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Lame-Jouybari AH, Abbasalizad-Farhangi M. Effects of eight-week regular high-intensity interval training and hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed on total testosterone level among sedentary young males: double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Endocrine 2024; 84:273-286. [PMID: 38085421 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) alone or in combination with hemp seed on total testosterone (TT) levels, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), body composition, oxidative stress, and antioxidant capacity in sedentary young males. METHODS Randomly, 48 young sedentary males were assigned among four groups (each comprising 12 individuals) as follows: HIIT + hemp seed (HH), HIIT + placebo (AT), hemp seed only (HS), and control. For eight weeks, exercise groups had HIIT three times per week. Hemp seed groups received 2 g of powder daily. The plasma levels of TT, SHBG, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and also body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BF%), and muscle mass percentage (MM%) were measured. The analysis was based on the intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP). RESULTS Based on ITT, BMI and BF% decreased, and MM% increased significantly post-intervention in HIIT groups (p < 0.05). TT increased significantly in the HH [mean difference 0.45, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.7, p = 0.005] and AT [mean difference 0.37, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.7, p = 0.01]. The whole hemp seed components showed a significant antioxidant potential. However, none of the SOD, CAT, and MDA indices showed significant changes post-interventions (p ≥ 0.05). CONCLUSION Finally, HIIT and hemp seed intake showed no significant effects on the antioxidant defense system. However, regular HIIT significantly increased TT levels and improved body composition in sedentary young males. TRIAL REGISTRATION Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (registration code: IRCT20140907019082N10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Lame-Jouybari
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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2
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Bastianello G, Porcella G, Beznoussenko GV, Kidiyoor G, Ascione F, Li Q, Cattaneo A, Matafora V, Disanza A, Quarto M, Mironov AA, Oldani A, Barozzi S, Bachi A, Costanzo V, Scita G, Foiani M. Cell stretching activates an ATM mechano-transduction pathway that remodels cytoskeleton and chromatin. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113555. [PMID: 38088930 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) DNA damage response (DDR) kinases contain elastic domains. ATM also responds to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ATR to nuclear mechanical stress. Mre11 mediates ATM activation following DNA damage; ATM mutations cause ataxia telangiectasia (A-T). Here, using in vivo imaging, electron microscopy, proteomic, and mechano-biology approaches, we study how ATM responds to mechanical stress. We report that cytoskeleton and ROS, but not Mre11, mediate ATM activation following cell deformation. ATM deficiency causes hyper-stiffness, stress fiber accumulation, Yes-associated protein (YAP) nuclear enrichment, plasma and nuclear membrane alterations during interstitial migration, and H3 hyper-methylation. ATM locates to the actin cytoskeleton and, following cytoskeleton stress, promotes phosphorylation of key cytoskeleton and chromatin regulators. Our data contribute to explain some clinical features of patients with A-T and pinpoint the existence of an integrated mechano-response in which ATM and ATR have distinct roles unrelated to their canonical DDR functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bastianello
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy; Oncology and Haemato-Oncology Department, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | - Gururaj Kidiyoor
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Flora Ascione
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Qingsen Li
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Disanza
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Micaela Quarto
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Amanda Oldani
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Barozzi
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Bachi
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Costanzo
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy; Oncology and Haemato-Oncology Department, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy; Oncology and Haemato-Oncology Department, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Foiani
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy; Oncology and Haemato-Oncology Department, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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Nirmal S, Olatunde OO, Medhe S, Vitti S, Khemtong C, Nirmal NP. Betalains Alleviate Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Fatigue and Improve Sports Performance: an Update on Recent Advancement. Curr Nutr Rep 2023; 12:778-787. [PMID: 37824059 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Beetroot juice is a popular natural food supplement commonly consumed for its health and ergogenic benefits. It contains an abundance of phytochemical compounds, which have been shown to enhance sports endurance and recovery. Among them, nitrate is well-studied and known for improving performance during exercise. On the other hand, betalains, the bioactive pigment, have shown various biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hypertensive, which may improve exercise performance and post-exercise recovery. Additionally, free radical scavenging activities of betalains could increase nitric oxide availability in the blood, thereby improving blood flow and oxygen supply during strenuous exercise. This review article provides a critical discussion of the non-pathological conditions induced by prolonged or strenuous exercise and betalains' potential in reducing such conditions including muscle damage, inflammation, and fatigue. Additionally, the real-time application of betalains as an ergogenic compound in competitive athletes has been discussed. Finally, future directions and conclusions on the potential of betalains as a natural ergogenic aid in sport endurance are outlined. RECENT FINDINGS Betalains in beetroot are the major water-soluble nitrogen-containing pigment possessing high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fatigue activities. Betalain supplementation could alleviate exercise-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and fatigue in competitive athletes. Betalains have the potential to become a natural ergogenic aid or nutraceutical compound for sports people during exercise and competitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriwan Nirmal
- Department of Adult Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Burapha University, 169 Long Had Bangsaen Road, Saen Suk, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Oladipupo Odunayo Olatunde
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Seema Medhe
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Steven Vitti
- Department of Health Sciences, Health Sciences Building, Drexel University, 3601 Filbert Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chutimon Khemtong
- College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Nilesh Prakash Nirmal
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
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Chen X, Xia P, Zheng S, Li Y, Fang J, Ma Z, Zhang L, Zhang X, Hao L, Zhang H. Antioxidant Peptides from the Collagen of Antler Ossified Tissue and Their Protective Effects against H 2O 2-Induced Oxidative Damage toward HaCaT Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:6887. [PMID: 37836729 PMCID: PMC10574659 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antler ossified tissue has been widely used for the extraction of bioactive peptides. In this study, collagen was prepared from antler ossified tissue via acetic acid and pepsin. Five different proteases were used to hydrolyze the collagen and the hydrolysate treated by neutrase (collagen peptide named ACP) showed the highest DPPH radical clearance rate. The extraction process of ACP was optimized by response surface methodology, and the optimal conditions were as follows: a temperature of 52 °C, a pH of 6.1, and an enzyme concentration of 3200 U/g, which resulted in the maximum DPPH clearance rate of 74.41 ± 0.48%. The peptides (ACP-3) with the strongest antioxidant activity were obtained after isolation and purification, and its DPPH free radical clearance rate was 90.58 ± 1.27%; at the same time, it exhibited good scavenging activity for ABTS, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide anion radical. The study investigated the protective effect of ACP-3 on oxidative damage in HaCaT cells. The findings revealed that all groups that received ACP-3 pretreatment exhibited increased activities of SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT compared to the model group. Furthermore, ACP-3 pretreatment reduced the levels of ROS and MDA in HaCaT cells subjected to H2O2-induced oxidative damage. These results suggest that collagen peptides derived from deer antler ossified tissue can effectively mitigate the oxidative damage caused by H2O2 in HaCaT cells, thereby providing a foundation for the utilization of collagen peptides in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun 130062, China; (X.C.); (P.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.F.); (Z.M.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Peijun Xia
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun 130062, China; (X.C.); (P.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.F.); (Z.M.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Shuo Zheng
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun 130062, China; (X.C.); (P.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.F.); (Z.M.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yi Li
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun 130062, China; (X.C.); (P.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.F.); (Z.M.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jiayuan Fang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun 130062, China; (X.C.); (P.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.F.); (Z.M.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Ze Ma
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun 130062, China; (X.C.); (P.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.F.); (Z.M.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Libo Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun 130062, China; (X.C.); (P.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.F.); (Z.M.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xunming Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun 130062, China; (X.C.); (P.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.F.); (Z.M.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Linlin Hao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun 130062, China; (X.C.); (P.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.F.); (Z.M.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Hong Zhang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130015, China
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Lother A, Kohl P. The heterocellular heart: identities, interactions, and implications for cardiology. Basic Res Cardiol 2023; 118:30. [PMID: 37495826 PMCID: PMC10371928 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-023-01000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The heterocellular nature of the heart has been receiving increasing attention in recent years. In addition to cardiomyocytes as the prototypical cell type of the heart, non-myocytes such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, or immune cells are coming more into focus. The rise of single-cell sequencing technologies enables identification of ever more subtle differences and has reignited the question of what defines a cell's identity. Here we provide an overview of the major cardiac cell types, describe their roles in homeostasis, and outline recent findings on non-canonical functions that may be of relevance for cardiology. We highlight modes of biochemical and biophysical interactions between different cardiac cell types and discuss the potential implications of the heterocellular nature of the heart for basic research and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Lother
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Medical Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Peter Kohl
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Heart Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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He Y, Huang G, Hong S, Zuo X, Zhao Z, Hong L. Ferrostatin-1 alleviates the damage of C2C12 myoblast and mouse pelvic floor muscle induced by mechanical trauma. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:232. [PMID: 37419877 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01482-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a special form of regulated cell death, which is reported to play an important role in a variety of traumatic diseases by promoting lipid peroxidation and devastating cell membrane structure. Pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) is a kind of disease affecting the quality and health of many women's lives, which is closely related to the injury of the pelvic floor muscle. Clinical findings have discovered that there is anomalous oxidative damage to the pelvic floor muscle in women with PFD caused by mechanical trauma, but the specific mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we explored the role of ferroptosis-associated oxidative mechanisms in mechanical stretching-induced pelvic floor muscle injury, and whether obesity predisposed pelvic floor muscle to ferroptosis from mechanical injury. Our results, in vitro, showed that mechanical stretch could induce oxidative damage to myoblasts and trigger ferroptosis. In addition, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) down-regulation and 15-lipoxygenase 1(15LOX-1) up-regulation exhibited the same variational characteristics as ferroptosis, which was much more pronounced in palmitic acid (PA)-treated myoblasts. Furthermore, ferroptosis induced by mechanical stretch could be rescued by ferroptosis inhibitor (ferrostatin-1). More importantly, in vivo, we found that the mitochondria of pelvic floor muscle shrank, which were consistent with the mitochondrial morphology of ferroptosis, and GPX4 and 15LOX-1 showed the same change observed in cells. In conclusion, our data suggest ferroptosis is involved in the injury of the pelvic floor muscle caused by mechanical stretching, and provide a novel insight for PFD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Guotao Huang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Shasha Hong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohu Zuo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihan Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Hong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430060, People's Republic of China.
