. During early developmental stages, MamNLRC3-like was most highly expressed at 39.4 hpf (hours post fertilization, hatching stage) and constitutively detected in various healthy tissues. The expression of MamNLRC3-like was strongly induced by A. hydrophila infection and peaked in the head kidney, liver, intestine, and trunk kidney at 12 h post infection. Six SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) from MamNLRC3-like, with 2 in introns and 4 in exons, were identified by direct sequencing, in which 6515C/T was a novel non-synonymous mutation. HRM (high resolution melting) genotyping of the 6 loci showed that locus 6515C/T SNP was associated with the resistance/susceptibility of blunt snout bream to A. hydrophila infection (P < 0.01). The CC genotype fish were more resistant than CT carriers (P < 0.01). This study suggests that the MamNLRC3-like gene might play an important role in the innate immunity of blunt snout bream and could be used as a candidate marker for genetic selection of A. hydrophila-resistant blunt snout bream.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Zhou
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Qifeng Zhan
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Zhujin Ding
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Lina Su
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jun Fan
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Lei Cui
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Nan Chen
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Weimin Wang
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Hong Liu
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Saleh MA, Ramadan MM, Arram EO. Toll-like receptor-2 Arg753Gln and Arg677Trp polymorphisms and susceptibility to pulmonary and peritoneal tuberculosis. APMIS 2017; 125:558-564. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Saleh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; Al-Azhar University; New Damietta Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M. Ramadan
- Department of Cardiology; Faculty of Medicine; Mansoura University; Mansoura Egypt
| | - Eman O. Arram
- Department of Thoracic Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Mansoura University; Mansoura Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Association between TLR2/TLR4 gene polymorphisms and COPD phenotype in a Greek cohort. Herz 2016; 42:752-757. [PMID: 27909766 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-016-4510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering that the innate immune system plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), we hypothesized that functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of innate immune genes affect the disease phenotype and prognosis. AIM To elucidate the contribution of common functional TLR2 and TLR4 SNPs and genotypic deficiency of the mannose-binding lectin (MBL) protein, both as single parameters and in combination, in Greek COPD patients. RESULTS In a cohort of 114 Greek COPD patients, we confirmed that the presence of TLR4-D299G or TLR4-T399I SNPs was significantly associated with an earlier COPD stage (p = 0.003 and p = 0.009, respectively). In comparison, the absence of any analyzed polymorphism, including those of TLR2-R753Q and genotypic MBL deficiency, was significantly associated with a more severe disease phenotype, characterized by more frequent exacerbations (p = 0.045). CONCLUSION Our findings support the notion that the presence of innate immune SNPs, such as functional polymorphisms of TLRs along with MBL deficiency, might exert a protective effect on the COPD phenotype, similar with other immune-mediated disorders.
Collapse
|
29
|
Su H, Zhu S, Zhu L, Huang W, Wang H, Zhang Z, Xu Y. Recombinant Lipoprotein Rv1016c Derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is a TLR-2 Ligand that Induces Macrophages Apoptosis and Inhibits MHC II Antigen Processing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:147. [PMID: 27917375 PMCID: PMC5114242 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR2-dependent cellular signaling in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages causes apoptosis and inhibits class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) molecules antigen processing, leading to evasion of surveillance. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) lipoproteins are an important class of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand, and identified as specific components that mediate these effects. In this study, we identified and characterized MTB lipoprotein Rv1016c (lpqT) as a cell wall associated-protein that was exposed on the cell surface and enhanced the survival of recombinants M. smegmatis_Rv1016c under stress conditions. We found that Rv1016c lipoprotein was a novel TLR2 ligand and able to induce macrophage apoptosis in a both dose- and time-dependent manner. Additionally, apoptosis induced by Rv1016c was reserved in THP-1 cells blocked with anti-TLR-2 Abs or in TLR2−/− mouse macrophages, indicating that Rv1016c-induced apoptosis is dependent on TLR2. Moreover, we demonstrated that Rv1016c lipoprotein inhibited IFN-γ-induced MHC-II expression and processing of soluble antigens in a TLR2 dependent manner. Class II transactivator (CIITA) regulates MHC II expression. In this context, Rv1016c lipoprotein diminished IFN-γ-induced expression of CIITA IV through TLR2 and MAPK Signaling. TLR2-dependent apoptosis and inhibition of MHC-II Ag processing induced by Rv1016c during mycobacteria infection may promote the release of residual bacilli from apoptotic cells and decrease recognition by CD4+ T cells. These mechanisms may allow intracellular MTB to evade immune surveillance and maintain chronic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint of School of Life Science, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China; Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second People's Hospital of Guangdong ProvinceGuangzhou, China
