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Guo Y, Song W, Dong Y, Wang X, Nie G, Li F. A Poly Aptamer Encoded DNA Nanocatcher Informs Efficient Virus Trapping. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:3614-3623. [PMID: 38497742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Broad-spectrum antiviral platforms are always desired but still lack the ability to cope with the threats to global public health. Herein, we develop a poly aptamer encoded DNA nanocatcher platform that can trap entire virus particles to inhibit infection with a broad antiviral spectrum. Ultralong single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) containing repeated aptamers was synthesized as the scaffold of a nanocatcher via a biocatalytic process, wherein mineralization of magnesium pyrophosphate on the ssDNA could occur and consequently lead to the formation of nanocatcher with interfacial nanocaves decorated with virus-binding aptamers. Once the viruses were recognized by the apatmers, they would be captured and trapped in the nanocaves via multisite synergistic interactions. Meanwhile, the size of nanocatchers was optimized to prevent their cellular uptake, which further guaranteed inhibition of virus infection. By taking SARS-CoV-2 variants as a model target, we demonstrated the broad virus-trapping capability of a DNA nanocatcher in engulfing the variants and blocking the infection to host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenzhe Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuhang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Bioinformatics Center of AMMS, Taiping Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Guangjun Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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2
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Comparison of Aerosol Stability of Different Variants of Ebola Virus and Marburg Virus and Virulence of Aerosolised Ebola Virus in an Immune-Deficient Mouse. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040780. [PMID: 35458510 PMCID: PMC9030064 DOI: 10.3390/v14040780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
During outbreaks of virus diseases, many variants may appear, some of which may be of concern. Stability in an aerosol of several Ebola virus and Marburg virus variants was investigated. Studies were performed measuring aerosol survival using the Goldberg drum but no significant difference in biological decay rates between variants was observed. In addition, historic data on virulence in a murine model of different Ebola virus variants were compared to newly presented data for Ebola virus Kikwit in the A129 Interferon alpha/beta receptor-deficient mouse model. Ebola virus Kikwit was less virulent than Ebola virus Ecran in our mouse model. The mouse model may be a useful tool for studying differences in virulence associated with different variants whereas aerosol stability studies may not need to be conducted beyond the species level.
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Fast and Parallel Detection of Four Ebola Virus Species on a Microfluidic-Chip-Based Portable Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification System. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10110777. [PMID: 31739456 PMCID: PMC6915550 DOI: 10.3390/mi10110777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Considering the lack of official vaccines and medicines for Ebola virus infection, reliable diagnostic methods are necessary for the control of the outbreak and the spread of the disease. We developed a microfluidic-chip-based portable system for fast and parallel detection of four Ebola virus species. The system is based on reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) and consists of four specific LAMP primers, a disc microfluidic chip, and a portable real-time fluorescence detector. It could specifically and parallelly distinguish four species of the Ebola virus after only one sampling, including the Zaire Ebola virus, the Sudan Ebola virus, the Bundibugyo Ebola virus, and the Tai Forest Ebola virus, without cross-contamination. The limit of detection was as small as 10 copies per reaction, while the total consumption of sample and reagent was 0.94 μL per reaction. The final results could be obtained in 50 min after one addition of sample and reagent mixture. This approach provides simplicity, high sensitivity, and multi-target parallel detection at a low cost, which could enable convenient and effective on-site detections of the Ebola virus in the outdoors, remote areas, and modern hospitals.
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Cytokine Effects on the Entry of Filovirus Envelope Pseudotyped Virus-Like Particles into Primary Human Macrophages. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100889. [PMID: 31547585 PMCID: PMC6832363 DOI: 10.3390/v11100889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are one of the first and also a major site of filovirus replication and, in addition, are a source of multiple cytokines, presumed to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of the viral infection. Some of these cytokines are known to induce macrophage phenotypic changes in vitro, but how macrophage polarization may affect the cell susceptibility to filovirus entry remains largely unstudied. We generated different macrophage subsets using cytokine pre-treatment and subsequently tested their ability to fuse with beta-lactamase containing virus-like particles (VLP), pseudotyped with the surface glycoprotein of Ebola virus (EBOV) or the glycoproteins of other clinically relevant filovirus species. We found that pre-incubation of primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) with interleukin-10 (IL-10) significantly enhanced filovirus entry into cells obtained from multiple healthy donors, and the IL-10 effect was preserved in the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines found to be elevated during EBOV disease. In contrast, fusion of IL-10-treated macrophages with influenza hemagglutinin/neuraminidase pseudotyped VLPs was unchanged or slightly reduced. Importantly, our in vitro data showing enhanced virus entry are consistent with the correlation established between elevated serum IL-10 and increased mortality in filovirus infected patients and also reveal a novel mechanism that may account for the IL-10-mediated increase in filovirus pathogenicity.
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Fa JE, Nasi R, van Vliet N. [Bushmeat, human impacts and human health in tropical rainforests: The Ebola virus case]. SANTE PUBLIQUE (VANDOEUVRE-LES-NANCY, FRANCE) 2019; S1:107-114. [PMID: 31210471 DOI: 10.3917/spub.190.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
At a time when more than 5 million tonnes of bushmeat are harvested annually from tropical forests, and which account for a significant, but unrecorded, share of the gross domestic product of many forest countries, decision makers are encouraged, within conservation and food security policies, to understand the role that wildlife can play in the conservation of ecosystem services. In this article, we present an analysis of the problem, describing the role played by bushmeat in human diets, and the health risks linked to the consumption of bushmeat, in particular with regard to Ebola disease, to provide insights on the direction of possible strategies to manage the use of wildlife for meeting the needs of local populations and reducing risks to human health.
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Kämper L, Zierke L, Schmidt ML, Müller A, Wendt L, Brandt J, Hartmann E, Braun S, Holzerland J, Groseth A, Hoenen T. Assessment of the function and intergenus-compatibility of Ebola and Lloviu virus proteins. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:760-772. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Kämper
- 1 Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald – Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Lukas Zierke
- 1 Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald – Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Marie Luisa Schmidt
- 1 Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald – Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Andreas Müller
- 1 Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald – Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Lisa Wendt
- 1 Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald – Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Janine Brandt
- 1 Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald – Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Eric Hartmann
- 1 Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald – Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stefanie Braun
- 1 Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald – Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Julia Holzerland
- 2 Junior Research Group Arenavirus Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald – Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Allison Groseth
- 2 Junior Research Group Arenavirus Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald – Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Hoenen
- 1 Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald – Insel Riems, Germany
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7
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Liu C, Wang H, Zhou L, Xie H, Yang H, Yu Y, Sha H, Yang Y, Zhang X. Sources and symptoms of stress among nurses in the first Chinese anti-Ebola medical team during the Sierra Leone aid mission: A qualitative study. Int J Nurs Sci 2019; 6:187-191. [PMID: 31406890 PMCID: PMC6608674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study investigated the sources of stress, corresponding symptoms, and stress relief among nurses of the first Chinese anti-Ebola medical team during the Sierra Leone aid mission. Method A purposive sampling method was used and 10 nurses were selected from the first Chinese anti-Ebola medical team that was dispatched to Sierra Leone. Data were collected via phone and semi-structured interviews, then analyzed using Colaizzi's seven-step method. Results The data showed three major themes: (1) The causes of stress during the Sierra Leone aid mission mainly related to unsafety, responsibility, and unfamiliarity; (2) Physical, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms were documented; (3) Nurses experienced relief from stress after the mission. Conclusion Targeted measures, proper responses and good community support can effectively lower stress among nurses on anti-Ebola missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzi Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huaming Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huiyin Yang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanbo Yu
- Department of Health Management, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huayan Sha
- Department of Nursing, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Nursing, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Nursing, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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8