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Wakasugi-Onogi S, Ma S, Ruhee RT, Tong Y, Seki Y, Suzuki K. Sulforaphane Attenuates Neutrophil ROS Production, MPO Degranulation and Phagocytosis, but Does Not Affect NET Formation Ex Vivo and In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108479. [PMID: 37239829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane has several effects on the human body, including anti-inflammation, antioxidation, antimicrobial and anti-obesity effects. In this study, we examined the effect of sulforaphane on several neutrophil functions: reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, degranulation, phagocytosis, and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. We also examined the direct antioxidant effect of sulforaphane. First, we measured neutrophil ROS production induced by zymosan in whole blood in the presence of 0 to 560 µM sulforaphane. Second, we examined the direct antioxidant activity of sulforaphane using a HOCl removal test. In addition, inflammation-related proteins, including an azurophilic granule component, were measured by collecting supernatants following ROS measurements. Finally, neutrophils were isolated from blood, and phagocytosis and NET formation were measured. Sulforaphane reduced neutrophil ROS production in a concentration-dependent manner. The ability of sulforaphane to remove HOCl is stronger than that of ascorbic acid. Sulforaphane at 280 µM significantly reduced the release of myeloperoxidase from azurophilic granules, as well as that of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. Sulforaphane also suppressed phagocytosis but did not affect NET formation. These results suggest that sulforaphane attenuates neutrophil ROS production, degranulation, and phagocytosis, but does not affect NET formation. Moreover, sulforaphane directly removes ROS, including HOCl.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sihui Ma
- Health Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ruheea Taskin Ruhee
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Yishan Tong
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Seki
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
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Searching for Mechanisms Underlying the Assembly of Calcium Entry Units: The Role of Temperature and pH. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065328. [PMID: 36982401 PMCID: PMC10049691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is a mechanism that allows muscle fibers to recover external Ca2+, which first enters the cytoplasm andthen, via SERCA pump, also refills the depleted intracellular stores (i.e., the sarcoplasmic reticulum, SR). We recently discovered that SOCE is mediated by Calcium Entry Units (CEUs), intracellular junctions formed by: (i) SR stacks containing STIM1; and (ii) I-band extensions of the transverse tubule (TT) containing Orai1. The number and size of CEUs increase during prolonged muscle activity, though the mechanisms underlying exercise-dependent formation of new CEUs remain to be elucidated. Here, we first subjected isolated extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from wild type mice to an exvivo exercise protocol and verified that functional CEUs can assemble alsoin the absence of blood supply and innervation. Then, we evaluated whetherparameters that are influenced by exercise, such as temperature and pH, may influence the assembly of CEUs. Results collected indicate that higher temperature (36 °C vs. 25 °C) and lower pH (7.2 vs. 7.4) increase the percentage of fibers containing SR stacks, the n. of SR stacks/area, and the elongation of TTs at the I band. Functionally, assembly of CEUs at higher temperature (36 °C) or at lower pH (7.2) correlates with increased fatigue resistance of EDL muscles in the presence of extracellular Ca2+. Taken together, these results indicate that CEUs can assemble in isolated EDL muscles and that temperature and pH are two of the possible regulators of CEU formation.
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Effects of four weeks lasting aerobic physical activity on cardiovascular biomarkers, oxidative stress and histomorphometric changes of heart and aorta in rats with experimentally induced hyperhomocysteinemia. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:161-172. [PMID: 35759142 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of hyperhomocysteinemia and aerobic physical activity on changes of cardiovascular biomarkers in sera, oxidative stress in cardiac tissue, and histomorphometric parameters of heart and aorta in rats. Experiments were conducted on male Wistar albino rats organized into four groups (n = 10, per group): C (control group): 0.9% NaCl 0.2 mL/day; H (homocysteine group): homocysteine 0.45 µmol/g b.w./day; CPA (control + physical activity group): 0.9% NaCl 0.2 mL/day and a program of physical activity on a treadmill; and HPA (homocysteine + physical activity group) homocysteine 0.45 µmol/g b.w./day and a program of physical activity on a treadmill. Substances were applied subcutaneously twice a day. Lipid peroxidation and relative activity of Mn-superoxide dismutase isoform were significantly higher in active hyperhomocysteinemic rats in comparison to sedentary animals. Atherosclerotic plaques were detected in aorta samples of active hyperhomocysteinemic rats and also, they had increased left ventricle wall and interventricular septum, and transverse diameter of cardiomyocytes compared to sedentary groups. Aerobic physical activity in the condition of hyperhomocysteinemia can lead to increased oxidative stress in cardiac tissue and changes in histomorphometric parameters of the heart and aorta, as well increased lipid parameters and cardiac damage biomarkers in sera of rats.
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Kumar R, Soni H, Afolabi JM, Kanthakumar P, Mankuzhy PD, Iwhiwhu SA, Adebiyi A. Induction of reactive oxygen species by mechanical stretch drives endothelin production in neonatal pig renal epithelial cells. Redox Biol 2022; 55:102394. [PMID: 35841629 PMCID: PMC9289874 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive endothelin (ET) is generated by ET converting enzyme (ECE)-induced proteolytic processing of pro-molecule big ET to biologically active peptides. H2O2 has been shown to increase the expression of ECE1 via transactivation of its promoter. The present study demonstrates that H2O2 triggered ECE1-dependent ET1-3 production in neonatal pig proximal tubule (PT) epithelial cells. A uniaxial stretch of PT cells decreased catalase, increased NADPH oxidase (NOX)2 and NOX4, and increased H2O2 levels. Stretch also increased cellular ECE1, an effect reversed by EUK-134 (a synthetic superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetic), NOX inhibitor apocynin, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of NOX2 and NOX4. Short-term unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), an inducer of renal tubular cell stretch and oxidative stress, increased renal ET1-3 generation and vascular resistance (RVR) in neonatal pigs. Despite removing the obstruction, UUO-induced increase in RVR persisted, resulting in early acute kidney injury (AKI). ET receptor (ETR)-operated Ca2+ entry in renal microvascular smooth muscle (SM) via transient receptor potential channel 3 (TRPC3) channels reduced renal blood flow and increased RVR. Although acute reversible UUO (rUUO) did not change protein expression levels of ETR and TRPC3 in renal microvessels, inhibition of ECE1, ETR, and TRPC3 protected against renal hypoperfusion, RVR increase, and early AKI. These data suggest that mechanical stretch-driven oxyradical generation stimulates ET production in neonatal pig renal epithelial cells. ET activates renal microvascular SM TRPC3, leading to persistent vasoconstriction and reduction in renal blood flow. These mechanisms may underlie rUUO-induced renal insufficiency in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hitesh Soni
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jeremiah M Afolabi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Praghalathan Kanthakumar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pratheesh D Mankuzhy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Samson A Iwhiwhu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Adebowale Adebiyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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11
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McClean C, Davison GW. Circadian Clocks, Redox Homeostasis, and Exercise: Time to Connect the Dots? Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020256. [PMID: 35204138 PMCID: PMC8868136 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling research has documented how the circadian system is essential for the maintenance of several key biological processes including homeostasis, cardiovascular control, and glucose metabolism. Circadian clock disruptions, or losses of rhythmicity, have been implicated in the development of several diseases, premature ageing, and are regarded as health risks. Redox reactions involving reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) regulate several physiological functions such as cell signalling and the immune response. However, oxidative stress is associated with the pathological effects of RONS, resulting in a loss of cell signalling and damaging modifications to important molecules such as DNA. Direct connections have been established between circadian rhythms and oxidative stress on the basis that disruptions to circadian rhythms can affect redox biology, and vice versa, in a bi-directional relationship. For instance, the expression and activity of several key antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, and CAT) appear to follow circadian patterns. Consequently, the ability to unravel these interactions has opened an exciting area of redox biology. Exercise exerts numerous benefits to health and, as a potent environmental cue, has the capacity to adjust disrupted circadian systems. In fact, the response to a given exercise stimulus may also exhibit circadian variation. At the same time, the relationship between exercise, RONS, and oxidative stress has also been scrutinised, whereby it is clear that exercise-induced RONS can elicit both helpful and potentially harmful health effects that are dependent on the type, intensity, and duration of exercise. To date, it appears that the emerging interface between circadian rhythmicity and oxidative stress/redox metabolism has not been explored in relation to exercise. This review aims to summarise the evidence supporting the conceptual link between the circadian clock, oxidative stress/redox homeostasis, and exercise stimuli. We believe carefully designed investigations of this nexus are required, which could be harnessed to tackle theories concerned with, for example, the existence of an optimal time to exercise to accrue physiological benefits.
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Sandonà M, Saccone V. Post-translational Modification in Muscular Dystrophies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1382:71-84. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-05460-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Song CY, Singh P, Motiwala M, Shin JS, Lew J, Dutta SR, Gonzalez FJ, Bonventre JV, Malik KU. 2-Methoxyestradiol Ameliorates Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension by Inhibiting Cytosolic Phospholipase A 2α Activity in Female Mice. Hypertension 2021; 78:1368-1381. [PMID: 34628937 PMCID: PMC8516072 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. We tested the hypothesis that CYP1B1 (cytochrome P450 1B1)-17β-estradiol metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol protects against Ang II (angiotensin II)–induced hypertension by inhibiting group IV cPLA2α (cytosolic phospholipase A2α) activity and production of prohypertensive eicosanoids in female mice. Ang II (700 ng/kg per minute, SC) increased mean arterial blood pressure (BP), systolic and diastolic BP measured by radiotelemetry, renal fibrosis, and reactive oxygen species production in wild-type mice (cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1+/+) that were enhanced by ovariectomy and abolished in intact and ovariectomized-cPLA2α−/−/Cyp1b1+/+ mice. Ang II–induced increase in SBP measured by tail-cuff, renal fibrosis, reactive oxygen species production, and cPLA2α activity measured by its phosphorylation in the kidney, and urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane A2 metabolites were enhanced in ovariectomized-cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1+/+ and intact cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1−/− mice. 2-Methoxyestradiol and arachidonic acid metabolism inhibitor 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid attenuated the Ang II–induced increase in SBP, renal fibrosis, reactive oxygen species production, and urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2, and thromboxane A2 metabolites in ovariectomized-cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1+/+ and intact cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1−/− mice. Antagonists of prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane A2 receptors EP1 and EP3 and TP, respectively, inhibited Ang II–induced increases in SBP and reactive oxygen species production and renal fibrosis in ovariectomized-cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1+/+ and intact cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1−/− mice. These data suggest that CYP1B1-generated metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol mitigates Ang II–induced hypertension and renal fibrosis by inhibiting cPLA2α activity, reducing prostaglandin E2, and thromboxane A2 production and stimulating EP1 and EP3 and TP receptors, respectively. Thus, 2-methoxyestradiol and the drugs that selectively block EP1 and EP3 and TP receptors could be useful in treating hypertension and its pathogenesis in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Young Song
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis (C.Y.S., P.S., M.M., J.S.S., J.L., S.R.D., K.U.M.)
| | - Purnima Singh
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis (C.Y.S., P.S., M.M., J.S.S., J.L., S.R.D., K.U.M.)
| | - Mustafa Motiwala
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis (C.Y.S., P.S., M.M., J.S.S., J.L., S.R.D., K.U.M.)
| | - Ji Soo Shin
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis (C.Y.S., P.S., M.M., J.S.S., J.L., S.R.D., K.U.M.)
| | - Jessica Lew
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis (C.Y.S., P.S., M.M., J.S.S., J.L., S.R.D., K.U.M.)
| | - Shubha R. Dutta
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis (C.Y.S., P.S., M.M., J.S.S., J.L., S.R.D., K.U.M.)