| | - Shenglin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint of School of Life Science, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China; Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Honghai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second People's Hospital of Guangdong Province Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Böhland M, Kress E, Stope MB, Pufe T, Tauber SC, Brandenburg LO. Lack of Toll-like receptor 2 results in higher mortality of bacterial meningitis by impaired host resistance. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 299:90-97. [PMID: 27725130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis is - despite therapeutical progress during the last decades - still characterized by high mortality and severe permanent neurogical sequelae. The brain is protected from penetrating pathogens by both the blood-brain barrier and the innate immune system. Invading pathogens are recognized by so-called pattern recognition receptors including the Toll-like receptors (TLR) which are expressed by glial immune cells in the central nervous system. Among these, TLR2 is responsible for the detection of Gram-positive bacteria such as the meningitis-causing pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Here, we used TLR2-deficient mice to investigate the effects on mortality, bacterial growth and inflammation in a mouse model of pneumococcal meningitis. Our results revealed a significantly increased mortality rate and higher bacterial burden in TLR2-deficient mice with pneumococcal meningitis. Furthermore, infected TLR2-deficient mice suffered from a significantly increased pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) or CCL3 chemokine expression and decreased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial peptides. In contrast, glial cell activation assessed by glial cell marker expression was comparable to wildtype mice. Taken together, the results suggest that TLR2 is essential for an efficient immune response against Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis since lack of the receptor led to a worse outcome by higher mortality due to increased bacterial burden, weakened innate immune response and reduced expression of antimicrobial peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Böhland
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Eugenia Kress
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Matthias B Stope
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Pufe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Simone C Tauber
- Department of Neurology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Khan A, Khan Z, Warnakulasuriya S. Cancer-associated toll-like receptor modulation and insinuation in infection susceptibility: association or coincidence? Ann Oncol 2016; 27:984-997. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
|
32
|
Piermattei A, Migliara G, Di Sante G, Foti M, Hayrabedyan SB, Papagna A, Geloso MC, Corbi M, Valentini M, Sgambato A, Delogu G, Constantin G, Ria F. Toll-Like Receptor 2 Mediates In Vivo Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Modulates Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:191. [PMID: 27252700 PMCID: PMC4878199 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria display pro- and anti-inflammatory effects in human and experimental pathology. We show here that both effects are mediated by Toll-like receptor 2 (Tlr2), by exploiting a previously characterized Tlr2 variant (Met82Ile). Tlr2 82ile promoted self-specific proinflammatory polarization as well as expansion of ag-specific FoxP3(+) Tregs, while Tlr2 82met impairs the expansion of Tregs and reduces the production of IFN-γ and IL-17 proinflammatory cytokines. Preferential dimerization with Tlr1 or Tlr6 could not explain these differences. In silico, we showed that Tlr2 variant Met82Ile modified the binding pocket for peptidoglycans and participated directly to a putative binding pocket for sugars and cadherins. The distinct pro- and anti-inflammatory actions impacted severity, extent of remission, and distribution of the lesions within the central nervous system of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Thus, Tlr2 has a janus function in vivo as mediator of the role of bacterial products in balancing pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Piermattei
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Migliara
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Institute of Rheumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Foti
- Molecular Medicine and Immunology Laboratory, Genopolis Consortium, University of "Milano Bicocca" , Milan , Italy
| | - Soren Bohos Hayrabedyan
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Angela Papagna
- Molecular Medicine and Immunology Laboratory, Genopolis Consortium, University of "Milano Bicocca" , Milan , Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Geloso
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Maddalena Corbi
- Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Valentini
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Alessandro Sgambato
- Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Giovanni Delogu
- Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Gabriela Constantin
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Francesco Ria
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lee JH, Song KD, Kim JM, Leem HK, Park KD. Identification of genes with nonsynonymous SNP in Jeju horse by whole-genome resequencing reveals a functional role for immune response. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:895-901. [PMID: 27065251 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Jeju horse (Natural Monument number 347) is a breed of horse that has experienced long-term isolation and domestication in Jeju Island, South Korea. We evaluated genetic features of this breed, including SNP, by whole-genome resequencing using an Illumina HiSeq 2000. A total of 5,986,852 SNP were identified in 4 Jeju horses and were divided into homozygous and heterozygous SNP (2,357,099 and 3,629,753 SNP, respectively). It revealed that 63.8% of these SNP resided in intergenic regions. Immune response genes with nonsynonymous SNP were overrepresented in Jeju horses as evidenced by Gene Ontology clustering. Among these genes, Toll-like receptors (TLR) are highly enriched. Comparing TLR genes between Jeju horses and the Przewalski's horse, and genes showed "possibly damaging" mutations in several regions by analysis with PolyPhen-2. These results provide a framework for further genetic studies in Jeju horse by domestication. Furthermore, research on functions of SNP-associated genes would aid in understanding the molecular genetic variation of horse breeds.
