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Halecker S, Krabben L, Kristiansen Y, Krüger L, Möller L, Becher D, Laue M, Kaufer B, Reimer C, Denner J. Rare isolation of human-tropic recombinant porcine endogenous retroviruses PERV-A/C from Göttingen minipigs. Virol J 2022; 19:30. [PMID: 35189916 PMCID: PMC8862210 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) can infect human cells and pose a risk for xenotransplantation when pig cells, tissues or organs are transplanted to human recipients. Xenotransplantation holds great promise to overcome the shortage of human donor organs after solving the problems of rejection, functionality and virus safety. We recently described the transmission of a human-tropic recombinant PERV-A/C, designated PERV-F, from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of a Göttingen Minipig (GöMP) to human 293 cells (Krüger et al., in Viruses 12(1):38, 2019). The goal of this study was to characterize PERV-F in more detail and to analyze the probability of virus isolation from other animals. Methods The recombination site in the envelope (env) gene, the long terminal repeats (LTR), the proteins and the morphology of the recombinant PERV-F were characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequencing, Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence, and transmissible electron microscopy. Mitogen-stimulated PBMCs from 47 additional pigs, including 17 new GöMP, were co-cultured with highly susceptible human 293 T cells, and the PERV-A/C prevalence and PERV transmission was analyzed by PCR. Results PERV-F, isolated from a GöMP, is an infectious human-tropic PERV-A/C virus with a novel type of recombination in the env gene. The length of the LTR of PERV-F increased after passaging on human cells. In a few minipigs, but not in German landrace pigs, PERV-A/C were found. There was no transmission of human-tropic PERV-A/C from additional 47 pigs, including 17 GöMP, to human cells. Conclusion These data show that human-tropic recombinant PERV-A/C proviruses can only be found in a very small number of minipigs, but not in other pigs, and that their isolation as infectious virus able to replicate on human cells is an extremely rare event, even when using highly susceptible 293 cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-022-01742-0.
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Longitudinal trajectories of brain volume in combined antiretroviral therapy treated and untreated simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques. AIDS 2021; 35:2433-2443. [PMID: 34870927 PMCID: PMC8631166 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We used simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected nonhuman primates to investigate longitudinal changes of brain volume caused by SIV and the effect of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). In addition, the relation between viral load, immune status, and brain volume were explored. DESIGN A longitudinal study of two healthy controls, five SIVmac239-infected macaques received cART (SIV+cART+) at 40 days postinnoculation, and five SIVmac239-infected macaques received no therapy (SIV+cART-). METHODS Structural T1-weighted MRI, blood and cerebrospinal fluid testing were acquired at multiple time points for 48 weeks postinfection (wpi). Brain volume was estimated using region of interest (ROI)-based analysis. Volume differences were compared among three groups. Linear regression models tested the associations between brain volumes and biomarkers (viral load, CD4+ T-cell count, CD4+/CD8+ ratio). RESULTS In our model, brain volume alteration in SIV-infected macaques can be detected at 12 wpi in several brain regions. As the infection progresses, the SIV+cART- macaques displayed generalized gray matter atrophy at the endpoint. Though initiate cART right after acute infection, SIV+cART+ macaques still displayed brain atrophy but showed signs of reversibility. Plasma viral load is mainly associated with subcortical nucleus volume whereas CD4+ T-cell count and CD4+/CD8+ ratio in plasma were associated with widespread cortical volume. CONCLUSION The SIVmac239-infected Chinese origin macaque is a valid model for neuroHIV. Brain atrophy caused by SIV infection can be relieved, even reversed, by cART. Our model also provides new insights into understanding the pathogenesis of brain injury in people with HIV (PWH).
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Pedreño-Lopez N, Dang CM, Rosen BC, Ricciardi MJ, Bailey VK, Gutman MJ, Gonzalez-Nieto L, Pauthner MG, Le K, Song G, Andrabi R, Weisgrau KL, Pomplun N, Martinez-Navio JM, Fuchs SP, Wrammert J, Rakasz EG, Lifson JD, Martins MA, Burton DR, Watkins DI, Magnani DM. Induction of Transient Virus Replication Facilitates Antigen-Independent Isolation of SIV-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 16:225-237. [PMID: 32083148 PMCID: PMC7021589 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Structural characterization of the HIV-1 Envelope (Env) glycoprotein has facilitated the development of Env probes to isolate HIV-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, preclinical studies have largely evaluated these virus-specific mAbs against chimeric viruses, which do not naturally infect non-human primates, in contrast to the unconstrained simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)mac239 clone. Given the paucity of native-like reagents for the isolation of SIV-specific B cells, we examined a method to isolate SIVmac239-specific mAbs without using Env probes. We first activated virus-specific B cells by inducing viral replication after the infusion of a CD8β-depleting mAb or withdrawal of antiretroviral therapy in SIVmac239-infected rhesus macaques. Following the rise in viremia, we observed 2- to 4-fold increases in the number of SIVmac239 Env-reactive plasmablasts in circulation. We then sorted these activated B cells and obtained 206 paired Ab sequences. After expressing 122 mAbs, we identified 14 Env-specific mAbs. While these Env-specific mAbs bound to both the SIVmac239 SOSIP.664 trimer and to infected primary rhesus CD4+ T cells, five also neutralized SIVmac316. Unfortunately, none of these mAbs neutralized SIVmac239. Our data show that this method can be used to isolate virus-specific mAbs without antigenic probes by inducing bursts of contemporary replicating viruses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Pedreño-Lopez
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Christine M. Dang
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Brandon C. Rosen
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Michael J. Ricciardi
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Varian K. Bailey
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Martin J. Gutman
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Lucas Gonzalez-Nieto
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Matthias G. Pauthner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (Scripps CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Khoa Le
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (Scripps CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ge Song
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Raiees Andrabi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kim L. Weisgrau
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Nicholas Pomplun
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - José M. Martinez-Navio
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sebastian P. Fuchs
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jens Wrammert
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30317, USA
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Mauricio A. Martins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (Scripps CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David I. Watkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Diogo M. Magnani
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Pahar B, Kuebler D, Rasmussen T, Wang X, Srivastav SK, Das A, Veazey RS. Quantification of Viral RNA and DNA Positive Cells in Tissues From Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/Simian Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Controller and Progressor Rhesus Macaques. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2933. [PMID: 31921088 PMCID: PMC6933296 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Eradication of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) from an infected individual cannot be achieved using current antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens. Viral reservoirs established in early infection remain unaffected by ART and are able to replenish systemic infection upon treatment interruption. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infected macaque models are useful for studying HIV pathogenesis, treatments, and persistent viral reservoirs. Here, we used the SIV macaque model to examine and quantify RNA and DNA positive cells in tissues from macaques that control viral replication (controllers) and those that have persistently high plasma viremia (progressors). A positive correlation was detected between tissue RNA+ cells and plasma viral load in both mesenteric lymph node (LN) and spleen. Similarly, a positive correlation also observed between DNA+ cells and plasma viral load in ileum and jejunum. Controllers had a lower frequency of both RNA and DNA+ cells in several tissues compared to progressors. However, DNA+ cells were prevalent in mesenteric LN, inguinal LN, colon, midbrain, and bone marrow tissues in both controller and progressors. Organized lymphoid tissues of LNs, spleen, and intestine were found as the major tissues positive for virus. Viral RNA and DNA positive cells were detected in brain and thymus in macaques with high plasma viremia and SIV-encephalitis. Both T cells and macrophages were shown to be infected in several tissues, indicating vaccines and ART should be specifically designed to protect these cells in organized lymphoid tissues. These results indicate ART should target infected cells in secondary lymphoid organs to reduce both productively and latently infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapi Pahar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Dot Kuebler
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Terri Rasmussen
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Sudesh K Srivastav
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Arpita Das
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
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Pan D, Das A, Srivastav SK, Traina-Dorge V, Didier PJ, Pahar B. Lack of T-cell-mediated IL-2 and TNFα production is linked to decreased CD58 expression in intestinal tissue during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J Gen Virol 2018; 100:26-34. [PMID: 30480508 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For an effective T-cell activation and response, co-stimulation is required in addition to the antigen-specific signal from their antigen receptors. The CD2/CD58 interaction is considered as one of the most important T-cell co-stimulatory pathways for T-cell activation and proliferation, and its role in regulating intestinal T-cell function in acute and chronic SIV -infected macaques is poorly documented. Here, we demonstrated a significant reduction of CD58 expression in both T- and B-cell populations during acute SIV infection along with high plasma viral load and a loss of intestinal CD4+ T cells compared to SIV-uninfected control macaques. The reduction of CD58 expression in T cells was correlated with the reduced expression of T-cell-mediated IL-2 and TNFα production. Together, these results indicate that reduction in the CD2/CD58 interaction pathway in mucosal lymphocytes might play a crucial role in mucosal T-cell dysfunction during acute SIV/HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diganta Pan
- 1Division of Comparative Pathology, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Arpita Das
- 2Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sudesh K Srivastav
- 3Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Vicki Traina-Dorge
- 2Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Peter J Didier
- 1Division of Comparative Pathology, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Bapi Pahar
- 1Division of Comparative Pathology, Covington, Louisiana
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Induction of neutralizing antibody response against koala retrovirus (KoRV) and reduction in viral load in koalas following vaccination with recombinant KoRV envelope protein. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:30. [PMID: 30083396 PMCID: PMC6072795 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Koala retrovirus (KoRV) infects the majority of Australia’s koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) and has been linked to several life-threatening diseases such as lymphoma and leukemia, as well as Chlamydia and thus poses a threat to the continued survival of this species. While quarantine and antiretroviral drug treatment are possible control measures, they are impractical, leaving vaccination as the only realistic option. In this study, we examined the effect of a recombinant envelope protein-based anti-KoRV vaccine in two groups of South Australian koalas: KoRV infected or KoRV free. We report a successful vaccination response in the koalas with no vaccine-associated side effects. The vaccine induced a significant humoral immune response as well as the production of neutralizing antibodies in both groups of koalas. We also identified B-cell epitopes that were differentially recognized in KoRV-infected versus KoRV-free koalas following vaccination. Importantly, we also showed that vaccination had a therapeutic effect on koalas infected exogenously with KoRV by reducing their circulating viral load. Together, this study highlights the possibility of successfully developing a vaccine against KoRV infection in koalas. A vaccine candidate for Koala retrovirus elicits a protective antibody response and reduces the viral load in already-infected koalas. Koala retrovirus (KoRV), first identified in the last 20 years, is a life-threatening, endemic pathogen affecting Australian koalas. In pursuit of an effective KoRV vaccine, the University of the Sunshine Coast’s Peter Timms led a group of Australian scientists to develop a candidate based on the transmembrane section of the virus’ envelope protein. The six koalas vaccinated in the study all generated a strong antibody response to the envelope protein, and a strong neutralizing antibody response was reported during in vitro tests. Vaccinated koalas with pre-existing KoRV infection benefited from an average 79% reduction in viral load when measured 12 weeks after vaccination. Further research should be prioritized to provide much-needed protection to Australia’s koalas.
