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Hu YF, Luo S, Wang SQ, Chen KX, Zhong WX, Li BY, Cao LY, Chen HH, Yin YS. Exploring functional genes' correlation with ( S)-equol concentration and new daidzein racemase identification. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0000724. [PMID: 38501861 PMCID: PMC11022573 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00007-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
With its estrogenic activity, (S)-equol plays an important role in maintaining host health and preventing estrogen-related diseases. Exclusive production occurs through the transformation of soy isoflavones by intestinal bacteria, but the reasons for variations in (S)-equol production among different individuals and species remain unclear. Here, fecal samples from humans, pigs, chickens, mice, and rats were used as research objects. The concentrations of (S)-equol, along with the genetic homology and evolutionary relationships of (S)-equol production-related genes [daidzein reductase (DZNR), daidzein racemase (DDRC), dihydrodaidzein reductase (DHDR), tetrahydrodaidzein reductase (THDR)], were analyzed. Additionally, in vitro functional verification of the newly identified DDRC gene was conducted. It was found that approximately 40% of human samples contained (S)-equol, whereas 100% of samples from other species contained (S)-equol. However, there were significant variations in (S)-equol content among the different species: rats > pigs > chickens > mice > humans. The distributions of the four genes displayed species-specific patterns. High detection rates across various species were exhibited by DHDR, THDR, and DDRC. In contrast, substantial variations in detection rates among different species and individuals were observed with respect to DZNR. It appears that various types of DZNR may be associated with different concentrations of (S)-equol, which potentially correspond to the regulatory role during (S)-equol synthesis. This enhances our understanding of individual variations in (S)-equol production and their connection with functional genes in vitro. Moreover, the newly identified DDRC exhibits higher potential for (S)-equol synthesis compared to the known DDRC, providing valuable resources for advancing in vitro (S)-equol production. IMPORTANCE (S)-equol ((S)-EQ) plays a crucial role in maintaining human health, along with its known capacity to prevent and treat various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndromes, osteoporosis, diabetes, brain-related diseases, high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and inflammation. However, factors affecting individual variations in (S)-EQ production and the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. This study examines the association between functional genes and (S)-EQ production, highlighting a potential correlation between the DZNR gene and (S)-EQ content. Various types of DZNR may be linked to the regulation of (S)-EQ synthesis. Furthermore, the identification of a new DDRC gene offers promising prospects for enhancing in vitro (S)-EQ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fei Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Shu Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Sheng-Qi Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ke-Xin Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Wei-Xuan Zhong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Bai-Yuan Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Lin-Yan Cao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Hua-Hai Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Ye-Shi Yin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
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Bensaada S, Peruzzi G, Cubizolles L, Denayrolles M, Bennetau-Pelissero C. Traditional and Domestic Cooking Dramatically Reduce Estrogenic Isoflavones in Soy Foods. Foods 2024; 13:999. [PMID: 38611305 PMCID: PMC11011382 DOI: 10.3390/foods13070999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Soybean is a pulse which has considerable nutritional value due to its high protein, fibers and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents. It also contains phytoestrogenic compounds that definitely hinder its recommendation for general consumption. Contrary to ancient times, when soybeans were boiled, modern commercial soy foods can contain up to 150 mg/100g of estrogenic isoflavones. Interestingly, current estimations of isoflavone intake in the literature do not distinguish between the origins of soy food, i.e., whether it is homemade or commercial. As a result, the isoflavone exposure in Asian countries may well be overestimated. This study aims to demonstrate, based on step-by-step monitoring of isoflavones, that traditional and domestic treatments, leveraging isoflavones water-solubility, can indeed significantly reduce their content in soy foods. Indeed, when compared to commercial foods, the isoflavone content was found to be 20, 2.6, 4.5 and 9.8 times lower in "homemade" soy juice, tofu, tempeh and miso, respectively. Additionally, water soaking was found to reduce the isoflavones levels in soy-textured proteins by more than 70%. Hence, this simple process has the potential to help drastically reduce overall xenoestrogens exposure. This study could serve as a basis for establishing the isoflavones Reference Dose and issuing food safety guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souad Bensaada
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, ARNA, UMR 5320, U1212, F-33000 Bordeaux, France;
- Berkem, Rue Jean Duvert, 33290 Blanquefort, France; (G.P.); (L.C.)
| | - Gabriele Peruzzi
- Berkem, Rue Jean Duvert, 33290 Blanquefort, France; (G.P.); (L.C.)
| | | | - Muriel Denayrolles
- Feed & Food Department, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, 33175 Gradignan, France;
- CBMN, UMR CNRS 5248, 33607 Pessac, France
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Kang JH, Dong Z, Shin SH. Benefits of Soybean in the Era of Precision Medicine: A Review of Clinical Evidence. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:1552-1562. [PMID: 37674385 PMCID: PMC10774093 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2308.08016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is an important ingredient of cuisines worldwide. While there is a wealth of evidence that soybean could be a good source of macronutrients and phytochemicals with health-promoting effects, concerns regarding adverse effects have been raised. In this work, we reviewed the current clinical evidence focusing on the benefits and risks of soybean ingredients. In breast, prostate, colorectal, ovarian, and lung cancer, epidemiological studies showed an inverse association between soybean food intake and cancer risks. Soybean intake was inversely correlated with risks of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and soy isoflavones ameliorated osteoporosis and hot flashes. Notably, soybean was one of the dietary protein sources that may reduce the risk of breast cancer and T2DM. However, soybean had adverse effects on certain types of drug treatment and caused allergies. In sum, this work provides useful considerations for planning clinical soybean research and selecting dietary protein sources for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hyun Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Zigang Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P.R. China
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No.127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450008, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Seung Ho Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio & Medical Bigdata (BK4 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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Kovacevic N, Cilensek I, Merlo S, Segedin B. Modern approach to the management of genitourinary syndrome in women with gynecological malignancies. Radiol Oncol 2023; 57:292-298. [PMID: 37494601 PMCID: PMC10476906 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2023-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The term genitourinary syndrome of menopause was first used in 2014 by the North American Menopause Society and the International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health to describe conditions previously known as atrophic vaginitis, urogenital atrophy, or vulvovaginal atrophy. It is a complex, chronic, progressive condition characterized by a wide range of signs and symptoms affecting sexual function and the tissues of the urinary and genital tracts. The main cause of genitourinary syndrome of menopause is estrogen deficiency caused by ovarian removal or dysfunction. The most bothersome symptoms are vaginal dryness, decreased vaginal lubrication, and pain during penetration and intercourse. They all have a negative impact on the quality of life. CONCLUSIONS The main goal of treatment is to relieve the symptoms. Treatment modalities are pharmacological or non-pharmacological. The first-line treatment for mild to moderate symptoms is the use of personal lubricants and moisturizers, but the gold standard is estrogen replacement therapy. Hormone therapy may not be an option for women with hormone-dependent cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kovacevic
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Health Care Angela Boškin, Jesenice, Slovenia
| | - Ines Cilensek
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sebastjan Merlo
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Segedin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Radiotherapy, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To update the evidence-based Nonhormonal Management of Menopause-Associated Vasomotor Symptoms: 2015 Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society. METHODS An advisory panel of clinicians and research experts in women's health were selected to review and evaluate the literature published since the Nonhormonal Management of Menopause-Associated Vasomotor Symptoms: 2015 Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society. Topics were divided into five sections for ease of review: lifestyle; mind-body techniques; prescription therapies; dietary supplements; and acupuncture, other treatments, and technologies. The panel assessed the most current and available literature to determine whether to recommend or not recommend use based on these levels of evidence: Level I, good and consistent scientific evidence; Level II, limited or inconsistent scientific evidence, and Level III, consensus and expert opinion. RESULTS Evidence-based review of the literature resulted in several nonhormone options for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms. Recommended: Cognitive-behavioral therapy, clinical hypnosis, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors/serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, gabapentin, fezolinetant (Level I); oxybutynin (Levels I-II); weight loss, stellate ganglion block (Levels II-III). Not recommended: Paced respiration (Level I); supplements/herbal remedies (Levels I-II); cooling techniques, avoiding triggers, exercise, yoga, mindfulness-based intervention, relaxation, suvorexant, soy foods and soy extracts, soy metabolite equol, cannabinoids, acupuncture, calibration of neural oscillations (Level II); chiropractic interventions, clonidine; (Levels I-III); dietary modification and pregabalin (Level III). CONCLUSION Hormone therapy remains the most effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms and should be considered in menopausal women within 10 years of their final menstrual periods. For women who are not good candidates for hormone therapy because of contraindications (eg, estrogen-dependent cancers or cardiovascular disease) or personal preference, it is important for healthcare professionals to be well informed about nonhormone treatment options for reducing vasomotor symptoms that are supported by the evidence.