Collapse
|
34
|
Fakhri D, Djauzi S, Murni TW, Rachmat J, Harahap AR, Rahayuningsih SE, Mansyur M, Santoso A. Genetic polymorphism in postoperative sepsis after open heart surgery in infants. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2016; 24:326-31. [DOI: 10.1177/0218492316640128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Sepsis is one of the complications following open heart surgery. Toll-like receptor 2 and toll-interacting protein polymorphism influence the immune response after open heart surgery. This study aimed to assess the genetic distribution of toll-like receptor 2 N199N and toll-interacting protein rs5743867 polymorphism in the development of postoperative sepsis. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted in 108 children <1-year old who underwent open heart surgery with a Basic Aristotle score ≥6. Patients with an accompanying congenital anomaly, human immunodeficiency virus infection, or history of previous open heart surgery were excluded. The patients’ nutritional status and genetic polymorphism were assessed prior to surgery. The results of genetic polymorphism were obtained through genotyping. Patients’ ages on the day of surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass times were recorded. The diagnosis of sepsis was established according to Surviving Sepsis Campaign criteria. Results Postoperative sepsis was observed in 21% of patients. There were 92.6% patients with toll-like receptor 2 N199N polymorphism and 52.8% with toll-interacting protein rs5743867 polymorphism. Conclusions Toll-like receptor 2 N199N polymorphism tends to increase the risk of sepsis (odds ratio = 1.974; 95% confidence interval: 0.23–16.92; p = 0.504), while toll-interacting protein rs5743867 polymorphism tends to decrease the risk of sepsis (odds ratio = 0.496; 95% confidence interval: 0.19–1.27; p = 0.139) in infants <1-year old undergoing complex open heart surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dicky Fakhri
- Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Samsuridjal Djauzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Tri Wahyu Murni
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Jusuf Rachmat
- Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Alida Roswita Harahap
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sri Endah Rahayuningsih
- Pediatric Cardiology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Muchtaruddin Mansyur
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Anwar Santoso
- Research and Development Division, National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Panigrahi S, Kar A, Tripathy S, Mohapatra MK, Dhangadamajhi G. Genetic predisposition of variants in TLR2 and its co-receptors to severe malaria in Odisha, India. Immunol Res 2015; 64:291-302. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8749-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
36
|
Association between the TLR2 Arg753Gln polymorphism and the risk of sepsis: a meta-analysis. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2015; 19:416. [PMID: 26616674 PMCID: PMC4663740 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-1130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Recently, researchers in a number of studies have explored the association between the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) Arg753Gln polymorphism and sepsis risk. However, the results were conflicting. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to confirm the effect of the TLR2 Arg753Gln polymorphism on sepsis risk. Methods Relevant records up to 1 June 2015 were retrieved from the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Knowledge databases. The odds ratios with their corresponding 95 % confidence intervals were used to assess the association between the TLR2 Arg753Gln polymorphism and sepsis risk. The selection of a fixed or random effects model was made according to a heterogeneity test in total and subgroup analyses. Sensitivity analysis and publication bias test were performed to ensure the reliability of our results. Results A total of 12 studies with aggregate totals of 898 cases and 1517 controls met our inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. There were significant associations between the TLR2 Arg753Gln polymorphism and sepsis risk in overall analyses under two genetic models (the allele comparison and the dominant model). In addition, subgroup analyses based on age group, ethnicity, sepsis type, and source of control also showed a significant effect of the TLR2 Arg753Gln polymorphism on sepsis risk. Conclusions Our present meta-analysis supports a direct effect of the TLR2 Arg753Gln polymorphism on sepsis risk, especially in Europeans. The TLR2 Arg753Gln polymorphism might be used as a relevant risk estimate for the development of sepsis. Studies with larger sample sizes and homogeneous groups of patients with sepsis are required for further analysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13054-015-1130-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
37
|
Impaired Innate COPD Alveolar Macrophage Responses and Toll-Like Receptor-9 Polymorphisms. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134209. [PMID: 26361369 PMCID: PMC4567310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysfunctional innate responses of alveolar macrophages to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae contribute to morbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Our earlier studies discovered impaired COPD alveolar macrophage responses to Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands of nontypeable H. influenzae and provide rationale for further evaluation of TLR signaling. While the role of TLR single nucleotide polymorphisms is increasingly recognized in inflammatory diseases, TLR single nucleotide polymorphisms in COPD have only recently been explored. We hypothesized that specific TLR polymorphisms are associated with dysfunctional innate immune COPD alveolar macrophage responses and investigated polymorphisms of TLR2(Arg753Gln), TLR4(Thr399Ile; Asp299Gly), and TLR9(T1486C; T1237C). Methods DNA was purified from cells of 1) healthy nonsmokers (n = 20); 2) COPD ex-smokers (n = 83); 3) COPD active smokers (n = 93). DNA amplifications (polymerase chain reaction) were performed for each SNP. Alveolar macrophages from each group were incubated with nontypeable H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis and S. pneumoniae. Cytokine induction of macrophage supernatants was measured and the association with TLR single nucleotide polymorphism expression was determined. Results No significant inter-group differences in frequency of any TLR SNP existed. However both TLR9 single nucleotide polymorphisms were expressed in high frequency. Among COPD ex-smokers, diminished IL-8 responsiveness to nontypeable H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis and S. pneumoniae was strongly associated with carriage of TLR9(T1237C) (p = 0.02; p = 0.008; p = 0.02), but not TLR9(T1486C). Carriage of TLR9(T1237C), but not TLR9(T1486C), correlated with diminished FEV1%predicted (p = 0.037). Conclusion Our results demonstrate a notable association of TLR9(T1237C) expression with dysfunctional innate alveolar macrophage responses to respiratory pathogens and with severity of COPD.