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7
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Swan ZD, Bouwer AL, Wonderlich ER, Barratt-Boyes SM. Persistent accumulation of gut macrophages with impaired phagocytic function correlates with SIV disease progression in macaques. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1925-1935. [PMID: 28667761 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of macrophages in the gastrointestinal tract to disease control or progression in HIV infection remains unclear. To address this question, we analyzed CD163+ macrophages in ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes (LN) from SIV-infected rhesus macaques with dichotomous expression of controlling MHC class I alleles predicted to be SIV controllers or progressors. Infection induced accumulation of macrophages into gut mucosa in the acute phase that persisted in progressors but was resolved in controllers. In contrast, macrophage recruitment to mesenteric LNs occurred only transiently in acute infection irrespective of disease outcome. Persistent gut macrophage accumulation was associated with CD163 expression on α4β7+ CD16+ blood monocytes and correlated with epithelial damage. Macrophages isolated from intestine of progressors had reduced phagocytic function relative to controllers and uninfected macaques, and the proportion of phagocytic macrophages negatively correlated with mucosal epithelial breach, lamina propria Escherichia coli density, and plasma virus burden. Macrophages in intestine produced low levels of cytokines regardless of disease course, while mesenteric LN macrophages from progressors became increasingly responsive as infection advanced. These data indicate that noninflammatory CD163+ macrophages accumulate in gut mucosa in progressive SIV infection in response to intestinal damage but fail to adequately phagocytose debris, potentially perpetuating their recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Swan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anthea L Bouwer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Wonderlich
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Simon M Barratt-Boyes
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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8
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Carryl H, Van Rompay KKA, De Paris K, Burke MW. Hippocampal Neuronal Loss in Infant Macaques Orally Infected with Virulent Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV). Brain Sci 2017; 7:E40. [PMID: 28394273 PMCID: PMC5406697 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurological impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) on children includes loss of brain growth, motor abnormalities and cognitive dysfunction. Despite early antiretroviral treatment (ART) intervention to suppress viral load, neurological consequences of perinatal HIV-1 infection persist. Utilizing the pediatric simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection model, we tested the hypothesis that early-life SIV infection depletes neuronal population in the hippocampus. A total of 22 ART-naïve infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) from previous studies were retrospectively analyzed. Infant macaques were either intravenously (IV) inoculated with highly virulent SIVmac251 at ~1 week of age and monitored for 6-10 weeks, or orally challenged with SIVmac251 from week 9 of age onwards with a monitoring period of 10-23 weeks post-infection (19-34 weeks of age), and SIV-uninfected controls were euthanized at 16-17 weeks of age. We have previously reported that the IV SIVmac251-infected neonatal macaques (Group 1) displayed a 42% neuronal reduction throughout the hippocampal cornu ammonis (CA) fields. The orally-infected infant macaques displayed a 75% neuronal reduction in the CA1 region compared to controls and 54% fewer neurons than IV SIV infants. The CA2 region showed a similar pattern, with a 67% reduction between orally-infected SIV subjects and controls and a 40% difference between IV-and orally-infected SIV groups. In the CA3 region, there were no significant differences between these groups, however both SIV-infected groups had significantly fewer pyramidal neurons than control subjects. There was no correlation between plasma viral load and neuronal populations in any of the CA fields. The loss of hippocampal neurons may contribute to the rapid neurocognitive decline associated with pediatric HIV infection. While each subfield showed vulnerability to SIV infection, the CA1 and CA2 subregions demonstrated a potentially enhanced vulnerability to pediatric SIV infection. These data underscore the need for early diagnosis and treatment, including therapeutics targeting the central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Carryl
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
| | - Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Mark W Burke
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
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A critical analysis of the cynomolgus macaque, Macaca fascicularis, as a model to test HIV-1/SIV vaccine efficacy. Vaccine 2014; 33:3073-83. [PMID: 25510387 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of a number of non-rhesus macaque species, but especially cynomolgus macaques as a model for HIV-1 vaccine development has increased in recent years. Cynomolgus macaques have been used in the United Kingdom, Europe, Canada and Australia as a model for HIV vaccine development for many years. Unlike rhesus macaques, cynomolgus macaques infected with SIV show a pattern of disease pathogenesis that more closely resembles that of human HIV-1 infection, exhibiting lower peak and set-point viral loads and slower progression to disease with more typical AIDS defining illnesses. Several advances have been made recently in the use of the cynomolgus macaque SIV challenge model that allow the demonstration of vaccine efficacy using attenuated viruses and vectors that are both viral and non-viral in origin. This review aims to probe the details of various vaccination trials carried out in cynomolgus macaques in the context of our modern understanding of the highly diverse immunogenetics of this species with a view to understanding the species-specific immune correlates of protection and the efficacy of vectors that have been used to design vaccines.
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10
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Zhan XY, Wang N, Liu G, Qin L, Xu W, Zhao S, Qin L, Chen X. Plasmodium infection reduces the volume of the viral reservoir in SIV-infected rhesus macaques receiving antiretroviral therapy. Retrovirology 2014; 11:112. [PMID: 25487036 PMCID: PMC4269176 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies indicated that Plasmodium infection activates the immune system, including memory CD4+ T cells, which constitute the reservoir of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). Therefore, we postulated that co-infection with malaria might activate the reservoir of HIV-1. To test this hypothesis, we used a rhesus macaque model of co-infection with malaria and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), along with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Results Our results showed that Plasmodium infection reduced both the replication-competent virus pool in resting CD4+ T cells and the integrated virus DNA (iDNA) load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the monkeys. This reduction might be attributable to malaria-mediated activation and apoptotic induction of memory CD4+ T cells. Further studies indicated that histone acetylation and NF-kappaB (NF-κB) activation in resting CD4+ T cells may also play an important role in this reduction. Conclusions The findings of this work expand our knowledge of the interaction between these two diseases. As more HIV-1-infected individuals in malaria-endemic areas receive ART, we should explore whether any of the patients co-infected with Plasmodium experience virologic benefits. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-014-0112-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yong Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luogang District, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Nina Wang
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luogang District, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Guangjie Liu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luogang District, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Limei Qin
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luogang District, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Wanwan Xu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luogang District, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Siting Zhao
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luogang District, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Li Qin
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luogang District, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luogang District, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong Province, China.
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Kizima L, Rodríguez A, Kenney J, Derby N, Mizenina O, Menon R, Seidor S, Zhang S, Levendosky K, Jean-Pierre N, Pugach P, Villegas G, Ford BE, Gettie A, Blanchard J, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Paglini G, Teleshova N, Zydowsky TM, Robbiani M, Fernández-Romero JA. A potent combination microbicide that targets SHIV-RT, HSV-2 and HPV. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94547. [PMID: 24740100 PMCID: PMC3989196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalent infection with human herpes simplex 2 (HSV-2) or human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with increased human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition. Microbicides that target HIV as well as these sexually transmitted infections (STIs) may more effectively limit HIV incidence. Previously, we showed that a microbicide gel (MZC) containing MIV-150, zinc acetate (ZA) and carrageenan (CG) protected macaques against simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-RT) infection and that a ZC gel protected mice against HSV-2 infection. Here we evaluated a modified MZC gel (containing different buffers, co-solvents, and preservatives suitable for clinical testing) against both vaginal and rectal challenge of animals with SHIV-RT, HSV-2 or HPV. MZC was stable and safe in vitro (cell viability and monolayer integrity) and in vivo (histology). MZC protected macaques against vaginal (p<0.0001) SHIV-RT infection when applied up to 8 hours (h) prior to challenge. When used close to the time of challenge, MZC prevented rectal SHIV-RT infection of macaques similar to the CG control. MZC significantly reduced vaginal (p<0.0001) and anorectal (p = 0.0187) infection of mice when 10(6) pfu HSV-2 were applied immediately after vaginal challenge and also when 5×10(3) pfu were applied between 8 h before and 4 h after vaginal challenge (p<0.0248). Protection of mice against 8×10(6) HPV16 pseudovirus particles (HPV16 PsV) was significant for MZC applied up to 24 h before and 2 h after vaginal challenge (p<0.0001) and also if applied 2 h before or after anorectal challenge (p<0.0006). MZC provides a durable window of protection against vaginal infection with these three viruses and, against HSV-2 and HPV making it an excellent candidate microbicide for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Kizima
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Aixa Rodríguez
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jessica Kenney
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nina Derby
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Olga Mizenina
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Radhika Menon
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Samantha Seidor
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Keith Levendosky
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ninochka Jean-Pierre
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pavel Pugach
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Guillermo Villegas
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Brian E. Ford
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - James Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (Formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (Formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Paglini
- Instituto de Virología J.M.Vanella-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia Teleshova
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Zydowsky
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Melissa Robbiani
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - José A. Fernández-Romero
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
- Instituto de Virología J.M.Vanella-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Baroncelli S, Negri DRM, Michelini Z, Cara A. Macaca mulatta,fascicularisandnemestrinain AIDS vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 7:1419-34. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.9.1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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A vaccine against CCR5 protects a subset of macaques upon intravaginal challenge with simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac251. J Virol 2013; 88:2011-24. [PMID: 24307581 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02447-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
As an alternative to targeting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), we have developed vaccines targeting CCR5, a self-protein critically involved in HIV replication and pathogenesis. By displaying peptides derived from CCR5 at high density on the surface of virus-like particles, we can efficiently induce high-titer IgG antibodies against this self-molecule. Here, we investigated whether prophylactic immunization of rhesus macaques with a particle-based vaccine targeting two regions of macaque CCR5 could prevent or suppress vaginal infection with highly virulent SIVmac251. Twelve macaques were vaccinated with a bacteriophage Qß-based vaccine targeting macaque CCR5 (Qß.CCR5). Six control animals were immunized with the Qß platform alone. All animals immunized with Qß.CCR5 developed high-titer anti-CCR5 antibody responses. Macaques were vaginally challenged with a high dose of SIVmac251. The mean peak viral RNA levels in the vaccinated groups were 30-fold lower than in the control group (10(6.8) versus 10(8.3) copies/ml plasma). Three of the 12 vaccinated macaques dramatically suppressed simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication: peak viral loads were low (10(3) to 10(4) RNA copies/ml), and SIV RNA became undetectable from 6 weeks onward. No viral RNA or DNA could be detected in colon and lymph node biopsy specimens collected 13 months after challenge. In vivo depletion of CD8(+) cells failed to induce a viral rebound. However, once anti-CCR5 antibody responses had waned, the 3 animals became infected after intravaginal and/or intravenous rechallenge. In conclusion, vaccination against CCR5 was associated with dramatic suppression of virus replication in a subset (25%) of macaques. These data support further research of vaccination against CCR5 to combat HIV infection.