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Farhat EK, Sher EK, Džidić-Krivić A, Banjari I, Sher F. Functional biotransformation of phytoestrogens by gut microbiota with impact on cancer treatment. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 118:109368. [PMID: 37100304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The human gut is a host for trillions of microorganisms, divided into more than 3000 heterogeneous species, which is called the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota composition can be altered by many different endogenous and exogenous factors, especially diet and nutrition. A diet rich in phytoestrogens, a variable group of chemical compounds similar to 17-β-estradiol (E2), the essential female steroid sex hormone is potent to change the composition of gut microbiota. However, the metabolism of phytoestrogens also highly depends on the action of enzymes produced by gut microbiota. Novel studies have shown that phytoestrogens could play an important role in the treatment of different types of cancers, such as breast cancer in women, due to their potential to decrease estrogen levels. This review aims to summarize recent findings about the lively dialogue between phytoestrogens and the gut microbiota and to address their possible future application, especially in treating patients with diagnosed breast cancer. A potential therapeutic approach for the prevention and improving outcomes in breast cancer patients could be based on targeted probiotic supplementation with the use of soy phytoestrogens. A positive effect of probiotics on the outcome and survival of patients with breast cancer has been established. However, more in vivo scientific studies are needed to pave the way for the use of probiotics and phytoestrogens in the clinical practice of breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma Karahmet Farhat
- Department of Food and Nutrition Research, Faculty of Food Technology, Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Croatia; International Society of Engineering Science and Technology, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Emina Karahmet Sher
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom.
| | - Amina Džidić-Krivić
- International Society of Engineering Science and Technology, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Department of Oncology, Cantonal Hospital Zenica, Zenica, 72000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ines Banjari
- Department of Food and Nutrition Research, Faculty of Food Technology, Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Croatia
| | - Farooq Sher
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom.
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Jeong SJ, Yang HJ, Yang HG, Ryu MS, Ha G, Jeong DY, Park S. Inverse association of daily fermented soybean paste (“Jang”) intake with metabolic syndrome risk, especially body fat and hypertension, in men of a large hospital-based cohort. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1122945. [PMID: 36992908 PMCID: PMC10040601 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1122945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionJang is a fermented soybean paste containing salt and is traditionally used as a substitute for salt to enhance the flavor of foods in Korea. It has been speculated that regular consumption of Jang may lower the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). We hypothesized that Jang intake was associated with the risk of MetS and its components after adjusting for potential confounders, including sodium intake. The hypothesis was investigated according to gender in a large city hospital-based cohort (n = 58,701) in Korea.MethodsJang intake, calculated as the sum of the intakes of Chungkookjang, Doenjang, Doenjang soup, and Ssamjang (a mixture of Doenjang and Kochujang), was included in the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQFFQ) administered to the cohort, and the daily Jang intake was estimated. The participants were categorized into low-Jang and high-Jang groups by 1.9 g daily Jang intake. MetS was defined according to 2005 revised United States National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria modified for Asians.ResultsThe participants in the low-Jang and high-Jang groups consumed an average of 0.63 g and 4.63 g Jang daily; their total sodium intake was about 1.91 and 2.58 g/day, respectively. The participants in the high-Jang group had higher energy, fiber, calcium, vitamin C, vitamin D, and potassium intake than those in the low-Jang group. After adjusting for covariates, the participants with the highest sodium intake (≥3.31 g/day) were positively associated with MetS risk in the quintiles of men and women. Among the MetS components, waist circumference, fat mass, and hypo-high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterolemia were positively associated with sodium intake in all participants and women. Unlike the association seen with sodium intake, Jang intake (≥1.9 g/day) was inversely associated with MetS components, including waist circumference, fat mass, serum glucose concentrations, and hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia in all participants and men, after adjusting for covariates including sodium intake.DiscussionSubstituting salt for Jang in cooking may be recommended to prevent and alleviate MetS incidence, and its efficacy for MetS risk was better in men than women. The results can be applied to sodium intake in Asian countries where salt is used to promote flavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ji Jeong
- Department of R&D, Sunchang Research Center for Fermentation Microbes, Sunchang-Gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jong Yang
- Department of R&D, Sunchang Research Center for Fermentation Microbes, Sunchang-Gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Gun Yang
- Department of R&D, Sunchang Research Center for Fermentation Microbes, Sunchang-Gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Seon Ryu
- Department of R&D, Sunchang Research Center for Fermentation Microbes, Sunchang-Gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwangsu Ha
- Department of R&D, Sunchang Research Center for Fermentation Microbes, Sunchang-Gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yeon Jeong
- Department of R&D, Sunchang Research Center for Fermentation Microbes, Sunchang-Gun, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Do Yeon Jeong,
| | - Sunmin Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioconvergence, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea
- Sunmin Park,
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Zhang T, Yue Y, Jeong SJ, Ryu MS, Wu X, Yang HJ, Li C, Jeong DY, Park S. Improvement of Estrogen Deficiency Symptoms by the Intake of Long-Term Fermented Soybeans (Doenjang) Rich in Bacillus Species through Modulating Gut Microbiota in Estrogen-Deficient Rats. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061143. [PMID: 36981070 PMCID: PMC10048008 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally made doenjang (TMD) produced by the long-term fermentation of soybeans with salt may improve symptoms of estrogen deficiency. We aimed to evaluate the effects of four TMD types, containing low and high amounts of Bacillus species and biogenic amines (HBHA, HBLA, LBHA, and LBLA), on energy, glucose, and lipid metabolism, by altering the gut microbiota in estrogen-deficient ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Their mechanisms were also examined. The OVX rats were divided into the control, cooked soybean (CSB), HBHA, LBHA, HBLA, and LBLA groups. Sham-operated rats were the normal control group. Serum 17β-estradiol concentrations were similar among all OVX groups. Tail skin temperatures, which are indicative of hot flashes, were higher in the control than the HBHA and HBLA groups and were similar to the normal control group. Weight gain and visceral fat mass were lower in the TMD and CSB intake groups but not as low as in the normal control group. Lean body mass showed a trend opposite to that of visceral fat in the respective groups. The hepatic triglyceride content decreased with the TMD intake compared to the control and CSB groups. mRNA expressions of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 in the TMD and CSB groups were as high as in the normal control group, and the PPAR-γ mRNA expression was more elevated in the HBLA group than in the normal control group. The morphology of the intestines improved in the TMD groups compared to the control, and the HBHA and HBLA groups showed an enhanced improvement compared to the CSB group. The HBHA, HBLA, and LBHA groups increased the α-diversity of the cecal microbiota compared to the control. Akkermenia and Lactobacillus were higher in the HBLA and LBLA groups compared to the control. The expression of the estrogen, forkhead box proteins of the class-O subgroup, and insulin-signaling pathways were lower in the control group, and HBHA and HBLA prevented their decrement. In conclusion, long-term treatment with TMD containing high amounts of Bacillus potentially improves estrogen deficiency symptoms more than unfermented soybeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Bioconvergence, Hoseo University, 20 hoseoro79bun-gil, Baebang-yup, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Yue
- Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Department of Food and Nutrition, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Ji Jeong
- Sunchang Research Center for Fermentation Microbes, Department of R & D, Microbial Institute for Fermentation Industry, 61-27 Minsokmaeul-gil, Sunchang-Gun 56048, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Seon Ryu
- Sunchang Research Center for Fermentation Microbes, Department of R & D, Microbial Institute for Fermentation Industry, 61-27 Minsokmaeul-gil, Sunchang-Gun 56048, Republic of Korea
| | - Xuangao Wu
- Department of Bioconvergence, Hoseo University, 20 hoseoro79bun-gil, Baebang-yup, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jong Yang
- Sunchang Research Center for Fermentation Microbes, Department of R & D, Microbial Institute for Fermentation Industry, 61-27 Minsokmaeul-gil, Sunchang-Gun 56048, Republic of Korea
| | - Chen Li
- Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Department of Food and Nutrition, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Youn Jeong
- Sunchang Research Center for Fermentation Microbes, Department of R & D, Microbial Institute for Fermentation Industry, 61-27 Minsokmaeul-gil, Sunchang-Gun 56048, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmin Park
- Department of Bioconvergence, Hoseo University, 20 hoseoro79bun-gil, Baebang-yup, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea
- Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Department of Food and Nutrition, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea
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Yelland S, Steenson S, Creedon A, Stanner S. The role of diet in managing menopausal symptoms: A narrative review. NUTR BULL 2023; 48:43-65. [PMID: 36792552 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Menopause is a natural stage that occurs when women stop menstruating, during which many women experience physical and psychological symptoms that can affect their quality of life and ability to work. Dietary modifications and food supplements may be explored by some women as alternatives to hormone replacement therapy, although existing reviews and expert position statements have given this limited consideration. This narrative review summarises the current evidence for dietary patterns, and botanical and food supplements, in the management of common menopausal symptoms, including vasomotor symptoms (VMS; hot flushes; night sweats), changes in bodyweight and composition, psychological symptoms (depression; anxiety; cognitive changes), sleep disturbances, joint pain, skin changes and urogenital symptoms. Soy isoflavones may reduce the frequency and/or severity of VMS, although results are inconsistent, and it is unclear whether dietary and supplemental sources have comparable effects. Adopting a healthier dietary pattern may support a healthy bodyweight and benefit VMS. However, evidence suggesting dietary patterns may benefit depression, anxiety, and cognition remains largely observational. While some botanicals, such as black cohosh and St John's Wort, have been reported in some studies to alleviate symptoms (such as VMS and depression), these are not currently recommended due to uncertainty about the appropriate dose and preparation, and potential safety concerns. Evidence for other symptoms is currently too limited to draw conclusions. While further trials at different menopausal stages are needed, adopting a healthier dietary pattern in accordance with dietary guidelines is likely to help support women's health before, during and after the menopausal transition.