Collapse
|
38
|
Wu H, Yang L. Arg753Gln Polymorphisms in Toll-Like Receptor 2 Gene are Associated with Tuberculosis Risk: A Meta-Analysis. Med Sci Monit 2015. [PMID: 26220088 PMCID: PMC4523069 DOI: 10.12659/msm.893214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous epidemiological studies have reported the association between polymorphisms of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB). However, the results remain inconclusive. Therefore, we performed a quantitative meta-analysis to evaluate associations between the polymorphism of Arg753Gln of the TLR2 gene and susceptibility to TB. Material/Methods Three databases (PubMed, CNKI and Embase) were systematically searched for eligible studies. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as our index were used to assess the relation between the TLR2 gene Arg753Gln polymorphism and risk of TB. Overall and subgroup analyses were conducted according to the available information. Results With a detailed selection, 7 eligible studies with 1486 cases and 1322 controls were identified in our meta-analysis. There was a significant difference between TLR2 gene Arg753Gln polymorphism and the risk of TB (additive model: P<0.01, OR=2.89, 95% CI: 2.13–3.91; GA vs. GG: P<0.01, OR=2.92, 95% CI: 2.09–4.08). Interestingly, subgroup analysis based on ethnicity indicated that TB risk was significantly increased in Asians (additive model: P<0.01, OR=3.17, 95% CI: 2.31–4.35; GA vs. GG: P<0.01, OR=3.29, 95% CI: 2.32–4.68); by contrast, there was no association found in whites (additive model: P=0.40, OR=0.57, 95% CI: 0.15–2.13; GA vs. GG: P=0.40, OR=0.57, 95% CI: 0.15–2.13). Conclusions Our meta-analysis provides evidence that the TLR2 gene Arg753Gln polymorphism is a risk factor to TB, especially in Asian populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hangyu Wu
- Department of Medicine, The General Hospital of Beijing Military Command, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The General Hospital of Beijing Military Command, Beijing, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Morger J, Råberg L, Hille SM, Helsen S, Štefka J, Al-Sabi MM, Kapel CMO, Mappes T, Essbauer S, Ulrich RG, Bartolommei P, Mortelliti A, Balčiauskas L, van den Brink NW, Rémy A, Bajer A, Cheprakov M, Korva M, García-Pérez AL, Biek R, Withenshaw S, Tschirren B. Distinct haplotype structure at the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 2 across bank vole populations and lineages in Europe. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Morger
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Lars Råberg
- Department of Biology; Lund University; Sölvegatan 35 223 62 Lund Sweden
| | - Sabine M. Hille
- Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Gregor Mendel-Strasse 33 1180 Vienna Austria
| | - Sanne Helsen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group; Department of Biology; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Jan Štefka
- Faculty of Science; Biology Centre ASCR; Institute of Parasitology and University of South Bohemia; Branišovská 31 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Mohammad M. Al-Sabi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Christian M. O. Kapel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Tapio Mappes
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science; University of Jyväskylä; PO Box 35 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Sandra Essbauer
- Department Virology and Rickettsiology; Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology; Neuherbergstrasse 11 80937 Munich Germany
| | - Rainer G. Ulrich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases; Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Südufer 10 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems Germany
| | - Paola Bartolommei
- Fondazione Ethoikos; Convento dell'Osservanza Radicondoli 53030 Siena Italy
| | - Alessio Mortelliti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘Charles Darwin’; University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’; Viale dell'Università 32 00185 Rome Italy
- National Environmental Research Program; Fenner School of Environment and Society; Australian Research Council Centre for Environmental Decisions; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | | | - Nico W. van den Brink
- Alterra, Wageningen UR; PO-Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen the Netherlands
- Sub-Department of Toxicology; Wageningen University Wageningen UR; PO-Box 8000 6700 EA Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Alice Rémy
- Faculty of Applied Ecology and Agricultural Sciences; Hedmark University College; Anne Evenstadsvei 80 2480 Koppang Norway
| | - Anna Bajer
- Department of Parasitology; Faculty of Biology; Institute of Zoology; University of Warsaw; 1 Miecznikowa Street 02-096 Warsaw Poland
| | - Mihail Cheprakov
- Ural Branch; Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Str 8 Marta 202 Yekaterinburg 620144 Russia