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Joseph V. Bonventre
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.V.B.)
| | - Kafait U. Malik
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis (C.Y.S., P.S., M.M., J.S.S., J.L., S.R.D., K.U.M.)
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Singh P, Song CY, Dutta SR, Pingili A, Shin JS, Gonzalez FJ, Bonventre JV, Malik KU. 6β-Hydroxytestosterone Promotes Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension via Enhanced Cytosolic Phospholipase A 2α Activity. Hypertension 2021; 78:1053-1066. [PMID: 34420370 PMCID: PMC8415516 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the CYP1B1 (cytochrome P450 1B1)-testosterone metabolite 6β-hydroxytestosterone contributes to angiotensin II-induced hypertension by promoting activation of group IV cPLA2α (cytosolic phospholipase A2α) and generation of prohypertensive eicosanoids in male mice. Eight-week-old male intact or orchidectomized cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1+/+ and cPLA2α–/–/Cyp1b1+/+ and intact cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1–/– mice were infused with angiotensin II (700 ng/kg/min, subcutaneous) for 2 weeks and injected with 6β-hydroxytestosterone (15 μg/g/every third day, intraperitoneal). Systolic blood pressure was measured by tail-cuff and confirmed by radiotelemetry. Angiotensin II-induced increase in systolic blood pressure, cardiac and renal collagen deposition, and reactive oxygen species production were reduced by disruption of the cPLA2α or Cyp1b1 genes or by administration of the arachidonic acid metabolism inhibitor 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid to cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1+/+ mice. 6β-hydroxytestosterone treatment restored these effects of angiotensin II in cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1–/– mice but not in orchidectomized cPLA2α–/–/Cyp1b1+/+ mice, which were lowered by 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid in cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1–/– mice. Antagonists of prostaglandin E2-EP1/EP3 receptors and thromboxane A2-TP receptors decreased the effect of 6β-hydroxytestosterone in restoring the angiotensin II-induced increase in systolic blood pressure, cardiac and renal collagen deposition, and reactive oxygen species production in cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1–/– mice. These data suggest that 6β-hydroxytestosterone promotes angiotensin II-induced increase in systolic blood pressure and associated pathogenesis via cPLA2α activation and generation of eicosanoids, most likely prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane A2 that exerts prohypertensive effects by stimulating EP1/EP3 and TP receptors, respectively. Therefore, agents that selectively block these receptors could be useful in treating testosterone exacerbated angiotensin II-induced hypertension and its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Research, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (P.S., C.Y.S., S.R.D., A.P., J.S.S., K.U.M.)
| | - Chi Young Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Research, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (P.S., C.Y.S., S.R.D., A.P., J.S.S., K.U.M.)
| | - Shubha R Dutta
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Research, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (P.S., C.Y.S., S.R.D., A.P., J.S.S., K.U.M.)
| | - Ajeeth Pingili
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Research, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (P.S., C.Y.S., S.R.D., A.P., J.S.S., K.U.M.)
| | - Ji Soo Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Research, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (P.S., C.Y.S., S.R.D., A.P., J.S.S., K.U.M.)
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institute of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.V.B.)
| | - Kafait U Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Research, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (P.S., C.Y.S., S.R.D., A.P., J.S.S., K.U.M.)
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Beneficial Role of Exercise in the Modulation of mdx Muscle Plastic Remodeling and Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040558. [PMID: 33916762 PMCID: PMC8066278 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive progressive lethal disorder caused by the lack of dystrophin, which determines myofibers mechanical instability, oxidative stress, inflammation, and susceptibility to contraction-induced injuries. Unfortunately, at present, there is no efficient therapy for DMD. Beyond several promising gene- and stem cells-based strategies under investigation, physical activity may represent a valid noninvasive therapeutic approach to slow down the progression of the pathology. However, ethical issues, the limited number of studies in humans and the lack of consistency of the investigated training interventions generate loss of consensus regarding their efficacy, leaving exercise prescription still questionable. By an accurate analysis of data about the effects of different protocol of exercise on muscles of mdx mice, the most widely-used pre-clinical model for DMD research, we found that low intensity exercise, especially in the form of low speed treadmill running, likely represents the most suitable exercise modality associated to beneficial effects on mdx muscle. This protocol of training reduces muscle oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis process, and enhances muscle functionality, muscle regeneration, and hypertrophy. These conclusions can guide the design of appropriate studies on human, thereby providing new insights to translational therapeutic application of exercise to DMD patients.
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Bouviere J, Fortunato RS, Dupuy C, Werneck-de-Castro JP, Carvalho DP, Louzada RA. Exercise-Stimulated ROS Sensitive Signaling Pathways in Skeletal Muscle. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040537. [PMID: 33808211 PMCID: PMC8066165 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise represents a major challenge to whole-body homeostasis, provoking acute and adaptative responses at the cellular and systemic levels. Different sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been described in skeletal muscle (e.g., NADPH oxidases, xanthine oxidase, and mitochondria) and are closely related to the physiological changes induced by physical exercise through the modulation of several signaling pathways. Many signaling pathways that are regulated by exercise-induced ROS generation, such as adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear respiratory factor2 (NRF2), and PGC-1α are involved in skeletal muscle responses to physical exercise, such as increased glucose uptake, mitochondriogenesis, and hypertrophy, among others. Most of these adaptations are blunted by antioxidants, revealing the crucial role played by ROS during and after physical exercise. When ROS generation is either insufficient or exacerbated, ROS-mediated signaling is disrupted, as well as physical exercise adaptations. Thus, an understanding the limit between "ROS that can promote beneficial effects" and "ROS that can promote harmful effects" is a challenging question in exercise biology. The identification of new mediators that cause reductive stress and thereby disrupt exercise-stimulated ROS signaling is a trending on this topic and are covered in this current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bouviere
- Institut of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (J.B.); (R.S.F.); (D.P.C.)
| | - Rodrigo S. Fortunato
- Institut of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (J.B.); (R.S.F.); (D.P.C.)
| | - Corinne Dupuy
- Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9019CNRS, Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France;
| | - Joao Pedro Werneck-de-Castro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Denise P. Carvalho
- Institut of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (J.B.); (R.S.F.); (D.P.C.)
| | - Ruy A. Louzada
- Institut of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (J.B.); (R.S.F.); (D.P.C.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9019CNRS, Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France;
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Nox2 Inhibition Regulates Stress Response and Mitigates Skeletal Muscle Fiber Atrophy during Simulated Microgravity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063252. [PMID: 33806917 PMCID: PMC8005132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Insufficient stress response and elevated oxidative stress can contribute to skeletal muscle atrophy during mechanical unloading (e.g., spaceflight and bedrest). Perturbations in heat shock proteins (e.g., HSP70), antioxidant enzymes, and sarcolemmal neuronal nitric oxidase synthase (nNOS) have been linked to unloading-induced atrophy. We recently discovered that the sarcolemmal NADPH oxidase-2 complex (Nox2) is elevated during unloading, downstream of angiotensin II receptor 1, and concomitant with atrophy. Here, we hypothesized that peptidyl inhibition of Nox2 would attenuate disruption of HSP70, MnSOD, and sarcolemmal nNOS during unloading, and thus muscle fiber atrophy. F344 rats were divided into control (CON), hindlimb unloaded (HU), and hindlimb unloaded +7.5 mg/kg/day gp91ds-tat (HUG) groups. Unloading-induced elevation of the Nox2 subunit p67phox-positive staining was mitigated by gp91ds-tat. HSP70 protein abundance was significantly lower in HU muscles, but not HUG. MnSOD decreased with unloading; however, MnSOD was not rescued by gp91ds-tat. In contrast, Nox2 inhibition protected against unloading suppression of the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2. nNOS bioactivity was reduced by HU, an effect abrogated by Nox2 inhibition. Unloading-induced soleus fiber atrophy was significantly attenuated by gp91ds-tat. These data establish a causal role for Nox2 in unloading-induced muscle atrophy, linked to preservation of HSP70, Nrf2, and sarcolemmal nNOS.
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Jiang F, Yin K, Wu K, Zhang M, Wang S, Cheng H, Zhou Z, Xiao B. The mechanosensitive Piezo1 channel mediates heart mechano-chemo transduction. Nat Commun 2021; 12:869. [PMID: 33558521 PMCID: PMC7870949 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21178-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The beating heart possesses the intrinsic ability to adapt cardiac output to changes in mechanical load. The century-old Frank-Starling law and Anrep effect have documented that stretching the heart during diastolic filling increases its contractile force. However, the molecular mechanotransduction mechanism and its impact on cardiac health and disease remain elusive. Here we show that the mechanically activated Piezo1 channel converts mechanical stretch of cardiomyocytes into Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling, which critically determines the mechanical activity of the heart. Either cardiac-specific knockout or overexpression of Piezo1 in mice results in defective Ca2+ and ROS signaling and the development of cardiomyopathy, demonstrating a homeostatic role of Piezo1. Piezo1 is pathologically upregulated in both mouse and human diseased hearts via an autonomic response of cardiomyocytes. Thus, Piezo1 serves as a key cardiac mechanotransducer for initiating mechano-chemo transduction and consequently maintaining normal heart function, and might represent a novel therapeutic target for treating human heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kunlun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center of Laboratory Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Kun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Department of Emergency, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shiqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Heping Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center of Laboratory Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Bailong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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The Landscape of Interactions between Hypoxia-Inducible Factors and Reactive Oxygen Species in the Gastrointestinal Tract. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8893663. [PMID: 33542787 PMCID: PMC7843172 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8893663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GT) is the major organ involved in digestion, absorption, and immunity, which is prone to oxidative destruction by high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from luminal oxidants, such as food, drugs, and pathogens. Excessive ROS will lead to oxidative stresses and disrupt essential biomolecules, which also act as cellular signaling molecules in response to growth factors, hormones, and oxygen tension changes. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are critical regulators mediating responses to cellular oxygen tension changes, which are also involved in energy metabolism, immunity, renewal, and microbial homeostasis in the GT. This review discusses interactions between HIF (mainly HIF-1α) and ROS and relevant diseases in the GT combined with our lab's work. It might help to develop new therapies for gastrointestinal diseases associated with ROS and HIF-1α.