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Wang X, Chen B, Fang X, Zhong Q, Liao Z, Wang J, Wu X, Ma Y, Li P, Feng X, Wang L. Soy isoflavone-specific biotransformation product S-equol in the colon: physiological functions, transformation mechanisms, and metabolic regulatory pathways. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:5462-5490. [PMID: 36503364 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2154744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological data suggest that regular intake of soy isoflavones may reduce the incidence of estrogen-dependent and aging-associated disorders. Equol is a metabolite of soy isoflavone (SI) produced by specific gut microbiota and has many beneficial effects on human health due to its higher biological activity compared to SI. However, only 1/3 to 1/2 of humans are able to produce equol in the body, which means that not many people can fully benefit from SI. This review summarizes the recent advances in equol research, focusing on the chemical properties, physiological functions, conversion mechanisms in vitro and vivo, and metabolic regulatory pathways affecting S-equol production. Advanced experimental designs and possible techniques in future research plan are also fully discussed. Furthermore, this review provides a fundamental basis for researchers in the field to understand individual differences in S-equol production, the efficiency of metabolic conversion of S-equol, and fermentation production of S-equol in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baiyan Chen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Zhong
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenlin Liao
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuejiao Wu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhao Ma
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengzhen Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Feng
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Chiba T, Tousen Y, Nishijima C, Umegaki K. The Prevalence of Dietary Supplements That Claim Estrogen-like Effects in Japanese Women. Nutrients 2022; 14:4509. [PMID: 36364772 PMCID: PMC9653890 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, adverse events, such as irregular vaginal bleeding and menstrual disorders, associated with the use of dietary supplements containing Pueraria mirifica, have been reported in Japan. P. mirifica contains phytoestrogens, such as deoxymiroestrol and miroestrol. Therefore, we investigated the use of supplements that claim to have estrogen-like effects (i.e., estrogen-like supplements) in Japanese women aged from 15 to 69 years old in an online survey. The prevalence of estrogen-like supplement use was 5%, accounting for approximately 15% of the sample, including ex-users. The majority of the users were in their 40s and 50s, mainly using these supplements for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. In contrast, the younger generation mainly used them for beauty purposes, such as weight loss, mastogenic effects, and skin care. Many of them visited a clinic or took medicines for menstrual-related troubles. In all age groups, soybeans/isoflavones were the most commonly used, followed by equol and placenta. Participants in their teens and 20s also used P. mirifica. Among them, 16.2% had experienced adverse events, including irregular vaginal bleeding, breast swelling and pain, and heavy menstruation. In conclusion, estrogen-like supplement use is associated with adverse events; thus, it is necessary to pay attention to the use of these supplement. Furthermore, because the purpose of use differs depending on generation, caution according to each generation is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Chiba
- Department of Food Function and Labeling, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo 162-8363, Japan
| | - Yuko Tousen
- Department of Food Function and Labeling, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo 162-8363, Japan
| | - Chiharu Nishijima
- Department of Food Function and Labeling, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo 162-8363, Japan
| | - Keizo Umegaki
- Department of Food Safety and Management, Showa Women’s University, Tokyo 154-8533, Japan
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12
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Hossen MM, Uddin MN, Islam Khan MS, Islam SH, Hasanuzzaman M, Bithi UH, Abu Tareq M, Hassan MN, Sayeed A, Robbani RB, Mitra K. Nutritional and in vitro antioxidant activity analyses of formulated soymilk dessert. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11267. [PMID: 36339995 PMCID: PMC9634019 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Soymilk (SM) is nutritionally nearly equal to milk from cows and is free of cholesterol, gluten, and lactose. This study’s objective was to formulate a cholesterol-free soymilk dessert (SOD) and compare it’s to commercial desserts (CODs). Results indicated that the CODs contain substantial amounts of cholesterol while SOD does not. Soymilk dessert has more protein, and vitamin E than CODs, but less fat and calcium. In addition, the result also highlighted that SOD has higher number of amino acids compared to CODs. The total antioxidant, flavonoids and phenolics content of SOD were significantly higher than CODs. Furthermore, the in vitro antioxidant activity of SOD and CODs by DPPH and ABTS methods revealed that the IC50 of SODs significantly (p < 0.001) lower than CODs, and lower IC50 indicated the higher free radical scavenging power of SODs than CODs. These findings indicated that this non-dairy SOD may provide beneficial protein, as well as minerals, and antioxidants to support the body’s various physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Munnaf Hossen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmodi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Environmental Sanitation, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Nazim Uddin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmodi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Corresponding author.
| | - Md. Shafiqul Islam Khan
- Department of Food Microbiology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh
| | - S.M. Hedaytul Islam
- Department of Environmental Sanitation, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Environmental Sanitation, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Ummey Hafsa Bithi
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmodi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abu Tareq
- Department of Food Microbiology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Nazmul Hassan
- Department of Environmental Sanitation, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Sayeed
- Department of Post-harvest Technology and Marketing, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Rahat Bin Robbani
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Kanika Mitra
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmodi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Corresponding author.
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Messina M, Duncan A, Messina V, Lynch H, Kiel J, Erdman JW. The health effects of soy: A reference guide for health professionals. Front Nutr 2022; 9:970364. [PMID: 36034914 PMCID: PMC9410752 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.970364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy is a hotly debated and widely discussed topic in the field of nutrition. However, health practitioners may be ill-equipped to counsel clients and patients about the use of soyfoods because of the enormous, and often contradictory, amount of research that has been published over the past 30 years. As interest in plant-based diets increases, there will be increased pressure for practitioners to gain a working knowledge of this area. The purpose of this review is to provide concise literature summaries (400-500 words) along with a short perspective on the current state of knowledge of a wide range of topics related to soy, from the cholesterol-lowering effects of soy protein to the impact of isoflavones on breast cancer risk. In addition to the literature summaries, general background information on soyfoods, soy protein, and isoflavones is provided. This analysis can serve as a tool for health professionals to be used when discussing soyfoods with their clients and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Messina
- Soy Nutrition Institute Global, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Alison Duncan
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Heidi Lynch
- Kinesiology Department, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jessica Kiel
- Scientific and Clinical Affairs, Medifast Inc., Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John W. Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Beckman Institute, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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14
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Alleviation of Metabolic Disturbance by Substituting Kanjang High in Bacillus for Salt through Modulation of Gut Microbiota in Estrogen-Deficient Rats. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131951. [PMID: 35804768 PMCID: PMC9265560 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A high salt intake may exacerbate menopausal symptoms and substituting for different types of traditionally made kanjang (TMK; soy sauce) may prevent it. This study examined whether substituting salt with lyophilized TMK containing low and high Bacillus and biogenic amines in a high-fat diet might modulate the menopausal symptoms and the energy, glucose, and lipid metabolism in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. They were categorized into salt (Control), TMK with high Bacillus and low biogenic amines (HBLB), TMK with high Bacillus and high biogenic amines (HBHB), TMK with low Bacillus and low biogenic amines (LBLB), and TMK with low Bacillus and high biogenic amines (LBHB). Sham-operated rats consumed the same diet as the Control. HBLB, HBHB, and LBHB prevented increased tail skin temperature compared to the Control. HBHB and HBLB partially inhibited the increased weight gain and abdominal fat mass by reducing the food efficiency without changing the serum 17β-estradiol concentrations. Serum glucose and insulin concentrations and the insulin resistance index by the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance showed a positive association for weight gain. HBLB and HBHB decreased the serum malondialdehyde and tumor-necrosis factor-α levels. Hepatic triglyceride storage was lower in all TMK groups than in the Control, while hepatic glycogen accumulation was higher in the HBLB, HBHB, and LBHB groups than in the Control and LBLB groups. Accordingly, the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-γ(PPAR-γ) was higher in the HBLB and HBHB groups compared to the Control, and that of fatty acid synthase was opposite to PPAR-γ expression. However, HBLB and HBHB improved dyslipidemia and insulin resistance compared to the Control, but their improvement did not reach that of the Normal-control. The acetic acid concentrations in the portal vein were lower in the LBLB than in the Control, while the butyric acid contents were higher in the LBHB and HBLB groups than in the Control. HBHB, HBLB, and LBHB elevated Akkermansia and Lactobacillus, and HBLB and LBLB increased Bacteroides and Ruminococcus compared to the Control. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation, bile acid synthesis, and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis were significantly higher in the HBLB group than in the Control group. In conclusion, substituting salts to TMK with a high Bacillus content regardless of the bioamine contents partially improved the menopausal symptoms and metabolic disturbance in estrogen-deficient animals.
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Hu Y, Yang C, Song C, Zhong W, Li B, Cao L, Chen H, Zhao C, Yin Y. Characterization and Identification of a New Daidzein Reductase Involved in (S)-Equol Biosynthesis in Clostridium sp. ZJ6. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:901745. [PMID: 35668767 PMCID: PMC9164157 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.901745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(S)-equol (EQ) is an isoflavone with high estrogen-like activity in the human body, and is only produced by some gut bacteria in vivo. It plays an important role in maintaining individual health, however, the dearth of resources associated with (S)-EQ-producing bacteria has seriously restricted the production and application of (S)-EQ. We report here a new functional gene KEC48-07020 (K-07020) that was identified from a chick (S)-EQ-producing bacterium (Clostridium sp. ZJ6, ZJ6). We found that recombinant protein of K-07020 possessed similar function to daidzein reductase (DZNR), which can convert daidzein (DZN) into R/S-dihydrodaidzein (R/S-DHD). Interestingly, K-07020 can reversely convert (R/S)-DHD (DHD oxidase) into DZN even without cofactors under aerobic conditions. Additionally, high concentrations of (S)-EQ can directly promote DHD oxidase but inhibit DZNR activity. Molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the amino acid > Arg75 was the active site of DHD oxidase. Subsequently, an engineered E. coli strain based on K-07020 was constructed and showed higher yield of (S)-EQ than the engineered bacteria from our previous work. Metagenomics analysis and PCR detection surprisingly revealed that K-07020 and related bacteria may be prevalent in the gut of humans and animals. Overall, a new DZNR from ZJ6 was found and identified in this study, and its bidirectional enzyme activities and wide distribution in the gut of humans and animals provide alternative strategies for revealing the individual regulatory mechanisms of (S)-EQ-producing bacteria.