| | - Misa Korva
- Faculty of Medicine; Institute of Microbiology and Immunology; Zaloška 4 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Ana L. García-Pérez
- Department of Animal Health; NEIKER - Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario; Berreaga 1 48160 Derio Bizkaia Spain
| | - Roman Biek
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences; Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine; University of Glasgow; Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Susan Withenshaw
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour; Institute of Integrative Biology; University of Liverpool; Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZB UK
| | - Barbara Tschirren
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Blok DC, Kager LM, Hoogendijk AJ, Lede IO, Rahman W, Afroz R, Bresser P, van der Zee JS, Ghose A, Visser CE, de Jong MD, Zahed ASM, Husain MA, Alam KM, Barua PC, Hassan M, Hossain A, Tayab MA, Lutter R, Day N, Dondorp AM, de Vos AF, van 't Veer C, van der Poll T. Expression of inhibitory regulators of innate immunity in patients with active tuberculosis. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:98. [PMID: 25887604 PMCID: PMC4365962 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0833-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Toll-like-receptors (TLRs) are important for the recognition of the causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Negative regulation of TLRs is necessary to control deleterious inflammatory damage, but could provide a means of immune evasion by M. tuberculosis as well. METHODS To obtain insight in the extent of expression of inhibitory regulators of immunity in patients with active TB, peripheral-blood-mononuclear-cells (PBMCs) and plasma were obtained from 54 TB patients and 29 healthy blood donors from Chittagong, Bangladesh. Bilateral alveolar macrophages were obtained from an infected versus a contralateral normal lung segment of 9 patients. Statistical analyses were performed using Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon matched pairs testing. Correlations were calculated using the Spearman rho test. RESULTS PBMCs harvested from TB patients demonstrated increased mRNA expression of IL-1-receptor-associated-kinase-M, suppressor-of-cytokine-signalling-3 and Toll-interacting-protein. Flow cytometry revealed enhanced expression of IL-1-receptor-like-1 (ST2) on lymphocytes. Plasma soluble ST2 was elevated in patients with TB and correlated with established TB biomarkers, most strongly with soluble interleukin-2 receptor subunit α and interleukin-8. Alveolar macrophage mRNA expression of negative TLR regulators did not differ between the infected and contralateral lung side. CONCLUSION These results show enhanced expression of distinct negative regulators of innate immunity in PBMCs of patients with TB and identify plasma soluble ST2 as a potential novel biomarker for TB disease activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana C Blok
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Liesbeth M Kager
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Arie J Hoogendijk
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ivar O Lede
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Microbiology, Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Wahid Rahman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chittagong Medical College and Hospital (CMCH), Chittagong, Bangladesh.
| | - Rumana Afroz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chittagong Medical College and Hospital (CMCH), Chittagong, Bangladesh.
| | - Paul Bresser
- Department of Pulmonology, Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Pulmonology, Chittagong Medical College and Hospital (CMCH), Chittagong, Bangladesh.
| | - Jaring S van der Zee
- Department of Pulmonology, Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Pulmonology, Chittagong Medical College and Hospital (CMCH), Chittagong, Bangladesh.
| | - Aniruddha Ghose
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chittagong Medical College and Hospital (CMCH), Chittagong, Bangladesh.
| | - Caroline E Visser
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Microbiology, Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Menno D de Jong
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Microbiology, Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Abu Shahed Md Zahed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chittagong Medical College and Hospital (CMCH), Chittagong, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Anwar Husain
- Department of Microbiology, Chittagong Medical College and Hospital (CMCH), Chittagong, Bangladesh.
| | - Khan Mashrequl Alam
- Department of Microbiology, Chittagong Medical College and Hospital (CMCH), Chittagong, Bangladesh.
| | | | - Mahtabuddin Hassan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chittagong Medical College and Hospital (CMCH), Chittagong, Bangladesh.