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Boycott HE, Nguyen MN, Vrellaku B, Gehmlich K, Robinson P. Nitric Oxide and Mechano-Electrical Transduction in Cardiomyocytes. Front Physiol 2020; 11:606740. [PMID: 33384614 PMCID: PMC7770138 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.606740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability§ of the heart to adapt to changes in the mechanical environment is critical for normal cardiac physiology. The role of nitric oxide is increasingly recognized as a mediator of mechanical signaling. Produced in the heart by nitric oxide synthases, nitric oxide affects almost all mechano-transduction pathways within the cardiomyocyte, with roles mediating mechano-sensing, mechano-electric feedback (via modulation of ion channel activity), and calcium handling. As more precise experimental techniques for applying mechanical stresses to cells are developed, the role of these forces in cardiomyocyte function can be further understood. Furthermore, specific inhibitors of different nitric oxide synthase isoforms are now available to elucidate the role of these enzymes in mediating mechano-electrical signaling. Understanding of the links between nitric oxide production and mechano-electrical signaling is incomplete, particularly whether mechanically sensitive ion channels are regulated by nitric oxide, and how this affects the cardiac action potential. This is of particular relevance to conditions such as atrial fibrillation and heart failure, in which nitric oxide production is reduced. Dysfunction of the nitric oxide/mechano-electrical signaling pathways are likely to be a feature of cardiac pathology (e.g., atrial fibrillation, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure) and a better understanding of the importance of nitric oxide signaling and its links to mechanical regulation of heart function may advance our understanding of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Boycott
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - My-Nhan Nguyen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Besarte Vrellaku
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Gehmlich
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Robinson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Powers SK, Deminice R, Ozdemir M, Yoshihara T, Bomkamp MP, Hyatt H. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: Friend or foe? JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 9:415-425. [PMID: 32380253 PMCID: PMC7498668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The first report demonstrating that prolonged endurance exercise promotes oxidative stress in humans was published more than 4 decades ago. Since this discovery, many ensuing investigations have corroborated the fact that muscular exercise increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and results in oxidative stress in numerous tissues including blood and skeletal muscles. Although several tissues may contribute to exercise-induced ROS production, it is predicted that muscular contractions stimulate ROS production in active muscle fibers and that skeletal muscle is a primary source of ROS production during exercise. This contraction-induced ROS generation is associated with (1) oxidant damage in several tissues (e.g., increased protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation), (2) accelerated muscle fatigue, and (3) activation of biochemical signaling pathways that contribute to exercise-induced adaptation in the contracting muscle fibers. While our understanding of exercise and oxidative stress has advanced rapidly during the last decades, questions remain about whether exercise-induced increases in ROS production are beneficial or harmful to health. This review addresses this issue by discussing the site(s) of oxidant production during exercise and detailing the health consequences of exercise-induced ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Powers
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Rafael Deminice
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina, Londrina, 10011, Brazil
| | - Mustafa Ozdemir
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA; Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.
| | - Toshinori Yoshihara
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA; Department of Exercise Physiology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Matthew P Bomkamp
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Hayden Hyatt
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
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Zheng J, Tian X, Xu B, Yuan F, Gong J, Yang Z. Collagen Peptides from Swim Bladders of Giant Croaker ( Nibea japonica) and Their Protective Effects against H 2O 2-Induced Oxidative Damage toward Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E430. [PMID: 32824671 PMCID: PMC7460321 DOI: 10.3390/md18080430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Five different proteases were used to hydrolyze the swim bladders of Nibea japonica and the hydrolysate treated by neutrase (collagen peptide named SNNHs) showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity. The extraction process of SNNHs was optimized by response surface methodology, and the optimal conditions were as follows: a temperature of 47.2 °C, a pH of 7.3 and an enzyme concentration of 1100 U/g, which resulted in the maximum DPPH clearance rate of 95.44%. Peptides with a Mw of less than 1 kDa (SNNH-1) were obtained by ultrafiltration, and exhibited good scavenging activity for hydroxyl radicals, ABTS radicals and superoxide anion radicals. Furthermore, SNNH-1 significantly promoted the proliferation of HUVECs, and the protective effect of SNNH-1 against oxidative damage of H2O2-induced HUVECs was investigated. The results indicated that all groups receiving SNNH-1 pretreatment showed an increase in GSH-Px, SOD, and CAT activities compared with the model group. In addition, SNNH-1 pretreatment reduced the levels of ROS and MDA in HUVECs with H2O2-induced oxidative damage. These results indicate that collagen peptides from swim bladders of Nibea japonica can significantly reduce the oxidative stress damage caused by H2O2 in HUVECs and provides a basis for the application of collagen peptides in the food industry, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; (J.Z.); (X.T.); (B.X.); (F.Y.)
| | - Xiaoxiao Tian
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; (J.Z.); (X.T.); (B.X.); (F.Y.)
| | - Baogui Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; (J.Z.); (X.T.); (B.X.); (F.Y.)
| | - Falei Yuan
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; (J.Z.); (X.T.); (B.X.); (F.Y.)
| | - Jianfang Gong
- Donghai Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China;
| | - Zuisu Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; (J.Z.); (X.T.); (B.X.); (F.Y.)
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Protasi F, Pietrangelo L, Boncompagni S. Calcium entry units (CEUs): perspectives in skeletal muscle function and disease. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2020; 42:233-249. [PMID: 32812118 PMCID: PMC8332569 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-020-09586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades the term Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) has been used in the scientific literature to describe an ubiquitous cellular mechanism that allows recovery of calcium (Ca2+) from the extracellular space. SOCE is triggered by a reduction of Ca2+ content (i.e. depletion) in intracellular stores, i.e. endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER and SR). In skeletal muscle the mechanism is primarily mediated by a physical interaction between stromal interaction molecule-1 (STIM1), a Ca2+ sensor located in the SR membrane, and ORAI1, a Ca2+-permeable channel of external membranes, located in transverse tubules (TTs), the invaginations of the plasma membrane (PM) deputed to propagation of action potentials. It is generally accepted that in skeletal muscle SOCE is important to limit muscle fatigue during repetitive stimulation. We recently discovered that exercise promotes the assembly of new intracellular junctions that contains colocalized STIM1 and ORAI1, and that the presence of these new junctions increases Ca2+ entry via ORAI1, while improving fatigue resistance during repetitive stimulation. Based on these findings we named these new junctions Ca2+ Entry Units (CEUs). CEUs are dynamic organelles that assemble during muscle activity and disassemble during recovery thanks to the plasticity of the SR (containing STIM1) and the elongation/retraction of TTs (bearing ORAI1). Interestingly, similar structures described as SR stacks were previously reported in different mouse models carrying mutations in proteins involved in Ca2+ handling (calsequestrin-null mice; triadin and junctin null mice, etc.) or associated to microtubules (MAP6 knockout mice). Mutations in Stim1 and Orai1 (and calsequestrin-1) genes have been associated to tubular aggregate myopathy (TAM), a muscular disease characterized by: (a) muscle pain, cramping, or weakness that begins in childhood and worsens over time, and (b) the presence of large accumulations of ordered SR tubes (tubular aggregates, TAs) that do not contain myofibrils, mitochondria, nor TTs. Interestingly, TAs are also present in fast twitch muscle fibers of ageing mice. Several important issues remain un-answered: (a) the molecular mechanisms and signals that trigger the remodeling of membranes and the functional activation of SOCE during exercise are unclear; and (b) how dysfunctional SOCE and/or mutations in Stim1, Orai1 and calsequestrin (Casq1) genes lead to the formation of tubular aggregates (TAs) in aging and disease deserve investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feliciano Protasi
- CAST, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
- DMSI, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Laura Pietrangelo
- CAST, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
- DMSI, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Simona Boncompagni
- CAST, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
- DNICS, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
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Cameron BA, Kai H, Kaihara K, Iribe G, Quinn TA. Ischemia Enhances the Acute Stretch-Induced Increase in Calcium Spark Rate in Ventricular Myocytes. Front Physiol 2020; 11:289. [PMID: 32372969 PMCID: PMC7179564 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In ventricular myocytes, spontaneous release of calcium (Ca2+) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via ryanodine receptors (“Ca2+ sparks”) is acutely increased by stretch, due to a stretch-induced increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In acute regional ischemia there is stretch of ischemic tissue, along with an increase in Ca2+ spark rate and ROS production, each of which has been implicated in arrhythmogenesis. Yet, whether there is an impact of ischemia on the stretch-induced increase in Ca2+ sparks and ROS has not been investigated. We hypothesized that ischemia would enhance the increase of Ca2+ sparks and ROS that occurs with stretch. Methods: Isolated ventricular myocytes from mice (male, C57BL/6J) were loaded with fluorescent dye to detect Ca2+ sparks (4.6 μM Fluo-4, 10 min) or ROS (1 μM DCF, 20 min), exposed to normal Tyrode (NT) or simulated ischemia (SI) solution (hyperkalemia [15 mM potassium], acidosis [6.5 pH], and metabolic inhibition [1 mM sodium cyanide, 20 mM 2-deoxyglucose]), and subjected to sustained stretch by the carbon fiber technique (~10% increase in sarcomere length, 15 s). Ca2+ spark rate and rate of ROS production were measured by confocal microscopy. Results: Baseline Ca2+ spark rate was greater in SI (2.54 ± 0.11 sparks·s−1·100 μm−2; n = 103 cells, N = 10 mice) than NT (0.29 ± 0.05 sparks·s−1·100 μm−2; n = 33 cells, N = 9 mice; p < 0.0001). Stretch resulted in an acute increase in Ca2+ spark rate in both SI (3.03 ± 0.13 sparks·s−1·100 μm−2; p < 0.0001) and NT (0.49 ± 0.07 sparks·s−1·100 μm−2; p < 0.0001), with the increase in SI being greater than NT (+0.49 ± 0.04 vs. +0.20 ± 0.04 sparks·s−1·100 μm−2; p < 0.0001). Baseline rate of ROS production was also greater in SI (1.01 ± 0.01 normalized slope; n = 11, N = 8 mice) than NT (0.98 ± 0.01 normalized slope; n = 12, N = 4 mice; p < 0.05), but there was an acute increase with stretch only in SI (+12.5 ± 2.6%; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Ischemia enhances the stretch-induced increase of Ca2+ sparks in ventricular myocytes, with an associated enhancement of stretch-induced ROS production. This effect may be important for premature excitation and/or in the development of an arrhythmogenic substrate in acute regional ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanne A Cameron
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Hiroaki Kai
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keiko Kaihara
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Gentaro Iribe
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - T Alexander Quinn
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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25