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16
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Mahmoud AM, Sayed AM, Ahmed OS, Abdel-Daim MM, Hassanein EHM. The role of flavonoids in inhibiting IL-6 and inflammatory arthritis. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:746-768. [PMID: 34994311 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220107105233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the synovial joints. RA has well-known clinical manifestations and can cause progressive disability and premature death along with socioeconomic burdens. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been implicated in the pathology of RA where it can stimulate pannus formation, osteoclastogenesis, and oxidative stress. Flavonoids are plant metabolites with beneficial pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and others. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found in a variety of plants, vegetables, and fruits. Many flavonoids have demonstrated anti-arthritic activity mediated mainly through the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review thoroughly discusses the accumulate data on the role of flavonoids on IL-6 in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman M Mahmoud
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - Osama S Ahmed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University-Assiut Branch, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University-Assiut Branch, Egypt
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17
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Kang I, Rim CH, Yang HS, Choe JS, Kim JY, Lee M. Effect of isoflavone supplementation on menopausal symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Res Pract 2022; 16:S147-S159. [PMID: 35651836 PMCID: PMC9127519 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2022.16.s1.s147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Complementary and alternative medicines can be used to alleviate climacteric symptoms that significantly affect the quality of life of postmenopausal women. Isoflavones are the most common plant-based therapies for postmenopausal changes, but the results of previous studies have been controversial. MATERIALS/METHODS To investigate whether isoflavones would affect menopausal symptoms as well as ovarian hormones, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. The PubMed and EMBASE databases were used to perform the systematic search. Included studies were limited to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the impact of isoflavone supplementation on menopausal symptoms. RESULTS Eleven studies were included for the final quantitative assessment. Isoflavone intervention was varied between 49.3 and 135 mg of isoflavones per day for 12 wk–2 yrs. The meta-analysis showed that supplementation of isoflavones significantly increased the estradiol levels (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.615, P = 0.035) and Kupperman index (SMD = 3.121, P = 0.003) but had no significant effect on hot flashes, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. However, both estradiol and the Kupperman index showed significant heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 94.7%, P < 0.001 and I2 = 98.1%, P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Although the results showed a significant SMD in estradiol and the Kupperman index, the results should be interpreted with caution due to the high heterogeneity. Further validation with a larger RCT will be necessary. Overall, isoflavone supplementation has distinct effects on the climacteric symptoms and hormonal changes in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhae Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Chai Hong Rim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan 15355, Korea
- Korea University Medical College, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hee Sun Yang
- Division of Functional Food & Nutrition, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Jeong-Sook Choe
- Division of Functional Food & Nutrition, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea
| | - Myoungsook Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Bio-Health Convergence, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul 01133, Korea
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18
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Iglesias-Aguirre CE, Cortés-Martín A, Ávila-Gálvez MÁ, Giménez-Bastida JA, Selma MV, González-Sarrías A, Espín JC. Main drivers of (poly)phenol effects on human health: metabolite production and/or gut microbiota-associated metabotypes? Food Funct 2021; 12:10324-10355. [PMID: 34558584 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high human interindividual variability in response to (poly)phenol consumption, the cause-and-effect relationship between some dietary (poly)phenols (flavanols and olive oil phenolics) and health effects (endothelial function and prevention of LDL oxidation, respectively) has been well established. Most of the variables affecting this interindividual variability have been identified (food matrix, gut microbiota, single-nucleotide-polymorphisms, etc.). However, the final drivers for the health effects of (poly)phenol consumption have not been fully identified. At least partially, these drivers could be (i) the (poly)phenols ingested that exert their effect in the gastrointestinal tract, (ii) the bioavailable metabolites that exert their effects systemically and/or (iii) the gut microbial ecology associated with (poly)phenol metabolism (i.e., gut microbiota-associated metabotypes). However, statistical associations between health effects and the occurrence of circulating and/or excreted metabolites, as well as cross-sectional studies that correlate gut microbial ecologies and health, do not prove a causal role unequivocally. We provide a critical overview and perspective on the possible main drivers of the effects of (poly)phenols on human health and suggest possible actions to identify the putative actors responsible for the effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Iglesias-Aguirre
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Adrián Cortés-Martín
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - María Á Ávila-Gálvez
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Juan A Giménez-Bastida
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - María V Selma
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Antonio González-Sarrías
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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Yuksel N, Evaniuk D, Huang L, Malhotra U, Blake J, Wolfman W, Fortier M. Directive clinique n o 422a : Ménopause : symptômes vasomoteurs, agents thérapeutiques d'ordonnance, médecines douces et complémentaires, nutrition et mode de vie. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2021; 43:1205-1223.e1. [PMID: 34649685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIF Proposer des stratégies pour améliorer les soins aux femmes ménopausées ou en périménopause d'après les plus récentes données probantes publiées. POPULATION CIBLE Femmes ménopausées ou en périménopause. BéNéFICES, RISQUES ET COûTS: La population cible bénéficiera des plus récentes données scientifiques publiées que leur communiqueront les fournisseurs de soins de santé. Aucun coût ni préjudice ne sont associés à cette information, car les femmes seront libres de choisir parmi les différentes options thérapeutiques offertes pour la prise en charge des symptômes et morbidités associés à la ménopause, y compris l'abstention thérapeutique. DONNéES PROBANTES: Les auteurs ont interrogé les bases de données PubMed, Medline et Cochrane Library pour extraire des articles publiés entre 2002 et 2020 en utilisant des termes MeSH spécifiques à chacun des sujets abordés dans les 7 chapitres. MéTHODES DE VALIDATION: Les auteurs ont évalué la qualité des données probantes et la force des recommandations en utilisant le cadre méthodologique d'évaluation, de développement et d'évaluation (GRADE). Voir l'annexe A en ligne (tableau A1 pour les définitions et tableau A2 pour l'interprétation des recommandations fortes et faibles). PROFESSIONNELS CONCERNéS: médecins, y compris gynécologues, obstétriciens, médecins de famille, internistes, urgentologues; infirmières, y compris infirmières autorisées et infirmières praticiennes; pharmaciens; stagiaires, y compris étudiants en médecine, résidents, moniteurs cliniques; et autres fournisseurs de soins auprès de la population cible. DÉCLARATIONS SOMMAIRES: RECOMMANDATIONS.
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20
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Yuksel N, Evaniuk D, Huang L, Malhotra U, Blake J, Wolfman W, Fortier M. Guideline No. 422a: Menopause: Vasomotor Symptoms, Prescription Therapeutic Agents, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Nutrition, and Lifestyle. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2021; 43:1188-1204.e1. [PMID: 34390867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Provide strategies for improving the care of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women based on the most recent published evidence. TARGET POPULATION Perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. BENEFITS, HARMS, AND COSTS Target population will benefit from the most recent published scientific evidence provided via the information from their health care provider. No harms or costs are involved with this information since women will have the opportunity to choose among the different therapeutic options for the management of the symptoms and morbidities associated with menopause, including the option to choose no treatment. EVIDENCE Databases consulted were PubMed, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library for the years 2002-2020, and MeSH search terms were specific for each topic developed through the 7 chapters. VALIDATION METHODS The authors rated the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. See online Appendix A (Tables A1 for definitions and A2 for interpretations of strong and weak recommendations). INTENDED AUDIENCE: physicians, including gynaecologists, obstetricians, family physicians, internists, emergency medicine specialists; nurses, including registered nurses and nurse practitioners; pharmacists; medical trainees, including medical students, residents, fellows; and other providers of health care for the target population. SUMMARY STATEMENTS RECOMMENDATIONS.
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21
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Makkliang F, Siriwarin B, Yusakul G, Phaisan S, Sakdamas A, Chuphol N, Putalun W, Sakamoto S. Biocompatible natural deep eutectic solvent-based extraction and cellulolytic enzyme-mediated transformation of Pueraria mirifica isoflavones: a sustainable approach for increasing health-bioactive constituents. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:76. [PMID: 38650188 PMCID: PMC10992110 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of specific gut microflora limits the biotransformation of Pueraria mirifica isoflavone (PMI) glycosides into absorbable aglycones, thus limiting their health benefits. Cellulolytic enzyme-assisted extraction (CAE) potentially solves this issue; however, solvent extraction requires recovery of the hydrophobic products. Here, we established the simultaneous transformation and extraction of PMIs using cellulolytic enzymes and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs). The NADES compositions were optimized to allow the use of NADESs as CAE media, and the extraction parameters were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions were 14.7% (v/v) choline chloride:propylene glycol (1:2 mol ratio, ChCl:PG) at 56.1 °C for the cellulolytic enzyme (262 mU/mL) reaction in which daidzin and genistin were extracted and wholly transformed to their aglycones daidzein and genistein. The extraction of PMIs using ChCl:PG is more efficient than that using conventional solvents; additionally, biocompatible ChCl:PG enhances cellulolytic enzyme activity, catalyzing the transformation of PMIs into compounds with higher estrogenicity and absorbability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fonthip Makkliang
- School of Languages and General Education, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Boondaree Siriwarin
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Huachiew Chalermprakiet University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Gorawit Yusakul
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand.