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Monjure CJ, Tatum CD, Panganiban AT, Arainga M, Traina-Dorge V, Marx PA, Didier ES. Optimization of PCR for quantification of simian immunodeficiency virus genomic RNA in plasma of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) using armored RNA. J Med Primatol 2013; 43:31-43. [PMID: 24266615 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Quantification of plasma viral load (PVL) is used to monitor disease progression in SIV-infected macaques. This study was aimed at optimizing of performance characteristics of the quantitative PCR (qPCR) PVL assay. METHODS The PVL quantification procedure was optimized by inclusion of an exogenous control hepatitis C virus armored RNA (aRNA), a plasma concentration step, extended digestion with proteinase K, and a second RNA elution step. Efficiency of viral RNA (vRNA) extraction was compared using several commercial vRNA extraction kits. Various parameters of qPCR targeting the gag region of SIVmac239, SIVsmE660, and the LTR region of SIVagmSAB were also optimized. RESULTS Modifications of the SIV PVL qPCR procedure increased vRNA recovery, reduced inhibition and improved analytical sensitivity. The PVL values determined by this SIV PVL qPCR correlated with quantification results of SIV RNA in the same samples using the 'industry standard' method of branched-DNA (bDNA) signal amplification. CONCLUSIONS Quantification of SIV genomic RNA in plasma of rhesus macaques using this optimized SIV PVL qPCR is equivalent to the bDNA signal amplification method, less costly and more versatile. Use of heterologous aRNA as an internal control is useful for optimizing performance characteristics of PVL qPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Monjure
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
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15
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Zhou Y, Bao R, Haigwood NL, Persidsky Y, Ho WZ. SIV infection of rhesus macaques of Chinese origin: a suitable model for HIV infection in humans. Retrovirology 2013; 10:89. [PMID: 23947613 PMCID: PMC3765527 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of Indian-origin rhesus macaques (RM) has been widely used as a well-established nonhuman primate (NHP) model for HIV/AIDS research. However, there have been a growing number of studies using Chinese RM to evaluate immunopathogenesis of SIV infection. In this paper, we have for the first time reviewed and discussed the major publications related to SIV or SHIV infection of Chinese RM in the past decades. We have compared the differences in the pathogenesis of SIV infection between Chinese RM and Indian RM with regard to viral infection, immunological response, and host genetic background. Given AIDS is a disease that affects humans of diverse origins, it is of importance to study animals with different geographical background. Therefore, to examine and compare results obtained from RM models of Indian and Chinese origins should lead to further validation and improvement of these animal models for HIV/AIDS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- The Center for Animal Experiment/ ABSL-III Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P,R, China
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16
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Kenney J, Rodríguez A, Kizima L, Seidor S, Menon R, Jean-Pierre N, Pugach P, Levendosky K, Derby N, Gettie A, Blanchard J, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Paglini G, Zydowsky TM, Robbiani M, Fernández Romero JA. A modified zinc acetate gel, a potential nonantiretroviral microbicide, is safe and effective against simian-human immunodeficiency virus and herpes simplex virus 2 infection in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:4001-9. [PMID: 23752515 PMCID: PMC3719770 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00796-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that a prototype gel comprising zinc acetate (ZA) in carrageenan (CG) protected mice against vaginal and rectal herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) challenge as well as macaques against vaginal simian-human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase (SHIV-RT) challenge. In this work, we modified buffers and cosolvents to obtain a stable, nearly iso-osmolal formulation and evaluated its safety and efficacy against SHIV-RT and HSV-2. In vitro toxicity to lactobacilli and Candida albicans was determined. Macaques were given daily doses of ZA and CG (ZA/CG) or CG alone vaginally for 14 days and challenged with SHIV-RT 24 h later. Mice were challenged vaginally or rectally with HSV-2 immediately after a single gel treatment to measure efficacy or vaginally 12 h after daily gel treatment for 7 days to evaluate the gel's impact on susceptibility to HSV-2 infection. The modified ZA/CG neither affected the viability of lactobacilli or C. albicans nor enhanced vaginal HSV-2 infection after daily ZA/CG treatment. Vaginal SHIV-RT infection of macaques was reduced by 66% (P = 0.006) when macaques were challenged 24 h after the last dose of gel. We observed 60% to 80% uninfected mice after vaginal (P < 0.0001) and rectal (P = 0.008) high-dose HSV-2 challenge. The modified ZA/CG gel is safe and effective in animal models and represents a potential candidate to limit the transmission of HIV and HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kenney
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aixa Rodríguez
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - Larisa Kizima
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - Samantha Seidor
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - Radhika Menon
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Pavel Pugach
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - Keith Levendosky
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nina Derby
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - James Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Gabriela Paglini
- Instituto de Virología J.M.Vanella, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Thomas M. Zydowsky
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - Melissa Robbiani
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - José A. Fernández Romero
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
- Instituto de Virología J.M.Vanella, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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17
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Mumbauer A, Gettie A, Blanchard J, Cheng-Mayer C. Efficient mucosal transmissibility but limited pathogenicity of R5 SHIV SF162P3N in Chinese-origin rhesus macaques. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 62:496-504. [PMID: 23221980 PMCID: PMC3622143 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e31827f1c11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection of rhesus macaques (RMs) of Indian origin with simian immunodeficiency virus or simian-HIV (SHIV) provided powerful tools to study HIV-1 transmission and disease and for testing the efficacy of novel drugs, vaccines, and prevention strategies. In developing alternative nonhuman primate AIDS models for the CCR5 (R5)-tropic SHIVSF162P3N, we characterized virus transmission and infection in Chinese-origin RMs. METHODS Virologic, immunologic, and pathogenic evaluations of R5 SHIVSF162P3N infection in Chinese RMs challenged intrarectally (ir) or intravaginally were performed and compared with those previously observed in Indian-origin rhesus exposed to the same inoculum dose and via similar route. RESULTS R5 SHIVSF162P3N transmits efficiently across mucosal surfaces in Chinese RMs. The magnitude and kinetics of early virus dissemination after ir inoculation in the Chinese macaques were similar to those observed in Indian rhesus, but a trend toward increased SHIVSF162P3N vaginal infectivity and rapid virus spread was seen in the Chinese macaques compared with the Indian-origin animals. Once infected, however, set point viremia in the ir- and intravaginal-infected Chinese rhesus was significantly lower and the animals survived longer compared with infected Indian rhesus. CONCLUSIONS The R5 SHIVSF162P3N/Chinese RM infection model is suitable for studies of mucosal HIV-1 transmission and protection, but the high frequency of spontaneous control of chronic viremia and reduced virulence with SHIVSF162P3N in this macaque subspecies may limit its utility in studying HIV-1 pathogenesis and in evaluating vaccines and antiretrovirals that rely on reduction in chronic viral load or AIDS development as an experimental end point.
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18
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Increased toll-like receptor signaling pathways characterize CD8+ cells in rapidly progressive SIV infection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:796014. [PMID: 23484159 PMCID: PMC3591242 DOI: 10.1155/2013/796014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Similar to HIV infection in humans, SIV infection in macaques induces progressive loss of immune cell components and function, resulting in immune deficiency in nearly all untreated infected subjects. In SIV-infected macaques, 25% of animals develop terminal AIDS within 6 months of infection. The factors responsible for the development of such rapid progression are unknown. We have previously found that defects in CD8+ T cells detectable from early infection correlate to rapid progression to simian AIDS. The transcriptional screening of molecular fingerprints on different steps along the activation/effector process of splenic CD8+ cells at termination revealed a distinction in rapid compared to regular progressors, which was characterized by a decrease in classic T cell receptor (TCR) components, and an increase in Toll-like receptor (TLR) and apoptotic pathways. A TLR pathway screening in lymphoid and myeloid cells from both the spleen and from the central nervous system of infected macaques revealed that the upregulation of TLR is not in the innate immune compartment, but rather in lymphoid cells that contain adaptive immune cells. Our findings suggest that opposing effects of TCR specific signaling and TLR engagement may drive the CD8 phenotypic failure that determines a rapid disease course in HIV infection.
