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Seo YH, Baik S, Lee J. Nanopore surface engineering of molecular imprinted mesoporous organosilica for rapid and selective detection of L-thyroxine. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 234:113711. [PMID: 38128361 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
To develop a biosensing platform for precise diagnosis and management of thyroid-related diseases, the sensitive and selective recognition and identification of L-thyroxine (T4), a thyroid hormone, remains challenging. We herein introduce T4-imprinted mesoporous organosilica (T4-IMO) for sensitive and specific detection of T4 via the sophisticated engineering of pore surfaces using additives with different polarities. The pore surface of T4-IMO emitting a stable fluorescence signal is simply modified by fixed additives. Additives embedded in the pore surface promote the rebinding response of T4 into the recognized cavities, subsequently sensitizing T4 detection. Notably, T4-IMO containing abundant fluorine elements on the pore surface shows a high affinity toward T4, remarkably boosting the rebinding capacity. In addition to good selectivity to T4, the "turn-off" fluorescent signal exhibits a linear relationship with the logarithm of T4 concentration in a range of 0-500 nM with a detection limit of 0.47 nM in synthetic urine samples. Our findings can establish an insightful strategy for the rational design of molecular-recognition-based sensor systems for the selective and sensitive detection of target analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hun Seo
- Biosensor Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe, Campus E7.1, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Seungyun Baik
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe, Campus E7.1, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jaeho Lee
- Biosensor Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe, Campus E7.1, Saarbrücken, Germany
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2
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Farre AA, Thomas P, Huang J, Poulsen RA, Owusu Poku E, Stenkamp DL. Plasticity of cone photoreceptors in adult zebrafish revealed by thyroid hormone exposure. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15697. [PMID: 37735192 PMCID: PMC10514274 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42686-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate color vision is predominantly mediated by the presence of multiple cone photoreceptor subtypes that are each maximally sensitive to different wavelengths of light. Thyroid hormone (TH) has been shown to be essential in the spatiotemporal patterning of cone subtypes in many species, including cone subtypes that express opsins that are encoded by tandemly replicated genes. TH has been shown to differentially regulate the tandemly replicated lws opsin genes in zebrafish, and exogenous treatments alter the expression levels of these genes in larvae and juveniles. In this study, we sought to determine whether gene expression in cone photoreceptors remains plastic to TH treatment in adults. We used a transgenic lws reporter line, multiplexed fluorescence hybridization chain reaction in situ hybridization, and qPCR to examine the extent to which cone gene expression can be altered by TH in adults. Our studies revealed that opsin gene expression, and the expression of other photoreceptor genes, remains plastic to TH treatment in adult zebrafish. In addition to retinal plasticity, exogenous TH treatment alters skin pigmentation patterns in adult zebrafish after 5 days. Taken together, our results show a remarkable level of TH-sensitive plasticity in the adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Farre
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-3015, USA
| | - Preston Thomas
- WWAMI Medical Education Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Johnson Huang
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Spokane, WA, USA
| | | | - Emmanuel Owusu Poku
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-3015, USA
| | - Deborah L Stenkamp
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-3015, USA.
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3
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Comarella AP, Vilagellin D, Bufalo NE, Euflauzino JF, de Souza Teixeira E, Miklos ABPP, Dos Santos RB, Romaldini JH, Ward LS. The polymorphic inheritance of DIO2 rs225014 may predict body weight variation after Graves' disease treatment. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2021; 64:787-795. [PMID: 33049131 PMCID: PMC10528618 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the role of DIO2 polymorphisms rs225014 and rs12885300 in Graves' disease patients, mainly for controlling body weight following treatment. METHODS We genotyped 280 GD patients by the time of diagnosis and 297 healthy control individuals using a TaqMan SNP Genotyping technique. We followed up 141 patients for 18.94 ± 6.59 months after treatment. RESULTS There was no relationship between the investigated polymorphisms with susceptibility to GD and gain or loss of weight after GD treatment. However, the polymorphic inheritance (CC+CT genotype) of DIO2 rs225014 was associated with a lower body weight variation after GD treatment (4.26 ± 6.25 kg) when compared to wild type TT genotype (6.34 ± 7.26 kg; p = 0.0456 adjusted for the follow-up time). This data was confirmed by a multivariate analysis (p = 0.0138) along with a longer follow-up period (p = 0.0228), older age (p = 0.0306), treatment with radioiodine (p-value = 0.0080) and polymorphic inheritance of DIO2 rs12885300 (p = 0.0306). CONCLUSION We suggest that DIO2 rs225014 genotyping may have an auxiliary role in predicting the post-treatment weight behavior of GD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Comarella
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular do Câncer, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brasil,
| | - Danilo Vilagellin
- Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Faculdade de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Natassia Elena Bufalo
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular do Câncer, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Jessica Ferreira Euflauzino
- Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Faculdade de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Elisangela de Souza Teixeira
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular do Câncer, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Roberto Bernardo Dos Santos
- Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Faculdade de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - João H Romaldini
- Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Faculdade de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Laura S Ward
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular do Câncer, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brasil
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Baksi S, Pradhan A. Thyroid hormone: sex-dependent role in nervous system regulation and disease. Biol Sex Differ 2021; 12:25. [PMID: 33685490 PMCID: PMC7971120 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-021-00367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) regulates many functions including metabolism, cell differentiation, and nervous system development. Alteration of thyroid hormone level in the body can lead to nervous system-related problems linked to cognition, visual attention, visual processing, motor skills, language, and memory skills. TH has also been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anxiety, and depression. Males and females display sex-specific differences in neuronal signaling. Steroid hormones including testosterone and estrogen are considered to be the prime regulators for programing the neuronal signaling in a male- and female-specific manner. However, other than steroid hormones, TH could also be one of the key signaling molecules to regulate different brain signaling in a male- and female-specific manner. Thyroid-related diseases and neurological diseases show sex-specific incidence; however, the molecular mechanisms behind this are not clear. Hence, it will be very beneficial to understand how TH acts in male and female brains and what are the critical genes and signaling networks. In this review, we have highlighted the role of TH in nervous system regulation and disease outcome and given special emphasis on its sex-specific role in male and female brains. A network model is also presented that provides critical information on TH-regulated genes, signaling, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shounak Baksi
- Causality Biomodels, Kerala Technology Innovation Zone, Cochin, 683503, India
| | - Ajay Pradhan
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
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5
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Castañeda-Cortés DC, Zhang J, Boan AF, Langlois VS, Fernandino JI. High temperature stress response is not sexually dimorphic at the whole-body level and is dependent on androgens to induce sex reversal. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 299:113605. [PMID: 32866474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of the molecular and endocrine mechanisms behind environmentally-induced sex reversal in fish is of great importance in the context of predicting the potential effects of climate change, especially increasing temperature. Here, we demonstrate the global effects of high temperature on genome-wide transcription in medaka (Oryzias latipes) during early development. Interestingly, data analysis did not show sexual dimorphic changes, demonstrating that thermal stress is not dependent on genotypic sex. Additionally, our results revealed significant changes in several pathways under high temperature, such as stress response from brain, steroid biosynthesis, epigenetic mechanisms, and thyroid hormone biosynthesis, among others. These microarray data raised the question of what the exact molecular and hormonal mechanisms of action are for female-to-male sex reversal under high temperatures in fish. Complementary gene expression analysis revealed that androgen-related genes increase in females (XX) experiencing high water temperature. To test the involvement of androgens in thermal-induced sex reversal, an androgen antagonist was used to treat XX medaka under a high-temperature setup. Data clearly demonstrated failure of female-to-male sex reversal when androgen action is inhibited, corroborating the importance of androgens in environmentally-induced sex reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Castañeda-Cortés
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo - Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Argentina
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Neurosciences & Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Agustín F Boan
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo - Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Argentina
| | - Valerie S Langlois
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) - Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Juan I Fernandino
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo - Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Argentina.