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Jin X, Zhang H, Li YT, Xiao MM, Zhang ZL, Pang DW, Wong G, Zhang ZY, Zhang GJ. A field effect transistor modified with reduced graphene oxide for immunodetection of Ebola virus. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:223. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Schindell BG, Webb AL, Kindrachuk J. Persistence and Sexual Transmission of Filoviruses. Viruses 2018; 10:E683. [PMID: 30513823 PMCID: PMC6316729 DOI: 10.3390/v10120683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing frequency of reports regarding the persistence of the Ebola virus (EBOV) in Ebola virus disease (EVD) survivors. During the 2014⁻2016 West African EVD epidemic, sporadic transmission events resulted in the initiation of new chains of human-to-human transmission. Multiple reports strongly suggest that these re-emergences were linked to persistent EBOV infections and included sexual transmission from EVD survivors. Asymptomatic infection and long-term viral persistence in EVD survivors could result in incidental introductions of the Ebola virus in new geographic regions and raise important national and local public health concerns. Alarmingly, although the persistence of filoviruses and their potential for sexual transmission have been documented since the emergence of such viruses in 1967, there is limited knowledge regarding the events that result in filovirus transmission to, and persistence within, the male reproductive tract. Asymptomatic infection and long-term viral persistence in male EVD survivors could lead to incidental transfer of EBOV to new geographic regions, thereby generating widespread outbreaks that constitute a significant threat to national and global public health. Here, we review filovirus testicular persistence and discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the rates of persistence in male survivors, and mechanisms underlying reproductive tract localization and sexual transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brayden G Schindell
- Laboratory of Emerging and Re-Emerging Viruses, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Andrew L Webb
- Laboratory of Emerging and Re-Emerging Viruses, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Jason Kindrachuk
- Laboratory of Emerging and Re-Emerging Viruses, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
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10
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Blair PW, Keshtkar-Jahromi M, Psoter KJ, Reisler RB, Warren TK, Johnston SC, Goff AJ, Downey LG, Bavari S, Cardile AP. Virulence of Marburg Virus Angola Compared to Mt. Elgon (Musoke) in Macaques: A Pooled Survival Analysis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10110658. [PMID: 30469360 PMCID: PMC6267608 DOI: 10.3390/v10110658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Angola variant (MARV/Ang) has replaced Mt. Elgon variant Musoke isolate (MARV/MtE-Mus) as the consensus standard variant for Marburg virus research and is regarded as causing a more aggressive phenotype of disease in animal models; however, there is a dearth of published evidence supporting the higher virulence of MARV/Ang. In this retrospective study, we used data pooled from eight separate studies in nonhuman primates experimentally exposed with either 1000 pfu intramuscular (IM) MARV/Ang or MARV/MtE-Mus between 2012 and 2017 at the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate the association of variant type with time to death, the development of anorexia, rash, viremia, and 10 select clinical laboratory values. A total of 47 cynomolgus monkeys were included, of which 18 were exposed to MARV/Ang in three separate studies and 29 to MARV/MtE-Mus in five studies. Following universally fatal Marburg virus exposure, compared to MARV/MtE-Mus, MARV/Ang was associated with an increased risk of death (HR = 22.10; 95% CI: 7.08, 68.93), rash (HR = 5.87; 95% CI: 2.76, 12.51) and loss of appetite (HR = 35.10; 95% CI: 7.60, 162.18). Our data demonstrate an increased virulence of MARV/Ang compared to MARV/MtE-Mus variant in the 1000 pfu IM cynomolgus macaque model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Blair
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Maryam Keshtkar-Jahromi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Kevin J Psoter
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Ronald B Reisler
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Travis K Warren
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Sara C Johnston
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Arthur J Goff
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Lydia G Downey
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Sina Bavari
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Anthony P Cardile
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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11
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Abstract
The family Filoviridae, which includes the genera Marburgvirus and Ebolavirus, contains some of the most pathogenic viruses in humans and non-human primates (NHPs), causing severe hemorrhagic fevers with high fatality rates. Small animal models against filoviruses using mice, guinea pigs, hamsters, and ferrets have been developed with the goal of screening candidate vaccines and antivirals, before testing in the gold standard NHP models. In this review, we summarize the different animal models used to understand filovirus pathogenesis, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each model with respect to filovirus disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayakumar Siragam
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Gary Wong
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen Guangzhou 518020, China.,Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiang-Guo Qiu
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
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12
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Abstract
Independent expression of the VP40 or Z matrix proteins of filoviruses (marburgviruses and ebolaviruses) and arenaviruses (Lassa fever and Junín), respectively, gives rise to the production and release of virus-like particles (VLPs) that are morphologically identical to infectious virions. We can detect and quantify VLP production and egress in mammalian cells by transient transfection, SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, and live cell imaging techniques such as total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. Since the VLP budding assay accurately mimics budding of infectious virus, this BSL-2 assay is safe and useful for the interrogation of both viral and host determinants required for budding and can be used as an initial screen to identify and validate small molecule inhibitors of virus release and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N Harty
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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13
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Recent loss of closed forests is associated with Ebola virus disease outbreaks. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14291. [PMID: 29085050 PMCID: PMC5662765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14727-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a contagious, severe and often lethal form of hemorrhagic fever in humans. The association of EVD outbreaks with forest clearance has been suggested previously but many aspects remained uncharacterized. We used remote sensing techniques to investigate the association between deforestation in time and space, with EVD outbreaks in Central and West Africa. Favorability modeling, centered on 27 EVD outbreak sites and 280 comparable control sites, revealed that outbreaks located along the limits of the rainforest biome were significantly associated with forest losses within the previous 2 years. This association was strongest for closed forests (>83%), both intact and disturbed, of a range of tree heights (5–>19 m). Our results suggest that the increased probability of an EVD outbreak occurring in a site is linked to recent deforestation events, and that preventing the loss of forests could reduce the likelihood of future outbreaks.
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14
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Radinsky O, Edri A, Brusilovsky M, Fedida-Metula S, Sobarzo A, Gershoni-Yahalom O, Lutwama J, Dye J, Lobel L, Porgador A. Sudan ebolavirus long recovered survivors produce GP-specific Abs that are of the IgG1 subclass and preferentially bind FcγRI. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6054. [PMID: 28729706 PMCID: PMC5519693 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebolavirus is a highly lethal pathogen, causing a severe hemorrhagic disease with a high fatality rate. To better understand immune correlates of protection by virus specific IgG, we investigated the evolution of the Fcγ receptors (FcγRs)-activating capabilities of antiviral IgG in serum samples of long recovered survivors. To this end, longitudinal serum samples from survivors of Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV) infection, studied over years, were examined for the presence of Ebola-GP specific IgG subclasses, and for their binding to FcγRs. We developed a cell-based reporter system to quantitate pathogen-specific antibody binding to FcγRIIIA, FcγRIIA, FcγRIIB and FcγRI. With this system, we demonstrate that anti-GP-specific stimulation of the FcγRI reporter by survivors’ sera was substantially high one year after acute infection, with a slight reduction in activity over a decade post infection. We further demonstrate that GP-specific IgG1 is by far the seroprevalent subclass that retained and even enhanced its presence in the sera, over ten years post infection; the prevalence of other GP-specific IgG subclasses was considerably reduced over time. In accordance, GP-specific FcγRI reporter response and GP-specific total IgG1 subclass correlated in the studied group of Ebola survivors. These observations are important for further informing Ebola vaccine and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Radinsky
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Avishay Edri
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Michael Brusilovsky
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Shlomit Fedida-Metula
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ariel Sobarzo
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Orly Gershoni-Yahalom
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infection, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - John Dye
- Virology Division - U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, 21701, USA
| | - Leslie Lobel
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel. .,Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infection, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda.