| | - Ahmed Hossain
- Chest Disease Clinic Chittagong (CDCC), Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abu Tayab
- Chittagong General Hospital, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
| | - Rene Lutter
- Department of Pulmonology, Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Experimental Immunology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nick Day
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Arjen M Dondorp
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Alex F de Vos
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Cornelis van 't Veer
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mukherjee S, Ganguli D, Majumder PP. Global footprints of purifying selection on Toll-like receptor genes primarily associated with response to bacterial infections in humans. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:551-8. [PMID: 24554585 PMCID: PMC3971583 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are directly involved in host–pathogen interactions. Polymorphisms in these genes are associated with susceptibility to infectious diseases. To understand the influence of environment and pathogen diversity on the evolution of TLR genes, we have undertaken a large-scale population-genetic study. Our study included two hunter–gatherer tribal populations and one urbanized nontribal population from India with distinct ethnicities (n = 266) and 14 populations inhabiting four different continents (n = 1,092). From the data on DNA sequences of cell-surface TLR genes, we observed an excess of rare variants and a large number of low frequency haplotypes in each gene. Nonsynonymous changes were few in every population and the commonly used statistical tests for detecting natural selection provided evidence of purifying selection. The evidence of purifying selection acting on the cell-surface TLRs of the innate immune system is not consistent with Haldane’s theory of coevolution of immunity genes, at least of innate immunity genes, with pathogens. Our study provides evidence that genes of the cell-surface TLRs, that is, TLR2 and TLR4, have been so optimized to defend the host against microbial infections that new mutations in these genes are quickly eliminated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Mukherjee
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Morger J, Bajnok J, Boyce K, Craig PS, Rogan MT, Lun ZR, Hide G, Tschirren B. Naturally occurring Toll-like receptor 11 (TLR11) and Toll-like receptor 12 (TLR12) polymorphisms are not associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild wood mice. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 26:180-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
43
|
Cabrera-Andrade A, López-Cortés A, Muñoz MJ, Jaramillo-Koupermann G, Rodriguez O, Leone PE, Paz-y-Miño C. Association of genetic variants of membrane receptors related to recognition and induction of immune response with Helicobacter pylori infection in Ecuadorian individuals. Int J Immunogenet 2014; 41:281-8. [PMID: 24754375 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (Hp) has a worldwide distribution showing its higher prevalence of infection in developing countries. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are proteins that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate an innate immune response by promoting growth and differentiation of specialized hematopoietic cells for host defense. Gastric infections led by Hp induce a Th-1 cellular immune response, regulated mainly by the expression of IFN-γ. In this retrospective case-control study, we evaluated the TLR1 1805T/G, TLR2 2029C/T, TLR4 896A/G, CD209 -336A/G and IFNGR1 -56C/T polymorphisms and their relationship with susceptibility to Hp infection. TLR1 1805T/G showed statistical differences when the control (Hp-) and infected (Hp+) groups (P = 0.041*) were compared; the TLR1 1805G allele had a protective effect towards infection (OR = 0.1; 95% CI = 0.01-0.88, P = 0.033*). Similarly, the IFNGR1 -56C/T polymorphism showed statistical differences between Hp+ and Hp- (P = 0.018*), and the IFNGR1 -56TT genotype exhibited significant risk to Hp infection (OR = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.27-6.54, P = 0.018*). In conclusion, the pro-inflammatory TLR1 1805T and IFNGR1 -56T alleles are related with susceptibility to Hp infection in Ecuadorian individuals. The presence of these polymorphisms in individuals with chronic infection increases the risk of cellular damage and diminishes the cellular immune response efficiency towards colonizing agents.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Ecuador
- Gene Frequency
- Genotype
- Helicobacter Infections/genetics
- Helicobacter Infections/immunology
- Helicobacter Infections/microbiology
- Helicobacter pylori/immunology
- Helicobacter pylori/physiology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Linkage Disequilibrium
- Middle Aged
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/immunology
- Retrospective Studies
- Toll-Like Receptor 1/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 1/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/immunology
- Young Adult
- Interferon gamma Receptor
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Cabrera-Andrade
- Biomedical Research Institute, School of Health Science, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hydrocortisone reduces the beneficial effects of toll-like receptor 2 deficiency on survival in a mouse model of polymicrobial sepsis. Shock 2014; 40:414-9. [PMID: 24089003 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in early host defense against microorganisms. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) polymorphisms have a prevalence of 10%; functional defects of TLR2 are associated with higher susceptibility toward gram-positive bacteria, and TLR2 deficiency has been associated with an impaired adrenal stress response. In the present study, we compared endogenous corticosterone production of wild-type (WT) and TLR2-deficient (TLR2) mice and analyzed survival after hydrocortisone therapy during sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). METHODS Male C57BL/6J (WT); and B6.129-Tlr2tm1Kir/J (TLR2) mice were subjected to CLP or sham operation and randomly assigned to postoperative treatment with either hydrocortisone (5 mg/kg) or vehicle (n = 10 mice/group). Survival was documented for an observation period of 48 h. Endogenous corticosterone production following hydrocortisone treatment and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) exposure, interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-1β plasma levels, and blood counts were determined following sham operation or CLP using another n = 5 mice/group. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance/Bonferroni. RESULTS TLR2 mice exhibited a lack of suppression and an attenuated increase in endogenous corticosterone production following hydrocortisone or LTA treatment, respectively. After CLP, TLR2 mice exhibited an uncompromised adrenal stress response, higher IL-6 levels, and increased survival compared with WT controls (75 vs. 35%; P < 0.05). Hydrocortisone therapy of TLR2 mice completely abolished this advantage (decrease in survival to 45%, P < 0.05 vs. vehicle-treated TLR2 mice) and was associated with decreased IL-1β plasma concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Toll-like receptor 2 deficiency is associated with an uncompromised adrenal stress response and increased survival rates during polymicrobial sepsis. Hydrocortisone treatment increases mortality of septic TLR2 mice, suggesting that hydrocortisone therapy might be harmful for individuals with functional TLR2 polymorphisms.