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6
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Giannocco G, Kizys MML, Maciel RM, de Souza JS. Thyroid hormone, gene expression, and Central Nervous System: Where we are. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 114:47-56. [PMID: 32980238 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH; T3 and T4) play a fundamental role in the fetal stage to the adult phase, controlling gene and protein expression in virtually all tissues. The endocrine and CNS systems have relevant interaction, and the TH are pivotal for the proper functioning of the CNS. A slight failure to regulate TH availability during pregnancy and/or childhood can lead to neurological disorders, for example, autism and cognitive impairment, or depression. In this review, we highlight how TH acts in controlling gene expression, its role in the CNS, and what substances widely found in the environment can cause in this tissue. We highlight the role of Endocrine Disruptors used on an everyday basis in the processing of mRNAs responsible for neurodevelopment. We conclude that TH, more precisely T3, acts mainly throughout its nuclear receptors, that the deficiency of this hormone, either due to the lack of its main substrate iodine, or by to incorrect organification of T4 and T3 in the gland, or by a mutation in transporters, receptors and deiodinases may cause mild (dysregulated mood in adulthood) to severe neurological impairment (Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome, presented as early as childhood); T3 is responsible for the expression of numerous CNS genes related to oxygen transport, growth factors, myelination, cell maturation. Substances present in the environment and widely used can interfere with the functioning of the thyroid gland, the action of TH, and the functioning of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Giannocco
- Departamento de Medicina, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11 andar, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Diadema, SP 09920-000, Brazil
| | - Marina Malta Letro Kizys
- Departamento de Medicina, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11 andar, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Rui Monteiro Maciel
- Departamento de Medicina, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11 andar, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Janaina Sena de Souza
- Departamento de Medicina, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11 andar, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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7
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Uter JC, Krämer UM, Schöls L, Rodriguez-Fornells A, Göbel A, Heldmann M, Lichtner P, Brabant G, Münte TF. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Thyroid Hormone Transporter Genes MCT8, MCT10 and Deiodinase DIO2 Contribute to Inter-Individual Variance of Executive Functions and Personality Traits. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 128:573-581. [PMID: 31820424 DOI: 10.1055/a-1065-1786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are modulators of cognitive functions, and changes in hormone levels affect intelligence, memory, attention and executive function. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of transporter proteins MCT8, MCT10 and deiodinase 2 (DIO2) influence thyroid metabolism and could therefore contribute to inter-individual variance of cognitive functions. This study investigates the influence of these SNPs using an extensive neuropsychological test battery. 656 healthy participants aged 18-39 years were genotyped for four SNPs: MCT8 (rs5937843 and rs6647476), MCT10 (rs14399) and DIO2 (rs225014) and underwent eleven different neuropsychological tests as well as four personality questionnaires. Test results were compared between homo- and heterozygous carriers and for the X-linked MCT8 additionally between men and women. Personality questionnaires revealed that Risk Seeking was reduced in homozygous T carriers and highest in homozygous C carriers of the DIO2 SNP and that both polymorphisms of MCT8 had an additive effect on Physical Aggression in men. Neuropsychological testing indicated that MCT10 affects nonverbal reasoning abilities, DIO2 influences working memory and verbal fluency and MCT8 influences attention, alertness and planning. This pilot study suggests an influence of polymorphisms in thyroid hormone transporter genes and deiodinase on cognitive domains and personality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrike M Krämer
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ludger Schöls
- Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Antoni Rodriguez-Fornells
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anna Göbel
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcus Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Georg Brabant
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas F Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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8
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Goltyaev MV, Mal'tseva VN, Varlamova EG. Expression of ER-resident selenoproteins and activation of cancer cells apoptosis mechanisms under ER-stress conditions caused by methylseleninic acid. Gene 2020; 755:144884. [PMID: 32562739 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study changes in gene expression levels of 7 ER-resident selenoproteins under ER-stress caused by the action of a selenium-containing compound of organic nature, methylselenic acid using three human cancer cell lines DU 145 (prostate carcinoma), MCF 7 (breast adenocarcinoma)and HT-1080 (fibrosarcoma). According to the obtained results, we can speak of a synchronous changes in the expression of SELT and SEP15 mRNA depending on the concentration of MSA for 24 h, while the pattern of SELM expression was completely opposite and was radically different from other selenoproteins. It should be noted that in HT-1080 cells, the expression pattern of SELM differed from the expression pattern in two other cancer cells, while the expression patterns of other ER-resident selenoproteins (SELT, SEP15, SELK, SELS, SELN and DIO2) differed slightly depending on the cell line. Also we investigated the molecular mechanisms of UPR caused by MSA-induced ER stress in three cancer cell lines. According to the obtained results, it can be assumed that in DU 145 cells, MSA promotes activation of the PERK signaling pathway of UPR. In fibrosarcoma cells MSA was promoted the activation of ATF-6 UPR signaling pathway. In MCF 7 cells, MSA promoted the activation of two pro-apoptotic UPR signaling pathways at once: IRE1 and ATF-6.The results of this work once again demonstrate that the mechanisms of ER-stress regulation caused by the same agent, in this case, MSA, lead to the activation of different UPR signaling pathways in different cancer cells, and about their relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Goltyaev
- Federal State Institution of Science Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya st. 3, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - V N Mal'tseva
- Federal State Institution of Science Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya st. 3, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - E G Varlamova
- Federal State Institution of Science Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya st. 3, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
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9
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Protein-protein interactions of ER-resident selenoproteins with their physiological partners. Biochimie 2020; 171-172:197-204. [PMID: 32188576 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ER is a highly specialized complex of branched microtubules enclosed in a membrane and communicating with each other, its functions in the cell are important and very diverse: lipid and phospholipid synthesis, calcium storage, hormone synthesis, protein synthesis and maturation, membrane production, toxin neutralization, etc. The high concentration of calcium ions and the oxidizing properties of the contents of the ER cavities contribute to the proper synthesis and folding of proteins designed for secretion or exposure on the surface of the cell membrane. However, disturbance of redox regulation can lead to the accumulation of improperly folded proteins in the ER, disruption of calcium regulation, which can cause ER-stress. This review is devoted to the role of ER-resident selenoproteins in the processes occurring in this organelle of a cell. The main emphasis is placed on the study of protein-protein interactions of selenoproteins with their physiological partners; this will facilitate understanding of their functional purpose in this organelle. Currently, 7 selenoproteins are known that are localized in the ER, but the functions of most of them are not at all clear, for some, physiological partners have been identified. It is known that selenoproteins are oxidoreductases with antioxidant properties, this is extremely important for the normal functioning of ER. Therefore, this review can be very useful for understanding the full picture of the functions of ER-resident selenoproteins obtained on the basis of recent data.
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El-Sheshtawy HS, El-Refaey A, El-Khouly ME. Supramolecular off-on-off fluorescent biosensor for total Free thyroid hormones detection based on their differential binding with cucurbit[7]uril to fluorescent perylene derivative. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.111945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Abstract
Vertebrate color vision requires spectrally selective opsin-based pigments, expressed in distinct cone photoreceptor populations. In primates and in fish, spectrally divergent opsin genes may reside in head-to-tail tandem arrays. Mechanisms underlying differential expression from such arrays have not been fully elucidated. Regulation of human red (LWS) vs. green (MWS) opsins is considered a stochastic event, whereby upstream enhancers associate randomly with promoters of the proximal or distal gene, and one of these associations becomes permanent. We demonstrate that, distinct from this stochastic model, the endocrine signal thyroid hormone (TH) regulates differential expression of the orthologous zebrafish lws1/lws2 array, and of the tandemly quadruplicated rh2-1/rh2-2/rh2-3/rh2-4 array. TH treatment caused dramatic, dose-dependent increases in abundance of lws1, the proximal member of the lws array, and reduced lws2 Fluorescent lws reporters permitted direct visualization of individual cones switching expression from lws2 to lws1 Athyroidism increased lws2 and reduced lws1, except within a small ventral domain of lws1 that was likely sustained by retinoic acid signaling. Changes in lws abundance and distribution in athyroid zebrafish were rescued by TH, demonstrating plasticity of cone phenotype in response to this signal. TH manipulations also regulated the rh2 array, with athyroidism reducing abundance of distal members. Interestingly, the opsins encoded by the proximal lws gene and distal rh2 genes are sensitive to longer wavelengths than other members of their respective arrays; therefore, endogenous TH acts upon each opsin array to shift overall spectral sensitivity toward longer wavelengths, underlying coordinated changes in visual system function during development and growth.