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Jasny E, Geer S, Frank I, Vagenas P, Aravantinou M, Salazar A, Lifson J, Piatak M, Gettie A, Blanchard J, Robbiani M. Characterization of peripheral and mucosal immune responses in rhesus macaques on long-term tenofovir and emtricitabine combination antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2012; 61:425-35. [PMID: 22820802 PMCID: PMC3494791 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e318266be53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is to suppress virus replication to limit immune system damage. Some have proposed combining ART with immune therapies to boost antiviral immunity. For this to be successful, ART must not impair physiological immune function. METHODS We studied the impact of ART (tenofovir and emtricitabine) on systemic and mucosal immunity in uninfected and simian immunodeficiency (SIV)-infected Chinese rhesus macaques. Subcutaneous ART was initiated 2 weeks after tonsillar inoculation with SIVmac239. RESULTS There was no evidence of immune dysregulation as a result of ART in either infected or uninfected animals. Early virus-induced alterations in circulating immune cell populations (decreased central memory T cells and myeloid dendritic cells) were detected, but normalized shortly after ART initiation. ART-treated animals showed marginal SIV-specific T-cell responses during treatment, which increased after ART discontinuation. Elevated expression of CXCL10 in oral, rectal, and blood samples and APOBEC3G mRNA in oral and rectal tissues was observed during acute infection and was down regulated after starting ART. ART did not impact the ability of the animals to respond to tonsillar application of polyICLC with increased CXCL10 expression in oral fluids and CD80 expression on blood myeloid dendritic cells. CONCLUSION Early initiation of ART prevented virus-induced damage and did not impede mucosal or systemic immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Jasny
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - S. Geer
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - I. Frank
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - P. Vagenas
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - M. Aravantinou
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - J.D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - M Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - A. Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - J. Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - M. Robbiani
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
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20
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Kenney J, Singer R, Derby N, Aravantinou M, Abraham CJ, Menon R, Seidor S, Zhang S, Gettie A, Blanchard J, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Fernández-Romero JA, Zydowsky TM, Robbiani M. A single dose of a MIV-150/Zinc acetate gel provides 24 h of protection against vaginal simian human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase infection, with more limited protection rectally 8-24 h after gel use. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:1476-84. [PMID: 22737981 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we showed that repeated vaginal application of a MIV-150/zinc acetate carrageenan (MIV-150/ZA/CG) gel and a zinc acetate carrageenan (ZA/CG) gel significantly protected macaques from vaginal simian human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase (SHIV-RT) infection. Gels were applied either daily for 2 weeks or every other day for 4 weeks, and the animals were challenged 4-24 h later. Herein, we examined the effects of a single vaginal dose administered either before or after virus challenge. Encouraged by the vaginal protection seen with MIV-150/ZA/CG, we also tested it rectally. Vaginal applications of MIV-150/ZA/CG, ZA/CG, and CG gel were performed once 8-24 h before, 1 h after, or 24 h before and 1 h after vaginal challenge. Rectal applications of MIV-150/ZA/CG and CG gel were performed once 8 or 24 h before rectal challenge. While vaginal pre-challenge and pre/post-challenge application of MIV-150/ZA/CG gel offered significant protection (88%, p<0.002), post-challenge application alone did not significantly protect. ZA/CG gel reduced infection prechallenge, but not significantly, and the effect was completely lost post-challenge. Rectal application of MIV-150/ZA/CG gel afforded limited protection against rectal challenge when applied 8-24 h before challenge. Thus, MIV-150/ZA/CG gel is a highly effective vaginal microbicide that demonstrates 24 h of protection from vaginal infection and may demonstrate efficacy against rectal infection when given close to the time of HIV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - James Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
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21
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Singer R, Mawson P, Derby N, Rodriguez A, Kizima L, Menon R, Goldman D, Kenney J, Aravantinou M, Seidor S, Gettie A, Blanchard J, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Fernández-Romero JA, Robbiani M, Zydowsky TM. An intravaginal ring that releases the NNRTI MIV-150 reduces SHIV transmission in macaques. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:150ra123. [PMID: 22956201 PMCID: PMC4391747 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microbicides may prevent HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in women; however, determining the optimal means of delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients remains a major challenge. We previously demonstrated that a vaginal gel containing the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor MIV-150 partially protected macaques from SHIV-RT (simian/HIV reverse transcriptase) infection, and the addition of zinc acetate rendered the gel significantly protective. We test the activity of MIV-150 without the addition of zinc acetate when delivered from either ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) or silicone intravaginal rings (IVRs). MIV-150 was successfully delivered, because it was detected in vaginal fluids and tissues by radioimmunoassay in pharmacokinetic studies. Moreover, EVA IVRs significantly protected macaques from SHIV-RT infection. Our results demonstrate that MIV-150-containing IVRs have the potential to prevent HIV infection and highlight the possible use of IVRs for delivering drugs that block HIV and other STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Singer
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Paul Mawson
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nina Derby
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Aixa Rodriguez
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Larisa Kizima
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Radhika Menon
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel Goldman
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jessica Kenney
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Meropi Aravantinou
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Samantha Seidor
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - James Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Melissa Robbiani
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas M. Zydowsky
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
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22
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Moore C, Sidney J, English AM, Wriston A, Hunt DF, Shabanowitz J, Southwood S, Bradley K, Lafont BAP, Mothé BR, Sette A. Identification of the peptide-binding motif recognized by the pigtail macaque class I MHC molecule Mane-A1*082:01 (Mane A*0301). Immunogenetics 2012; 64:461-8. [PMID: 22278177 PMCID: PMC3626442 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-012-0600-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rhesus and pigtail macaques have proven to be valuable animal models for several important human diseases, including HIV, where they exhibit similar pathology and disease progression. Because rhesus macaques have been extensively characterized in terms of their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I alleles, their demand has soared, making them increasingly difficult to obtain for research purposes. This problem has been exacerbated by a continued export ban in place since 1978. Pigtail macaques represent a potential alternative animal model. However, because their MHC class I alleles have not been characterized in detail, their use has been hindered. To address this, in the present study, we have characterized the peptide binding specificity of the pigtail macaque class I allele Mane-A1*082:01 (formerly known as Mane A*0301), representative of the second most common MHC class I antigen detected across several cohorts. The motif was defined on the basis of binding studies utilizing purified MHC protein and panels of single amino acid substitution analog peptides, as well as sequences of peptide ligands eluted from Mane-A1*082:01. Based on these analyses, Mane-A1*082:01 was found to recognize a motif with H in position 2 and the aromatic residues F and Y, or the hydrophobic/aliphatic residue M, at the C-terminus. Finally, analysis of the binding of a combinatorial peptide library allowed the generation of a detailed quantitative motif that proved effective in the prediction of a set of high-affinity binders derived from chimeric SIV/HIV, an important model virus for studying HIV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Moore
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - A. Michelle English
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Amanda Wriston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Donald F. Hunt
- Department of Chemistry and Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jeffrey Shabanowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Scott Southwood
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kate Bradley
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bernard A. P. Lafont
- Non-Human Primate Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bianca R. Mothé
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University–San Marcos, San Marcos, CA 92069, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Borsetti A, Maggiorella MT, Sernicola L, Bellino S, Ferrantelli F, Belli R, Fulgenzi D, Mee ET, Rose NJ, Cafaro A, Ensoli B, Titti F. Influence of MHC class I and II haplotypes on the experimental infection of Mauritian cynomolgus macaques with SHIVSF162P4cy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 80:36-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2012.01875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Sette A, Sidney J, Southwood S, Moore C, Berry J, Dow C, Bradley K, Hoof I, Lewis MG, Hildebrand WH, McMurtrey CP, Wilson NA, Watkins DI, Mothé BR. A shared MHC supertype motif emerges by convergent evolution in macaques and mice, but is totally absent in human MHC molecules. Immunogenetics 2012; 64:421-34. [PMID: 22322672 PMCID: PMC3349854 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0598-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The SIV-infected rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is the most established model of AIDS disease systems, providing insight into pathogenesis and a model system for testing novel vaccines. The understanding of cellular immune responses based on the identification and study of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules, including their MHC:peptide-binding motif, provides valuable information to decipher outcomes of infection and vaccine efficacy. Detailed characterization of Mamu-B*039:01, a common allele expressed in Chinese rhesus macaques, revealed a unique MHC:peptide-binding preference consisting of glycine at the second position. Peptides containing a glycine at the second position were shown to be antigenic from animals positive for Mamu-B*039:01. A similar motif was previously described for the Dd mouse MHC allele, but for none of the human HLA molecules for which a motif is known. Further investigation showed that one additional macaque allele, present in Indian rhesus macaques, Mamu-B*052:01, shares this same motif. These “G2” alleles were associated with the presence of specific residues in their B pocket. This pocket structure was found in 6% of macaque sequences but none of 950 human HLA class I alleles. Evolutionary studies using the “G2” alleles points to common ancestry for the macaque sequences, while convergent evolution is suggested when murine and macaque sequences are considered. This is the first detailed characterization of the pocket residues yielding this specific motif in nonhuman primates and mice, revealing a new supertype motif not present in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sette
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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25
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Wambua D, Henderson R, Solomon C, Hunter M, Marx P, Sette A, Mothé BR. SIV-infected Chinese-origin rhesus macaques express specific MHC class I alleles in either elite controllers or normal progressors. J Med Primatol 2011; 40:244-7. [PMID: 21781132 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2011.00487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wambua
- Department of Biology, California State University, San Marcos, USA
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26
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Dissecting the role of dendritic cells in simian immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS. Immunol Res 2011; 50:228-34. [PMID: 21717075 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-011-8220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with the loss of the two principal types of dendritic cell (DC), myeloid DC (mDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC), but the mechanism of this loss and its relationship to AIDS pathogenesis remain ill-defined. The nonhuman primate is a powerful model to dissect this response for several reasons. Both DC subsets have been well characterized in nonhuman primates and shown to have strikingly similar phenotypic and functional characteristics to their counterparts in the human. Moreover, decline of mDC and pDC occurs in rhesus macaques with end-stage simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, the model of HIV infection in humans. In this brief review, we discuss what is known about DC subsets in pathogenic and nonpathogenic nonhuman primate models of HIV infection and highlight the advances and controversies that currently exist in the field.