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Capitanio D, Moriggi M, Torretta E, Barbacini P, De Palma S, Viganò A, Lochmüller H, Muntoni F, Ferlini A, Mora M, Gelfi C. Comparative proteomic analyses of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Becker muscular dystrophy muscles: changes contributing to preserve muscle function in Becker muscular dystrophy patients. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:547-563. [PMID: 31991054 PMCID: PMC7113522 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) are characterized by muscle wasting leading to loss of ambulation in the first or third decade, respectively. In DMD, the lack of dystrophin hampers connections between intracellular cytoskeleton and cell membrane leading to repeated cycles of necrosis and regeneration associated with inflammation and loss of muscle ordered structure. BMD has a similar muscle phenotype but milder. Here, we address the question whether proteins at variance in BMD compared with DMD contribute to the milder phenotype in BMD, thus identifying a specific signature to be targeted for DMD treatment. METHODS Proteins extracted from skeletal muscle from DMD/BMD patients and young healthy subjects were either reduced and solubilized prior two-dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis/mass spectrometry differential analysis or tryptic digested prior label-free liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Statistical analyses of proteins and peptides were performed by DeCyder and Perseus software and protein validation and verification by immunoblotting. RESULTS Proteomic results indicate minor changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein composition in BMD muscles with retention of mechanotransduction signalling, reduced changes in cytoskeletal and contractile proteins. Conversely, in DMD patients, increased levels of several ECM cytoskeletal and contractile proteins were observed whereas some proteins of fast fibres and of Z-disc decreased. Detyrosinated alpha-tubulin was unchanged in BMD and increased in DMD although neuronal nitric oxide synthase was unchanged in BMD and greatly reduced in DMD. Metabolically, the tissue is characterized by a decrement of anaerobic metabolism both in DMD and BMD compared with controls, with increased levels of the glycogen metabolic pathway in BMD. Oxidative metabolism is severely compromised in DMD with impairment of malate shuttle; conversely, it is active in BMD supporting the tricarboxylic acid cycle and respiratory chain. Adipogenesis characterizes DMD, whereas proteins involved in fatty acids beta-oxidation are increased in BMD. Proteins involved in protein/amino acid metabolism, cell development, calcium handling, endoplasmic reticulum/sarcoplasmic reticulum stress response, and inflammation/immune response were increased in DMD. Both disorders are characterized by the impairment of N-linked protein glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Authophagy was decreased in DMD whereas it was retained in BMD. CONCLUSIONS The mechanosensing and metabolic disruption are central nodes of DMD/BMD phenotypes. The ECM proteome composition and the metabolic rewiring in BMD lead to preservation of energy levels supporting autophagy and cell renewal, thus promoting the retention of muscle function. Conversely, DMD patients are characterized by extracellular and cytoskeletal protein dysregulation and by metabolic restriction at the level of α-ketoglutarate leading to shortage of glutamate-derived molecules that over time triggers lipogenesis and lipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Capitanio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Moriggi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrica Torretta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Barbacini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara De Palma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Agnese Viganò
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, University College London, Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, & Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, London, UK
| | - Alessandra Ferlini
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, University College London, Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marina Mora
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Gelfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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Cardiomyocyte calcium handling in health and disease: Insights from in vitro and in silico studies. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 157:54-75. [PMID: 32188566 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) plays a central role in cardiomyocyte excitation-contraction coupling. To ensure an optimal electrical impulse propagation and cardiac contraction, Ca2+ levels are regulated by a variety of Ca2+-handling proteins. In turn, Ca2+ modulates numerous electrophysiological processes. Accordingly, Ca2+-handling abnormalities can promote cardiac arrhythmias via various mechanisms, including the promotion of afterdepolarizations, ion-channel modulation and structural remodeling. In the last 30 years, significant improvements have been made in the computational modeling of cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling under physiological and pathological conditions. However, numerous questions involving the Ca2+-dependent regulation of different macromolecular complexes, cross-talk between Ca2+-dependent regulatory pathways operating over a wide range of time scales, and bidirectional interactions between electrophysiology and mechanics remain to be addressed by in vitro and in silico studies. A better understanding of disease-specific Ca2+-dependent proarrhythmic mechanisms may facilitate the development of improved therapeutic strategies. In this review, we describe the fundamental mechanisms of cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling in health and disease, and provide an overview of currently available computational models for cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling. Finally, we discuss important uncertainties and open questions about cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling and highlight how synergy between in vitro and in silico studies may help to answer several of these issues.
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27
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Boyman L, Karbowski M, Lederer WJ. Regulation of Mitochondrial ATP Production: Ca 2+ Signaling and Quality Control. Trends Mol Med 2019; 26:21-39. [PMID: 31767352 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac ATP production primarily depends on oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and is dynamically regulated by Ca2+ levels in the mitochondrial matrix as well as by cytosolic ADP. We discuss mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling and its dysfunction which has recently been linked to cardiac pathologies including arrhythmia and heart failure. Similar dysfunction in other excitable and long-lived cells including neurons is associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Central to this new understanding is crucial Ca2+ regulation of both mitochondrial quality control and ATP production. Mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM) signaling from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to mitochondria is discussed. We propose future research directions that emphasize a need to define quantitatively the physiological roles of MAMs, as well as mitochondrial quality control and ATP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron Boyman
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mariusz Karbowski
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - W Jonathan Lederer
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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28
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Primary human chondrocytes respond to compression with phosphoproteomic signatures that include microtubule activation. J Biomech 2019; 97:109367. [PMID: 31607375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocytes are responsible for maintaining the cartilage that helps joints bear load and move smoothly. These cells typically respond to physiological compression with pathways consistent with matrix synthesis, and chondrocyte mechanotransduction is essential for homeostasis. In osteoarthritis (OA), chondrocyte mechanotransduction appears to be dysregulated, yet the mechanisms remain poorly understood. The objective of this study is to document the phosphoproteomic responses of primary osteoarthritic chondrocytes to physiological sinusoidal compression. We show that OA chondrocytes respond to physiological compression by first activating proteins consistent with cytoskeletal remodeling and decreased transcription, and then later activating proteins for transcription. These results show that several microtubule-related proteins respond to compression. Our results demonstrate that compression is a relevant physiological stimulus for osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Future analyses may build on these results to find differences in compression-induced phosphoproteins between normal and OA cells that lead to druggable targets to restore homeostasis to diseased joints.
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29
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Damiano S, Muscariello E, La Rosa G, Di Maro M, Mondola P, Santillo M. Dual Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Muscle Function: Can Antioxidant Dietary Supplements Counteract Age-Related Sarcopenia? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153815. [PMID: 31387214 PMCID: PMC6696113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. In older people, malnutrition and physical inactivity are often associated with sarcopenia, and, therefore, dietary interventions and exercise must be considered to prevent, delay, or treat it. Among the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to sarcopenia, a key role is played by an increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) levels and a decrease in enzymatic antioxidant protection leading to oxidative stress. Many studies have evaluated, in addition to the effects of exercise, the effects of antioxidant dietary supplements in limiting age-related muscle mass and performance, but the data which have been reported are conflicting. In skeletal muscle, ROS/RNS have a dual function: at low levels they increase muscle force and adaptation to exercise, while at high levels they lead to a decline of muscle performance. Controversial results obtained with antioxidant supplementation in older persons could in part reflect the lack of univocal effects of ROS on muscle mass and function. The purpose of this review is to examine the molecular mechanisms underlying the dual effects of ROS in skeletal muscle function and the analysis of literature data on dietary antioxidant supplementation associated with exercise in normal and sarcopenic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Damiano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Espedita Muscariello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana La Rosa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Di Maro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Mondola
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Santillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Gu X, Xie S, Hong D, Ding Y. An in vitro model of foam cell formation induced by a stretchable microfluidic device. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7461. [PMID: 31097769 PMCID: PMC6522483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43902-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a variety of animal models of atherosclerosis have been developed, these models are time-consuming and costly. Here, we describe an in vitro model to induce foam cell formation in the early stage of atherosclerosis. This model is based on a three-dimension co-culture system in a stretchable microfluidic device. An elastic membrane embedded in the microfluidic device is capable of delivering nonuniform strain to vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and monocytes adhering thereto, which are intended to mimic the biological environment of blood vessels. Under low-density lipoprotein and stretch treatment, foam cell formation was successfully induced in co-culture with changes in mRNA and protein expression of some related key factors. Subsequently, the model was used to assess the inhibitory effect of atorvastatin on foam cell formation. The results obtained indicate that atorvastatin has a significantly dose-dependent inhibition of foam cell formation, which can be explained by the changes in mRNA and protein expression of the related factors. In principle, the model can be used to study the role of different types of cells in the formation of foam cells, as well as the evaluation of anti-atherosclerotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Gu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shijie Xie
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dandan Hong
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongsheng Ding
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
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31
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Lindsay A, Schmiechen A, Chamberlain CM, Ervasti JM, Lowe DA. Neopterin/7,8-dihydroneopterin is elevated in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients and protects mdx skeletal muscle function. Exp Physiol 2019; 103:995-1009. [PMID: 29791760 DOI: 10.1113/ep087031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? We examined whether the macrophage-synthesized antioxidant 7,8-dihydroneopterin was elevated in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients. We then examined whether 7,8-dihydroneopterin could protect dystrophic skeletal mouse muscle from eccentric contraction-induced force loss and improve recovery. What is the main finding and its importance? Urinary neopterin/creatinine and 7,8-dihydroneopterin/creatinine were elevated in DMD patients. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin attenuated eccentric contraction-induced force loss of dystrophic skeletal mouse muscle and accelerated recovery of force. These results suggest that eccentric contraction-induced force loss is mediated, in part, by an oxidative component and provides a potential protective role for 7,8-dihydroneopterin in DMD. ABSTRACT Macrophage infiltration is a hallmark of dystrophin-deficient muscle. We tested the hypothesis that Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients would have elevated levels of the macrophage-synthesized pterins, neopterin and 7,8-dihydroneopterin, compared with unaffected age-matched control subjects. Urinary neopterin/creatinine and 7,8-dihydroneopterin/creatinine were elevated in DMD patients, and 7,8-dihydroneopterin/creatinine was associated with patient age and ambulation. Urinary 7,8-dihydroneopterin corrected for specific gravity was also elevated in DMD patients. Given that 7,8-dihydroneopterin is an antioxidant, we then identified a potential role for 7,8-dihydroneopterin in disease pathology. We assessed whether 7,8-dihydroneopterin could: (i) protect against isometric force loss in wild-type skeletal muscle exposed to various pro-oxidants; and (ii) protect wild-type and mdx muscle from eccentric contraction-induced force loss, which has an oxidative component. Force loss was elicited in isolated extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles by 10 eccentric contractions, and recovery of force after the contractions was measured in the presence of exogenous 7,8-dihydroneopterin. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin attenuated isometric force loss by wild-type EDL muscles when challenged by H2 O2 and HOCl, but exacerbated force loss when challenged by SIN-1 (NO• , O2• , ONOO- ). 7,8-Dihydroneopterin attenuated eccentric contraction-induced force loss in mdx muscle. Isometric force production by EDL muscles of mdx mice also recovered to a greater degree after eccentric contractions in the presence of 7,8-dihydroneopterin. The results corroborate macrophage activation in DMD patients, provide a potential protective role for 7,8-dihydroneopterin in the susceptibility of dystrophic muscle to eccentric contractions and indicate that oxidative stress contributes to eccentric contraction-induced force loss in mdx skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Lindsay