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12
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Biondi B, Kahaly GJ, Robertson RP. Thyroid Dysfunction and Diabetes Mellitus: Two Closely Associated Disorders. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:789-824. [PMID: 30649221 PMCID: PMC6507635 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid dysfunction and diabetes mellitus are closely linked. Several studies have documented the increased prevalence of thyroid disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus and vice versa. This review critically discusses the different underlying mechanisms linking type 1 and 2 diabetes and thyroid dysfunction to demonstrate that the association of these two common disorders is unlikely a simple coincidence. We assess the current state of knowledge on the central and peripheral control of thyroid hormone on food intake and glucose and lipid metabolism in target tissues (such as liver, white and brown adipose tissue, pancreatic β cells, and skeletal muscle) to explain the mechanism linking overt and subclinical hypothyroidism to type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. We also elucidate the common susceptibility genes and the pathogenetic mechanisms contributing to the autoimmune mechanism involved in the onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus and autoimmune thyroid disorders. An untreated thyroid dysfunction can impair the metabolic control of diabetic patients, and this association can have important repercussions on the outcome of both of these disorders. Therefore, we offer recommendations for the diagnosis, management, and screening of thyroid disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus, including the treatment of diabetic patients planning a pregnancy. We also discuss the major causes of failure to achieve an optimal management of thyroid dysfunction in diabetic patients and provide recommendations for assessing and treating these disorders during therapy with antidiabetic drugs. An algorithm for a correct approach of these disorders when linked is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Biondi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - George J Kahaly
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - R Paul Robertson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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13
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Abstract
In humans, the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are synthesized in the thyroid gland in a process that crucially involves the iodoglycoprotein thyroglobulin. The overall structure of thyroglobulin is conserved in all vertebrates. Upon thyroglobulin delivery from thyrocytes to the follicular lumen of the thyroid gland via the secretory pathway, multiple tyrosine residues can become iodinated to form mono-iodotyrosine (MIT) and/or di-iodotyrosine (DIT); however, selective tyrosine residues lead to preferential formation of T4 and T3 at distinct sites. T4 formation involves oxidative coupling between two DIT side chains, and de novo T3 formation involves coupling between an MIT donor and a DIT acceptor. Thyroid hormone synthesis is stimulated by TSH activating its receptor (TSHR), which upregulates the activity of many thyroid gene products involved in hormonogenesis. Additionally, TSH regulates post-translational changes in thyroglobulin that selectively enhance its capacity for T3 formation - this process is important in iodide deficiency and in Graves disease. 167 different mutations, many of which are newly discovered, are now known to exist in TG (encoding human thyroglobulin) that can lead to defective thyroid hormone synthesis, resulting in congenital hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia E Citterio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Héctor M Targovnik
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Delitala AP, Capobianco G, Cherchi PL, Dessole S, Delitala G. Thyroid function and thyroid disorders during pregnancy: a review and care pathway. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2018; 299:327-338. [PMID: 30569344 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-018-5018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the literature on thyroid function and thyroid disorders during pregnancy. METHODS A detailed literature research on MEDLINE, Cochrane library, EMBASE, NLH, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Google Scholar databases was done up to January 2018 with restriction to English language about articles regarding thyroid diseases and pregnancy. RESULTS Thyroid hormone deficiencies are known to be detrimental for the development of the fetus. In particular, the function of the central nervous system might be impaired, causing low intelligence quotient, and mental retardation. Overt and subclinical dysfunctions of the thyroid disease should be treated appropriately in pregnancy, aiming to maintain euthyroidism. Thyroxine (T4) replacement therapy should reduce thyrotropin (TSH) concentration to the recently suggested fixed upper limits of 2.5 mU/l (first and second trimester) and 3.0 mU/l (third trimester). Overt hyperthyroidism during pregnancy is relatively uncommon but needs prompt treatment due to the increased risk of preterm delivery, congenital malformations, and fetal death. The use of antithyroid drug (methimazole, propylthiouracil, carbimazole) is the first choice for treating overt hyperthyroidism, although they are not free of side effects. Subclinical hyperthyroidism tends to be asymptomatic and no pharmacological treatment is usually needed. Gestational transient hyperthyroidism is a self-limited non-autoimmune form of hyperthyroidism with negative antibody against TSH receptors, that is related to hCG-induced thyroid hormone secretion. The vast majority of these patients does not require antithyroid therapy, although administration of low doses of β-blocker may by useful in very symptomatic patients. CONCLUSIONS Normal maternal thyroid function is essential in pregnancy to avoid adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro P Delitala
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Sassari, Clinica Medica, Viale San Pietro 8, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Giampiero Capobianco
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Cherchi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Dessole
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Delitala
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
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15
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Malin AJ, Riddell J, McCague H, Till C. Fluoride exposure and thyroid function among adults living in Canada: Effect modification by iodine status. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:667-674. [PMID: 30316182 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluoride exposure has the potential to disrupt thyroid functioning, though adequate iodine intake may mitigate this effect. This is the first population-based study to examine the impact of chronic low-level fluoride exposure on thyroid function, while considering iodine status. The objective of this study was to determine whether urinary iodine status modifies the effect of fluoride exposure on thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. METHODS This cross-sectional study utilized weighted population-based data from Cycle 3 (2012-2013) of the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS). Information was collected via a home interview and a visit to a mobile examination centre. The weighted sample represented 6,914,124 adults in Canada aged 18-79 who were not taking any thyroid-related medication. Urinary fluoride concentrations were measured in spot samples using an ion selective electrode and adjusted for specific gravity (UFSG). Serum TSH levels provided a measure of thyroid function. Multivariable regression analyses examined the relationship between UFSG and TSH, controlling for covariates. RESULTS Approximately 17.8% of participants fell in the moderately-to-severely iodine deficient range. The mean (SD) age of the sample was 46.5 (15.6) years and the median UFSG concentration was 0.74 mg/L. Among iodine deficient adults, a 1 mg/L increase in UFSG was associated with a 0.35 mIU/L increase in TSH [95% CI: 0.06, 0.64; p = 0.01, one-tailed]. CONCLUSIONS Adults living in Canada who have moderate-to-severe iodine deficiencies and higher levels of urinary fluoride may be at an increased risk for underactive thyroid gland activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Malin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New York 10029, NY, USA; Psychology Department, Faculty of Health, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto M3J 1P3, ON, Canada.
| | - Julia Riddell
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Health, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto M3J 1P3, ON, Canada.
| | - Hugh McCague
- Institute for Social Research, York University, 242A-4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON, Canada, M3J 1P3.
| | - Christine Till
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Health, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto M3J 1P3, ON, Canada.
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16
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Zoidis E, Seremelis I, Kontopoulos N, Danezis GP. Selenium-Dependent Antioxidant Enzymes: Actions and Properties of Selenoproteins. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:E66. [PMID: 29758013 PMCID: PMC5981252 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7050066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike other essential trace elements that interact with proteins in the form of cofactors, selenium (Se) becomes co-translationally incorporated into the polypeptide chain as part of 21st naturally occurring amino acid, selenocysteine (Sec), encoded by the UGA codon. Any protein that includes Sec in its polypeptide chain is defined as selenoprotein. Members of the selenoproteins family exert various functions and their synthesis depends on specific cofactors and on dietary Se. The Se intake in productive animals such as chickens affect nutrient utilization, production performances, antioxidative status and responses of the immune system. Although several functions of selenoproteins are unknown, many disorders are related to alterations in selenoprotein expression or activity. Selenium insufficiency and polymorphisms or mutations in selenoproteins' genes and synthesis cofactors are involved in the pathophysiology of many diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, immune dysfunctions, cancer, muscle and bone disorders, endocrine functions and neurological disorders. Finally, heavy metal poisoning decreases mRNA levels of selenoproteins and increases mRNA levels of inflammatory factors, underlying the antagonistic effect of Se. This review is an update on Se dependent antioxidant enzymes, presenting the current state of the art and is focusing on results obtained mainly in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Zoidis
- Department of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece.
| | - Isidoros Seremelis
- Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Kontopoulos
- Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece.
| | - Georgios P Danezis
- Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece.