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27
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Singer R, Derby N, Rodriguez A, Kizima L, Kenney J, Aravantinou M, Chudolij A, Gettie A, Blanchard J, Lifson JD, Piatak M, Fernández-Romero JA, Zydowsky TM, Robbiani M. The nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor MIV-150 in carrageenan gel prevents rectal transmission of simian/human immunodeficiency virus infection in macaques. J Virol 2011; 85:5504-12. [PMID: 21411526 PMCID: PMC3094984 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02422-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of a microbicide that prevents rectal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a vital component in reducing HIV spread. We recently demonstrated that a formulation of the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) MIV-150 in carrageenan reduced vaginal infection of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239 with HIV-1(HxB2) reverse transcriptase (SHIV-RT). Herein, we performed the first testing of MIV-150-carrageenan against rectal infection. Rhesus macaques were treated rectally with MIV-150-carrageenan or methyl cellulose (MC) placebo gel up to 4 h prior to rectal challenge with 10³ or 10(4) 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID₅₀) of SHIV-RT. Infection was assessed by measuring plasma virus RNA as well as T and B cell responses. MIV-150-carrageenan protected all animals challenged with 10³ TCID(₅₀ when gel was applied either 30 min or 4 h prior to challenge, while 100% of the MC-treated animals became infected (n = 4 each; P < 0.03). Partial protection (2 of 4 animals) by MIV-150-carrageenan was observed for rectal challenge with 10-fold more virus applied 4 h after the gel. Sequencing of the RT gene from plasma virus RNA isolated at peak viremia confirmed that both of these animals (like infected MC controls) were infected with wild-type virus. Infection correlated with the development of SIV-specific T and B cell responses. MIV-150 was detected in the rectal fluids and tissues 4 h after gel application but was not detected in the blood at any time (0.5 to 24 h). These data are promising for the development of NNRTI-containing gels to prevent rectal HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Singer
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
| | - N. Derby
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
| | - A. Rodriguez
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
| | - L. Kizima
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
| | - J. Kenney
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
| | - M. Aravantinou
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
| | - A. Chudolij
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
| | - A. Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - J. Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana
| | - J. D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - M. Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | - T. M. Zydowsky
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
| | - M. Robbiani
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
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Aarnink A, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Vaslin B, Le Grand R, Winterton P, Apoil PA, Blancher A. Influence of the MHC genotype on the progression of experimental SIV infection in the Mauritian cynomolgus macaque. Immunogenetics 2011; 63:267-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-010-0504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Kenney J, Aravantinou M, Singer R, Hsu M, Rodriguez A, Kizima L, Abraham CJ, Menon R, Seidor S, Chudolij A, Gettie A, Blanchard J, Lifson JD, Piatak M, Fernández-Romero JA, Zydowsky TM, Robbiani M. An antiretroviral/zinc combination gel provides 24 hours of complete protection against vaginal SHIV infection in macaques. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15835. [PMID: 21246052 PMCID: PMC3016413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated use, coitus-independent microbicide gels that do not contain antiretroviral agents also used as first line HIV therapy are urgently needed to curb HIV spread. Current formulations require high doses (millimolar range) of antiretroviral drugs and typically only provide short-term protection in macaques. We used the macaque model to test the efficacy of a novel combination microbicide gel containing zinc acetate and micromolar doses of the novel non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor MIV-150 for up to 24 h after repeated gel application. METHODS AND FINDINGS Rhesus macaques were vaginally challenged with SHIV-RT up to 24 h after repeated administration of microbicide versus placebo gels. Infection status was determined by measuring virologic and immunologic parameters. Combination microbicide gels containing 14 mM zinc acetate dihydrate and 50 µM MIV-150 afforded full protection (21 of 21 animals) for up to 24 h after 2 weeks of daily application. Partial protection was achieved with the MIV-150 gel (56% of control at 8 h after last application, 11% at 24 h), while the zinc acetate gel afforded more pronounced protection (67% at 8-24 h). Marked protection persisted when the zinc acetate or MIV-150/zinc acetate gels were applied every other day for 4 weeks prior to challenge 24 h after the last gel was administered (11 of 14 protected). More MIV-150 was associated with cervical tissue 8 h after daily dosing of MIV-150/zinc acetate versus MIV-150, while comparable MIV-150 levels were associated with vaginal tissues and at 24 h. CONCLUSIONS A combination MIV-150/zinc acetate gel and a zinc acetate gel provide significant protection against SHIV-RT infection for up to 24 h. This represents a novel advancement, identifying microbicides that do not contain anti-viral agents used to treat HIV infection and which can be used repeatedly and independently of coitus, and underscores the need for future clinical testing of their safety and ability to prevent HIV transmission in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kenney
- Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Rachel Singer
- Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mayla Hsu
- Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Aixa Rodriguez
- Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Larisa Kizima
- Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ciby J. Abraham
- Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Radhika Menon
- Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Samantha Seidor
- Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anne Chudolij
- Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - James Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | - Melissa Robbiani
- Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
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30
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Vagenas P, Aravantinou M, Williams VG, Jasny E, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Salazar AM, Blanchard JL, Gettie A, Robbiani M. A tonsillar PolyICLC/AT-2 SIV therapeutic vaccine maintains low viremia following antiretroviral therapy cessation. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12891. [PMID: 20877632 PMCID: PMC2943484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-infected individuals rely on antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control viral replication. Despite abundant demonstrable benefits, the multiple limitations of ART point to the potential advantages of therapeutic vaccination approaches that could provide sustained host control of viral replication after discontinuation of ART. We provide evidence from a non-human primate model that a therapeutic vaccine applied to the tonsils can maintain low viral loads after cessation of ART. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Animals received 40 weeks of ART initiated 9 weeks after rectal SIVmac239 infection. During ART, animals were vaccinated (or not) with AT-2 inactivated SIVmac239 using CpG-C ISS-ODN (C274) or polyICLC as adjuvants. PolyICLC/AT-2 SIV vaccinated animals maintained viral loads <3×10(3) copies/ml for up to 16 weeks post-ART, whereas the C274/AT-2 SIV vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals' viremia ranged between 1×10(4)-4×10(5) copies/ml (p<0.03). Neutralizing Ab activity in plasma was increased by polyICLC/AT-2 tonsillar vaccination under ART, compared to controls (p<0.03). Subsequent vaccination of all animals with polyICLC/AT-2 SIV in the absence of ART did not alter viral loads. Other immune parameters measured in blood and tissues were comparable between groups. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results provide support for the potential benefit of mucosally delivered vaccines in therapeutic immunization strategies for control of AIDS virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Vagenas
- HIV/AIDS Program, Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Meropi Aravantinou
- HIV/AIDS Program, Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Vennansha G. Williams
- HIV/AIDS Program, Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Edith Jasny
- HIV/AIDS Program, Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - James L. Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Melissa Robbiani
- HIV/AIDS Program, Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, New York, New York, United States of America
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Traina-Dorge V, Pahar B, Marx P, Kissinger P, Montefiori D, Ou Y, Gray WL. Recombinant varicella vaccines induce neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses to SIV and reduce viral loads in immunized rhesus macaques. Vaccine 2010; 28:6483-90. [PMID: 20654666 PMCID: PMC3061394 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of an effective AIDS vaccine remains one of the highest priorities in HIV research. The live, attenuated varicella-zoster virus (VZV) Oka vaccine, safe and effective for prevention of chickenpox and zoster, also has potential as a recombinant vaccine against other pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The simian varicella model, utilizing simian varicella virus (SVV), offers an approach to evaluate recombinant varicella vaccine candidates. Recombinant SVV (rSVV) vaccine viruses expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) env and gag antigens were constructed. The hypothesis tested was that a live, attenuated rSVV-SIV vaccine will induce immune responses against SIV in the rhesus macaques and provide protection against SIV challenge. The results demonstrated that rSVV-SIV vaccination induced low levels of neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses to SIV in immunized rhesus macaques and significantly reduced viral loads following intravenous challenge with pathogenic SIVmac251-CX-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Traina-Dorge
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, United States.
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32
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The most common Chinese rhesus macaque MHC class I molecule shares peptide binding repertoire with the HLA-B7 supertype. Immunogenetics 2010; 62:451-64. [PMID: 20480161 PMCID: PMC2890073 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-010-0450-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Of the two rhesus macaque subspecies used for AIDS studies, the Simian immunodeficiency virus-infected Indian rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is the most established model of HIV infection, providing both insight into pathogenesis and a system for testing novel vaccines. Despite the Chinese rhesus macaque potentially being a more relevant model for AIDS outcomes than the Indian rhesus macaque, the Chinese-origin rhesus macaques have not been well-characterized for their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) composition and function, reducing their greater utilization. In this study, we characterized a total of 50 unique Chinese rhesus macaques from several varying origins for their entire MHC class I allele composition and identified a total of 58 unique complete MHC class I sequences. Only nine of the sequences had been associated with Indian rhesus macaques, and 28/58 (48.3%) of the sequences identified were novel. From all MHC alleles detected, we prioritized Mamu-A1*02201 for functional characterization based on its higher frequency of expression. Upon the development of MHC/peptide binding assays and definition of its associated motif, we revealed that this allele shares peptide binding characteristics with the HLA-B7 supertype, the most frequent supertype in human populations. These studies provide the first functional characterization of an MHC class I molecule in the context of Chinese rhesus macaques and the first instance of HLA-B7 analogy for rhesus macaques.