- Division of Rehabilitation Science and Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alexandra Schmiechen
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christopher M Chamberlain
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - James M Ervasti
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dawn A Lowe
- Division of Rehabilitation Science and Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Song J, Wang Y, Yuan X, Ji Q, Fan C, Zhao H, Hao W, Ren D. Stretching magnitude-dependent inactivation of AKT by ROS led to enhanced p53 mitochondrial translocation and myoblast apoptosis. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1182-1197. [PMID: 30865562 PMCID: PMC6724521 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-12-0770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we had shown that high magnitude stretch (HMS), rather than low magnitude stretch (LMS), induced significant apoptosis of skeletal muscle C2C12 myoblasts. However, the molecular mechanism remains obscure. In this study, we found that p53 protein accumulated in the nucleus of LMS-loaded cells, whereas it translocated into mitochondria of HMS-loaded cells. Knocking down endogenous p53 by shRNA abrogated HMS-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that overaccumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during HMS-inactivated AKT that was activated in LMS-treated cells, which accounted for the distinct p53 subcellular localizations under HMS and LMS. Blocking ROS generation by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or overexpressing constitutively active AKT vector (CA-AKT) inhibited HMS-incurred p53 mitochondrial translocation and promoted its nuclear targeting. Moreover, both NAC and CA-AKT significantly attenuated HMS-induced C2C12 apoptosis. Finally, we found that Ser389 phosphorylation of p53 was a downstream event of ROS-inactivated AKT pathway, which was critical to p53 mitochondrial trafficking during HMS stimuli. Transfecting p53-shRNA C2C12s with the mutant p53 (S389A) that was unable to target p53 to mitochondria underwent significantly lower apoptosis than transfection with wild-type p53. Altogether, our study uncovered that mitochondrial localization of p53, resulting from p53 Ser389 phosphorylation through ROS-inactivated AKT pathway, prompted C2C12 myoblast apoptosis during HMS stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Song
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiuxia Ji
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cunhui Fan
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenjing Hao
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dapeng Ren
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Kim H, Kim MC, Asada HH. Extracellular matrix remodelling induced by alternating electrical and mechanical stimulations increases the contraction of engineered skeletal muscle tissues. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2732. [PMID: 30804393 PMCID: PMC6389954 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered skeletal muscles are inferior to natural muscles in terms of contractile force, hampering their potential use in practical applications. One major limitation is that the extracellular matrix (ECM) not only impedes the contraction but also ineffectively transmits the forces generated by myotubes to the load. In the present study, ECM remodelling improves contractile force in a short time, and a coordinated, combined electrical and mechanical stimulation induces the desired ECM remodelling. Notably, the application of single and combined stimulations to the engineered muscles remodels the structure of their ECM networks, which determines the mechanical properties of the ECM. Myotubes in the tissues are connected in parallel and in series to the ECM. The stiffness of the parallel ECM must be low not to impede contraction, while the stiffness of the serial ECM must be high to transmit the forces to the load. Both the experimental results and the mechanistic model suggest that the combined stimulation through coordination reorients the ECM fibres in such a way that the parallel ECM stiffness is reduced, while the serial ECM stiffness is increased. In particular, 3 and 20 minutes of alternating electrical and mechanical stimulations increase the force by 18% and 31%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonyu Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Min-Cheol Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - H Harry Asada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- BioSystem and Micromechanics IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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Olthoff JT, Lindsay A, Abo-Zahrah R, Baltgalvis KA, Patrinostro X, Belanto JJ, Yu DY, Perrin BJ, Garry DJ, Rodney GG, Lowe DA, Ervasti JM. Loss of peroxiredoxin-2 exacerbates eccentric contraction-induced force loss in dystrophin-deficient muscle. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5104. [PMID: 30504831 PMCID: PMC6269445 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07639-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Force loss in skeletal muscle exposed to eccentric contraction is often attributed to injury. We show that EDL muscles from dystrophin-deficient mdx mice recover 65% of lost force within 120 min of eccentric contraction and exhibit minimal force loss when the interval between contractions is increased from 3 to 30 min. A proteomic screen of mdx muscle identified an 80% reduction in the antioxidant peroxiredoxin-2, likely due to proteolytic degradation following hyperoxidation by NADPH Oxidase 2. Eccentric contraction-induced force loss in mdx muscle was exacerbated by peroxiredoxin-2 ablation, and improved by peroxiredoxin-2 overexpression or myoglobin knockout. Finally, overexpression of γcyto- or βcyto-actin protects mdx muscle from eccentric contraction-induced force loss by blocking NADPH Oxidase 2 through a mechanism dependent on cysteine 272 unique to cytoplasmic actins. Our data suggest that eccentric contraction-induced force loss may function as an adaptive circuit breaker that protects mdx muscle from injurious contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Olthoff
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, and Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Angus Lindsay
- Divisions of Rehabilitation Science and Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Reem Abo-Zahrah
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kristen A Baltgalvis
- Divisions of Rehabilitation Science and Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Xiaobai Patrinostro
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Joseph J Belanto
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Dae-Yeul Yu
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Benjamin J Perrin
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46022, USA
| | - Daniel J Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - George G Rodney
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Dawn A Lowe
- Divisions of Rehabilitation Science and Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - James M Ervasti
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, and Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Chen X, Yan J, He F, Zhong D, Yang H, Pei M, Luo ZP. Mechanical stretch induces antioxidant responses and osteogenic differentiation in human mesenchymal stem cells through activation of the AMPK-SIRT1 signaling pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 126:187-201. [PMID: 30096433 PMCID: PMC6165675 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising cell sources for regenerative medicine. Growing evidence has indicated that mechanical stimuli are crucial for their lineage-specific differentiation. However, the effect of mechanical loading on redox balance and the intracellular antioxidant system in MSCs was unknown. In this study, human bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) were subjected to cyclic stretch at the magnitude of 2.5%, 5%, and 10%. Cell proliferation, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), expression of antioxidant enzymes, and osteogenic differentiation were evaluated. RNA was extracted and subjected to DNA microarray analysis. Sirtinol and compound C were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms involved silent information regulator type 1 (SIRT1) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Our results showed that mechanical stretch at appropriate magnitudes increased cell proliferation, up-regulated extracellular matrix organization, and down-regulated matrix disassembly. After 3 days of stretch, intracellular ROS in BM-MSCs were decreased but the levels of antioxidant enzymes, especially superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), were up-regulated. Osteogenesis was improved by 5% stretch rather than 10% stretch, as evidenced by increased matrix mineralization and osteogenic marker gene expression. The expression of SIRT1 and phosphorylation of AMPK were enhanced by mechanical stretch; however, inhibition of SIRT1 or AMPK abrogated the stretch-induced antioxidant effect on BM-MSCs and inhibited the stretch-mediated osteogenic differentiation. Our findings reveal that mechanical stretch induced antioxidant responses, attenuated intracellular ROS, and improved osteogenesis of BM-MSCs. The stretch-induced antioxidant effect was through activation of the AMPK-SIRT1 signaling pathway. Our findings demonstrated that appropriate mechanical stimulation can improve MSC antioxidant functions and benefit bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215007, China; Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jinku Yan
- Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215007, China; Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Fan He
- Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215007, China; Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Dongyan Zhong
- Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215007, China; Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215007, China; Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Ming Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Zong-Ping Luo
- Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215007, China; Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
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Madsen AB, Knudsen JR, Henriquez-Olguin C, Angin Y, Zaal KJ, Sylow L, Schjerling P, Ralston E, Jensen TE. β-Actin shows limited mobility and is required only for supraphysiological insulin-stimulated glucose transport in young adult soleus muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315. [PMID: 29533739 PMCID: PMC6087721 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00392.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies in skeletal muscle cell cultures suggest that the cortical actin cytoskeleton is a major requirement for insulin-stimulated glucose transport, implicating the β-actin isoform, which in many cell types is the main actin isoform. However, it is not clear that β-actin plays such a role in mature skeletal muscle. Neither dependency of glucose transport on β-actin nor actin reorganization upon glucose transport have been tested in mature muscle. To investigate the role of β-actin in fully differentiated muscle, we performed a detailed characterization of wild type and muscle-specific β-actin knockout (KO) mice. The effects of the β-actin KO were subtle; however, we confirmed the previously reported decline in running performance of β-actin KO mice compared with wild type during repeated maximal running tests. We also found insulin-stimulated glucose transport into incubated muscles reduced in soleus but not in extensor digitorum longus muscle of young adult mice. Contraction-stimulated glucose transport trended toward the same pattern, but the glucose transport phenotype disappeared in soleus muscles from mature adult mice. No genotype-related differences were found in body composition or glucose tolerance or by indirect calorimetry measurements. To evaluate β-actin mobility in mature muscle, we electroporated green fluorescent protein (GFP)-β-actin into flexor digitorum brevis muscle fibers and measured fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. GFP-β-actin showed limited unstimulated mobility and no changes after insulin stimulation. In conclusion, β-actin is not required for glucose transport regulation in mature mouse muscle under the majority of the tested conditions. Thus, our work reveals fundamental differences in the role of the cortical β-actin cytoskeleton in mature muscle compared with cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnete B Madsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jonas R Knudsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Carlos Henriquez-Olguin
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile ; Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Clínica MEDS, Santiago , Chile
| | - Yeliz Angin
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Kristien J Zaal
- Light Imaging Section, Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lykke Sylow
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Center of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Evelyn Ralston
- Light Imaging Section, Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Thomas E Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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Liu Z, Li G, Long C, Xu J, Cen J, Yang X. The antioxidant activity and genotoxicity of isogarcinol. Food Chem 2018; 253:5-12. [PMID: 29502843 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant activity and genotoxicity of isogarcinol were assessed by several in vitro tests. Its IC50 values for DPPH and ABTS were 36.3 ± 3.35 µM and 16.6 ± 3.98 µM, respectively, which were all lower than those of VC and BHT. Isogarcinol had no cyctotoxic or promotional activities at 1-10 µM in the CCK-8 assay, and negligible genotoxic effects at 50-500 µM on HepG2 cells by the single-cell gel electrophoresis assay. Pre-incubation of the cells with 0.5-1.5 µM isogarcinol, before exposure to H2O2, significantly increased cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Isogarcinol also reduced intercellular reactive oxygen species accumulation, lactate dehydrogenase release and malondialdehyde levels, and increased superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione levels. Western-blot analysis revealed that it up-regulated pro-caspase-3 and reduced cleaved caspase-3 during H2O2-induced oxidative stress. All the above results indicate that isogarcinol promises to be useful as a natural antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijin Liu
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Long
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Juren Cen
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, People's Republic of China.