| | - Angel Porgador
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel. .,National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
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15
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Lingemann M, Liu X, Surman S, Liang B, Herbert R, Hackenberg AD, Buchholz UJ, Collins PL, Munir S. Attenuated Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 1 Expressing Ebola Virus Glycoprotein GP Administered Intranasally Is Immunogenic in African Green Monkeys. J Virol 2017; 91:e02469-16. [PMID: 28250127 PMCID: PMC5411581 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02469-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent 2014-2016 Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak prompted increased efforts to develop vaccines against EBOV disease. We describe the development and preclinical evaluation of an attenuated recombinant human parainfluenza virus type 1 (rHPIV1) expressing the membrane-anchored form of EBOV glycoprotein GP, as an intranasal (i.n.) EBOV vaccine. GP was codon optimized and expressed either as a full-length protein or as an engineered chimeric form in which its transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail (TMCT) domains were replaced with those of the HPIV1 F protein in an effort to enhance packaging into the vector particle and immunogenicity. GP was inserted either preceding the N gene (pre-N) or between the N and P genes (N-P) of rHPIV1 bearing a stabilized attenuating mutation in the P/C gene (CΔ170). The constructs grew to high titers and efficiently and stably expressed GP. Viruses were attenuated, replicating at low titers over several days, in the respiratory tract of African green monkeys (AGMs). Two doses of candidates expressing GP from the pre-N position elicited higher GP neutralizing serum antibody titers than the N-P viruses, and unmodified GP induced higher levels than its TMCT counterpart. Unmodified EBOV GP was packaged into the HPIV1 particle, and the TMCT modification did not increase packaging or immunogenicity but rather reduced the stability of GP expression during in vivo replication. In conclusion, we identified an attenuated and immunogenic i.n. vaccine candidate expressing GP from the pre-N position. It is expected to be well tolerated in humans and is available for clinical evaluation.IMPORTANCE EBOV hemorrhagic fever is one of the most lethal viral infections and lacks a licensed vaccine. Contact of fluids from infected individuals, including droplets or aerosols, with mucosal surfaces is an important route of EBOV spread during a natural outbreak, and aerosols also might be exploited for intentional virus spread. Therefore, vaccines that protect against mucosal as well as systemic inoculation are needed. We evaluated a version of human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) bearing a stabilized attenuating mutation in the P/C gene (CΔ170) as an intranasal vaccine vector to express the EBOV glycoprotein GP. We evaluated expression from two different genome positions (pre-N and N-P) and investigated the use of vector packaging signals. African green monkeys immunized with two doses of the vector expressing GP from the pre-N position developed high titers of GP neutralizing serum antibodies. The attenuated vaccine candidate is expected to be safe and immunogenic and is available for clinical development.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Ebola Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Ebola Vaccines/genetics
- Ebola Vaccines/immunology
- Ebolavirus/chemistry
- Ebolavirus/genetics
- Ebolavirus/immunology
- Genetic Vectors
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control
- Humans
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/genetics
- Respiratory System/virology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/chemistry
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Lingemann
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Xueqiao Liu
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sonja Surman
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bo Liang
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Herbert
- Experimental Primate Virology Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Poolesville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashley D Hackenberg
- Experimental Primate Virology Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Poolesville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ursula J Buchholz
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter L Collins
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shirin Munir
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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16
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Ro YT, Ticer A, Carrion R, Patterson JL. Rapid detection and quantification of Ebola Zaire virus by one-step real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 61:130-137. [PMID: 28332721 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Given that Ebola virus causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans with mortality rates as high as 90%, rapid and accurate detection of this virus is essential both for controlling infection and preventing further transmission. Here, a one-step qRT-PCR assay for rapid and quantitative detection of an Ebola Zaire strain using GP, VP24 or VP40 genes as a target is introduced. Routine assay conditions for hydrolysis probe detection were established from the manufacturer's protocol used in the assays. The analytical specificity and sensitivity of each assay was evaluated using in vitro synthesized viral RNA transcripts. The assays were highly specific for the RNA transcripts, no cross-reactivity being observed among them. The limits of detection of the assays ranged from 102 to 103 copies per reaction. The assays were also evaluated using viral RNAs extracted from cell culture-propagated viruses (Ebola Zaire, Sudan and Reston strains), confirming that they are gene- and strain-specific. The RT-PCR assays detected viral RNAs in blood samples from virus-infected animal, suggesting that they can be also a useful method for identifying Ebola virus in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Tae Ro
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea.,Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, TX78227, USA
| | - Anysha Ticer
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, TX78227, USA
| | - Ricardo Carrion
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, TX78227, USA
| | - Jean L Patterson
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, TX78227, USA
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17
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Guito JC, Albariño CG, Chakrabarti AK, Towner JS. Novel activities by ebolavirus and marburgvirus interferon antagonists revealed using a standardized in vitro reporter system. Virology 2016; 501:147-165. [PMID: 27930961 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Filoviruses are highly lethal in humans and nonhuman primates, likely due to potent antagonism of host interferon (IFN) responses early in infection. Filoviral protein VP35 is implicated as the major IFN induction antagonist, while Ebola virus (EBOV) VP24 or Marburg virus (MARV) VP40 are known to block downstream IFN signaling. Despite progress elucidating EBOV and MARV antagonist function, those for most other filoviruses, including Reston (RESTV), Sudan (SUDV), Taï Forest (TAFV), Bundibugyo (BDBV) and Ravn (RAVV) viruses, remain largely neglected. Thus, using standardized vectors and reporter assays, we characterized activities by each IFN antagonist from all known ebolavirus and marburgvirus species side-by-side. We uncover noncanonical suppression of IFN induction by ebolavirus VP24, differing potencies by MARV and RAVV proteins, and intriguingly, weaker antagonism by VP24 of RESTV. These underlying molecular explanations for differential virulence in humans could guide future investigations of more-neglected filoviruses as well as treatment and vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Guito
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - César G Albariño
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ayan K Chakrabarti
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jonathan S Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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18
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Johnson RF, Kurup D, Hagen KR, Fisher C, Keshwara R, Papaneri A, Perry DL, Cooper K, Jahrling PB, Wang JT, Ter Meulen J, Wirblich C, Schnell MJ. An Inactivated Rabies Virus-Based Ebola Vaccine, FILORAB1, Adjuvanted With Glucopyranosyl Lipid A in Stable Emulsion Confers Complete Protection in Nonhuman Primate Challenge Models. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:S342-S354. [PMID: 27456709 PMCID: PMC5050469 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2013-2016 West African Ebola virus (EBOV) disease outbreak was the largest filovirus outbreak to date. Over 28 000 suspected, probable, or confirmed cases have been reported, with a 53% case-fatality rate. The magnitude and international impact of this EBOV outbreak has highlighted the urgent need for a safe and efficient EBOV vaccine. To this end, we demonstrate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of FILORAB1, a recombinant, bivalent, inactivated rabies virus-based EBOV vaccine, in rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. Our results demonstrate that the use of the synthetic Toll-like receptor 4 agonist glucopyranosyl lipid A in stable emulsion (GLA-SE) as an adjuvant increased the efficacy of FILORAB1 to 100% protection against lethal EBOV challenge, with no to mild clinical signs of disease. Furthermore, all vaccinated subjects developed protective anti-rabies virus antibody titers. Taken together, these results support further development of FILORAB1/GLA-SE as an effective preexposure EBOV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Drishya Kurup
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College
| | - Katie R Hagen
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Christine Fisher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College
| | - Rohan Keshwara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College
| | | | - Donna L Perry
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Kurt Cooper
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Peter B Jahrling
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | | | - Jan Ter Meulen
- Immune Design, South San Francisco, California Immune Design, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christoph Wirblich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College
| | - Matthias J Schnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College Jefferson Vaccine Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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19
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Theiler J, Yoon H, Yusim K, Picker LJ, Fruh K, Korber B. Epigraph: A Vaccine Design Tool Applied to an HIV Therapeutic Vaccine and a Pan-Filovirus Vaccine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33987. [PMID: 27703185 PMCID: PMC5050445 DOI: 10.1038/srep33987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigraph is an efficient graph-based algorithm for designing vaccine antigens to optimize potential T-cell epitope (PTE) coverage. Epigraph vaccine antigens are functionally similar to Mosaic vaccines, which have demonstrated effectiveness in preliminary HIV non-human primate studies. In contrast to the Mosaic algorithm, Epigraph is substantially faster, and in restricted cases, provides a mathematically optimal solution. Epigraph furthermore has new features that enable enhanced vaccine design flexibility. These features include the ability to exclude rare epitopes from a design, to optimize population coverage based on inexact epitope matches, and to apply the code to both aligned and unaligned input sequences. Epigraph was developed to provide practical design solutions for two outstanding vaccine problems. The first of these is a personalized approach to a therapeutic T-cell HIV vaccine that would provide antigens with an excellent match to an individual’s infecting strain, intended to contain or clear a chronic infection. The second is a pan-filovirus vaccine, with the potential to protect against all known viruses in the Filoviradae family, including ebolaviruses. A web-based interface to run the Epigraph tool suite is available (http://www.hiv.lanl.gov/content/sequence/EPIGRAPH/epigraph.html).