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Howard KE, Reckling SK, Egan EA, Dean GA. Acute mucosal pathogenesis of feline immunodeficiency virus is independent of viral dose in vaginally infected cats. Retrovirology 2010; 7:2. [PMID: 20085648 PMCID: PMC2835650 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mucosal pathogenesis of HIV has been shown to be an important feature of infection and disease progression. HIV-1 infection causes depletion of intestinal lamina propria CD4+ T cells (LPL), therefore, intestinal CD4+ T cell preservation may be a useful correlate of protection in evaluating vaccine candidates. Vaccine studies employing the cat/FIV and macaque/SIV models frequently use high doses of parenterally administered challenge virus to ensure high plasma viremia in control animals. However, it is unclear if loss of mucosal T cells would occur regardless of initial viral inoculum dose. The objective of this study was to determine the acute effect of viral dose on mucosal leukocytes and associated innate and adaptive immune responses. RESULTS Cats were vaginally inoculated with a high, middle or low dose of cell-associated and cell-free FIV. PBMC, serum and plasma were assessed every two weeks with tissues assessed eight weeks following infection. We found that irrespective of mucosally administered viral dose, FIV infection was induced in all cats. However, viremia was present in only half of the cats, and viral dose was unrelated to the development of viremia. Importantly, regardless of viral dose, all cats experienced significant losses of intestinal CD4+ LPL and CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL). Innate immune responses by CD56+CD3- NK cells correlated with aviremia and apparent occult infection but did not protect mucosal T cells. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in viremic cats were more likely to produce cytokines in response to Gag stimulation, whereas aviremic cats T cells tended to produce cytokines in response to Env stimulation. However, while cell-mediated immune responses in aviremic cats may have helped reduce viral replication, they could not be correlated to the levels of viremia. Robust production of anti-FIV antibodies was positively correlated with the magnitude of viremia. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that mucosal immune pathogenesis could be used as a rapid indicator of vaccine success or failure when combined with a physiologically relevant low dose mucosal challenge. We also show that innate immune responses may play an important role in controlling viral replication following acute mucosal infection, which has not been previously identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina E Howard
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Stacie K Reckling
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Erin A Egan
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
- Current address: Immunobio, 920 Main Campus Drive, Suite 405, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Gregg A Dean
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
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Tonsillar application of AT-2 SIV affords partial protection against rectal challenge with SIVmac239. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 52:433-42. [PMID: 19779309 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181b880f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although mucosal responses are important for preventing infections with HIV, the optimal strategies for inducing them remain unclear. To evaluate vaccine strategies targeting the oral mucosal lymphoid tissue inductive sites as an approach to provide immunity at distal sites, we vaccinated healthy macaques via the palatine/lingual tonsils with aldrithiol 2 (AT-2) inactivated Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)mac239, combined with CpG-C immunostimulatory oligonucleotide (CpG-C ISS-ODN, C274) as the adjuvant. METHODS Macaques received 5 doses of C274 or control ODN C661 and AT-2 SIV on the tonsillar tissues every 6 weeks before being challenged rectally with SIVmac239, 8 weeks after the last immunization. RESULTS Although no T-cell or B-cell responses were detected in the blood before challenge, antibody (Ab) responses were detected in the rectum. Immunization with AT-2 SIV significantly reduced the frequency of infection compared with nonimmunized controls, irrespective of adjuvant. In the vaccinated animals that became infected, peak viremias were somewhat reduced. SIV-specific responses were detected in the blood once animals became infected with no detectable differences between the differently immunized groups and the controls. CONCLUSION This work provides evidence that vaccine immunogens applied to the oral mucosal associated lymphoid tissues can provide benefit against rectal challenge, a finding with important implications for mucosal vaccination strategies.
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Crostarosa F, Aravantinou M, Akpogheneta OJ, Jasny E, Shaw A, Kenney J, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Teitelbaum A, Hu L, Chudolij A, Zydowsky TM, Blanchard J, Gettie A, Robbiani M. A macaque model to study vaginal HSV-2/immunodeficiency virus co-infection and the impact of HSV-2 on microbicide efficacy. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8060. [PMID: 20011586 PMCID: PMC2787245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) infection enhances the transmission and acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This occurs in symptomatic and asymptomatic stages of HSV-2 infection, suggesting that obvious herpetic lesions are not required to increase HIV spread. An animal model to investigate the underlying causes of the synergistic action of the two viruses and where preventative strategies can be tested under such complex physiological conditions is currently unavailable. Methodology/Principal Findings We set out to establish a rhesus macaque model in which HSV-2 infection increases the susceptibility to vaginal infection with a model immunodeficiency virus (simian-human immunodeficiency virus, SHIV-RT), and to more stringently test promising microbicides. HSV-2 exposure significantly increased the frequency of vaginal SHIV-RT infection (n = 6). Although cervical lesions were detected in only ∼10% of the animals, long term HSV-2 DNA shedding was detected (in 50% of animals followed for 2 years). Vaginal HSV-2 exposure elicited local cytokine/chemokine (n = 12) and systemic low-level HSV-2-specific adaptive responses in all animals (n = 8), involving CD4+ and CD8+ HSV-specific T cells (n = 5). Local cytokine/chemokine responses were lower in co-infected animals, while simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific adaptive responses were comparable in naïve and HSV-2-infected animals (n = 6). Despite the increased frequency of SHIV-RT infection, a new generation microbicide gel, comprised of Carraguard® and a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor MIV-150 (PC-817), blocked vaginal SHIV-RT infection in HSV-2-exposed animals (n = 8), just as in naïve animals. Conclusions/Significance We established a unique HSV-2 macaque model that will likely facilitate research to define how HSV-2 increases HIV transmission, and enable more rigorous evaluation of candidate anti-viral approaches in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Crostarosa
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Meropi Aravantinou
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Onome J. Akpogheneta
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Edith Jasny
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew Shaw
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jessica Kenney
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aaron Teitelbaum
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lieyu Hu
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anne Chudolij
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Zydowsky
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - James Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Melissa Robbiani
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Blood and seminal plasma HIV-1 RNA levels among HIV-1-infected injecting drug users participating in the AIDSVAX B/E efficacy trial in Bangkok, Thailand. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 51:601-8. [PMID: 19430307 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181a44700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated effects of vaccination with AIDSVAX B/E HIV-1 candidate vaccine on blood and seminal plasma HIV-1 RNA viral loads (BVL and SVL, respectively) in vaccine recipients (VRs) and placebo recipients (PRs) who acquired infection. METHODS Linear mixed models were fitted for repeated measurements of BVL. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess the difference in SVL detectability between VRs and PRs. RESULTS A total of 196 participants became HIV-1 infected during the trial. Thirty-two (16%) became infected with HIV-1 subtype B and 164 (84%) with HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE. Per protocol-specified analysis, there were no differences in BVL levels between VRs and PRs. When stratified by HIV-1-infecting subtype, vaccination with AIDSVAX B/E was initially associated with higher BVL among HIV-1 CRF01_AE-infected VRs compared with HIV-1 CRF01_AE-infected PRs; however, this difference did not persist over time. HIV-1 subtype B-infected VRs had slightly higher BVL levels and were more likely to have detectable SVL during the follow-up period than HIV-1 subtype B-infected PRs. CONCLUSIONS Subtle differences in BVL and SVL were detected between VRs and PRs. These results may help to further understand the dynamics between HIV-1 vaccination, HIV-1-infecting subtypes, and subsequent viral expression in different body compartments.