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English RS. A hypothetical pathogenesis model for androgenic alopecia: clarifying the dihydrotestosterone paradox and rate-limiting recovery factors. Med Hypotheses 2017; 111:73-81. [PMID: 29407002 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Androgenic alopecia, also known as pattern hair loss, is a chronic progressive condition that affects 80% of men and 50% of women throughout a lifetime. But despite its prevalence and extensive study, a coherent pathology model describing androgenic alopecia's precursors, biological step-processes, and physiological responses does not yet exist. While consensus is that androgenic alopecia is genetic and androgen-mediated by dihydrotestosterone, questions remain regarding dihydrotestosterone's exact role in androgenic alopecia onset. What causes dihydrotestosterone to increase in androgenic alopecia-prone tissues? By which mechanisms does dihydrotestosterone miniaturize androgenic alopecia-prone hair follicles? Why is dihydrotestosterone also associated with hair growth in secondary body and facial hair? Why does castration (which decreases androgen production by 95%) stop pattern hair loss, but not fully reverse it? Is there a relationship between dihydrotestosterone and tissue remodeling observed alongside androgenic alopecia onset? We review evidence supporting and challenging dihydrotestosterone's causal relationship with androgenic alopecia, then propose an evidence-based pathogenesis model that attempts to answer the above questions, account for additionally-suspected androgenic alopecia mediators, identify rate-limiting recovery factors, and elucidate better treatment targets. The hypothesis argues that: (1) chronic scalp tension transmitted from the galea aponeurotica induces an inflammatory response in androgenic alopecia-prone tissues; (2) dihydrotestosterone increases in androgenic alopecia-prone tissues as part of this inflammatory response; and (3) dihydrotestosterone does not directly miniaturize hair follicles. Rather, dihydrotestosterone is a co-mediator of tissue dermal sheath thickening, perifollicular fibrosis, and calcification - three chronic, progressive conditions concomitant with androgenic alopecia progression. These conditions remodel androgenic alopecia-prone tissues - restricting follicle growth space, oxygen, and nutrient supply - leading to the slow, persistent hair follicle miniaturization characterized in androgenic alopecia. If true, this hypothetical model explains the mechanisms by which dihydrotestosterone miniaturizes androgenic alopecia-prone hair follicles, describes a rationale for androgenic alopecia progression and patterning, makes sense of dihydrotestosterone's paradoxical role in hair loss and hair growth, and identifies targets to further improve androgenic alopecia recovery rates: fibrosis, calcification, and chronic scalp tension.
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Angelini A, Pi X, Xie L. Dioxygen and Metabolism; Dangerous Liaisons in Cardiac Function and Disease. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1044. [PMID: 29311974 PMCID: PMC5732914 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart must consume a significant amount of energy to sustain its contractile activity. Although the fuel demands are huge, the stock remains very low. Thus, in order to supply its daily needs, the heart must have amazing adaptive abilities, which are dependent on dioxygen availability. However, in myriad cardiovascular diseases, “fuel” depletion and hypoxia are common features, leading cardiomyocytes to favor low-dioxygen-consuming glycolysis rather than oxidation of fatty acids. This metabolic switch makes it challenging to distinguish causes from consequences in cardiac pathologies. Finally, despite the progress achieved in the past few decades, medical treatments have not improved substantially, either. In such a situation, it seems clear that much remains to be learned about cardiac diseases. Therefore, in this review, we will discuss how reconciling dioxygen availability and cardiac metabolic adaptations may contribute to develop full and innovative strategies from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Angelini
- Department of Medicine-Athero and Lipo, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xinchun Pi
- Department of Medicine-Athero and Lipo, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Liang Xie
- Department of Medicine-Athero and Lipo, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Lyons JS, Joca HC, Law RA, Williams KM, Kerr JP, Shi G, Khairallah RJ, Martin SS, Konstantopoulos K, Ward CW, Stains JP. Microtubules tune mechanotransduction through NOX2 and TRPV4 to decrease sclerostin abundance in osteocytes. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/506/eaan5748. [PMID: 29162742 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan5748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The adaptation of the skeleton to its mechanical environment is orchestrated by mechanosensitive osteocytes, largely by regulating the abundance of sclerostin, a secreted inhibitor of bone formation. We defined a microtubule-dependent mechanotransduction pathway that linked fluid shear stress to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium (Ca2+) signals that led to a reduction in sclerostin abundance in cultured osteocytes. We demonstrated that microtubules stabilized by detyrosination, a reversible posttranslational modification of polymerized α-tubulin, determined the stiffness of the cytoskeleton, which set the mechanoresponsive range of cultured osteocytes to fluid shear stress. We showed that fluid shear stress through the microtubule network activated NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2)-generated ROS that target the Ca2+ channel TRPV4 to elicit Ca2+ influx. Furthermore, tuning the abundance of detyrosinated tubulin affected cytoskeletal stiffness to define the mechanoresponsive range of cultured osteocytes to fluid shear stress. Finally, we demonstrated that NOX2-ROS elicited Ca2+ signals that activated the kinase CaMKII to decrease the abundance of sclerostin protein. Together, these discoveries may identify potentially druggable targets for regulating osteocyte mechanotransduction to affect bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Lyons
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Humberto C Joca
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Robert A Law
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Katrina M Williams
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jaclyn P Kerr
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Guoli Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | - Stuart S Martin
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | - Christopher W Ward
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Joseph P Stains
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Quinn TA, Kohl P. Comparing maximum rate and sustainability of pacing by mechanical vs. electrical stimulation in the Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart. Europace 2017; 18:iv85-iv93. [PMID: 28011835 PMCID: PMC5400084 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euw354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Mechanical stimulation (MS) represents a readily available, non-invasive means of pacing the asystolic or bradycardic heart in patients, but benefits of MS at higher heart rates are unclear. Our aim was to assess the maximum rate and sustainability of excitation by MS vs. electrical stimulation (ES) in the isolated heart under normal physiological conditions. Methods and results Trains of local MS or ES at rates exceeding intrinsic sinus rhythm (overdrive pacing; lowest pacing rates 2.5±0.5 Hz) were applied to the same mid-left ventricular free-wall site on the epicardium of Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts. Stimulation rates were progressively increased, with a recovery period of normal sinus rhythm between each stimulation period. Trains of MS caused repeated focal ventricular excitation from the site of stimulation. The maximum rate at which MS achieved 1:1 capture was lower than during ES (4.2±0.2 vs. 5.9±0.2 Hz, respectively). At all overdrive pacing rates for which repetitive MS was possible, 1:1 capture was reversibly lost after a finite number of cycles, even though same-site capture by ES remained possible. The number of MS cycles until loss of capture decreased with rising stimulation rate. If interspersed with ES, the number of MS to failure of capture was lower than for MS only. Conclusion In this study, we demonstrate that the maximum pacing rate at which MS can be sustained is lower than that for same-site ES in isolated heart, and that, in contrast to ES, the sustainability of successful 1:1 capture by MS is limited. The mechanism(s) of differences in MS vs. ES pacing ability, potentially important for emergency heart rhythm management, are currently unknown, thus warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Alexander Quinn
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, 5850 College St, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Peter Kohl
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Centre Freiburg/Bad Krozingen, Medical School of the University of Freiburg, Elsaesser Str 2Q, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, The Magdi Yacoub Institute, Hill End Road, UB9 6JH London, UK
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Kamandulis S, de Souza Leite F, Hernández A, Katz A, Brazaitis M, Bruton JD, Venckunas T, Masiulis N, Mickeviciene D, Eimantas N, Subocius A, Rassier DE, Skurvydas A, Ivarsson N, Westerblad H. Prolonged force depression after mechanically demanding contractions is largely independent of Ca 2+ and reactive oxygen species. FASEB J 2017; 31:4809-4820. [PMID: 28716970 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700019r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS) and impaired cellular Ca2+ handling are implicated in the prolonged low-frequency force depression (PLFFD) observed in skeletal muscle after both metabolically and mechanically demanding exercise. Metabolically demanding high-intensity exercise can induce PLFFD accompanied by ROS-dependent fragmentation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release channels, the ryanodine receptor 1s (RyR1s). We tested whether similar changes occur after mechanically demanding eccentric contractions. Human subjects performed 100 repeated drop jumps, which require eccentric knee extensor contractions upon landing. This exercise caused a major PLFFD, such that maximum voluntary and electrically evoked forces did not recover within 24 h. Drop jumps induced only minor signs of increased ROS, and RyR1 fragmentation was observed in only 3 of 7 elderly subjects. Also, isolated mouse muscle preparations exposed to drop-jump-mimicking eccentric contractions showed neither signs of increased ROS nor RyR1 fragmentation. Still, the free cytosolic [Ca2+] during tetanic contractions was decreased by ∼15% 1 h after contractions, which can explain the exaggerated force decrease at low-stimulation frequencies but not the major frequency-independent force depression. In conclusion, PLFFD caused by mechanically demanding eccentric contractions does not involve any major increase in ROS or RyR1 fragmentation.-Kamandulis, S., de Souza Leite, F., Hernandez, A., Katz, A., Brazaitis, M., Bruton, J. D., Venckunas, T., Masiulis, N., Mickeviciene, D., Eimantas, N., Subocius, A., Rassier, D. E., Skurvydas, A., Ivarsson, N., Westerblad, H. Prolonged force depression after mechanically demanding contractions is largely independent of Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Felipe de Souza Leite
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andres Hernández
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abram Katz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Joseph D Bruton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Venckunas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nerijus Masiulis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dalia Mickeviciene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nerijus Eimantas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Andrejus Subocius
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Surgery, Kaunas Clinical Hospital, Kaunas, Lithuania; and.,Clinic of Surgery, Republican Hospital of Kaunas, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dilson E Rassier
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Albertas Skurvydas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Niklas Ivarsson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Westerblad
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania; .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Mechano-sensitivity of mitochondrial function in mouse cardiac myocytes. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 130:315-322. [PMID: 28668597 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are an important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although it has been reported that myocardial stretch increases cellular ROS production by activating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (NOX2), referred to as X-ROS signalling, the involvement of mitochondria in X-ROS is not clear. Mitochondria are organelles that generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for cellular energy needs, which are mechanical-load-dependent. Therefore, it would not be surprising if these organelles had mechano-sensitive functions associated with stretch-induced ROS production. In the present study, we investigated the relation between X-ROS and mitochondrial stretch-sensitive responses in isolated mouse cardiac myocytes. The cells were subjected to 10% axial stretch using computer-controlled, piezo-manipulated carbon fibres attached to both cell ends. Cellular ROS production and mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) were assessed optically by confocal microscopy. The axial stretch increased ROS production and hyperpolarised Δψm. Treatment with a mitochondrial metabolic uncoupler, carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), at 0.5 μM did not suppress stretch-induced ROS production, whereas treatment with a respiratory Complex III inhibitor, antimycin A (5 μM), blunted the response. Although NOX inhibition by apocynin abrogated the stretch-induced ROS production, it did not suppress stretch-induced hyperpolarisation of Δψm. These results suggest that stretch causes activation of the respiratory chain to hyperpolarise Δψm, followed by NOX activation, which increases ROS production.