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Affiliation(s)
- James Theiler
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.,New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - Hyejin Yoon
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Karina Yusim
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.,New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Klaus Fruh
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.,New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
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20
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Olivero J, Fa JE, Real R, Farfán MÁ, Márquez AL, Vargas JM, Gonzalez JP, Cunningham AA, Nasi R. Mammalian biogeography and the Ebola virus in Africa. Mamm Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Olivero
- Grupo de Biogeografía Diversidad y ConservaciónDepartamento Biología Animal, Universidad de Málaga Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071 MálagaSpain
| | - Julia E. Fa
- Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology School of Science and the Environment Manchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterM1 5GDUK
- Center for International Forestry Research CIFOR HeadquartersBogor16115Indonesia
| | - Raimundo Real
- Grupo de Biogeografía Diversidad y ConservaciónDepartamento Biología Animal, Universidad de Málaga Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071 MálagaSpain
| | - Miguel Ángel Farfán
- Grupo de Biogeografía Diversidad y ConservaciónDepartamento Biología Animal, Universidad de Málaga Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071 MálagaSpain
| | - Ana Luz Márquez
- Grupo de Biogeografía Diversidad y ConservaciónDepartamento Biología Animal, Universidad de Málaga Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071 MálagaSpain
| | - J. Mario Vargas
- Grupo de Biogeografía Diversidad y ConservaciónDepartamento Biología Animal, Universidad de Málaga Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071 MálagaSpain
| | - J. Paul Gonzalez
- Metabiota, Inc. 8757 Georgia Ave. Suite 420Silver SpringMD20910USA
| | | | - Robert Nasi
- Center for International Forestry Research CIFOR HeadquartersBogor16115Indonesia
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21
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Sobarzo A, Stonier SW, Herbert AS, Ochayon DE, Kuehne AI, Eskira Y, Fedida-Metula S, Tali N, Lewis EC, Egesa M, Cose S, Lutwama JJ, Yavelsky V, Dye JM, Lobel L. Correspondence of Neutralizing Humoral Immunity and CD4 T Cell Responses in Long Recovered Sudan Virus Survivors. Viruses 2016; 8:v8050133. [PMID: 27187443 PMCID: PMC4885088 DOI: 10.3390/v8050133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Robust humoral and cellular immunity are critical for survival in humans during an ebolavirus infection. However, the interplay between these two arms of immunity is poorly understood. To address this, we examined residual immune responses in survivors of the Sudan virus (SUDV) outbreak in Gulu, Uganda (2000–2001). Cytokine and chemokine expression levels in SUDV stimulated whole blood cultures were assessed by multiplex ELISA and flow cytometry. Antibody and corresponding neutralization titers were also determined. Flow cytometry and multiplex ELISA results demonstrated significantly higher levels of cytokine and chemokine responses in survivors with serological neutralizing activity. This correspondence was not detected in survivors with serum reactivity to SUDV but without neutralization activity. This previously undefined relationship between memory CD4 T cell responses and serological neutralizing capacity in SUDV survivors is key for understanding long lasting immunity in survivors of filovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Sobarzo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Spencer W Stonier
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21701, USA.
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21701, USA.
| | - David E Ochayon
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Ana I Kuehne
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21701, USA.
| | - Yael Eskira
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Shlomit Fedida-Metula
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Neta Tali
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Eli C Lewis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Moses Egesa
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe P.O. Box 49, Uganda.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda.
| | - Stephen Cose
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe P.O. Box 49, Uganda.
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Julius Julian Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-Emerging Infection Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe P.O. Box 49, Uganda.
| | - Victoria Yavelsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - John M Dye
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21701, USA.
| | - Leslie Lobel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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22
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Li WG, Chen WW, Li L, Ji D, Ji YJ, Li C, Gao XD, Wang LF, Zhao M, Duan XZ, Duan HJ. The etiology of Ebola virus disease-like illnesses in Ebola virusnegative patients from Sierra Leone. Oncotarget 2016; 7:27910-5. [PMID: 27058894 PMCID: PMC5053697 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 2014 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak, less than half of EVD-suspected cases were laboratory tested as Ebola virus (EBOV)-negative, but disease identity remained unknown. In this study we investigated the etiology of EVD-like illnesses in EBOV-negative cases. From November 13, 2014 to March 16, 2015, EVD-suspected patients were admitted to Jui Government Hospital and assessed for EBOV infection by real-time PCR. Of 278 EBOV negative patients, 223 (80.21%), 142 (51.08%), 123 (44.24%), 114 (41.01%), 59 (21.22%), 35 (12.59%), and 12 (4.32%) reported fever, headache, joint pain, fatigue, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage, respectively. Furthermore, 121 (43.52%), 44 (15.83%), 36 (12.95%), 33 (11.87%), 23 (8.27%), 10 (3.60%) patients were diagnosed as infection with malaria, HIV, Lassa fever, tuberculosis, yellow fever, and pneumonia, respectively. No significant differences in clinical features and symptoms were found between non-EVD and EVD patients. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to explore the etiology of EVD-like illnesses in uninfected patients in Sierra Leone, highlighting the importance of accurate diagnosis to EVD confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Gang Li
- 302 Military Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Hospital, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Wei-Wei Chen
- 302 Military Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Hospital, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Lei Li
- 302 Military Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Hospital, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Dong Ji
- 302 Military Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Hospital, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Ying-Jie Ji
- 302 Military Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Hospital, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Chen Li
- 302 Military Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Hospital, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Xu-Dong Gao
- 302 Military Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Hospital, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Li-Fu Wang
- 302 Military Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Hospital, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Min Zhao
- 302 Military Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Hospital, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Xue-Zhang Duan
- 302 Military Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Hospital, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Hui-Juan Duan
- 302 Military Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Hospital, Freetown, Sierra Leone
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23
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Dhanda SK, Chaudhary K, Gupta S, Brahmachari SK, Raghava GPS. A web-based resource for designing therapeutics against Ebola Virus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24782. [PMID: 27113850 PMCID: PMC4845023 DOI: 10.1038/srep24782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe a web-based resource, developed for assisting the scientific community in designing an effective therapeutics against the Ebola virus. Firstly, we predicted and identified experimentally validated epitopes in each of the antigens/proteins of the five known ebolaviruses. Secondly, we generated all the possible overlapping 9mer peptides from the proteins of ebolaviruses. Thirdly, conserved peptides across all the five ebolaviruses (four human pathogenic species) with no identical sequence in the human proteome, based on 1000 Genomes project, were identified. Finally, we identified peptide or epitope-based vaccine candidates that could activate both the B- and T-cell arms of the immune system. In addition, we also identified efficacious siRNAs against the mRNA transcriptome (absent in human transcriptome) of all the five ebolaviruses. It was observed that three species can potentially be targeted by a single siRNA (19mer) and 75 siRNAs can potentially target at least two species. A web server, EbolaVCR, has been developed that incorporates all the above information and useful computational tools (http://crdd.osdd.net/oscadd/ebola/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Dhanda
- Bioinformatics Centre, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kumardeep Chaudhary
- Bioinformatics Centre, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sudheer Gupta
- Bioinformatics Centre, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Gajendra P S Raghava
- Bioinformatics Centre, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, India
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24
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Validation of the Filovirus Plaque Assay for Use in Preclinical Studies. Viruses 2016; 8:113. [PMID: 27110807 PMCID: PMC4848606 DOI: 10.3390/v8040113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A plaque assay for quantitating filoviruses in virus stocks, prepared viral challenge inocula and samples from research animals has recently been fully characterized and standardized for use across multiple institutions performing Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) studies. After standardization studies were completed, Good Laboratory Practices (GLP)-compliant plaque assay method validation studies to demonstrate suitability for reliable and reproducible measurement of the Marburg Virus Angola (MARV) variant and Ebola Virus Kikwit (EBOV) variant commenced at the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID). The validation parameters tested included accuracy, precision, linearity, robustness, stability of the virus stocks and system suitability. The MARV and EBOV assays were confirmed to be accurate to ±0.5 log10 PFU/mL. Repeatability precision, intermediate precision and reproducibility precision were sufficient to return viral titers with a coefficient of variation (%CV) of ≤30%, deemed acceptable variation for a cell-based bioassay. Intraclass correlation statistical techniques for the evaluation of the assay’s precision when the same plaques were quantitated by two analysts returned values passing the acceptance criteria, indicating high agreement between analysts. The assay was shown to be accurate and specific when run on Nonhuman Primates (NHP) serum and plasma samples diluted in plaque assay medium, with negligible matrix effects. Virus stocks demonstrated stability for freeze-thaw cycles typical of normal usage during assay retests. The results demonstrated that the EBOV and MARV plaque assays are accurate, precise and robust for filovirus titration in samples associated with the performance of GLP animal model studies.