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Degenhardt JD, de Candia P, Chabot A, Schwartz S, Henderson L, Ling B, Hunter M, Jiang Z, Palermo RE, Katze M, Eichler EE, Ventura M, Rogers J, Marx P, Gilad Y, Bustamante CD. Copy number variation of CCL3-like genes affects rate of progression to simian-AIDS in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta). PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000346. [PMID: 19165326 PMCID: PMC2621346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in genes underlying host immunity can lead to marked differences in susceptibility to HIV infection among humans. Despite heavy reliance on non-human primates as models for HIV/AIDS, little is known about which host factors are shared and which are unique to a given primate lineage. Here, we investigate whether copy number variation (CNV) at CCL3-like genes (CCL3L), a key genetic host factor for HIV/AIDS susceptibility and cell-mediated immune response in humans, is also a determinant of time until onset of simian-AIDS in rhesus macaques. Using a retrospective study of 57 rhesus macaques experimentally infected with SIVmac, we find that CCL3L CNV explains approximately 18% of the variance in time to simian-AIDS (p<0.001) with lower CCL3L copy number associating with more rapid disease course. We also find that CCL3L copy number varies significantly (p<10(-6)) among rhesus subpopulations, with Indian-origin macaques having, on average, half as many CCL3L gene copies as Chinese-origin macaques. Lastly, we confirm that CCL3L shows variable copy number in humans and chimpanzees and report on CCL3L CNV within and among three additional primate species. On the basis of our findings we suggest that (1) the difference in population level copy number may explain previously reported observations of longer post-infection survivorship of Chinese-origin rhesus macaques, (2) stratification by CCL3L copy number in rhesus SIV vaccine trials will increase power and reduce noise due to non-vaccine-related differences in survival, and (3) CCL3L CNV is an ancestral component of the primate immune response and, therefore, copy number variation has not been driven by HIV or SIV per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah D. Degenhardt
- Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Paola de Candia
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Adrien Chabot
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Stuart Schwartz
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Les Henderson
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Binhua Ling
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Meredith Hunter
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Zhaoshi Jiang
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Palermo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael Katze
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Evan E. Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mario Ventura
- Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Universita' degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, and Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Preston Marx
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Yoav Gilad
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YG); (CDB)
| | - Carlos D. Bustamante
- Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YG); (CDB)
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Turville SG, Aravantinou M, Miller T, Kenney J, Teitelbaum A, Hu L, Chudolij A, Zydowsky TM, Piatak M, Bess JW, Lifson JD, Blanchard J, Gettie A, Robbiani M. Efficacy of Carraguard-based microbicides in vivo despite variable in vitro activity. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3162. [PMID: 18776937 PMCID: PMC2525816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-HIV microbicides are being investigated in clinical trials and understanding how promising strategies work, coincident with demonstrating efficacy in vivo, is central to advancing new generation microbicides. We evaluated Carraguard® and a new generation Carraguard-based formulation containing the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) MIV-150 (PC-817). Since dendritic cells (DCs) are believed to be important in HIV transmission, the formulations were tested for the ability to limit DC-driven infection in vitro versus vaginal infection of macaques with RT-SHIV (SIVmac239 bearing HIV reverse transcriptase). Carraguard showed limited activity against cell-free and mature DC-driven RT-SHIV infections and, surprisingly, low doses of Carraguard enhanced infection. However, nanomolar amounts of MIV-150 overcame enhancement and blocked DC-transmitted infection. In contrast, Carraguard impeded infection of immature DCs coincident with DC maturation. Despite this variable activity in vitro, Carraguard and PC-817 prevented vaginal transmission of RT-SHIV when applied 30 min prior to challenge. PC-817 appeared no more effective than Carraguard in vivo, due to the limited activity of a single dose of MIV-150 and the dominant barrier effect of Carraguard. However, 3 doses of MIV-150 in placebo gel at and around challenge limited vaginal infection, demonstrating the potential activity of a topically applied NNRTI. These data demonstrate discordant observations when comparing in vitro and in vivo efficacy of Carraguard-based microbicides, highlighting the difficulties in testing putative anti-viral strategies in vitro to predict in vivo activity. This work also underscores the potential of Carraguard-based formulations for the delivery of anti-viral drugs to prevent vaginal HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G. Turville
- Center for Biomedical Research, HIV and AIDS Program, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Meropi Aravantinou
- Center for Biomedical Research, HIV and AIDS Program, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Todd Miller
- Center for Biomedical Research, HIV and AIDS Program, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jessica Kenney
- Center for Biomedical Research, HIV and AIDS Program, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Aaron Teitelbaum
- Center for Biomedical Research, HIV and AIDS Program, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lieyu Hu
- Center for Biomedical Research, HIV and AIDS Program, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anne Chudolij
- Center for Biomedical Research, HIV and AIDS Program, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tom M. Zydowsky
- Center for Biomedical Research, HIV and AIDS Program, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julian W. Bess
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Melissa Robbiani
- Center for Biomedical Research, HIV and AIDS Program, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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CD4 deficits and disease course acceleration can be driven by a collapse of the CD8 response in rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus. AIDS 2008; 22:1441-52. [PMID: 18614867 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3283052fb5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Defects in memory CD4+ T cells correlate with development of AIDS in monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, but the early events leading to these deficits are unknown. We explored the role of cells specific to simian immunodeficiency virus and CD8 cells in the determination of CD4 failure and rapid disease course. DESIGN AND METHODS Using MamuA*01-restricted Gag and Tat epitope tetramers, we compared the kinetics of specific response in animals with regular (REG) and rapid (RAP) progression. Expressions of memory, activation and proliferation markers were examined on the global CD8 pool, as well as on CD4 T cells in those animals. In-vivo CD8 depletion in non-MamuA*01 animals was used to investigate CD8 collapse as an event leading to disease progression and CD4 deficits. RESULTS In animals with a rapid disease course, an initial development of cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific to simian immunodeficiency virus is followed by collapse accompanied by global changes in CD8 cells and occurs in synchrony with the characteristic CD4 deficiencies. Antibody-mediated depletion of CD8 cells early after infection with simian immunodeficiency virus induces similar changes in the CD4 cells and rapid development of AIDS. CONCLUSION CD8 collapse at acute time points may result in uncontrolled viral load and development of a defective and insufficient CD4 population. Our results indicate that early breakdown in CD8 cells leads to CD4 deficits and rapid progression to AIDS and suggest that therapeutic approaches should aim at strengthening CD8 T cells early after viral infection.
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40
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Systemic and brain macrophage infections in relation to the development of simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis. J Virol 2008; 82:5031-42. [PMID: 18337567 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02069-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The brains of individuals with lentiviral-associated encephalitis contain an abundance of infected and activated macrophages. It has been hypothesized that encephalitis develops when increased numbers of infected monocytes traffic into the central nervous system (CNS) during the end stages of immunosuppression. The relationships between the infection of brain and systemic macrophages and circulating monocytes and the development of lentiviral encephalitis are unknown. We longitudinally examined the extent of monocyte/macrophage infection in blood and lymph nodes of pigtailed macaques that did or did not develop simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis (SIVE). Compared to levels in macaques that did not develop SIVE, more ex vivo virus production was detected from monocyte-derived macrophages and nonadherent peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from macaques that did develop SIVE. Prior to death, there was an increase in the number of circulating PBMCs following a rise in cerebrospinal fluid viral load in macaques that did develop SIVE but not in nonencephalitic macaques. At necropsy, macaques with SIVE had more infected macrophages in peripheral organs, with the exception of lymph nodes. T cells and NK cells with cytotoxic potential were more abundant in brains with encephalitis; however, T-cell and NK-cell infiltration in SIVE and human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis was more modest than that observed in classical acute herpes simplex virus encephalitis. These findings support the hypothesis that inherent differences in host systemic and CNS monocyte/macrophage viral production are associated with the development of encephalitis.
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41
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Lai L, Vödrös D, Kozlowski PA, Montefiori DC, Wilson RL, Akerstrom VL, Chennareddi L, Yu T, Kannanganat S, Ofielu L, Villinger F, Wyatt LS, Moss B, Amara RR, Robinson HL. GM-CSF DNA: an adjuvant for higher avidity IgG, rectal IgA, and increased protection against the acute phase of a SHIV-89.6P challenge by a DNA/MVA immunodeficiency virus vaccine. Virology 2007; 369:153-67. [PMID: 17698160 PMCID: PMC2215061 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Single intradermal or intramuscular inoculations of GM-CSF DNA with the DNA prime for a simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-89.6 vaccine, which consists of DNA priming followed by modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) boosting, increased protection of both the blood and intestines against the acute phase of an intrarectal SHIV-89.6P challenge. GM-CSF appeared to contribute to protection by enhancing two antibody responses: the avidity maturation of anti-Env IgG in blood (p=or<0.01) and the presence of long lasting anti-viral IgA in rectal secretions (p<0.01). The avidity of anti-Env IgG showed strong correlations with protection both pre and post challenge. Animals with the highest avidity anti-Env Ab had 1000-fold reductions in peak viremia over those with the lowest avidity anti-Env Ab. The enhanced IgA response was associated with the best protection, but did not achieve significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilin Lai
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Early restoration of mucosal CD4 memory CCR5 T cells in the gut of SIV-infected rhesus predicts long term non-progression. AIDS 2007; 21:2377-85. [PMID: 18025874 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3282f08b32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES : To use SIVmac-infected Chinese-origin rhesus macaques (Ch Rh) to characterize the immunopathology of the long term non-progressor (LTNP) state. The key questions addressed were whether or not LTNP experience an early and rapid loss of mucosal CD4 T cells during the acute infection and the mechanisms by which they maintain the LTNP state. METHODS : Ch Rh were infected with SIVmac239. Polychromatic flow cytometry was used to analyze T lymphocyte subsets from blood, lymph nodes and gut tissues during SIV infection. Plasma viral loads were monitored by bDNA assay. Two LTNP were treated with anti-CD8 antibody to deplete CD8 cells in vivo. RESULTS : Thirty-one percent (5/16) of SIVmac239-infected ChRh having low viral loads for as long as 6 years were LTNP. Both LTNP and progressors had similar levels of gut memory CD4/CCR5 T cells (target cells) before infection and there was an early and profound depletion of target cells in both groups. LTNP were distinguished by gradual restoration of mucosal target cells which was evident by 6 months post infection. In vivo CD8 depletion in two LTNP induced AIDS in one LTNP (V542) post anti-CD8 treatment and the other (AJ07) remained healthy after a transient spike in viremia. CONCLUSIONS : Early destruction of target cells was equivalent in LTNP and progressors and did not predict clinical outcome. Restoration of target cells in the gut is associated with long term non-progression. CD8 T cells may play a critical role on maintaining the LTNP state.