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Respiratory muscle contractile inactivity induced by mechanical ventilation in piglets leads to leaky ryanodine receptors and diaphragm weakness. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2017; 38:17-24. [PMID: 28260211 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-017-9464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory muscle contractile inactivity during mechanical ventilation (MV) induces diaphragm muscle weakness, a condition referred to as ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction (VIDD). Although VIDD pathophysiological mechanisms are still not fully understood, it has been recently suggested that remodeling of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium release channel/ryanodine receptors (RyR1) in the diaphragm is a proximal mechanism of VIDD. Here, we used piglets, a large animal model of VIDD that is more relevant to human pathophysiology, to determine whether RyR1 alterations are observed in the presence of diaphragm weakness. In piglets, diaphragm weakness induced by 72 h of respiratory muscle unloading was associated with SR RyR1 remodeling and abnormal resting SR Ca2+ leak in the diaphragm. Specifically, following controlled mechanical ventilation, diaphragm contractile function was reduced. Moreover, RyR1 macromolecular complexes were more oxidized, S-nitrosylated and phosphorylated at Ser-2844 and depleted of the stabilizing subunit calstabin1 compared with controls on adaptive support ventilation that maintains diaphragmatic contractile activity. Our study strongly supports the hypothesis that RyR1 is a potential therapeutic target in VIDD and the interest of using small molecule drugs to prevent RyR1-mediated SR Ca2+ leak induced by respiratory muscle unloading in patients who require controlled mechanical ventilation.
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Sylow L, Kleinert M, Richter EA, Jensen TE. Exercise-stimulated glucose uptake - regulation and implications for glycaemic control. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13:133-148. [PMID: 27739515 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle extracts glucose from the blood to maintain demand for carbohydrates as an energy source during exercise. Such uptake involves complex molecular signalling processes that are distinct from those activated by insulin. Exercise-stimulated glucose uptake is preserved in insulin-resistant muscle, emphasizing exercise as a therapeutic cornerstone among patients with metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Exercise increases uptake of glucose by up to 50-fold through the simultaneous stimulation of three key steps: delivery, transport across the muscle membrane and intracellular flux through metabolic processes (glycolysis and glucose oxidation). The available data suggest that no single signal transduction pathway can fully account for the regulation of any of these key steps, owing to redundancy in the signalling pathways that mediate glucose uptake to ensure maintenance of muscle energy supply during physical activity. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that regulate the movement of glucose from the capillary bed into the muscle cell and discuss what is known about their integrated regulation during exercise. Novel developments within the field of mass spectrometry-based proteomics indicate that the known regulators of glucose uptake are only the tip of the iceberg. Consequently, many exciting discoveries clearly lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lykke Sylow
- Molecular Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maximilian Kleinert
- Molecular Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Erik A Richter
- Molecular Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas E Jensen
- Molecular Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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46
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Roth CC, Glickman RD, Martens SL, Echchgadda I, Beier HT, Barnes RA, Ibey BL. Adult human dermal fibroblasts exposed to nanosecond electrical pulses exhibit genetic biomarkers of mechanical stress. Biochem Biophys Rep 2017; 9:302-309. [PMID: 28956017 PMCID: PMC5614618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure of cells to very short (<1 µs) electric pulses in the megavolt/meter range have been shown to cause a multitude of effects, both physical and molecular in nature. Physically, nanosecond electrical pulses (nsEP) can cause disruption of the plasma membrane, cellular swelling, shrinking and blebbing. Molecularly, nsEP have been shown to activate signaling pathways, produce oxidative stress, stimulate hormone secretion and induce both apoptotic and necrotic death. We hypothesize that studying the genetic response of primary human dermal fibroblasts exposed to nsEP, will gain insight into the molecular mechanism(s) either activated directly by nsEP, or indirectly through electrophysiology interactions. Methods Microarray analysis in conjunction with quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to screen and validate genes selectively upregulated in response to nsEP exposure. Results Expression profiles of 486 genes were found to be significantly changed by nsEP exposure. 50% of the top 20 responding genes coded for proteins located in two distinct cellular locations, the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Further analysis of five of the top 20 upregulated genes indicated that the HDFa cells’ response to nsEP exposure included many elements of a mechanical stress response. Conclusions We found that several genes, some of which are mechanosensitive, were selectively upregulated due to nsEP exposure. This genetic response appears to be a primary response to the stimuli and not a secondary response to cellular swelling. General significance This work provides strong evidence that cells exposed to nsEP interpret the insult as a mechanical stress. Global gene expression analysis was performed on primary cells exposed to nsEP. The bioeffects of nsEP on adult human dermal fibroblasts were investigated. Microarray analysis suggests nsEP imparts a mechanical stress on cells. FOS, NR4A2, ITPKB, KLHL24, and SOD2 were upregulated in response to nsEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb C Roth
- University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, School of Medicine, Dept. of Radiological Sciences, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.,General Dynamics IT, 4141 Petroleum Road, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA.,Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Radio Frequency Bioeffects Branch, Bioeffects Division, 4141 Petroleum Road, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Randolph D Glickman
- University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, School of Medicine, Dept. of Ophthalmology, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Stacey L Martens
- Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Radio Frequency Bioeffects Branch, Bioeffects Division, 4141 Petroleum Road, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Ibtissam Echchgadda
- Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Radio Frequency Bioeffects Branch, Bioeffects Division, 4141 Petroleum Road, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Hope T Beier
- Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Optical Radiation Bioeffects Branch, Bioeffects Division, 4141 Petroleum Road, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Ronald A Barnes
- Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Radio Frequency Bioeffects Branch, Bioeffects Division, 4141 Petroleum Road, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Bennett L Ibey
- Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Radio Frequency Bioeffects Branch, Bioeffects Division, 4141 Petroleum Road, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
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47
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Arrieta A, Blackwood EA, Glembotski CC. ER Protein Quality Control and the Unfolded Protein Response in the Heart. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 414:193-213. [PMID: 29026925 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac myocytes are the cells responsible for the robust ability of the heart to pump blood throughout the circulatory system. Cardiac myocytes grow in response to a variety of physiological and pathological conditions; this growth challenges endoplasmic reticulum-protein quality control (ER-PQC), a major feature of which includes the unfolded protein response (UPR). ER-PQC and the UPR in cardiac myocytes growing under physiological conditions, including normal development, exercise, and pregnancy, are sufficient to support hypertrophic growth of each cardiac myocyte. However, the ER-PQC and UPR are insufficient to respond to the challenge of cardiac myocyte growth under pathological conditions, including myocardial infarction and heart failure. In part, this insufficiency is due to a continual decline in the expression levels of important adaptive UPR components as a function of age and during myocardial pathology. This chapter will discuss the physiological and pathological conditions unique to the heart that involves ER-PQC, and whether the UPR is adaptive or maladaptive under these circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arrieta
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - E A Blackwood
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - C C Glembotski
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
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Loureiro ACC, do Rêgo-Monteiro IC, Louzada RA, Ortenzi VH, de Aguiar AP, de Abreu ES, Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque JPA, Hecht F, de Oliveira AC, Ceccatto VM, Fortunato RS, Carvalho DP. Differential Expression of NADPH Oxidases Depends on Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type in Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6738701. [PMID: 27847553 PMCID: PMC5101397 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6738701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOX) are important sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skeletal muscle, being involved in excitation-contraction coupling. Thus, we aimed to investigate if NOX activity and expression in skeletal muscle are fiber type specific and the possible contribution of this difference to cellular oxidative stress. Oxygen consumption rate, NOX activity and mRNA levels, and the activity of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as the reactive protein thiol levels, were measured in the soleus (SOL), red gastrocnemius (RG), and white gastrocnemius (WG) muscles of rats. RG showed higher oxygen consumption flow than SOL and WG, while SOL had higher oxygen consumption than WG. SOL showed higher NOX activity, as well as NOX2 and NOX4 mRNA levels, antioxidant enzymatic activities, and reactive protein thiol contents when compared to WG and RG. NOX activity and NOX4 mRNA levels as well as antioxidant enzymatic activities were higher in RG than in WG. Physical exercise increased NOX activity in SOL and RG, specifically NOX2 mRNA levels in RG and NOX4 mRNA levels in SOL. In conclusion, we demonstrated that NOX activity and expression differ according to the skeletal muscle fiber type, as well as antioxidant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano César Carneiro Loureiro
- Laboratório de Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Igor Coutinho do Rêgo-Monteiro
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ruy A Louzada
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Ortenzi
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Angélica Ponte de Aguiar
- Laboratório de Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ewerton Sousa de Abreu
- Laboratório de Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Fabio Hecht
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ariclécio Cunha de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Vânia Marilande Ceccatto
- Laboratório de Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Fortunato
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Denise P Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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49
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Ferreira LF, Laitano O. Regulation of NADPH oxidases in skeletal muscle. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 98:18-28. [PMID: 27184955 PMCID: PMC4975970 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The only known function of NAD(P)H oxidases is to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Skeletal muscles express three isoforms of NAD(P)H oxidases (Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4) that have been identified as critical modulators of redox homeostasis. Nox2 acts as the main source of skeletal muscle ROS during contractions, participates in insulin signaling and glucose transport, and mediates the myocyte response to osmotic stress. Nox2 and Nox4 contribute to skeletal muscle abnormalities elicited by angiotensin II, muscular dystrophy, heart failure, and high fat diet. Our review addresses the expression and regulation of NAD(P)H oxidases with emphasis on aspects that are relevant to skeletal muscle. We also summarize: i) the most widely used NAD(P)H oxidases activity assays and inhibitors, and ii) studies that have defined Nox enzymes as protagonists of skeletal muscle redox homeostasis in a variety of health and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo F Ferreira
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Orlando Laitano
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
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50
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Jackson MJ, Vasilaki A, McArdle A. Cellular mechanisms underlying oxidative stress in human exercise. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 98:13-17. [PMID: 26912036 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A relative increase in oxidation of lipids, proteins and DNA has been recognised to occur in the circulation and tissues of exercising humans and animals since the late 1970s and throughout the ensuing 40 years a great deal of work has been undertaken to elucidate the potential source(s) of this exercise-induced "oxidative stress". Specific aspects of physical exercise (e.g. contractile activity, relative hypoxia, hyperaemia) may theoretically induce increased generation of reactive oxygen species in a number of potential tissues, but data strongly indicate that contractile activity of skeletal muscle predominates as the source of oxidants and contributes to local oxidation and that of extracellular biomaterials. Taken together with the relatively large mass of muscle compared with other tissues and cells it appears that muscle fibres are the major contributor to the relative increase in whole body "oxidative stress" during some forms of exercise. The sub-cellular sources of this increased oxidation have also been the subject of considerable research with early studies predominantly indicating that muscle mitochondria were the likely increased source of oxidants, such as hydrogen peroxide, but assessments of the relative concentrations of hydrogen peroxide in skeletal muscle fibres at rest and during contractile activity do not support this possibility. In contrast, several recent studies have identified NADPH oxidase enzymes in skeletal muscle that appear to play a signalling role in physiological responses exercise and together with xanthine oxidase enzymes may contribute to the relative increase in whole body oxidation. A fuller understanding of the relative roles of these sources and the function(s) of the species generated appears increasingly important in attempts to harness the beneficial effects of exercise for maintenance of health in aging and a variety of chronic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm J Jackson
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK.
| | - Aphrodite Vasilaki
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Anne McArdle
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
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