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25
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Abstract
The Ebolavirus genus includes five member species, all of which pose a threat to global public health. These viruses cause fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates, and are considered category A pathogens due to the risk of their use as a bioweapon. The potential for an outbreak, either as a result of a natural emergence, deliberate release, or imported case underscores the need for protective vaccines. Recent progress in advancing vaccines for use against the strain of Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) responsible for the West African Ebola outbreak offers reasons for optimism against EBOV, and demonstrates that protection against other Ebolavirus species is achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Kozak
- a Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory , Public Health Agency of Canada , Winnipeg , Canada.,b Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- a Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory , Public Health Agency of Canada , Winnipeg , Canada.,b Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada.,c Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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26
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Dye JM, Warfield KL, Wells JB, Unfer RC, Shulenin S, Vu H, Nichols DK, Aman MJ, Bavari S. Virus-Like Particle Vaccination Protects Nonhuman Primates from Lethal Aerosol Exposure with Marburgvirus (VLP Vaccination Protects Macaques against Aerosol Challenges). Viruses 2016; 8:94. [PMID: 27070636 PMCID: PMC4848589 DOI: 10.3390/v8040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) was the first filovirus to be identified following an outbreak of viral hemorrhagic fever disease in Marburg, Germany in 1967. Due to several factors inherent to filoviruses, they are considered a potential bioweapon that could be disseminated via an aerosol route. Previous studies demonstrated that MARV virus-like particles (VLPs) containing the glycoprotein (GP), matrix protein VP40 and nucleoprotein (NP) generated using a baculovirus/insect cell expression system could protect macaques from subcutaneous (SQ) challenge with multiple species of marburgviruses. In the current study, the protective efficacy of the MARV VLPs in conjunction with two different adjuvants: QS-21, a saponin derivative, and poly I:C against homologous aerosol challenge was assessed in cynomolgus macaques. Antibody responses against the GP antigen were equivalent in all groups receiving MARV VLPs irrespective of the adjuvant; adjuvant only-vaccinated macaques did not demonstrate appreciable antibody responses. All macaques were subsequently challenged with lethal doses of MARV via aerosol or SQ as a positive control. All MARV VLP-vaccinated macaques survived either aerosol or SQ challenge while animals administered adjuvant only exhibited clinical signs and lesions consistent with MARV disease and were euthanized after meeting the predetermined criteria. Therefore, MARV VLPs induce IgG antibodies recognizing MARV GP and VP40 and protect cynomolgus macaques from an otherwise lethal aerosol exposure with MARV.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Dye
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | | | - Jay B Wells
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Robert C Unfer
- Integrated Biotherapeutics, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Sergey Shulenin
- Integrated Biotherapeutics, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Hong Vu
- Integrated Biotherapeutics, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Donald K Nichols
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - M Javad Aman
- Integrated Biotherapeutics, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Sina Bavari
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
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Kugelman JR, Rossi CA, Wiley MR, Ladner JT, Nagle ER, Pfeffer BP, Garcia K, Prieto K, Wada J, Kuhn JH, Palacios G. Informing the Historical Record of Experimental Nonhuman Primate Infections with Ebola Virus: Genomic Characterization of USAMRIID Ebola Virus/H.sapiens-tc/COD/1995/Kikwit-9510621 Challenge Stock "R4368" and Its Replacement "R4415". PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150919. [PMID: 27002733 PMCID: PMC4803331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The creation of licensed medical countermeasures against Select Agents such as Ebola virus (EBOV) is critically dependent on the use of standardized reagents, assays, and animal models. We performed full genome reconstruction, population genomics, contaminant analysis, and characterization of the glycoprotein gene editing site of historical United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) nonhuman-primate challenge stock Ebola virus Kikwit "R4368" and its 2014 replacement "R4415." We also provide characterization of the master stock used to create "R4415." The obtained data are essential to understanding the quality of the seed stock reagents used in pivotal animal studies that have been used to inform medical countermeasure development. Furthermore, these data might add to the understanding of the influence of EBOV variant populations on pathogenesis and disease outcome and inform attempts to avoid the evolution of EBOV escape mutants in response to current therapeutics. Finally, as the primary challenge stocks have changed over time, these data will provide a baseline for understanding and correlating past and future animal study results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R. Kugelman
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cynthia A. Rossi
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Wiley
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jason T. Ladner
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elyse R. Nagle
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bradley P. Pfeffer
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karla Garcia
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karla Prieto
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jiro Wada
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori E Dodd
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Dedkov VG, Magassouba NF, Safonova MV, Deviatkin AA, Dolgova AS, Pyankov OV, Sergeev AA, Utkin DV, Odinokov GN, Safronov VA, Agafonov AP, Maleev VV, Shipulin GA. Development and evaluation of a real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of Ebola virus (Zaire) during an Ebola outbreak in Guinea in 2014-2015. J Virol Methods 2015; 228:26-30. [PMID: 26597659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In early February 2014, an outbreak of the Ebola virus disease caused by Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) occurred in Guinea; cases were also recorded in other West African countries with a combined population of approximately 25 million. A rapid, sensitive and inexpensive method for detecting EBOV is needed to effectively control such outbreak. Here, we report a real-time reverse-transcription PCR assay for Z. ebolavirus detection used by the Specialized Anti-epidemic Team of the Russian Federation during the Ebola virus disease prevention mission in the Republic of Guinea. The analytical sensitivity of the assay is 5 × 10(2) viral particles per ml, and high specificity is demonstrated using representative sampling of viral, bacterial and human nucleic acids. This assay can be applied successfully for detecting the West African strains of Z. ebolavirus as well as on strains isolated in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Dedkov
- Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Federal Service on Consumers' Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, Moscow, Russia; RAMS Institute of Occupational Health, Moscow, Russia.
| | - N' F Magassouba
- Laboratorie de Virologic B1568 Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Projet de Recherche sur les Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée Guinea
| | - M V Safonova
- Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Federal Service on Consumers' Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Deviatkin
- Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Federal Service on Consumers' Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, Moscow, Russia; RAMS Institute of Occupational Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - A S Dolgova
- Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Federal Service on Consumers' Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, Moscow, Russia
| | - O V Pyankov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A A Sergeev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - D V Utkin
- Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute, Microbe, Saratov, Russia
| | - G N Odinokov
- Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute, Microbe, Saratov, Russia
| | - V A Safronov
- Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute, Microbe, Saratov, Russia
| | - A P Agafonov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V V Maleev
- Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Federal Service on Consumers' Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, Moscow, Russia
| | - G A Shipulin
- Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Federal Service on Consumers' Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, Moscow, Russia
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30
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Liu L, Sun Y, Kargbo B, Zhang C, Feng H, Lu H, Liu W, Wang C, Hu Y, Deng Y, Jiang J, Kang X, Yang H, Jiang Y, Yang Y, Kargbo D, Qian J, Chen W. Detection of Zaire Ebola virus by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Sierra Leone, 2014. J Virol Methods 2015; 222:62-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Manifestations of Ebola Virus Infection. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:2590-603. [PMID: 25972150 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3691-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
AIM Although Ebola virus infection (EVI) clinically presents with common, prominent, gastroenterologic manifestations, this subject has not been previously reviewed. This work critically and comprehensively reviews this subject. METHODS This study is a comprehensive literature review generated by computerized search of literature, supplemented by review of monographs and textbooks in pathology, gastroenterology, infectious diseases, and virology. RESULTS Common gastrointestinal manifestations include diarrhea-70 %, nausea and vomiting-60 %, and abdominal pain-45 %. The diarrhea and nausea and vomiting frequently produce profound, life-threatening hypovolemia requiring intravenous administration of crystalloid solutions, and frequently produce electrolyte disorders requiring electrolyte supplementation. Although gastrointestinal hemorrhage was commonly reported in early epidemics, its frequency has decreased to 10 % with prevention of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Hyperamylasemia is commonly reported, but the frequency of pancreatitis is unknown. The mean serum AST and ALT levels are each about 200/UL, with an unusual pattern for viral hepatitis of AST > ALT. The serum alkaline phosphatase averages about 160 IU/L, whereas the total bilirubin averages about 0.8 mg/dL. Risks of contracting infection during endoscopy performed on infected patients are unknown, but may be significant, as indicated by hundreds of healthcare workers contracting EVI during epidemics before instituting strict infectious control measures and anecdotal evidence of one endoscopist contracting EVI from performing endoscopy on an infected patient. CONCLUSIONS Physicians must be vigilant for gastroenterologic manifestations of EVI for appropriate diagnosis and therapy. This work should stimulate clinicopathologic studies to improve the current understanding of the gastroenterologic pathophysiology. Endoscopy is currently not standardly recommended to evaluate diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, or abdominal pain associated with EVI due to potential risks, but may be considered for endoscopic therapy for active, life-threatening, GI hemorrhage.
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Temporal Characterization of Marburg Virus Angola Infection following Aerosol Challenge in Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2015. [PMID: 26202230 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01147-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Marburg virus (MARV) infection is a lethal hemorrhagic fever for which no licensed vaccines or therapeutics are available. Development of appropriate medical countermeasures requires a thorough understanding of the interaction between the host and the pathogen and the resulting disease course. In this study, 15 rhesus macaques were sequentially sacrificed following aerosol exposure to the MARV variant Angola, with longitudinal changes in physiology, immunology, and histopathology used to assess disease progression. Immunohistochemical evidence of infection and resulting histopathological changes were identified as early as day 3 postexposure (p.e.). The appearance of fever in infected animals coincided with the detection of serum viremia and plasma viral genomes on day 4 p.e. High (>10(7) PFU/ml) viral loads were detected in all major organs (lung, liver, spleen, kidney, brain, etc.) beginning day 6 p.e. Clinical pathology findings included coagulopathy, leukocytosis, and profound liver destruction as indicated by elevated liver transaminases, azotemia, and hypoalbuminemia. Altered cytokine expression in response to infection included early increases in Th2 cytokines such as interleukin 10 (IL-10) and IL-5 and late-stage increases in Th1 cytokines such as IL-2, IL-15, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). This study provides a longitudinal examination of clinical disease of aerosol MARV Angola infection in the rhesus macaque model. IMPORTANCE In this study, we carefully analyzed the timeline of Marburg virus infection in nonhuman primates in order to provide a well-characterized model of disease progression following aerosol exposure.