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17
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Zhang Y, Xie L, Li X, Chai L, Chen M, Kong X, Wang Q, Liu J, Zhi L, Yang C, Wang H. Effects of fluoride on morphology, growth, development, and thyroid hormone of Chinese toad (Bufo gargarizans) embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:123-133. [PMID: 29024016 DOI: 10.1002/em.22147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Excessive fluoride in natural water ecosystem has the potential to detrimentally affect amphibians, but little is known of such effects or underlying mechanisms in Bufo gargarizans embryos. In the present study, the effects of fluoride exposure on B. gargarizans embryos were investigated. First, fluoride teratogenic experiment showed that the 9 days EC50 of fluoride on B. gargarizans embryos was 177.62 mg/L. Then, we studied the sublethal effects of fluoride on B. gargarizans embryos at control, 0.7, 4.1, 19.6, 41.9, and 62.7 mg/L fluoride concentration. Malformation, growth, and development of embryos were monitored, and type 2 and 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (Dio2 and Dio3), thyroid hormone receptors (TRα and TRβ) mRNA levels were measured. Our results showed the morphological malformations, such as tail curvature (lordosis), edema, cuticularized ciliated cells, and hyperplasia were occurred during fluoride exposure. Growth and development were all inhibited at 19.5, 41.9, and 62.7 mg/L fluoride-treated groups after 9 days' exposure. According to real-time PCR results, exposure to fluoride upregulated Dio3 and TRβ mRNA expression and downregulated Dio2 and TRα mRNA level. All above indicated that excessive fluoride could induce morphology malformations, inhibit embryonic growth and development, and disrupt the normal function of maternal thyroid hormone in B. gargarizans embryos. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:123-133, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Lei Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Lihong Chai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Mengxing Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Xiaojing Kong
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Jingfei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Lijuan Zhi
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Chang Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
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18
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Determination of free thyroid hormones in animal serum/plasma using ultrafiltration in combination with ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1539:30-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Wood S, Loudon A. The pars tuberalis: The site of the circannual clock in mammals? Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 258:222-235. [PMID: 28669798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accurate timing and physiological adaptation to anticipate seasonal changes are an essential requirement for an organism's survival. In contrast to all other environmental cues, photoperiod offers a highly predictive signal that can be reliably used to activate a seasonal adaptive programme at the correct time of year. Coupled to photoperiod sensing, it is apparent that many organisms have evolved innate long-term timekeeping systems, allowing reliable anticipation of forthcoming environmental changes. The fundamental biological processes giving rise to innate long-term timing, with which the photoperiod-sensing pathway engages, are not known for any organism. There is growing evidence that the pars tuberalis (PT) of the pituitary, which acts as a primary transducer of photoperiodic input, may be the site of the innate long-term timer or "circannual clock". Current research has led to the proposition that the PT-specific thyrotroph may act as a seasonal calendar cell, driving both hypothalamic and pituitary endocrine circuits. Based on this research we propose that the mechanistic basis for the circannual rhythm appears to be deeply conserved, driven by a binary switching cell based accumulator, analogous to that proposed for development. We review the apparent conservation of function and pathways to suggest that these broad principles may apply across the vertebrate lineage and even share characteristics with processes driving seasonal adaptation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona Wood
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, A.V. Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Andrew Loudon
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, A.V. Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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20
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Härer A, Torres-Dowdall J, Meyer A. Rapid adaptation to a novel light environment: The importance of ontogeny and phenotypic plasticity in shaping the visual system of Nicaraguan Midas cichlid fish (Amphilophus citrinellus
spp.). Mol Ecol 2017; 26:5582-5593. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Härer
- Zoology and Evolutionary Biology; Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
| | - Julián Torres-Dowdall
- Zoology and Evolutionary Biology; Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
- Zukunftskolleg; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
| | - Axel Meyer
- Zoology and Evolutionary Biology; Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
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21
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Citterio CE, Veluswamy B, Morgan SJ, Galton VA, Banga JP, Atkins S, Morishita Y, Neumann S, Latif R, Gershengorn MC, Smith TJ, Arvan P. De novo triiodothyronine formation from thyrocytes activated by thyroid-stimulating hormone. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15434-15444. [PMID: 28743746 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.784447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The thyroid gland secretes primarily tetraiodothyronine (T4), and some triiodothyronine (T3). Under normal physiological circumstances, only one-fifth of circulating T3 is directly released by the thyroid, but in states of hyperactivation of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors (TSHRs), patients develop a syndrome of relative T3 toxicosis. Thyroidal T4 production results from iodination of thyroglobulin (TG) at residues Tyr5 and Tyr130, whereas thyroidal T3 production may originate in several different ways. In this study, the data demonstrate that within the carboxyl-terminal portion of mouse TG, T3 is formed de novo independently of deiodination from T4 We found that upon iodination in vitro, de novo T3 formation in TG was decreased in mice lacking TSHRs. Conversely, de novo T3 that can be formed upon iodination of TG secreted from PCCL3 (rat thyrocyte) cells was augmented from cells previously exposed to increased TSH, a TSHR agonist, a cAMP analog, or a TSHR-stimulating antibody. We present data suggesting that TSH-stimulated TG phosphorylation contributes to enhanced de novo T3 formation. These effects were reversed within a few days after removal of the hyperstimulating conditions. Indeed, direct exposure of PCCL3 cells to human serum from two patients with Graves' disease, but not control sera, led to secretion of TG with an increased intrinsic ability to form T3 upon in vitro iodination. Furthermore, TG secreted from human thyrocyte cultures hyperstimulated with TSH also showed an increased intrinsic ability to form T3 Our data support the hypothesis that TG processing in the secretory pathway of TSHR-hyperstimulated thyrocytes alters the structure of the iodination substrate in a way that enhances de novo T3 formation, contributing to the relative T3 toxicosis of Graves' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia E Citterio
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105.,the Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología/Cátedra de Genética, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina.,the CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), C1120AAR Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Balaji Veluswamy
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Sarah J Morgan
- the National Institutes of Health, NIDDK, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (LERB), Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Valerie A Galton
- the Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - J Paul Banga
- the Department of Molecular Ophthalmology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Stephen Atkins
- the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, and
| | - Yoshiaki Morishita
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Susanne Neumann
- the National Institutes of Health, NIDDK, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (LERB), Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Rauf Latif
- the Thyroid Research Unit, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10468
| | - Marvin C Gershengorn
- the National Institutes of Health, NIDDK, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (LERB), Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Terry J Smith
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105.,the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, and
| | - Peter Arvan
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105,
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22
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Cavina L, van der Born D, Klaren PHM, Feiters MC, Boerman OC, Rutjes FPJT. Design of Radioiodinated Pharmaceuticals: Structural Features Affecting Metabolic Stability towards in Vivo Deiodination. European J Org Chem 2017; 2017:3387-3414. [PMID: 28736501 PMCID: PMC5499721 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Radioiodinated pharmaceuticals are convenient tracers for clinical and research investigations because of the relatively long half-lives of radioactive iodine isotopes (i.e., 123I, 124I, and 131I) and the ease of their chemical insertion. Their application in radionuclide imaging and therapy may, however, be hampered by poor in vivo stability of the C-I bond. After an overview of the use of iodine in biology and nuclear medicine, we present here a survey of the catabolic pathways for iodinated xenobiotics, including their biodistribution, accumulation, and biostability. We summarize successful rational improvements in the biostability and conclude with general guidelines for the design of stable radioiodinated pharmaceuticals. It appears to be necessary to consider the whole molecule, rather than the radioiodinated fragment alone. Iodine radionuclides are generally retained in vivo on sp2 carbon atoms in iodoarenes and iodovinyl moieties, but not in iodinated heterocycles or on sp3 carbon atoms. Iodoarene substituents also have an influence, with increased in vivo deiodination in the cases of iodophenols and iodoanilines, whereas methoxylation and difluorination improve biostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cavina