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43
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Abu-Raddad LJ, Boily MC, Self S, Longini IM. Analytic insights into the population level impact of imperfect prophylactic HIV vaccines. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 45:454-67. [PMID: 17554215 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3180959a94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The population level implications of imperfect HIV vaccines were studied using a mathematical model. A criterion for determining the utility of a vaccine at the population level is introduced, and 2 useful summary measures, namely, vaccine utility (phi) and vaccine infection fitness (psi), are derived and shown to characterize the population-level utility once vaccine efficacies are determined. The utility of the vaccine alone does not guarantee a substantial impact, however, because the effectiveness of partially effective vaccines also depends on the prevailing level of HIV infectious spread. Therefore, a second criterion is introduced through a third summary measure, the hazard index (xi), to describe the effectiveness of a vaccine in substantially reducing HIV incidence. The qualitative features of the impact are delineated by studying 4 distinct scenarios of HIV vaccination. Accordingly, our work delineates the link between vaccine efficacies and the impact of vaccination at the population level and provides the tools for vaccine developers to assess the utility and effectiveness of a given imperfect vaccine straightforwardly and rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith J Abu-Raddad
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North LE-400, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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44
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Okoye A, Meier-Schellersheim M, Brenchley JM, Hagen SI, Walker JM, Rohankhedkar M, Lum R, Edgar JB, Planer SL, Legasse A, Sylwester AW, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Maino VC, Sodora DL, Douek DC, Axthelm MK, Grossman Z, Picker LJ. Progressive CD4+ central memory T cell decline results in CD4+ effector memory insufficiency and overt disease in chronic SIV infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:2171-85. [PMID: 17724130 PMCID: PMC2118701 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections of rhesus macaques result in the dramatic depletion of CD4+ CCR5+ effector–memory T (TEM) cells from extra-lymphoid effector sites, but in most infections, an increased rate of CD4+ memory T cell proliferation appears to prevent collapse of effector site CD4+ TEM cell populations and acute-phase AIDS. Eventually, persistent SIV replication results in chronic-phase AIDS, but the responsible mechanisms remain controversial. Here, we demonstrate that in the chronic phase of progressive SIV infection, effector site CD4+ TEM cell populations manifest a slow, continuous decline, and that the degree of this depletion remains a highly significant correlate of late-onset AIDS. We further show that due to persistent immune activation, effector site CD4+ TEM cells are predominantly short-lived, and that their homeostasis is strikingly dependent on the production of new CD4+ TEM cells from central–memory T (TCM) cell precursors. The instability of effector site CD4+ TEM cell populations over time was not explained by increasing destruction of these cells, but rather was attributable to progressive reduction in their production, secondary to decreasing numbers of CCR5− CD4+ TCM cells. These data suggest that although CD4+ TEM cell depletion is a proximate mechanism of immunodeficiency, the tempo of this depletion and the timing of disease onset are largely determined by destruction, failing production, and gradual decline of CD4+ TCM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afam Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Department of Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006., USA
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45
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Milush JM, Stefano-Cole K, Schmidt K, Durudas A, Pandrea I, Sodora DL. Mucosal innate immune response associated with a timely humoral immune response and slower disease progression after oral transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus to rhesus macaques. J Virol 2007; 81:6175-86. [PMID: 17428863 PMCID: PMC1900075 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00042-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal transmission is the predominant mode of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection worldwide, and the mucosal innate interferon response represents an important component of the earliest host response to the infection. Our goal here was to assess the changes in mRNA expression of innate mucosal genes after oral simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) inoculation of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) that were followed throughout their course of disease progression. The SIV plasma viral load was highest in the macaque that progressed rapidly to simian AIDS (99 days) and lowest in the macaque that progressed more slowly (>700 days). The mRNA levels of six innate/effector genes in the oral mucosa indicated that slower disease progression was associated with increased expression of these genes. This distinction was most evident when comparing the slowest-progressing macaque to the intermediate and rapid progressors. Expression levels of alpha and gamma interferons, the antiviral interferon-stimulated gene product 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS), and the chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 in the slow progressor were elevated at each of the three oral mucosal biopsy time points examined (day 2 to 4, 14 to 21, and day 70 postinfection). In contrast, the more rapidly progressing macaques demonstrated elevated levels of these cytokine/chemokine mRNA at lymph nodes, coincident with decreased levels at the mucosal sites, and a decreased ability to elicit an effective anti-SIV antibody response. These data provide evidence that a robust mucosal innate/effector immune response is beneficial following lentiviral exposure; however, it is likely that the anatomical location and timing of the response need to be coordinated to permit an effective immune response able to delay progression to simian AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Milush
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9113, USA
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Gautam R, Carter AC, Katz N, Butler IF, Barnes M, Hasegawa A, Ratterree M, Silvestri G, Marx PA, Hirsch VM, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. In vitro characterization of primary SIVsmm isolates belonging to different lineages. In vitro growth on rhesus macaque cells is not predictive for in vivo replication in rhesus macaques. Virology 2007; 362:257-70. [PMID: 17303205 PMCID: PMC1936220 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Revised: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report in vitro characterization of 11 SIVsmm strains of six lineages co-circulating in naturally infected sooty mangabeys (SMs) from US Primate Centers and showed no major differences in the in vitro replication pattern between different SIVsmm lineages. Primary SIVsmm isolates utilized CCR5 and Bonzo co-receptors in vitro. SIVsmm growth in human T cell lines was isolate-, not lineage-specific, with poor replication on Molt4-Clone8, CEMss and PM1 cells and better replication on MT2, SupT1 and CEMx174 cells. All primary SIVsmm isolates replicated on SM and human PBMCs. In vitro replication in macaques varied widely, with moderate to high replication in pig-tailed macaque PBMCs, enhanced by CD8+ T cell depletion, and highly variable replication on rhesus macaque (Rh) PBMCs. Primary SIVsmm isolates replicated in Rh monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). In vivo, SIVsmm isolates replicated at high levels in all SIVsmm-infected Rh. The poor in vitro replication of primary SIVsmm isolates in Rh cells did not correlate with in vivo replication, emphasizing the value of in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Gautam
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
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47
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Zhang ZQ, Casimiro DR, Schleif WA, Chen M, Citron M, Davies ME, Burns J, Liang X, Fu TM, Handt L, Emini EA, Shiver JW. Early depletion of proliferating B cells of germinal center in rapidly progressive simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Virology 2007; 361:455-64. [PMID: 17223151 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lack of virus specific antibody response is commonly observed in both HIV-1-infected humans and SIV-infected monkeys with rapid disease progression. However, the mechanisms underlying this important observation still remain unclear. In a titration study of a SIVmac239 viral stock, three out of six animals with viral inoculation rapidly progressed to AIDS within 5 months. Unexpectedly, there was no obvious depletion of CD4(+) T cells in both peripheral and lymph node (LN) compartments in these animals. Instead, progressive depletion of proliferating B cells and disruption of the follicular dendritic cell (FDC) network in germinal centers (GC) was evident in the samples collected at as early as 20 days after viral challenge. This coincided with undetectable, or weak and transient, virus-specific antibody responses over the course of infection. In situ hybridization of SIV RNA in the LN samples revealed a high frequency of SIV productively infected cells and large amounts of accumulated viral RNA in the GCs in these animals. Early severe depletion of GC proliferating B cells and disruption of the FDC network may thus result in an inability to mount a virus-specific antibody response in rapid progressors, which has been shown to contribute to accelerated disease progression of SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Vaccines and Biologics Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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48
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Abstract
This is a brief summary of the animal models session held during the 12th Annual Meeting of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Santa Fe, NM, USA. This session provided important information for participants on availability and utility of animal models for the studies of HIV-1 central nervous system infection and drug abuse. It highlighted animal model relevance to human disease/condition, its utility for the studies of pathogenesis, potential importance for the development of therapeutics, and demonstrated limitations/pitfalls.
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49
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Abel K, Pahar B, Van Rompay KKA, Fritts L, Sin C, Schmidt K, Colón R, McChesney M, Marthas ML. Rapid virus dissemination in infant macaques after oral simian immunodeficiency virus exposure in the presence of local innate immune responses. J Virol 2006; 80:6357-67. [PMID: 16775324 PMCID: PMC1488945 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02240-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A vaccine to protect human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-exposed infants is an important goal in the global fight against the HIV pandemic. Two major challenges in pediatric HIV vaccine design are the competence of the neonatal/infant immune system in comparison to the adult immune system and the frequent exposure to HIV via breast-feeding. Based on the hypothesis that an effective vaccine needs to elicit antiviral immune responses directly at the site of virus entry, the pattern of virus dissemination in relation to host immune responses was determined in mucosal and lymphoid tissues of infant macaques at 1 week after multiple oral exposures to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The results show that SIV disseminates systemically by 1 week. Infant macaques can respond rapidly to virus challenge and mount strong innate immune responses. However, despite systemic infection, these responses are most pronounced in tissues close to the viral entry site, with the tonsil being the primary site of virus replication and induction of immune responses. Thus, distinct anatomic compartments are characterized by unique cytokine gene expression patterns. Importantly, the early response at mucosal entry sites is dominated by the induction of proinflammatory cytokines, while cytokines with direct antiviral activity, alpha/beta interferons, are only minimally induced. In contrast, both antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines are induced in lymphoid tissues. Thus, although infant macaques can respond quickly to oral viral challenge, the locally elicited immune responses at mucosal entry sites are likely to favor immune activation and thereby virus replication and are insufficient to limit virus replication and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Abel
- CNPRC/CCM, School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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50
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Pandrea I, Apetrei C, Dufour J, Dillon N, Barbercheck J, Metzger M, Jacquelin B, Bohm R, Marx PA, Barre-Sinoussi F, Hirsch VM, Müller-Trutwin MC, Lackner AA, Veazey RS. Simian immunodeficiency virus SIVagm.sab infection of Caribbean African green monkeys: a new model for the study of SIV pathogenesis in natural hosts. J Virol 2006; 80:4858-67. [PMID: 16641277 PMCID: PMC1472068 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.10.4858-4867.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Caribbean-born African green monkeys (AGMs) were classified as Chlorocebus sabaeus by cytochrome b sequencing. Guided by these phylogenetic analyses, we developed a new model for the study of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in natural hosts by inoculating Caribbean AGMs with their species-specific SIVagm.sab. SIVagm.sab replicated efficiently in Caribbean AGM peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. During SIVagm.sab primary infection of six Caribbean AGMs, the virus replicated at high levels, with peak viral loads (VLs) of 10(7) to 10(8) copies/ml occurring by day 8 to 10 postinfection (p.i.). Set-point values of up to 2 x 10(5) copies/ml were reached by day 42 p.i. and maintained throughout follow-up (through day 450 p.i.). CD4(+) T-cell counts in the blood showed a transient depletion at the peak of VL, and then returned to near preinfection values by day 28 p.i. and remained relatively stable during the chronic infection. Preservation of CD4 T cells was also found in lymph nodes (LNs) of chronic SIVagm.sab-infected Caribbean AGMs. No activation of CD4(+) T cells was detected in the periphery in SIV-infected Caribbean AGMs. These virological and immunological profiles from peripheral blood and LNs were identical to those previously reported in African-born AGMs infected with the same viral strain (SIVagm.sab92018). Due to these similarities, we conclude that Caribbean AGMs are a useful alternative to AGMs of African origin as a model for the study of SIV infection in natural African hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Pandrea
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
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