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Abstract
Clinicians caring for patients infected with Ebola virus must be familiar not only with screening and infection control measures but also with management of severe disease. By integrating experience from several Ebola epidemics with best practices for managing critical illness, this report focuses on the clinical presentation and management of severely ill infants, children, and adults with Ebola virus disease. Fever, fatigue, vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia are the most common symptoms of the 2014 West African outbreak. Profound fluid losses from the gastrointestinal tract result in volume depletion, metabolic abnormalities (including hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hypocalcemia), shock, and organ failure. Overt hemorrhage occurs infrequently. The case fatality rate in West Africa is at least 70%, and individuals with respiratory, neurological, or hemorrhagic symptoms have a higher risk of death. There is no proven antiviral agent to treat Ebola virus disease, although several experimental treatments may be considered. Even in the absence of antiviral therapies, intensive supportive care has the potential to markedly blunt the high case fatality rate reported to date. Optimal treatment requires conscientious correction of fluid and electrolyte losses. Additional management considerations include searching for coinfection or superinfection; treatment of shock (with intravenous fluids and vasoactive agents), acute kidney injury (with renal replacement therapy), and respiratory failure (with invasive mechanical ventilation); provision of nutrition support, pain and anxiety control, and psychosocial support; and the use of strategies to reduce complications of critical illness. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation may be appropriate in certain circumstances, but extracorporeal life support is not advised. Among other ethical issues, patients' medical needs must be carefully weighed against healthcare worker safety and infection control concerns. However, meticulous attention to the use of personal protective equipment and strict adherence to infection control protocols should permit the safe provision of intensive treatment to severely ill patients with Ebola virus disease.
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Molecular Characterization of the First Ebola Virus Isolated in Italy, from a Health Care Worker Repatriated from Sierra Leone. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/3/e00639-15. [PMID: 26089420 PMCID: PMC4472897 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00639-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the complete genome sequence of an Ebola virus (EBOV) isolated from a health worker repatriated from Sierra Leone to Italy in November 2014. The sequence, clustering in clade 3 of the Sierra Leone sequences, was analyzed with respect to mutations possibly affecting diagnostic and therapeutic targets as well as virulence.
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Shurtleff AC, Bavari S. Animal models for ebolavirus countermeasures discovery: what defines a useful model? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:685-702. [PMID: 26004783 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1035252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ebolaviruses are highly pathogenic filoviruses, which cause disease in humans and nonhuman primates (NHP) in Africa. The Zaire ebolavirus outbreak in 2014, which continues to greatly affect Western Africa and other countries to which the hemorrhagic fever was exported due to travel of unsymptomatic yet infected individuals, was complicated by the lack of available licensed vaccines or therapeutics to combat infection. After almost a year of research at an increased pace to find and test vaccines and therapeutics, there is now a deeper understanding of the available disease models for ebolavirus infection. Demonstration of vaccine or therapeutic efficacy in NHP models of ebolavirus infection is crucial to the development and eventual licensure of ebolavirus medical countermeasures, so that safe and effective countermeasures can be accelerated into human clinical trials. AREAS COVERED The authors describe ebolavirus hemorrhagic fever (EHF) disease in various animal species: mice, guinea pigs, hamsters, pigs and NHP, to include baboons, marmosets, rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, as well as African green monkeys. Because the NHP models are supremely useful for therapeutics and vaccine testing, emphasis is placed on comparison of these models, and their use as gold-standard models of EHF. EXPERT OPINION Animal models of EHF varying from rodents to NHP species are currently under evaluation for their reproducibility and utility for modeling infection in humans. Complete development and licensure of therapeutic agents and vaccines will require demonstration that mechanisms conferring protection in NHP models of infection are predictive of protective responses in humans, for a given countermeasure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Shurtleff
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Division of Molecular and Translational Sciences , 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD 21702 , USA +1 301 619 4246 ; +1 541 754 3545 ;
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Fernando L, Qiu X, Melito PL, Williams KJN, Feldmann F, Feldmann H, Jones SM, Alimonti JB. Immune Response to Marburg Virus Angola Infection in Nonhuman Primates. J Infect Dis 2015; 212 Suppl 2:S234-41. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Clifton MC, Bruhn JF, Atkins K, Webb TL, Baydo RO, Raymond A, Lorimer DD, Edwards TE, Myler PJ, Saphire EO. High-resolution Crystal Structure of Dimeric VP40 From Sudan ebolavirus. J Infect Dis 2015; 212 Suppl 2:S167-71. [PMID: 25957961 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebolaviruses cause severe hemorrhagic fever. Central to the Ebola life cycle is the matrix protein VP40, which oligomerizes and drives viral budding. Here we present the crystal structure of the Sudan virus (SUDV) matrix protein. This structure is higher resolution (1.6 Å) than previously achievable. Despite differences in the protein purification, we find that it still forms a stable dimer in solution, as was noted for other Ebola VP40s. Although the N-terminal domain interface by which VP40 dimerizes is conserved between Ebola virus and SUDV, the C-terminal domain interface by which VP40 dimers may further assemble is significantly smaller in this SUDV assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Clifton
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease Beryllium, Bedford, Massachusetts
| | | | - Kateri Atkins
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease Beryllium, Bedford, Massachusetts
| | - Terry L Webb
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease Beryllium, Bainbridge Island, Washington
| | - Ruth O Baydo
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease Beryllium, Bainbridge Island, Washington
| | - Amy Raymond
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease Beryllium, Bainbridge Island, Washington
| | - Donald D Lorimer
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease Beryllium, Bainbridge Island, Washington
| | - Thomas E Edwards
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease Beryllium, Bainbridge Island, Washington
| | - Peter J Myler
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease Seattle Biomedical Research Institute
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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Jääskeläinen AJ, Moilanen K, Aaltonen K, Putkuri N, Sironen T, Kallio-Kokko H, Vapalahti O. Development and evaluation of a real-time EBOV-L-RT-qPCR for detection of Zaire ebolavirus. J Clin Virol 2015; 67:56-8. [PMID: 25959160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
An RT-qPCR targeting EBOV-L including the preceding RNA extraction protocol were set up and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Jääskeläinen
- Helsinki University Hospital, Department of Virology and Immunology, Finland; University of Helsinki, Department of Virology, Finland.