- Institute of Molecules and MaterialsFaculty of ScienceRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJ NijmegenNetherlands
- FutureChemistry Holding BV6525 ECNijmegenNetherlands
- Department of Animal Ecology & PhysiologyInstitute of Water & Wetland ResearchFaculty of ScienceRadboud UniversityPOB 90106500 GLNijmegenNetherlands
| | | | - Peter H. M. Klaren
- Department of Animal Ecology & PhysiologyInstitute of Water & Wetland ResearchFaculty of ScienceRadboud UniversityPOB 90106500 GLNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Martin C. Feiters
- Institute of Molecules and MaterialsFaculty of ScienceRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJ NijmegenNetherlands
| | - Otto C. Boerman
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear MedicineRadboud University Medical Center6500 HBNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Floris P. J. T. Rutjes
- Institute of Molecules and MaterialsFaculty of ScienceRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJ NijmegenNetherlands
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23
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Gonçalves CFL, de Freitas ML, Ferreira ACF. Flavonoids, Thyroid Iodide Uptake and Thyroid Cancer-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1247. [PMID: 28604619 PMCID: PMC5486070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the endocrine system and the incidence has been increasing in recent years. In a great part of the differentiated carcinomas, thyrocytes are capable of uptaking iodide. In these cases, the main therapeutic approach includes thyroidectomy followed by ablative therapy with radioiodine. However, in part of the patients, the capacity to concentrate iodide is lost due to down-regulation of the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS), the protein responsible for transporting iodide into the thyrocytes. Thus, therapy with radioiodide becomes ineffective, limiting therapeutic options and reducing the life expectancy of the patient. Excessive ingestion of some flavonoids has been associated with thyroid dysfunction and goiter. Nevertheless, studies have shown that some flavonoids can be beneficial for thyroid cancer, by reducing cell proliferation and increasing cell death, besides increasing NIS mRNA levels and iodide uptake. Recent data show that the flavonoids apingenin and rutin are capable of increasing NIS function and expression in vivo. Herein we review literature data regarding the effect of flavonoids on thyroid cancer, besides the effect of these compounds on the expression and function of the sodium-iodide symporter. We will also discuss the possibility of using flavonoids as adjuvants for therapy of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F L Gonçalves
- Carlos Frederico Lima Gonçalves, Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Mariana L de Freitas
- Mariana Lopes de Freitas, Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Andrea C F Ferreira
- Andrea Claudia Freitas Ferreira, Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- NUMPEX, Campus Duque de Caxias, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, 25245-390 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Bos MM, Smit RAJ, Trompet S, van Heemst D, Noordam R. Thyroid Signaling, Insulin Resistance, and 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Mendelian Randomization Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:1960-1970. [PMID: 28323940 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Context Increasing evidence suggests an association between thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), and deiodinases with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Objective We examined whether TSH and fT4 levels and deiodinases are causally associated with insulin resistance and T2D, using Mendelian randomization. Methods We selected 20 genetic variants for TSH level and four for fT4 level (identified in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of European-ancestry cohorts) as instrumental variables for TSH and fT4 levels, respectively. We used summary data from GWASs on the outcomes T2D [Diabetes, Genetics Replication and Meta-analysis (DIAGRAM), n = 12,171 cases and n = 56,862 control subjects] and glycemic traits in patients without diabetes [Meta-Analyses of Glucose and Insulin-Related Traits Consortium (MAGIC), n = 46,186 for fasting glucose and insulin and n = 46,368 for hemoglobin A1c]. To examine whether the associations between TSH/fT4 levels and the study outcomes were causal, we combined the effects of the genetic instruments. Furthermore, we examined the associations among 16 variants in DIO1, DIO2, DIO3, and T2D and glycemic traits. Results We found no evidence for an association between the combined genetic instrumental variables for TSH and fT4 and the study outcomes. For example, we did not observe a genetically determined association between high TSH level and T2D (odds ratio, 0.91 per standard deviation TSH increase; 95% confidence interval, 0.78 to 1.07). Selected genetic variants in DIO1 (e.g., rs7527713) were associated with measures of insulin resistance. Conclusion We found no evidence for a causal association between circulatory levels of TSH and fT4 with insulin resistance and T2D, but we found suggestive evidence that DIO1 affects glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime M Bos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof A J Smit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Alves RN, Cardoso JCR, Harboe T, Martins RST, Manchado M, Norberg B, Power DM. Duplication of Dio3 genes in teleost fish and their divergent expression in skin during flatfish metamorphosis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 246:279-293. [PMID: 28062304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Deiodinase 3 (Dio3) plays an essential role during early development in vertebrates by controlling tissue thyroid hormone (TH) availability. The Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) possesses duplicate dio3 genes (dio3a and dio3b). Expression analysis indicates that dio3b levels change in abocular skin during metamorphosis and this suggests that this enzyme is associated with the divergent development of larval skin to the juvenile phenotype. In larvae exposed to MMI, a chemical that inhibits TH production, expression of dio3b in ocular skin is significantly up-regulated suggesting that THs normally modulate this genes expression during this developmental event. The molecular basis for divergent dio3a and dio3b expression and responsiveness to MMI treatment is explained by the multiple conserved TREs in the proximal promoter region of teleost dio3b and their absence from the promoter of dio3a. We propose that the divergent expression of dio3 in ocular and abocular skin during halibut metamorphosis contributes to the asymmetric pigment development in response to THs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Alves
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - J C R Cardoso
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - T Harboe
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Austevoll, Norway.
| | - R S T Martins
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - M Manchado
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500 El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - B Norberg
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Austevoll, Norway.
| | - D M Power
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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Opazo MC, Haensgen H, Bohmwald K, Venegas LF, Boudin H, Elorza AA, Simon F, Fardella C, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, Riedel CA. Imprinting of maternal thyroid hormones in the offspring. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 36:240-255. [DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2016.1277216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Cecilia Opazo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Henny Haensgen
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis F. Venegas
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Alvaro A. Elorza
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Faculta de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello
| | - Felipe Simon
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Fardella
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and immunotherapy, Departamento de Endocrinología, Faculta de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- INSERM UMR1064, Nantes, France
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- INSERM UMR1064, Nantes, France
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Rosenfeld CS, Denslow ND, Orlando EF, Gutierrez-Villagomez JM, Trudeau VL. Neuroendocrine disruption of organizational and activational hormone programming in poikilothermic vertebrates. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2017; 20:276-304. [PMID: 28895797 PMCID: PMC6174081 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2017.1370083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, sexual differentiation of the reproductive system and brain is tightly orchestrated by organizational and activational effects of endogenous hormones. In mammals and birds, the organizational period is typified by a surge of sex hormones during differentiation of specific neural circuits; whereas activational effects are dependent upon later increases in these same hormones at sexual maturation. Depending on the reproductive organ or brain region, initial programming events may be modulated by androgens or require conversion of androgens to estrogens. The prevailing notion based upon findings in mammalian models is that male brain is sculpted to undergo masculinization and defeminization. In absence of these responses, the female brain develops. While timing of organizational and activational events vary across taxa, there are shared features. Further, exposure of different animal models to environmental chemicals such as xenoestrogens such as bisphenol A-BPA and ethinylestradiol-EE2, gestagens, and thyroid hormone disruptors, broadly classified as neuroendocrine disrupting chemicals (NED), during these critical periods may result in similar alterations in brain structure, function, and consequently, behaviors. Organizational effects of neuroendocrine systems in mammals and birds appear to be permanent, whereas teleost fish neuroendocrine systems exhibit plasticity. While there are fewer NED studies in amphibians and reptiles, data suggest that NED disrupt normal organizational-activational effects of endogenous hormones, although it remains to be determined if these disturbances are reversible. The aim of this review is to examine how various environmental chemicals may interrupt normal organizational and activational events in poikilothermic vertebrates. By altering such processes, these chemicals may affect reproductive health of an animal and result in compromised populations and ecosystem-level effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S. Rosenfeld
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, Columbia, MO, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Nancy D. Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Edward F. Orlando