- Biomass and Oil Palm Center of Excellence, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
| | - Suppalak Phaisan
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Attapon Sakdamas
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Natthapon Chuphol
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Waraporn Putalun
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Seiichi Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Lacourt-Ventura MY, Vilanova-Cuevas B, Rivera-Rodríguez D, Rosario-Acevedo R, Miranda C, Maldonado-Martínez G, Maysonet J, Vargas D, Ruiz Y, Hunter-Mellado R, Cubano LA, Dharmawardhane S, Lampe JW, Baerga-Ortiz A, Godoy-Vitorino F, Martínez-Montemayor MM. Soy and Frequent Dairy Consumption with Subsequent Equol Production Reveals Decreased Gut Health in a Cohort of Healthy Puerto Rican Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168254. [PMID: 34444002 PMCID: PMC8391519 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The U.S. Hispanic female population has one of the highest breast cancer (BC) incidence and mortality rates, while BC is the leading cause of cancer death in Puerto Rican women. Certain foods may predispose to carcinogenesis. Our previous studies indicate that consuming combined soy isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, and glycitein) promotes tumor metastasis possibly through increased protein synthesis activated by equol, a secondary dietary metabolite. Equol is a bacterial metabolite produced in about 20-60% of the population that harbor and exhibit specific gut microbiota capable of producing it from daidzein. The aim of the current study was to investigate the prevalence of equol production in Puerto Rican women and identify the equol producing microbiota in this understudied population. Herein, we conducted a cross-sectional characterization of equol production in a clinically based sample of eighty healthy 25-50 year old Puerto Rican women. Urine samples were collected and evaluated by GCMS for the presence of soy isoflavones and metabolites to determine the ratio of equol producers to equol non-producers. Furthermore, fecal samples were collected for gut microbiota characterization on a subset of women using next generation sequencing (NGS). We report that 25% of the participants were classified as equol producers. Importantly, the gut microbiota from equol non-producers demonstrated a higher diversity. Our results suggest that healthy women with soy and high dairy consumption with subsequent equol production may result in gut dysbiosis by having reduced quantities (diversity) of healthy bacterial biomarkers, which might be associated to increased diseased outcomes (e.g., cancer, and other diseases).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Y. Lacourt-Ventura
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón 00956, Puerto Rico; (M.Y.L.-V.); (R.R.-A.); (D.V.); (L.A.C.)
| | - Brayan Vilanova-Cuevas
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00921, Puerto Rico; (B.V.-C.); (F.G.-V.)
| | | | - Raysa Rosario-Acevedo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón 00956, Puerto Rico; (M.Y.L.-V.); (R.R.-A.); (D.V.); (L.A.C.)
| | - Christine Miranda
- Retrovirus Research Center, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón 00956, Puerto Rico; (C.M.); (G.M.-M.); (J.M.); (Y.R.); (R.H.-M.)
| | - Gerónimo Maldonado-Martínez
- Retrovirus Research Center, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón 00956, Puerto Rico; (C.M.); (G.M.-M.); (J.M.); (Y.R.); (R.H.-M.)
| | - Johanna Maysonet
- Retrovirus Research Center, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón 00956, Puerto Rico; (C.M.); (G.M.-M.); (J.M.); (Y.R.); (R.H.-M.)
- Hematology and Oncology Group, HIMA-San Pablo Bayamón Hospital, Bayamón 00961, Puerto Rico
| | - Darlene Vargas
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón 00956, Puerto Rico; (M.Y.L.-V.); (R.R.-A.); (D.V.); (L.A.C.)
| | - Yelitza Ruiz
- Retrovirus Research Center, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón 00956, Puerto Rico; (C.M.); (G.M.-M.); (J.M.); (Y.R.); (R.H.-M.)
- Hematology and Oncology Group, HIMA-San Pablo Bayamón Hospital, Bayamón 00961, Puerto Rico
| | - Robert Hunter-Mellado
- Retrovirus Research Center, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón 00956, Puerto Rico; (C.M.); (G.M.-M.); (J.M.); (Y.R.); (R.H.-M.)
- Hematology and Oncology Group, HIMA-San Pablo Bayamón Hospital, Bayamón 00961, Puerto Rico
| | - Luis A. Cubano
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón 00956, Puerto Rico; (M.Y.L.-V.); (R.R.-A.); (D.V.); (L.A.C.)
| | - Suranganie Dharmawardhane
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00921, Puerto Rico; (S.D.); (A.B.-O.)
| | - Johanna W. Lampe
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - Abel Baerga-Ortiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00921, Puerto Rico; (S.D.); (A.B.-O.)
| | - Filipa Godoy-Vitorino
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00921, Puerto Rico; (B.V.-C.); (F.G.-V.)
| | - Michelle M. Martínez-Montemayor
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón 00956, Puerto Rico; (M.Y.L.-V.); (R.R.-A.); (D.V.); (L.A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-787-798-3001 (ext. 2152)
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De Franciscis P, Guida M, Schiattarella A, Riemma G, Colacurci N. Safety of non-hormonal medications for managing hot flashes. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2021; 21:215-221. [PMID: 34304686 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2021.1960310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Menopausal complaints are a critical aspect of women's lives. In particular vasomotor symptoms, such as hot flashes, may seriously impact quality of life and are considered the most bothersome complaint by patients. Although Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) is considered the best option, women increasingly ask for a natural and more tailored treatment approach.Areas covered: Nutraceutical compounds represent the most widespread alternative therapy for vasomotor symptoms, and their use is somewhat increasing. In this review, the authors analyzed the mechanism of action and the related safety of non-hormonal treatments, including new approaches and future aspects.Expert opinion: MHT represents the traditional therapy for menopausal complaints, especially for severe and moderate symptoms; however, evidence has not defined a safety profile for all patients. To address this issue, nutraceuticals could represent a compelling and useful non-hormonal approach in selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale De Franciscis
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Guida
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Schiattarella
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Riemma
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Colacurci
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Barnard ND, Kahleova H, Holtz DN, del Aguila F, Neola M, Crosby LM, Holubkov R. The Women's Study for the Alleviation of Vasomotor Symptoms (WAVS): a randomized, controlled trial of a plant-based diet and whole soybeans for postmenopausal women. Menopause 2021; 28:1150-1156. [PMID: 34260478 PMCID: PMC8462449 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the effects of the combination of a low-fat plant-based diet and soybeans on the frequency and severity of menopausal hot flashes. METHODS Postmenopausal women (n = 38) reporting two or more hot flashes/day were randomly assigned to a low-fat, vegan diet, including ½ cup (86 g) of cooked soybeans daily, or to no diet changes for 12 weeks. Frequency and severity of hot flashes were recorded using a mobile application, and vasomotor, psychosocial, physical, and sexual symptoms were assessed using the Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire. Significance was assessed using t-tests (continuous outcomes) and chi-squared/McNemar tests (binary outcomes). RESULTS Total hot flashes decreased 79% in the intervention group (P < 0.001) and 49% in the control group (P = 0.002; between-group P = 0.01). Moderate-to-severe hot flashes decreased 84% in the intervention group (P < 0.001) and 42% in the control group P = 0.009; between-group P = 0.01). From 0 to 12 weeks, 59% (10/17) of intervention-group participants reported becoming free of moderate and severe hot flashes (P = 0.002). There was no change in this variable in the control group (between-group P < 0.001). The Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire revealed significantly greater reductions in the intervention group in vasomotor (P < 0.0001), psychosocial (P = 0.04), physical (P < 0.002), and sexual (P = 0.01) domains. CONCLUSIONS The combination of a low-fat, vegan diet and whole soybeans was associated with reduced frequency and severity of hot flashes and improved quality of life in vasomotor, psychosocial, physical, and sexual domains in postmenopausal women. During the 12-week study period, the majority of intervention-group participants became free of moderate-to-severe hot flashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal D. Barnard
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC
- Adjunct Faculty, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Hana Kahleova
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC
| | | | | | - Maggie Neola
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Lelia M. Crosby
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC
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Current Perspectives on the Beneficial Effects of Soybean Isoflavones and Their Metabolites for Humans. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071064. [PMID: 34209224 PMCID: PMC8301030 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybeans are rich in proteins and lipids and have become a staple part of the human diet. Besides their nutritional excellence, they have also been shown to contain various functional components, including isoflavones, and have consequently received increasing attention as a functional food item. Isoflavones are structurally similar to 17-β-estradiol and bind to estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ). The estrogenic activity of isoflavones ranges from a hundredth to a thousandth of that of estrogen itself. Isoflavones play a role in regulating the effects of estrogen in the human body, depending on the situation. Thus, when estrogen is insufficient, isoflavones perform the functions of estrogen, and when estrogen is excessive, isoflavones block the estrogen receptors to which estrogen binds, thus acting as an estrogen antagonist. In particular, estrogen antagonistic activity is important in the breast, endometrium, and prostate, and such antagonistic activity suppresses cancer occurrence. Genistein, an isoflavone, has cancer-suppressing effects on estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) cancers, including breast cancer. It suppresses the function of enzymes such as tyrosine protein kinase, mitogen-activated kinase, and DNA polymerase II, thus inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Genistein is the most biologically active and potent isoflavone candidate for cancer prevention. Furthermore, among the various physiological functions of isoflavones, they are best known for their antioxidant activities. S-Equol, a metabolite of genistein and daidzein, has strong antioxidative effects; however, the ability to metabolize daidzein into S-equol varies based on racial and individual differences. The antioxidant activity of isoflavones may be effective in preventing dementia by inhibiting the phosphorylation of Alzheimer's-related tau proteins. Genistein also reduces allergic responses by limiting the expression of mast cell IgE receptors, which are involved in allergic responses. In addition, they have been known to prevent and treat various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndromes, osteoporosis, diabetes, brain-related diseases, high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and inflammation. Further, it also has positive effects on menstrual irregularity in non-menopausal women and relieving menopausal symptoms in middle-aged women. Recently, soybean consumption has shown steep increasing trend in Western countries where the intake was previously only 1/20-1/50 of that in Asian countries. In this review, I have dealt with the latest research trends that have shown substantial interest in the biological efficacy of isoflavones in humans and plants, and their related mechanisms.