| | | | | | - Niina Putkuri
- University of Helsinki, Department of Virology, Finland
| | - Tarja Sironen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Virology, Finland
| | - Hannimari Kallio-Kokko
- Helsinki University Hospital, Department of Virology and Immunology, Finland; University of Helsinki, Department of Virology, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Helsinki University Hospital, Department of Virology and Immunology, Finland; University of Helsinki, Department of Virology, Finland; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Liu WB, Li ZX, Du Y, Cao GW. Ebola virus disease: from epidemiology to prophylaxis. Mil Med Res 2015; 2:7. [PMID: 26000173 PMCID: PMC4440555 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-015-0035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) continues to spread through West Africa. Since the first report of EVD in March 2014, the number of cases has increased rapidly, with the fatality rate of >50%. The most prevalent Ebola virus belongs to the species of Zaire ebolavirus, with a fatality rate as high as 90%. Although there were cases introduced into other continents, Africa is the endemic area where fruit bats and apes are suspected to be Ebola virus carriers. The virus might be transmitted from the host animals to humans if humans consume raw or not fully cooked and contaminated meats. However, human-to-human transmission via close contact is the major route of current outbreaks. EVD can occur during any season and affect people of any race and age group. Direct contact with body fluids of EVD patients or living in contaminated environments greatly increases the risk of being infected. Transmission via aerosol less likely, but transmission via virus-containing droplets is possible in humans. Thus, health care providers are facing danger of getting Ebola virus infection. To date, vaccines, drugs and/or therapies to prevent Ebola virus infection or treat EVD are limited. Medical workers should follow the current standard prophylactic procedures. The military can orchestrate efficient care to mass EVD patients. Although it is necessary to speed up the pace of developing effective vaccine and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of EVD, public health prevention and management should be important issue at present to control the spread of this disease cost-effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Bin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Zi Xiong Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Yan Du
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Guang Wen Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433 China
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40
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Abstract
Over the last few months, a plethora of headlines have focused on the ebola epidemic sweeping West Africa. On 8 August 2014 this outbreak was defined as a Public Health Event of International Concern by the World Health Organization. Closer to home the focus has been on the possibility of an outbreak in the UK, with calls for specialist nurses to be trained in monitoring travellers at airports. The recent infection of a nurse from Sussex while caring for patients with ebola in Sierra Leone has heightened the interest and need for information on this until now neglected tropical disease. Additionally, an unprecedented collaborative effort to speed up trials on the development of a vaccine has just begun in Oxford. This article discusses the origins of the virus, its symptoms and its modes of transmission. The challenges of managing the virus are discussed, together with current progress on its treatment and prevention, and the implications for nurses in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Boulton
- Tutor in Adult Nursing, King's College London, and co-founder and Trustee of UK Friends of the Shepherds' Hospice, Sierra Leone
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41
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Papaneri AB, Bernbaum JG, Blaney JE, Jahrling PB, Schnell MJ, Johnson RF. Controlled viral glycoprotein expression as a safety feature in a bivalent rabies-ebola vaccine. Virus Res 2015; 197:54-8. [PMID: 25481284 PMCID: PMC4362543 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Using a recombinant rabies (RABV) vaccine platform, we have developed several safe and effective vaccines. Most recently, we have developed a RABV-based ebolavirus (EBOV) vaccine that is efficacious in nonhuman primates. One safety feature of this vaccine is the utilization of a live but replication-deficient RABV construct. In this construct, the RABV glycoprotein (G) has been deleted from the genome, requiring G trans complementation in order for new infectious viruses to be released from the initial infected cell. Here we analyze this safety feature of the bivalent RABV-based EBOV vaccine comprised of the G-deleted RABV backbone expressing EBOV glycoprotein (GP). We found that, while the level of RABV genome in infected cells is equivalent regardless of G supplementation, the production of infectious virus is indeed restricted by the lack of G, and most importantly, that the presence of EBOV GP does not substitute for G. These findings further support the safety profile of this replication-deficient RABV-EBOV bivalent vaccine.
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Short Peptide Vaccine Design and Development: Promises and Challenges. GLOBAL VIROLOGY I - IDENTIFYING AND INVESTIGATING VIRAL DISEASES 2015. [PMCID: PMC7121995 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2410-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine development for viral diseases is a challenge where subunit vaccines are often ineffective. Therefore, the need for alternative solutions is crucial. Thus, short peptide vaccine candidates promise effective answers under such circumstances. Short peptide vaccine candidates are linear T-cell epitopes (antigenic determinants that are recognized by the immune system) that specifically function by binding human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles of different ethnicities (including Black, Caucasian, Oriental, Hispanic, Pacific Islander, American Indian, Australian aboriginal, and mixed ethnicities). The population-specific allele-level HLA sequence data in the public IMGT/HLA database contains approximately 12542 nomenclature defined class I (9437) and class II (3105) HLA alleles as of March 2015 present in several ethnic populations. The bottleneck in short peptide vaccine design and development is HLA polymorphism on the one hand and viral diversity on the other hand. Hence, a crucial step in its design and development is HLA allele-specific binding of short antigen peptides. This is usually combinatorial and computationally labor intensive. Mathematical models utilizing structure-defined pockets are currently available for class I and class II HLA-peptide-binding peptides. Frameworks have been developed to design protocols to identify the most feasible short peptide cocktails as vaccine candidates with superantigen properties among known HLA supertypes. This approach is a promising solution to develop new viral vaccines given the current advancement in T-cell immuno-informatics, yet challenging in terms of prediction efficiency and protocol development.
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Schieffelin JS, Shaffer JG, Goba A, Gbakie M, Gire SK, Colubri A, Sealfon RSG, Kanneh L, Moigboi A, Momoh M, Fullah M, Moses LM, Brown BL, Andersen KG, Winnicki S, Schaffner SF, Park DJ, Yozwiak NL, Jiang PP, Kargbo D, Jalloh S, Fonnie M, Sinnah V, French I, Kovoma A, Kamara FK, Tucker V, Konuwa E, Sellu J, Mustapha I, Foday M, Yillah M, Kanneh F, Saffa S, Massally JLB, Boisen ML, Branco LM, Vandi MA, Grant DS, Happi C, Gevao SM, Fletcher TE, Fowler RA, Bausch DG, Sabeti PC, Khan SH, Garry RF. Clinical illness and outcomes in patients with Ebola in Sierra Leone. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:2092-100. [PMID: 25353969 PMCID: PMC4318555 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1411680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited clinical and laboratory data are available on patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD). The Kenema Government Hospital in Sierra Leone, which had an existing infrastructure for research regarding viral hemorrhagic fever, has received and cared for patients with EVD since the beginning of the outbreak in Sierra Leone in May 2014. METHODS We reviewed available epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory records of patients in whom EVD was diagnosed between May 25 and June 18, 2014. We used quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction assays to assess the load of Ebola virus (EBOV, Zaire species) in a subgroup of patients. RESULTS Of 106 patients in whom EVD was diagnosed, 87 had a known outcome, and 44 had detailed clinical information available. The incubation period was estimated to be 6 to 12 days, and the case fatality rate was 74%. Common findings at presentation included fever (in 89% of the patients), headache (in 80%), weakness (in 66%), dizziness (in 60%), diarrhea (in 51%), abdominal pain (in 40%), and vomiting (in 34%). Clinical and laboratory factors at presentation that were associated with a fatal outcome included fever, weakness, dizziness, diarrhea, and elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatinine. Exploratory analyses indicated that patients under the age of 21 years had a lower case fatality rate than those over the age of 45 years (57% vs. 94%, P=0.03), and patients presenting with fewer than 100,000 EBOV copies per milliliter had a lower case fatality rate than those with 10 million EBOV copies per milliliter or more (33% vs. 94%, P=0.003). Bleeding occurred in only 1 patient. CONCLUSIONS The incubation period and case fatality rate among patients with EVD in Sierra Leone are similar to those observed elsewhere in the 2014 outbreak and in previous outbreaks. Although bleeding was an infrequent finding, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal manifestations were common. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.).