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Vance L. Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Brigelius-Flohé R, Flohé L. Selenium and redox signaling. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 617:48-59. [PMID: 27495740 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Selenium compounds that contain selenol functions or can be metabolized to selenols are toxic via superoxide and H2O2 generation, when ingested at dosages beyond requirement. At supra-nutritional dosages various forms of programmed cell death are observed. At physiological intakes, selenium exerts its function as constituent of selenoproteins, which overwhelmingly are oxidoreductases. Out of those, the glutathione peroxidases counteract hydroperoxide-stimulated signaling cascades comprising inflammation triggered by cytokines or lipid mediators, insulin signaling and different forms of programmed cell death. Similar events are exerted by peroxiredoxins, which functionally depend on the selenoproteins of the thioredoxin reductase family. The thiol peroxidases of both families can, however, also act as sensors for hydroperoxides, thereby initiating signaling cascades. Although the interaction of selenoproteins with signaling events has been established by genetic techniques, the in vivo relevance of these findings is still hard to delineate for several reasons: The biosynthesis of individual selenoproteins responds differently to variations of selenium intakes; selenium is preferentially delivered to privileged tissues via inter-organ trafficking and receptor-mediated uptake, and only half of the selenoproteins known by sequence have been functionally characterized. The fragmentary insights do not allow any uncritical use of selenium for optimizing human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leopold Flohé
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy
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Martinez-deMena R, Calvo RM, Garcia L, Obregon MJ. Effect of glucocorticoids on the activity, expression and proximal promoter of type II deiodinase in rat brown adipocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 428:58-67. [PMID: 26994513 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Triiodothyronine (T3) is important for thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Type II deiodinase (DIO2) produces T3 required for intracellular needs in BAT. Brown adipocytes in culture require T3 for the adrenergic stimulation of DIO2. Glucocorticoids induce adipocyte differentiation (lipogenesis). We investigated the regulation of DIO2 activity, Dio2 mRNA and Dio2 promoter activity by glucocorticoids in primary cultures of rat brown adipocytes using dexamethasone (DEX) and hydrocortisone (HC). DEX and HC regulated the adrenergic stimulation of DIO2 activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner, inhibiting DIO2 activity at short treatment times and large doses (1-10 μM) and stimulating DIO2 at low HC doses (1-100 nM) and longer times (DEX). Insulin depletion reduced DIO2 activity but the response to glucocorticoids remained unchanged. DEX and HC inhibited basal DIO2 activity. DEX had no effect on DIO2 half-life, whereas HC stabilized DIO2 activity. DEX and HC inhibited the adrenergic stimulation of Dio2 mRNA expression (100-10000 nM, 14-96 h), but stabilized Dio2 mRNA, particularly DEX. DEX increased basal Dio2 mRNA levels, possibly through stabilization of Dio2 mRNA. An 807 bp construct of the murine Dio2 proximal promoter showed maximal reporter activity, with the cAMP response element (CRE) essential for transcriptional activity. DEX caused inhibition in most constructs containing the CRE element whereas HC stimulated reporter activity in the 807 bp construct. Glucocorticoids inhibited the adrenergic stimulation of Dio2 at the transcriptional level in brown adipocytes, although DIO2 activity increased with HC, possibly due to stabilization of Dio2 activity and mRNA. The CRE and cEBP elements of the Dio2 promoter seem involved in the regulation by glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Martinez-deMena
- Molecular Physiopathology and Nervous System, Inst Investigaciones Biomedicas (IIB), Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM (Consejo Superior Investigaciones Cientificas and Universidad Autonoma Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa-Maria Calvo
- Molecular Physiopathology and Nervous System, Inst Investigaciones Biomedicas (IIB), Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM (Consejo Superior Investigaciones Cientificas and Universidad Autonoma Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Garcia
- Molecular Physiopathology and Nervous System, Inst Investigaciones Biomedicas (IIB), Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM (Consejo Superior Investigaciones Cientificas and Universidad Autonoma Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jesus Obregon
- Molecular Physiopathology and Nervous System, Inst Investigaciones Biomedicas (IIB), Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM (Consejo Superior Investigaciones Cientificas and Universidad Autonoma Madrid), Madrid, Spain.
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30
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Gaique TG, Lopes BP, Souza LL, Paula GSM, Pazos-Moura CC, Oliveira KJ. Cinnamon intake reduces serum T3 level and modulates tissue-specific expression of thyroid hormone receptor and target genes in rats. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:2889-2895. [PMID: 26374392 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cinnamon has several effects on energy metabolism. However, no data exist on the impact of cinnamon intake on thyroid hormone serum concentrations and action, since thyroid hormones (THs) play a major role in metabolism. RESULTS Male rats were treated with cinnamon water extract (400 mg kg(-1) body weight, 25 days). Cinnamon supplementation resulted in a lower serum total T3 level accompanied by normal serum T4 and TSH levels. The cinnamon-treated rats did not exhibit significant differences in TSHβ subunit, TRβ or deiodinase type 2 mRNA expression in the pituitary. In the liver, cinnamon did not change the TRβ protein expression or the deiodinase type 1 mRNA expression, suggesting that there were no changes in T3 signaling or metabolism in this organ. However, mitochondrial GPDH, a target gene for T3 in the liver, exhibited no changes in mRNA expression, although its activity level was reduced by cinnamon. In the cardiac ventricle, T3 action was markedly reduced by cinnamon, as demonstrated by the lower TRα mRNA and protein levels, reduced SERCA2a and RyR2 and increased phospholamban mRNA expression. CONCLUSION This study has revealed that TH action is a novel target of cinnamon, demonstrating impairment of T3 signaling in the cardiac ventricles. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaiane G Gaique
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24210-130, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruna P Lopes
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luana L Souza
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriela S M Paula
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carmen C Pazos-Moura
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karen J Oliveira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24210-130, RJ, Brazil
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Selenoproteins employ selenium to supplement the chemistry available through the common 20 amino acids. These powerful enzymes are affiliated with redox biology, often in connection with the detection, management, and signaling of oxidative stress. Among them, membrane-bound selenoproteins play prominent roles in signaling pathways, Ca(2+) regulation, membrane complexes integrity, and biosynthesis of lipophilic molecules. RECENT ADVANCES The number of selenoproteins whose physiological roles, protein partners, expression, evolution, and biosynthesis are characterized is steadily increasing, thus offering a more nuanced view of this specialized family. This review focuses on human membrane selenoproteins, particularly the five least characterized ones: selenoproteins I, K, N, S, and T. CRITICAL ISSUES Membrane-bound selenoproteins are the least understood, as it is challenging to provide the membrane-like environment required for their biochemical and biophysical characterization. Hence, their studies rely mostly on biological rather than structural and biochemical assays. Another aspect that has not received much attention is the particular role that their membrane association plays in their physiological function. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Findings cited in this review show that it is possible to infer the structure and the membrane-binding mode of these lesser-studied selenoproteins and design experiments to examine the role of the rare amino acid selenocysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware
| | - Sharon Rozovsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware
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32
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Gomes AS, Alves RN, Rønnestad I, Power DM. Orchestrating change: The thyroid hormones and GI-tract development in flatfish metamorphosis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 220:2-12. [PMID: 24975541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Metamorphosis in flatfish (Pleuronectiformes) is a late post-embryonic developmental event that prepares the organism for the larval-to-juvenile transition. Thyroid hormones (THs) play a central role in flatfish metamorphosis and the basic elements that constitute the thyroid axis in vertebrates are all present at this stage. The advantage of using flatfish to study the larval-to-juvenile transition is the profound change in external morphology that accompanies metamorphosis making it easy to track progression to climax. This important lifecycle transition is underpinned by molecular, cellular, structural and functional modifications of organs and tissues that prepare larvae for a successful transition to the adult habitat and lifestyle. Understanding the role of THs in the maturation of organs and tissues with diverse functions during metamorphosis is a major challenge. The change in diet that accompanies the transition from a pelagic larvae to a benthic juvenile in flatfish is associated with structural and functional modifications in the gastrointestinal tract (GI-tract). The present review will focus on the maturation of the GI-tract during metamorphosis giving particular attention to organogenesis of the stomach a TH triggered event. Gene transcripts and biological processes that are associated with GI-tract maturation during Atlantic halibut metamorphosis are identified. Gene ontology analysis reveals core biological functions and putative TH-responsive genes that underpin TH-driven metamorphosis of the GI-tract in Atlantic halibut. Deciphering the specific role remains a challenge. Recent advances in characterizing the molecular, structural and functional modifications that accompany the appearance of a functional stomach in Atlantic halibut are considered and future research challenges identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Gomes