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Vázquez L, Flórez AB, Rodríguez J, Mayo B. Heterologous expression of equol biosynthesis genes from Adlercreutzia equolifaciens. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6309895. [PMID: 34173644 PMCID: PMC8266531 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Equol is the isoflavone-derived metabolite with the greatest estrogenic and antioxidant activity. It is produced from daidzein by fastidious and oxygen-susceptible intestinal bacteria, which hinders their use at an industrial scale. Therefore, expressing the equol production machinery into easily-cultivable hosts would expedite the heterologous production of this compound. In this work, four genes (racemase, tdr, ddr and dzr) coding for key enzymes involved in equol production in Adlercreutzia equolifaciens DSM19450T were synthesized and cloned in a pUC-derived vector (pUC57-equol) that was introduced in Escherichia coli. Recombinant clones of E. coli produced equol in cultures supplemented with daidzein (equol precursor) and dihydrodaidzein (intermediate compound). To check whether equol genes were expressed in Gram-positive bacteria, the pUC57-equol construct was cloned into the low-copy-number vector pIL252, and the new construct (pIL252-pUC57-equol) introduced into model strains of Lacticaseibacillus casei and Lactococcus lactis. L. casei clones carrying pIL252-pUC57-equol produced a small amount of equol from dihydrodaidzein but not from daidzein, while L. lactis recombinant clones produced no equol from either of the substrates. This is the first time that A. equolifaciens equol genes have been cloned and expressed in heterologous hosts. E. coli clones harboring pUC57-equol could be used for biotechnological production of equol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Vázquez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300-Villaviciosa, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Flórez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300-Villaviciosa, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Javier Rodríguez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300-Villaviciosa, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Baltasar Mayo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300-Villaviciosa, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
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Sleiman HK, de Oliveira JM, Langoni de Freitas GB. Isoflavones alter male and female fertility in different development windows. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111448. [PMID: 34130202 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones are a group of secondary metabolites found in plants belonging to the class of phytoestrogens. These, because they have a chemical structure similar to the endogenous hormone 17β-estradiol, act as endocrine disruptors over the different development window periods. This study aimed to evaluate male and female reproductive systems' responses when exposed to isoflavones during the development window. It is characterized as a bibliographic review, built after analyzing clinical and preclinical articles indexed in English, Portuguese, and Spanish published in the last ten years. The isoflavones, aglycone or glucosides, have essential therapeutic properties in the relief of postmenopausal symptoms in women, reduce the proliferation of cancers, in addition to being antioxidants. On the other hand, they can still behave in a similar way to 17β-estradiol, binding to hormone receptors and acting as endocrine disruptors over the gestational period until pre-puberty, negatively affecting the development of the reproductive system. The effects on reproduction are not dose-response but are influenced by the type of isoflavone and period. There are variations in the serum concentration of hormones and action on their negative feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in males. Reproductive functions are also affected by spermatogenesis, such as decreased sperm count, lower reproductive performance, reduced litter size, low sperm production, and reduced seminal vesicle size. In females, puberty is reached later, irregular estrous cycle, reduced weight of the ovary, uterus, lower serum levels of estradiol and progesterone, reduced fertility, or interrupted fertility. At the end of the analysis of the selected publications, it can be concluded that despite the beneficial therapeutic effects in the face of pathologies, the unknown consumption of doses and types of isoflavones in food can damage the development and reproduction of individuals. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to elucidate the usual safe doses of the analyzed phytoestrogen. Greater control over insertion in foods targeted at pediatric consumers should be implemented until we have adequate safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeane Maria de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology (LaQuiMB), Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Barroso Langoni de Freitas
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Centro-Oeste, Parana, Brazil; Program in Biotechnology in Human and Animal Health - (PPGBiotec), State University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil.
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Chen LR, Chen KH. Utilization of Isoflavones in Soybeans for Women with Menopausal Syndrome: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3212. [PMID: 33809928 PMCID: PMC8004126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on their nutrient composition, soybeans and related foods have been considered to be nutritious and healthy for humans. Particularly, the biological activity and subsequent benefits of soy products may be associated with the presence of isoflavone in soybeans. As an alternative treatment for menopause-related symptoms, isoflavone has gained much popularity for postmenopausal women who have concerns related to undergoing hormone replacement therapy. However, current research has still not reached a consensus on the effects of isoflavone on humans. This overview is a summary of the current literature about the processing of soybeans and isoflavone types (daidzein, genistein, and S-equol) and supplements and their extraction and analysis as well as information about the utilization of isoflavones in soybeans. The processes of preparation (cleaning, drying, crushing and dehulling) and extraction of soybeans are implemented to produce refined soy oil, soy lecithin, free fatty acids, glycerol and soybean meal. The remaining components consist of inorganic constituents (minerals) and the minor components of biologically interesting small molecules. Regarding the preventive effects on diseases or cancers, a higher intake of isoflavones is associated with a moderately lower risk of developing coronary heart disease. It may also reduce the risks of breast and colorectal cancer as well as the incidence of breast cancer recurrence. Consumption of isoflavones or soy foods is associated with reduced risks of endometrial and bladder cancer. Regarding the therapeutic effects on menopausal syndrome or other diseases, isoflavones have been found to alleviate vasomotor syndromes even after considering placebo effects, reduce bone loss in the spine and ameliorate hypertension and in vitro glycemic control. They may also alleviate depressive symptoms during pregnancy. On the other hand, isoflavones have not shown definitive effects regarding improving cognition and urogenital symptoms. Because of lacking standardization in the study designs, such as the ingredients and doses of isoflavones and the durations and outcomes of trials, it currently remains difficult to draw overall conclusions for all aspects of isoflavones. These limitations warrant further investigations of isoflavone use for women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ru Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10049, Taiwan;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National YangMing ChiaoTung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Tzu-Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei 231, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
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Hod R, Maniam S, Mohd Nor NH. A Systematic Review of the Effects of Equol (Soy Metabolite) on Breast Cancer. Molecules 2021; 26:1105. [PMID: 33669783 PMCID: PMC7922416 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Equol is a soy isoflavone metabolite that can be produced by intestinal bacteria. It is lipophilic and resembles natural oestrogens with an affinity to oestrogen receptors. This review is focused on how equol affects breast cancer, as evidenced by in vivo and in vitro studies. Equol is considered chemoprotective in specific endocrine-related pathologies, such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and menopausal symptoms. In humans, not everyone can produce equol from gut metabolism. It is postulated that equol producers benefit more than non-equol producers for all the endocrine-related effects. Equol exists in two enantiomers of R-equol and S-equol. Earlier studies, however, did not specify which enantiomer was being used. This review considers equol's type and concentration variations, pathways affected, and its outcome in in vivo and in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafidah Hod
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.M.); (N.H.M.N.)