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Hoenen T, Watt A, Mora A, Feldmann H. Modeling the lifecycle of Ebola virus under biosafety level 2 conditions with virus-like particles containing tetracistronic minigenomes. J Vis Exp 2014:52381. [PMID: 25285674 DOI: 10.3791/52381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola viruses cause severe hemorrhagic fevers in humans and non-human primates, with case fatality rates as high as 90%. There are no approved vaccines or specific treatments for the disease caused by these viruses, and work with infectious Ebola viruses is restricted to biosafety level 4 laboratories, significantly limiting the research on these viruses. Lifecycle modeling systems model the virus lifecycle under biosafety level 2 conditions; however, until recently such systems have been limited to either individual aspects of the virus lifecycle, or a single infectious cycle. Tetracistronic minigenomes, which consist of Ebola virus non-coding regions, a reporter gene, and three Ebola virus genes involved in morphogenesis, budding, and entry (VP40, GP1,2, and VP24), can be used to produce replication and transcription-competent virus-like particles (trVLPs) containing these minigenomes. These trVLPs can continuously infect cells expressing the Ebola virus proteins responsible for genome replication and transcription, allowing us to safely model multiple infectious cycles under biosafety level 2 conditions. Importantly, the viral components of this systems are solely derived from Ebola virus and not from other viruses (as is, for example, the case in systems using pseudotyped viruses), and VP40, GP1,2 and VP24 are not overexpressed in this system, making it ideally suited for studying morphogenesis, budding and entry, although other aspects of the virus lifecycle such as genome replication and transcription can also be modeled with this system. Therefore, the tetracistronic trVLP assay represents the most comprehensive lifecycle modeling system available for Ebola viruses, and has tremendous potential for use in investigating the biology of Ebola viruses in future. Here, we provide detailed information on the use of this system, as well as on expected results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hoenen
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health;
| | - Ari Watt
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Anita Mora
- Research Technology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
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Gire SK, Goba A, Andersen KG, Sealfon RSG, Park DJ, Kanneh L, Jalloh S, Momoh M, Fullah M, Dudas G, Wohl S, Moses LM, Yozwiak NL, Winnicki S, Matranga CB, Malboeuf CM, Qu J, Gladden AD, Schaffner SF, Yang X, Jiang PP, Nekoui M, Colubri A, Coomber MR, Fonnie M, Moigboi A, Gbakie M, Kamara FK, Tucker V, Konuwa E, Saffa S, Sellu J, Jalloh AA, Kovoma A, Koninga J, Mustapha I, Kargbo K, Foday M, Yillah M, Kanneh F, Robert W, Massally JLB, Chapman SB, Bochicchio J, Murphy C, Nusbaum C, Young S, Birren BW, Grant DS, Scheiffelin JS, Lander ES, Happi C, Gevao SM, Gnirke A, Rambaut A, Garry RF, Khan SH, Sabeti PC. Genomic surveillance elucidates Ebola virus origin and transmission during the 2014 outbreak. Science 2014; 345:1369-72. [PMID: 25214632 PMCID: PMC4431643 DOI: 10.1126/science.1259657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 828] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In its largest outbreak, Ebola virus disease is spreading through Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria. We sequenced 99 Ebola virus genomes from 78 patients in Sierra Leone to ~2000× coverage. We observed a rapid accumulation of interhost and intrahost genetic variation, allowing us to characterize patterns of viral transmission over the initial weeks of the epidemic. This West African variant likely diverged from central African lineages around 2004, crossed from Guinea to Sierra Leone in May 2014, and has exhibited sustained human-to-human transmission subsequently, with no evidence of additional zoonotic sources. Because many of the mutations alter protein sequences and other biologically meaningful targets, they should be monitored for impact on diagnostics, vaccines, and therapies critical to outbreak response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen K Gire
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Kristian G Andersen
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Rachel S G Sealfon
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel J Park
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | - Mambu Momoh
- Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone. Eastern Polytechnic College, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed Fullah
- Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone. Eastern Polytechnic College, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Gytis Dudas
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Shirlee Wohl
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lina M Moses
- Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Nathan L Yozwiak
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sarah Winnicki
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | - James Qu
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Stephen F Schaffner
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Xiao Yang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Pan-Pan Jiang
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Mahan Nekoui
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Andres Colubri
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Mbalu Fonnie
- Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Alex Moigboi
- Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | | | - Edwin Konuwa
- Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Sidiki Saffa
- Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | - Alice Kovoma
- Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | | | - Momoh Foday
- Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cheryl Murphy
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chad Nusbaum
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sarah Young
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Bruce W Birren
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | - Eric S Lander
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Sahr M Gevao
- University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Andreas Gnirke
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK. Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Robert F Garry
- Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | - Pardis C Sabeti
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Abstract
Ebola is a highly virulent pathogen causing severe hemorrhagic fever with a high case fatality rate in humans and non-human primates (NHPs). Although safe and effective vaccines or other medicinal agents to block Ebola infection are currently unavailable, a significant effort has been put forth to identify several promising candidates for the treatment and prevention of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Among these, recombinant adenovirus-based vectors have been identified as potent vaccine candidates, with some affording both pre- and post-exposure protection from the virus. Recently, Investigational New Drug (IND) applications have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and phase I clinical trials have been initiated for two small-molecule therapeutics: anti-sense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs: AVI-6002, AVI-6003) and lipid nanoparticle/small interfering RNA (LNP/siRNA: TKM-Ebola). These potential alternatives to vector-based vaccines require multiple doses to achieve therapeutic efficacy, which is not ideal with regard to patient compliance and outbreak scenarios. These concerns have fueled a quest for even better vaccination and treatment strategies. Here, we summarize recent advances in vaccines or post-exposure therapeutics for prevention of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. The utility of novel pharmaceutical approaches to refine and overcome barriers associated with the most promising therapeutic platforms are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huk Choi
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, U.S.A
| | - Maria A. Croyle
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, U.S.A
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, U.S.A
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Nakayama E, Saijo M. Animal models for Ebola and Marburg virus infections. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:267. [PMID: 24046765 PMCID: PMC3763195 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers (EHF and MHF) are caused by the Filoviridae family, Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus (ebolavirus and marburgvirus), respectively. These severe diseases have high mortality rates in humans. Although EHF and MHF are endemic to sub-Saharan Africa. A novel filovirus, Lloviu virus, which is genetically distinct from ebolavirus and marburgvirus, was recently discovered in Spain where filoviral hemorrhagic fever had never been reported. The virulence of this virus has not been determined. Ebolavirus and marburgvirus are classified as biosafety level-4 (BSL-4) pathogens and Category A agents, for which the US government requires preparedness in case of bioterrorism. Therefore, preventive measures against these viral hemorrhagic fevers should be prepared, not only in disease-endemic regions, but also in disease-free countries. Diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics need to be developed, and therefore the establishment of animal models for EHF and MHF is invaluable. Several animal models have been developed for EHF and MHF using non-human primates (NHPs) and rodents, which are crucial to understand pathophysiology and to develop diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics. Rhesus and cynomolgus macaques are representative models of filovirus infection as they exhibit remarkably similar symptoms to those observed in humans. However, the NHP models have practical and ethical problems that limit their experimental use. Furthermore, there are no inbred and genetically manipulated strains of NHP. Rodent models such as mouse, guinea pig, and hamster, have also been developed. However, these rodent models require adaptation of the virus to produce lethal disease and do not mirror all symptoms of human filovirus infection. This review article provides an outline of the clinical features of EHF and MHF in animals, including humans, and discusses how the animal models have been developed to study pathophysiology, vaccines, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Nakayama
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Filoviruses cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans with high case-fatality rates. The cellular factors exploited by filoviruses for their spread constitute potential targets for intervention, but are incompletely defined. The viral glycoprotein (GP) mediates filovirus entry into host cells. Recent studies revealed important insights into the host cell molecules engaged by GP for cellular entry. The binding of GP to cellular lectins was found to concentrate virions onto susceptible cells and might contribute to the early and sustained infection of macrophages and dendritic cells, important viral targets. Tyrosine kinase receptors were shown to promote macropinocytic uptake of filoviruses into a subset of susceptible cells without binding to GP, while interactions between GP and human T cell Ig mucin 1 (TIM-1) might contribute to filovirus infection of mucosal epithelial cells. Moreover, GP engagement of the cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1 was demonstrated to be essential for GP-mediated fusion of the viral envelope with a host cell membrane. Finally, mutagenic and structural analyses defined GP domains which interact with these host cell factors. Here, we will review the recent progress in elucidating the molecular interactions underlying filovirus entry and discuss their implications for our understanding of the viral cell tropism.
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Sobarzo A, Groseth A, Dolnik O, Becker S, Lutwama JJ, Perelman E, Yavelsky V, Muhammad M, Kuehne AI, Marks RS, Dye JM, Lobel L. Profile and Persistence of the Virus-Specific Neutralizing Humoral Immune Response in Human Survivors of Sudan Ebolavirus (Gulu). J Infect Dis 2013; 208:299-309. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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50
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Madrid PB, Chopra S, Manger ID, Gilfillan L, Keepers TR, Shurtleff AC, Green CE, Iyer LV, Dilks HH, Davey RA, Kolokoltsov AA, Carrion R, Patterson JL, Bavari S, Panchal RG, Warren TK, Wells JB, Moos WH, Burke RL, Tanga MJ. A systematic screen of FDA-approved drugs for inhibitors of biological threat agents. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60579. [PMID: 23577127 PMCID: PMC3618516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rapid development of effective medical countermeasures against potential biological threat agents is vital. Repurposing existing drugs that may have unanticipated activities as potential countermeasures is one way to meet this important goal, since currently approved drugs already have well-established safety and pharmacokinetic profiles in patients, as well as manufacturing and distribution networks. Therefore, approved drugs could rapidly be made available for a new indication in an emergency. Methodology/Principal Findings A large systematic effort to determine whether existing drugs can be used against high containment bacterial and viral pathogens is described. We assembled and screened 1012 FDA-approved drugs for off-label broad-spectrum efficacy against Bacillus anthracis; Francisella tularensis; Coxiella burnetii; and Ebola, Marburg, and Lassa fever viruses using in vitro cell culture assays. We found a variety of hits against two or more of these biological threat pathogens, which were validated in secondary assays. As expected, antibiotic compounds were highly active against bacterial agents, but we did not identify any non-antibiotic compounds with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Lomefloxacin and erythromycin were found to be the most potent compounds in vivo protecting mice against Bacillus anthracis challenge. While multiple virus-specific inhibitors were identified, the most noteworthy antiviral compound identified was chloroquine, which disrupted entry and replication of two or more viruses in vitro and protected mice against Ebola virus challenge in vivo. Conclusions/Significance The feasibility of repurposing existing drugs to face novel threats is demonstrated and this represents the first effort to apply this approach to high containment bacteria and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Madrid
- Center for Infectious Disease and Biodefense Research, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA.
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