Collapse
|
45
|
Jabłońska A, Paradowska E, Studzińska M, Suski P, Nowakowska D, Wiśniewska-Ligier M, Woźniakowska-Gęsicka T, Wilczyński J, Leśnikowski ZJ. Relationship between toll-like receptor 2 Arg677Trp and Arg753Gln and toll-like receptor 4 Asp299Gly polymorphisms and cytomegalovirus infection. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 25:11-5. [PMID: 24813591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The association among specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR2 (Arg677Trp, Arg753Gln) and TLR4 (Asp299Gln) and human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection was studied in infants and adults. METHODS The TLR2 and TLR4 polymorphisms were genotyped in 151 patients with CMV infections and in 78 unrelated healthy individuals. Genotyping was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of PCR-amplified fragments. The viral load was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Almost all of the patients with CMV infections were wild-type homozygotes without TLR2 and TLR4 polymorphisms. No significant differences in TLR2 and TLR4 polymorphisms were observed between infants with or without CMV infection. Compared with adults with CMV infections, heterozygosity for the TLR2 Arg677Trp and TLR4 Asp299Gly SNPs was detected more frequently in healthy individuals (p<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the wild-type TLR2 genotype was associated with an increased risk of CMV infection and that heterozygosity for TLR2 and TLR4 SNPs diminished the risk of CMV infection in adult patients. An association between CMV load and the TLR4 SNP was found. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the wild-type TLR2 genotype may be a risk factor for CMV replication in adult patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Jabłońska
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa St., 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Edyta Paradowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa St., 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Mirosława Studzińska
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa St., 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Patrycja Suski
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa St., 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Dorota Nowakowska
- Department of Foetal-Maternal Medicine and Gynaecology, Third Chair of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Medical University, Lodz, Poland; Department of Foetal-Maternal Medicine and Gynaecology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | | | | | - Jan Wilczyński
- Department of Foetal-Maternal Medicine and Gynaecology, Third Chair of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Medical University, Lodz, Poland; Department of Foetal-Maternal Medicine and Gynaecology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Zbigniew J Leśnikowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa St., 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
MTB ranks as the first worldwide pathogen latently infecting one third of the population and the second leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, after the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The development of vigorous and apparently appropriate immune response upon infection with M. tuberculosis in humans and experimental animals conflict with failure to eradicate the pathogen itself and with its ability to undergo clinical latency from which it may exit. From a clinical standpoint, our views on MTB infection may take advantage from updating the overall perspective, that has quite changed over the last decade, following remarkable advances in our understanding of the manipulation of the immune system by M. tuberculosis and of the role of innate components of the immune response, including macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells and NK cells in the initial spread of MTB and its exit from latency. Scope of this review is to highlight the major mechanisms of MTB escape from immune control and to provide a supplementary translational perspective for the interpretation of innate immune mechanisms with particular impact on clinical aspects.