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - R N Alves
- Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - I Rønnestad
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - D M Power
- Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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Roberts SC, Bianco AC, Stapleton HM. Disruption of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase activity in cultured human glial cells by polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1265-74. [PMID: 26004626 PMCID: PMC4827872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants are endocrine disruptors and suspected neurodevelopmental toxicants. While the direct mechanisms of neurodevelopmental toxicity have not been fully elucidated, it is conceivable that alterations in thyroid hormone levels in the developing brain may contribute to these effects. Cells within the brain locally convert thyroxine (T4) to the biologically active triiodothyronine (T3) through the action of the selenodeiodinase type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO2). Previous studies have demonstrated that PBDEs can alter hepatic deiodinase activity both in vitro and in vivo; however, the effects of PBDEs on the deiodinase isoforms expressed in the brain are not well understood. Here, we studied the effects of several individual PBDEs and hydroxylated metabolites (OH-BDEs) on DIO2 activity in astrocytes, a specialized glial cell responsible for production of more than 50% of the T3 required by the brain. Primary human astrocytes and H4 glioma cells were exposed to individual PBDEs or OH-BDEs at concentrations up to 5 μM. BDE-99 decreased DIO2 activity by 50% in primary astrocyte cells and by up to 80% in the H4 cells at doses of ≥500 nM. 3-OH-BDE-47, 6-OH-BDE-47, and 5'-OH-BDE-99 also decreased DIO2 activity in cultured H4 glioma cells by 45-80% at doses of approximately 1-5 μM. Multiple mechanisms appear to contribute to the decreased DIO2 activity, including weakened expression of DIO2 mRNA, competitive inhibition of DIO2, and enhanced post-translational degradation of DIO2. We conclude that decreases in DIO2 activity caused by exposure to PBDEs may play a role in the neurodevelopmental deficits caused by these toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Roberts
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
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Olvera A, Mendoza A, Villalobos P, Mayorga-Martínez L, Orozco A, Valverde-R C. The variable region of iodothyronine deiodinases directs their catalytic properties and subcellular localization. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 402:107-12. [PMID: 25591907 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The stereospecific removal of iodine from thyroid hormones is an essential first step for T3 action and is catalyzed by three different deiodinases: D2 and D3 remove iodine only from the outer or inner ring, respectively, whereas D1 catalyzes both pathways. We used in silico predictions from vertebrate deiodinase sequences to identify two domains: the N-terminal variable region (VR) containing the transmembrane, hinge and linker domains, and the conserved or globular region (CR). Given the high sequence and structural identity of the CR among paralogs as well as of the VR among orthologs but not paralogs, we hypothesized that both the catalytic properties and the subcellular localization rely on the VR. We used shark D2 and D3 as templates to build the chimeric enzymes D2VR/D3CR and D3VR/D2CR. Biochemical characterization revealed that D3VR/D2CR has inner-ring deiodination activity and T3 as preferred substrate, whereas D2VR/D3CR showed no deiodinating activity. Also, D2VR/D3CR and D3VR/D2CR reside in the endoplasmic reticulum and plasmatic membrane, respectively, as do their D2 and D3 wild-type counterparts. We conclude that the VR determines the subcellular localization and is critical in defining the catalytic properties and activity of thyroid hormone deiodinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Olvera
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Arturo Mendoza
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Patricia Villalobos
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Lidia Mayorga-Martínez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Aurea Orozco
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Valverde-R
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
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35
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Louzada RA, Santos MCS, Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque JPA, Rangel IF, Ferreira ACF, Galina A, Werneck-de-Castro JPS, Carvalho DP. Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is upregulated in rat slow- and fast-twitch skeletal muscle during cold exposure. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E1020-9. [PMID: 25294216 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00637.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During cold acclimation, shivering is progressively replaced by nonshivering thermogenesis. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and skeletal muscle are relevant for nonshivering thermogenesis, which depends largely on thyroid hormone. Since the skeletal muscle fibers progressively adapt to cold exposure through poorly defined mechanisms, our intent was to determine whether skeletal muscle type 2 deiodinase (D2) induction could be implicated in the long-term skeletal muscle cold acclimation. We demonstrate that in the red oxidative soleus muscle, D2 activity increased 2.3-fold after 3 days at 4°C together with the brown adipose tissue D2 activity, which increased 10-fold. Soleus muscle and BAT D2 activities returned to the control levels after 10 days of cold exposure, when an increase of 2.8-fold in D2 activity was detected in white glycolytic gastrocnemius but not in red oxidative gastrocnemius fibers. Propranolol did not prevent muscle D2 induction, but it impaired the decrease of D2 in BAT and soleus after 10 days at 4°C. Cold exposure is accompanied by increased oxygen consumption, UCP3, and PGC-1α genes expression in skeletal muscles, which were partialy prevented by propranolol in soleus and gastrocnemius. Serum total and free T3 is increased during cold exposure in rats, even after 10 days, when BAT D2 is already normalized, suggesting that skeletal muscle D2 activity contributes significantly to circulating T3 under this adaptive condition. In conclusion, cold exposure is accompanied by concerted changes in the metabolism of BAT and oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscles that are paralleled by type 2 deiodinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruy A Louzada
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Departamento de Biociências e Atividade Física - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
| | - Maria C S Santos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Paulo A Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Departamento de Biociências e Atividade Física - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Laboratório de Fisiologia Mitocondrial e Bioenergética, Instituto de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Igor F Rangel
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Departamento de Biociências e Atividade Física - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
| | - Andrea C F Ferreira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio Galina
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Mitocondrial e Bioenergética, Instituto de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joao Pedro S Werneck-de-Castro
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Departamento de Biociências e Atividade Física - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
| | - Denise P Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
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Henning Y, Vole C, Begall S, Bens M, Broecker-Preuss M, Sahm A, Szafranski K, Burda H, Dammann P. Unusual ratio between free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine in a long-lived mole-rat species with bimodal ageing. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113698. [PMID: 25409169 PMCID: PMC4237498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ansell's mole-rats (Fukomys anselli) are subterranean, long-lived rodents, which live in eusocial families, where the maximum lifespan of breeders is twice as long as that of non-breeders. Their metabolic rate is significantly lower than expected based on allometry, and their retinae show a high density of S-cone opsins. Both features may indicate naturally low thyroid hormone levels. In the present study, we sequenced several major components of the thyroid hormone pathways and analyzed free and total thyroxine and triiodothyronine in serum samples of breeding and non-breeding F. anselli to examine whether a) their thyroid hormone system shows any peculiarities on the genetic level, b) these animals have lower hormone levels compared to euthyroid rodents (rats and guinea pigs), and c) reproductive status, lifespan and free hormone levels are correlated. Genetic analyses confirmed that Ansell's mole-rats have a conserved thyroid hormone system as known from other mammalian species. Interspecific comparisons revealed that free thyroxine levels of F. anselli were about ten times lower than of guinea pigs and rats, whereas the free triiodothyronine levels, the main biologically active form, did not differ significantly amongst species. The resulting fT4:fT3 ratio is unusual for a mammal and potentially represents a case of natural hypothyroxinemia. Comparisons with total thyroxine levels suggest that mole-rats seem to possess two distinct mechanisms that work hand in hand to downregulate fT4 levels reliably. We could not find any correlation between free hormone levels and reproductive status, gender or weight. Free thyroxine may slightly increase with age, based on sub-significant evidence. Hence, thyroid hormones do not seem to explain the different ageing rates of breeders and non-breeders. Further research is required to investigate the regulatory mechanisms responsible for the unusual proportion of free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Henning
- Department of General Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Christiane Vole
- Department of General Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sabine Begall
- Department of General Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Bens
- Genome Analysis, Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Martina Broecker-Preuss
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Division of Laboratory Research, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Arne Sahm
- Genome Analysis, Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Karol Szafranski
- Genome Analysis, Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Hynek Burda