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Sohn SI, Pandian S, Oh YJ, Kang HJ, Cho WS, Cho YS. Metabolic Engineering of Isoflavones: An Updated Overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:670103. [PMID: 34163508 PMCID: PMC8216759 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.670103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones are ecophysiologically active secondary metabolites derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. They were mostly found in leguminous plants, especially in the pea family. Isoflavones play a key role in plant-environment interactions and act as phytoalexins also having an array of health benefits to the humans. According to epidemiological studies, a high intake of isoflavones-rich diets linked to a lower risk of hormone-related cancers, osteoporosis, menopausal symptoms, and cardiovascular diseases. These characteristics lead to the significant advancement in the studies on genetic and metabolic engineering of isoflavones in plants. As a result, a number of structural and regulatory genes involved in isoflavone biosynthesis in plants have been identified and characterized. Subsequently, they were engineered in various crop plants for the increased production of isoflavones. Furthermore, with the advent of high-throughput technologies, the regulation of isoflavone biosynthesis gains attention to increase or decrease the level of isoflavones in the crop plants. In the review, we begin with the role of isoflavones in plants, environment, and its benefits in human health. Besides, the main theme is to discuss the updated research progress in metabolic engineering of isoflavones in other plants species and regulation of production of isoflavones in soybeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo In Sohn
- Biosafety Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Soo-In Sohn,
| | - Subramani Pandian
- Biosafety Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Young Ju Oh
- Institute for Future Environmental Ecology Co., Ltd., Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Jung Kang
- Biosafety Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Woo Suk Cho
- Biosafety Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Youn Sung Cho
- Biosafety Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, South Korea
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Miyasaka K, Takeda S, Nakamura S, Matsuda H, Shimoda H. Estrogenic and antiandrogenic activities of methoxyflavans isolated from the fruit of Mauritia Flexuosa (Moriche Palm). J Food Biochem 2020; 45:e13583. [PMID: 33340139 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Moriche palm is consumed as both a fresh fruit and processed food in Peru and Brazil. Although its fruit contains phytoestrogens, the active compounds have not yet been identified. Therefore, we purified moriche palm extract (MPE) and identified compounds exhibiting estrogenic and antiandrogenic activities. Estrogenic activity was assessed by the estrogen-dependent growth of MCF-7 cells and increases in uterine weights in mice. Antiandrogenic activity was evaluated by 5α-reductase inhibitory activity and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) expression in LNCaP cells. In vivo antiestrogenic activity was also assessed based on testosterone-induced prostate growth in castrated mice. Four methoxyflavans were isolated from MPE and all, except for 7,4'-dihydroxy-5-methoxyflavan, promoted MCF-7 cell growth, indicating estrogenic activity. Uterine and ovary weights increased in mice orally administered MPE (400 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. Regarding antiandrogenic activity, among the four methoxyflavans isolated, 6,7,4'-trihydroxy-5-methoxyflavan (1 µg/ml) suppressed the mRNA and protein expression of PSA in LNCaP cells. Furthermore, prostate growth was suppressed in mice orally administered MPE (200 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. All methoxyflavans inhibited 5α-reductase activity with IC50 less than 10 µg/ml. Collectively, the present results demonstrated that orally administered MPE exhibited estrogenic and antiandrogenic activities. Methoxyflavans, particularly 6,7,4'-trihydroxy-5-methoxyflavan, appear to be the active compounds for these activities. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The fruit of Mauritia flexuosa (moriche palm) has been used for beverages and processed foods. Although it is said to contain phytoestrogens, the active compounds have not yet been identified. In this study, we isolated and identified methoxyflavans exhibiting estrogenic and antiandrogenic activities. Among them, 6,7,4'-trihydroxy-5-methoxyflavan appeared to be the most effective compounds for these activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shogo Takeda
- Oryza Oil & Fat Chemical Co., Ltd, Ichinomiya, Japan
| | - Seikou Nakamura
- Pharmacognosy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisashi Matsuda
- Pharmacognosy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
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Gómez-Zorita S, González-Arceo M, Fernández-Quintela A, Eseberri I, Trepiana J, Portillo MP. Scientific Evidence Supporting the Beneficial Effects of Isoflavones on Human Health. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123853. [PMID: 33348600 PMCID: PMC7766685 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones are phenolic compounds with a chemical structure similar to that of estradiol. They are present in several vegetables, mainly in legumes such as soy, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans. The most significant food source of isoflavones in humans is soy-derived products. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. According to the results gathered in the present review, it can be stated that there is scientific evidence showing the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis on postmenopausal women, although the results do not seem entirely conclusive as there are discrepancies among the studies, probably related to their experimental designs. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are required. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. Finally, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated with menopause. However, a limitation in this field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies. Lastly, with regard to isoflavone consumption safety, it seems that they are safe and that the most common adverse effect is mild and occurs at the gastrointestinal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saioa Gómez-Zorita
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; (S.G.-Z.); (M.G.-A.); (A.F.-Q.); (M.P.P.)
- CIBEROBN Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, 01002 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Maitane González-Arceo
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; (S.G.-Z.); (M.G.-A.); (A.F.-Q.); (M.P.P.)
| | - Alfredo Fernández-Quintela
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; (S.G.-Z.); (M.G.-A.); (A.F.-Q.); (M.P.P.)
- CIBEROBN Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, 01002 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Itziar Eseberri
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; (S.G.-Z.); (M.G.-A.); (A.F.-Q.); (M.P.P.)
- CIBEROBN Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, 01002 Vitoria, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.E.); (J.T.)
| | - Jenifer Trepiana
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; (S.G.-Z.); (M.G.-A.); (A.F.-Q.); (M.P.P.)
- CIBEROBN Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, 01002 Vitoria, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.E.); (J.T.)
| | - María Puy Portillo
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; (S.G.-Z.); (M.G.-A.); (A.F.-Q.); (M.P.P.)
- CIBEROBN Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, 01002 Vitoria, Spain
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Jeong DY, Daily JW, Lee GH, Ryu MS, Yang HJ, Jeong SY, Qiu JY, Zhang T, Park S. Short-Term Fermented Soybeans with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Potentiated Insulin Secretion Capacity and Improved Gut Microbiome Diversity and Intestinal Integrity To Alleviate Asian Type 2 Diabetic Symptoms. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13168-13178. [PMID: 32079403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We determined that consuming chungkookjang fermented by Bacillus subtilis (BS) or Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA) alleviated hyperglycemia in partially pancreatectomized (Px) rats, an Asian type 2 diabetic (T2D) animal model. Px rats had deteriorated glucose metabolism with decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. Insulin secretion capacity was improved in the ascending order of the Px-control, positive control (3 mg of metformin/kg of body weight), BS (4.5% BS diet), BA (4.5% BA diet), and normal-control (sham-operated rats). BA and BS increased β-cell mass and decreased malondialdehyde contents and tumor necrosis factor α expression in the islets. BA increased hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α and PPAR-β similar to the positive control. Bacillales, Lactobacillales, and Verrucomicrobiales (Akkermensia muciniphila) increased and Enterobacteriales decreased in the BA and BS compared to the Px-control. BA prevented the decrease in the villi area and the number of goblet cells in intestinal tissues. In conclusion, BA improved glucose regulation by potentiating insulin secretion and reducing insulin resistance while maintaining gut mucin contents by improving gut microbiota in lean T2D rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Yeon Jeong
- Department of Research and Development, Sunchang Research Center for Fermentation Microbes, Sunchang 56048, Korea
| | - James W Daily
- Department of Research and Development, Daily Manufacturing, Incorporated, Rockwell, North Carolina 28138, United States
| | - Gae Ho Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Analytical Technology (KRIAT), Daejeon 34024, Korea
| | - Myeong Seon Ryu
- Department of Research and Development, Sunchang Research Center for Fermentation Microbes, Sunchang 56048, Korea
| | - Hee-Jong Yang
- Department of Research and Development, Sunchang Research Center for Fermentation Microbes, Sunchang 56048, Korea
| | - Seong-Yeop Jeong
- Department of Research and Development, Sunchang Research Center for Fermentation Microbes, Sunchang 56048, Korea
| | - Jing Yi Qiu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea
| | - Sunmin Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea
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Exercise and/or Genistein Treatment Impact Gut Microbiota and Inflammation after 12 Weeks on a High-Fat, High-Sugar Diet in C57BL/6 Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113410. [PMID: 33172007 PMCID: PMC7694625 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genistein (Gen) and exercise (Exe) have been postulated as potential strategies to ameliorate obesity, inflammation, and gut microbiota (GM) with promising results. However, the impact of the combination of both Exe and Gen is yet to be investigated. We aimed to analyze the impacts of Exe, Gen, and their combined effects on GM and inflammation in mice after a 12-week high-fat, high-sugar diet (HFD). Eighty-three C57BL/6 mice were randomized to control, HFD, HFD + Exe, HFD + Gen, or HFD + Exe + Gen. The V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was analyzed with Illumina MiSeq. Serum samples were used to analyze interleukin (Il)-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-alpha). The HFD + Exe and HFD + Exe + Gen treatments resulted in significantly greater microbial richness compared to HFD. All the treatments had a significantly different impact on the GM community structure. Ruminococcus was significantly more abundant after the HFD + Exe + Gen treatment when compared to all the other HFD groups. Exe + Gen resulted in serum Il-6 concentrations similar to that of controls. TNF-alpha concentrations did not differ by treatment. Overall, Exe had a positive impact on microbial richness, and Ruminococcus might be the driving bacteria for the GM structure differences. Exe + Gen may be an effective treatment for preventing HFD-induced inflammation.