Collapse
|
47
|
Wang ZH, Cao XH, Du XG, Feng HB, Zeng XY. Mucosal and systemic immunity in mice after intranasal immunization with recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing ORF6 of PRRSV. Cell Immunol 2013; 287:69-73. [PMID: 24423464 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to construct mucosal vaccine of a recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing PRRSV ORF6 gene and evaluate mucosal and systemic immune response against PRRSV in mice after intranasal immunization. The result show that the vaccine can stimulate mice to produce specific IgG in serum and remarkable special s-IgA in lung lavage fluid, at the same time, the contents of cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ of the experimental group were significant higher than those of the control group (P < 0.01), however, the contents of cytokines IL-4 was not different to the all groups. In summary, the constructed mucosal vaccine can significantly induce mucosal immune, humoral immunity and cellular immunity involved Th1 type cytokines, which will lay a theoretical foundation on immune mechanism and new efficient vaccines for PRRSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-hua Wang
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, Chengdu Vocational College of Agricultural Science and Technology, WenJiang, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Xiao-han Cao
- Isotope Research Laboratory, College of Life and Basic Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xin Kang Road 46, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - Xiao-gang Du
- Isotope Research Laboratory, College of Life and Basic Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xin Kang Road 46, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - Hai-bo Feng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, PR China
| | - Xian-yin Zeng
- Isotope Research Laboratory, College of Life and Basic Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xin Kang Road 46, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wujcicka W, Wilczyński J, Nowakowska D. Do the placental barrier, parasite genotype and Toll-like receptor polymorphisms contribute to the course of primary infection with various Toxoplasma gondii genotypes in pregnant women? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 33:703-9. [PMID: 24292064 PMCID: PMC3996274 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-2017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii has a highly clonal genetic structure classified into three major genetic types, I, II, and III, plus additional recombinant and atypical strains. In humans, type I and atypical strains usually associate with severe toxoplasmosis. Type II strains, predominantly identified in European countries and the United States, correlate with a differential course of toxoplasmosis. During pregnancy, the important protective role of the placenta against maternal–fetal T. gondii transmission has been reported. T. gondii preferentially colonizes extravillous trophoblasts as compared to syncytiotrophoblasts. The latter compartment was suggested to act as the real barrier to the fetal dissemination of T. gondii. Alterations in immune response to particular T. gondii strains were observed. Higher transcription levels of IP-10, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 cytokines, and NF-κB translocation to the nucleus were more often documented for type II strains than type I strains. Since the induction of IL-12 during type II infection was Myd88-dependent, the involvement of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the immunity against these strains was suggested. Differential expression of TLRs depends on placental cell types and gestational age. The expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in the first trimester of pregnancy was reported only for villous cytotrophoblasts and extravillous trophoblasts, but not for syncytiotrophoblasts. The involvement of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TLR genes in infectious pathogenicity, including toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis, points at a possible involvement of TLR alterations in immunity against T. gondii. We conclude that studies on TLR contributions in the maternal–fetal transmission of particular parasite strains and congenital toxoplasmosis are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Wujcicka
- Department of Fetal-Maternal Medicine and Gynecology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute in Lodz, 281/289 Rzgowska Street, Lodz, 93-338, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Rodriguez ME, Loyd CM, Ding X, Karim AF, McDonald DJ, Canaday DH, Rojas RE. Mycobacterial phosphatidylinositol mannoside 6 (PIM6) up-regulates TCR-triggered HIV-1 replication in CD4+ T cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80938. [PMID: 24282561 PMCID: PMC3839890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of mortality among those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) worldwide. HIV-1 load and heterogeneity are increased both locally and systemically in active TB. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection supports HIV-1 replication through dysregulation of host cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors. However the possibility that mycobacterial molecules released from MTB infected macrophages directly interact with CD4(+) T cells triggering HIV-1 replication has not been fully explored. We studied the direct effect of different MTB molecules on HIV-1 replication (R5-tropic strain Bal) in anti-CD3- stimulated CD4(+) T cells from healthy donors in an antigen presenting cell (APC)-free system. PIM6, a major glycolipid of the mycobacterial cell wall, induced significant increases in the percent of HIV-1 infected T cells and the viral production in culture supernatants. In spite of structural relatedness, none of the other three major MTB cell wall glycolipids had significant impact on HIV-1 replication in T cells. Increased levels of IFN-γ in culture supernatants from cells treated with PIM6 indicate that HIV-1 replication is likely dependent on enhanced T cell activation. In HEK293 cells transfected with TLR2, PIM6 was the strongest TLR2 agonist among the cell wall associated glycolipids tested. PIM6 increased the percentage of HIV infected cells and viral particles in the supernatant in a T-cell-based reporter cell line (JLTRg-R5) transfected with TLR1 and TLR2 but not in the cells transfected with the empty vector (which lack TLR2 expression) confirming that PIM6-induced HIV-1 replication depends at least partially on TLR2 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam E. Rodriguez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Candace M. Loyd
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xuedong Ding
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ahmad F. Karim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David J. McDonald
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David H. Canaday
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Roxana E. Rojas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Thada S, Valluri VL, Gaddam SL. Influence of Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms to tuberculosis susceptibility in humans. Scand J Immunol 2013; 78:221-9. [PMID: 23672492 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), and it remains one of the major bacterial infections worldwide. Innate immunity is an important arm of antimycobacterial host defence mechanism that senses various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) of microbes by a variety of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). As per the recent discovery, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the recognition of M. tb, this immune activation occurs only in the presence of functional TLRs. Variants of TLRs may influence their expression, function and alters the recognition or signalling mechanism, which leads to the disease susceptibility. Hence, the identification of mutations in these receptors could be used as a marker to screen the individuals who are at risk. In this review, we discuss TLR SNPs and their signalling mechanism to understand the susceptibility to TB for better therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Thada
- Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|