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Noll PRES, Campos CAS, Leone C, Zangirolami-Raimundo J, Noll M, Baracat EC, Júnior JMS, Sorpreso ICE. Dietary intake and menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women: a systematic review. Climacteric 2020; 24:128-138. [PMID: 33112163 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2020.1828854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite literature pointing to a relation between dietary intake and menopausal symptoms, most studies have evaluated either only supplements or only specific nutrients or foods. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a systematic review of the literature regarding the association between dietary intake and menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women. A systematic search was conducted across PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase to identify studies published between 2009 and 2019. We identified 3828 studies; after screening, 73 studies were reviewed and 19 of these investigated nutrient and food intake and eating patterns associated with the intensity of menopausal symptoms. Studies evaluating diet quality or dietary patterns showed an association between lower intensity of psychological symptoms, sleep disorders, and vasomotor, urogenital, and somatic symptoms and higher consumption of vegetables, whole grains, and unprocessed foods. Also, the intensity of these symptoms is associated with high-processed foods, saturated fats, and sugars. Regarding nutrient and/or specific food, the studies indicated an association between caffeine intake and type of fat intake and the intensity of menopausal symptoms. Dietary intake was found to be associated with the severity of menopausal symptoms; however, evidence for the association between dietary intake and menopausal symptoms is inconsistent and inconclusive, and is provided by a small number of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R E S Noll
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Public Health, Instituto Federal Goiano, Goiás, Brazil
| | - C A S Campos
- Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C Leone
- Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J Zangirolami-Raimundo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Noll
- Department of Public Health, Instituto Federal Goiano, Goiás, Brazil
| | - E C Baracat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J M Soares Júnior
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - I C E Sorpreso
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Is There Such a Thing as "Anti-Nutrients"? A Narrative Review of Perceived Problematic Plant Compounds. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102929. [PMID: 32987890 PMCID: PMC7600777 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based diets are associated with reduced risk of lifestyle-induced chronic diseases. The thousands of phytochemicals they contain are implicated in cellular-based mechanisms to promote antioxidant defense and reduce inflammation. While recommendations encourage the intake of fruits and vegetables, most people fall short of their target daily intake. Despite the need to increase plant-food consumption, there have been some concerns raised about whether they are beneficial because of the various ‘anti-nutrient’ compounds they contain. Some of these anti-nutrients that have been called into question included lectins, oxalates, goitrogens, phytoestrogens, phytates, and tannins. As a result, there may be select individuals with specific health conditions who elect to decrease their plant food intake despite potential benefits. The purpose of this narrative review is to examine the science of these ‘anti-nutrients’ and weigh the evidence of whether these compounds pose an actual health threat.
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Palacios OM, Cortes HN, Jenks BH, Maki KC. Naturally occurring hormones in foods and potential health effects. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847320936281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormones and hormone-like substances, for example, phytoestrogens, are food components that can be endogenously produced by a food source or occur secondary to farming practices. The hormone content of foods has been studied for decades, and safety evaluations in the United States and Europe indicate that naturally occurring hormones found in foods are safe for human consumption. More recent studies have focused on the role of certain hormones found in specific foods (e.g. dairy or soy) and their potential health effects. However, limited summaries exist on food content of hormones and hormone-like phytoestrogens in the context of a comprehensive US diet and implications, if any, of their daily consumption for overall health. This review provides an outline of hormone biosynthesis and functions in the body; discusses the more commonly studied, naturally occurring hormones in food and their biological role within food; estimates relative dietary contribution and when available, bioavailability, of naturally occurring food hormones; and summarizes the potential health associations of their intake in food. Based on the review of the scientific literature, the hormone content of typical serving sizes of commonly consumed foods is undetectable or in quantities that fall well within safety guidelines without any evidence for adverse effects on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya M Palacios
- Midwest Biomedical Research/Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health, Addison, IL, USA
| | | | - Belinda H Jenks
- Belinda H. Jenks Consulting, Sunshine Terrace, Studio City, CA, USA
| | - Kevin C Maki
- Midwest Biomedical Research/Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health, Addison, IL, USA
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Chen LR, Ko NY, Chen KH. Isoflavone Supplements for Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112649. [PMID: 31689947 PMCID: PMC6893524 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones have gained popularity as an alternative treatment for menopausal symptoms for people who cannot or are unwilling to take hormone replacement therapy. However, there is still no consensus on the effects of isoflavones despite over two decades of vigorous research. This systematic review aims to summarize the current literature on isoflavone supplements, focusing on the active ingredients daidzein, genistein, and S-equol, and provide a framework to guide future research. We performed a literature search in Ovid Medline using the search terms “isoflavone” and “menopause”, which yielded 95 abstracts and 68 full-text articles. We found that isoflavones reduce hot flashes even accounting for placebo effect, attenuate lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) loss, show beneficial effects on systolic blood pressure during early menopause, and improve glycemic control in vitro. There are currently no conclusive benefits of isoflavones on urogenital symptoms and cognition. Due to the lack of standardized research protocols including isoflavone component and dosage, outcomes, and trial duration, it is difficult to reach a conclusion at this point in time. Despite these limitations, the evidence thus far favors the use of isoflavones due to their safety profile and benefit to overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ru Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Nai-Yu Ko
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Hu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Tzu-Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei 23142, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
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Heng Y, Kim MJ, Yang HJ, Kang S, Park S. Lactobacillus intestinalis efficiently produces equol from daidzein and chungkookjang, short-term fermented soybeans. Arch Microbiol 2019; 201:1009-1017. [PMID: 31069407 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01665-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Equol improves menopausal symptoms and it is synthesized from daidzein, one of the isoflavonoids in soybeans, by the bacteria in the large intestines of some people. The purpose of this study was to isolate equol-producing bacteria using daidzein from the intestinal microflora and to produce equol-containing chungkookjang (short-term fermented soybean). Equol-producing bacteria from the feces of Sprague-Dawley female rats were isolated using media containing daidzein. The isolated bacteria were cultured in thioglycollate media and equol production was identified through thin-layer chromatography and ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The bacteria were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. The rate of equol production in different concentrations of daidzein was assessed. The expression of genes that code for enzymes associated with the production of equol from daidzein was detected through reverse transcription quantitative PCR. The bacterium we isolated was Lactobacillus intestinalis (LC096206.1, 99%). L. intestinalis was found to express daidzein reductase, dihydrodaidzein reductase, and tetrahydrodaidzein reductase, the enzymes involved in producing equol from daidzein. The conversion rate of equol from daidzein was highest (29.5%) using 200 μM daidzein for 48 h of incubation. When chungkookjang fermented with Bacillus amyloquencies SRCM100001 was incubated with L. intestinalis, 0.32 ± 0.04 mg equol/g chungkookjang was produced. In conclusion, L. intestinalis efficiently produces equol from not only daidzein but also in chungkookjang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Heng
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University, 165 Sechul-Ri, BaeBang-Yup, Asan-Si, Chungnam-Do, 336-795, South Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Food Functional Research Division, Korean Food Research Institutes, Sungnam, South Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Yang
- Food Functional Research Division, Korean Food Research Institutes, Sungnam, South Korea
| | - Suna Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University, 165 Sechul-Ri, BaeBang-Yup, Asan-Si, Chungnam-Do, 336-795, South Korea
| | - Sunmin Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University, 165 Sechul-Ri, BaeBang-Yup, Asan-Si, Chungnam-Do, 336-795, South Korea.
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Mayo B, Vázquez L, Flórez AB. Equol: A Bacterial Metabolite from The Daidzein Isoflavone and Its Presumed Beneficial Health Effects. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092231. [PMID: 31527435 PMCID: PMC6770660 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data suggest that regular intake of isoflavones from soy reduces the incidence of estrogen-dependent and aging-associated disorders, such as menopause symptoms in women, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Equol, produced from daidzein, is the isoflavone-derived metabolite with the greatest estrogenic and antioxidant activity. Consequently, equol has been endorsed as having many beneficial effects on human health. The conversion of daidzein into equol takes place in the intestine via the action of reductase enzymes belonging to incompletely characterized members of the gut microbiota. While all animal species analyzed so far produce equol, only between one third and one half of human subjects (depending on the community) are able to do so, ostensibly those that harbor equol-producing microbes. Conceivably, these subjects might be the only ones who can fully benefit from soy or isoflavone consumption. This review summarizes current knowledge on the microorganisms involved in, the genetic background to, and the biochemical pathways of, equol biosynthesis. It also outlines the results of recent clinical trials and meta-analyses on the effects of equol on different areas of human health and discusses briefly its presumptive mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baltasar Mayo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Lucía Vázquez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Ana Belén Flórez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
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Bovbjerg ML, Pillai S. Current Resources for Evidence-Based Practice, September 2019. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2019; 48:568-582. [PMID: 31442383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Guo PP, Li P, Zhang XH, Liu N, Wang J, Chen DD, Sun WJ, Zhang W. Complementary and alternative medicine for natural and treatment-induced vasomotor symptoms: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2019; 36:181-194. [PMID: 31383438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Vasomotor symptoms (VMS) are very common in menopausal populations and cancer patients and can cause physical and mental discomfort. We aim to summarize the findings of systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRs/MAs) that assessed the effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicines(CAMs)on VMS to provide solid evidence for future practice. METHODS PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched from inception to May 2019 to identify relevant SRs/MAs. The methodological quality of SRs/MAs and evidence levels of the outcomes were assessed. RESULTS A total of 29 SRs/MAs were reviewed. Evidence has shown that acupuncture, hypnosis, paced respiration, cognitive behavioural therapy, genistein, soy isoflavones, S-equol, combined preparations of black cohosh, and omega-3 supplements could significantly reduce VMS. The methodological quality of the SRs/MAs was moderate or high. CONCLUSION CAMs might be beneficial for reducing VMS, but the evidence levels were not high. Several priorities for future practice were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ping Guo
- Nursing school, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin province, 130021, China.
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Developmental Pediatrics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin province, 130041, China.
| | - Xue-Hui Zhang
- Nursing school, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin province, 130021, China.
| | - Na Liu
- Nursing school, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin province, 130021, China.
| | - Jie Wang
- Nursing school, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin province, 130021, China.
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- Nursing school, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin province, 130021, China.
| | - Wei-Jia Sun
- Nursing school, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin province, 130021, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Nursing school, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin province, 130021, China.
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- J. V. Pinkerton
- Division of Midlife Health, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R. J. Santen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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