- Department of General Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Philip Dammann
- Department of General Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Central Animal Laboratory, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Buroker NE. Regulatory SNPs and transcriptional factor binding sites in ADRBK1, AKT3, ATF3, DIO2, TBXA2R and VEGFA. Transcription 2014; 5:e964559. [PMID: 25483406 PMCID: PMC4581348 DOI: 10.4161/21541264.2014.964559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Regulatory single nucleotide polymorphisms (rSNPs) which change the transcriptional factor binding sites (TFBS) for transcriptional factors (TFs) to bind DNA were reviewed for the ADRBK1 (GRK2), AKT3, ATF3, DIO2, TBXA2R and VEGFA genes. Changes in the TFBS where TFs attach to regulate these genes may result in human sickness and disease. The highlights of this previous work were reviewed for these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman E Buroker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
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38
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Egri P, Gereben B. Minimal requirements for ubiquitination-mediated regulation of thyroid hormone activation. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 53:217-26. [PMID: 25074266 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Activation of thyroxine by outer ring deiodination is the crucial first step of thyroid hormone action. Substrate-induced ubiquitination of type 2 deiodinase (D2) is the most rapid and sensitive mechanism known to regulate thyroid hormone activation. While the molecular machinery responsible for D2 ubiquitination has been extensively studied, the combination of molecular features sufficient and required to allow D2 ubiquitination have not previously been determined. To address this question, we constructed chimeric deiodinases by introducing different combinations of D2-specific elements into type 1 deiodinase (D1), another member of the deiodinase enzyme family, which, however, does not undergo ubiquitination in its native form. Studies on the chimeric proteins expressed transiently in HEK-293T cells revealed that combined insertion of the D2-specific instability loop and the K237/K244 D2 ubiquitin carrier lysines into the corresponding positions of D1 could not ubiquitinate D1 unless the chimera was directed to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements demonstrated that the C-terminal globular domain of the ER-directed chimera was able to interact with the E3 ligase subunit WSB1. However, this interaction did not occur between the chimera and the TEB4 (MARCH6) E3 ligase, although a native D2 could readily interact with the N-terminus of TEB4. In conclusion, insertion of the instability loop and ubiquitin carrier lysines in combination with direction to the ER are sufficient and required to govern WSB1-mediated ubiquitination of an activating deiodinase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Egri
- Department of Endocrine NeurobiologyInstitute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony Street 43, Budapest H-1083, HungaryJános Szentágothai PhD School of NeurosciencesSemmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary Department of Endocrine NeurobiologyInstitute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony Street 43, Budapest H-1083, HungaryJános Szentágothai PhD School of NeurosciencesSemmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine NeurobiologyInstitute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony Street 43, Budapest H-1083, HungaryJános Szentágothai PhD School of NeurosciencesSemmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary
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39
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Metanis N, Hilvert D. Natural and synthetic selenoproteins. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 22:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Weltman NY, Ojamaa K, Schlenker EH, Chen YF, Zucchi R, Saba A, Colligiani D, Rajagopalan V, Pol CJ, Gerdes AM. Low-dose T₃ replacement restores depressed cardiac T₃ levels, preserves coronary microvasculature and attenuates cardiac dysfunction in experimental diabetes mellitus. Mol Med 2014; 20:302-12. [PMID: 24960246 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2013.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid dysfunction is common in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) and may contribute to the associated cardiac dysfunction. However, little is known about the extent and pathophysiological consequences of low thyroid conditions on the heart in DM. DM was induced in adult female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats by injection of nicotinamide (N; 200 mg/kg) followed by streptozotocin (STZ; 65 mg/kg). One month after STZ/N, rats were randomized to the following groups (N = 10/group): STZ/N or STZ/N + 0.03 μg/mL T3; age-matched vehicle-treated rats served as nondiabetic controls (C). After 2 months of T3 treatment (3 months post-DM induction), left ventricular (LV) function was assessed by echocardiography and LV pressure measurements. Despite normal serum thyroid hormone (TH) levels, STZ/N treatment resulted in reductions in myocardial tissue content of THs (T3 and T4: 39% and 17% reduction versus C, respectively). Tissue hypothyroidism in the DM hearts was associated with increased DIO3 deiodinase (which converts THs to inactive metabolites) altered TH transporter expression, reexpression of the fetal gene phenotype, reduced arteriolar resistance vessel density, and diminished cardiac function. Low-dose T3 replacement largely restored cardiac tissue TH levels (T3 and T4: 43% and 10% increase versus STZ/N, respectively), improved cardiac function, reversed fetal gene expression and preserved the arteriolar resistance vessel network without causing overt symptoms of hyperthyroidism. We conclude that cardiac dysfunction in chronic DM may be associated with tissue hypothyroidism despite normal serum TH levels. Low-dose T3 replacement appears to be a safe and effective adjunct therapy to attenuate and/or reverse cardiac remodeling and dysfunction induced by experimental DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Y Weltman
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Kaie Ojamaa
- Center for Heart and Lung Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Evelyn H Schlenker
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Yue-Feng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine (NYIT-COM), Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Riccardo Zucchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Uomo e dell'Ambiente, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Saba
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Uomo e dell'Ambiente, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daria Colligiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Uomo e dell'Ambiente, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Viswanathan Rajagopalan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine (NYIT-COM), Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Christine J Pol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine (NYIT-COM), Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - A Martin Gerdes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine (NYIT-COM), Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
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41
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Koukkou E, Ilias I, Alexiou M, Mamali I, Nicopoulou S, Alevizaki M, Markou K. Urine selenium changes during pregnancy do not correlate with thyroid autoantibodies in a mildly iodine deficient population. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 157:9-13. [PMID: 24249585 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is a key component of iodinases; higher Se levels are associated with lower titers of antithyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO). Pregnancy exerts profound effects on thyroid function and autoimmunity. To assess the relationship of urine Se levels with thyroid function and autoimmunity in pregnant women residing in Athens, Greece, we studied prospectively 47 euthyroid women in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies (mean age + SD: 30 + 5 years) in each trimester, measuring urine Se levels, urine iodine, plasma thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine and triiodothyronine (FT4 and FT3), as well as levels of anti-TPO antibodies. Changes of the measured parameters were assessed over each trimester; thyroid parameters were assessed with relation to Se levels. Urine Se dropped by the third trimester, whereas urine iodine did not change appreciably during pregnancy. TSH and anti-TPO did not show appreciable changes; FT4 and FT3 gradually decreased as the pregnancy advanced. No relationship between urine Se levels and anti-TPO was found. During pregnancy, changes in urine Se levels accompany mild changes in thyroid function. However, we did not find some association between these changes and thyroid autoimmune activity over this period, probably because the effect of Se on thyroid autoimmunity may only become apparent in case of excess Se fortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Koukkou
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, E. Venizelou Hospital, Athens, Greece,
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42
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Dardente H, Hazlerigg DG, Ebling FJP. Thyroid hormone and seasonal rhythmicity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:19. [PMID: 24616714 PMCID: PMC3935485 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms show seasonality in a wide array of functions such as reproduction, fattening, hibernation, and migration. At temperate latitudes, changes in photoperiod maintain the alignment of annual rhythms with predictable changes in the environment. The appropriate physiological response to changing photoperiod in mammals requires retinal detection of light and pineal secretion of melatonin, but extraretinal detection of light occurs in birds. A common mechanism across all vertebrates is that these photoperiod-regulated systems alter hypothalamic thyroid hormone (TH) conversion. Here, we review the evidence that a circadian clock within the pars tuberalis of the adenohypophysis links photoperiod decoding to local changes of TH signaling within the medio-basal hypothalamus (MBH) through a conserved thyrotropin/deiodinase axis. We also focus on recent findings which indicate that, beyond the photoperiodic control of its conversion, TH might also be involved in longer-term timing processes of seasonal programs. Finally, we examine the potential implication of kisspeptin and RFRP3, two RF-amide peptides expressed within the MBH, in seasonal rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Dardente
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA, UMR085, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
- Institut français du cheval et de l’équitation, Nouzilly, France
- *Correspondence: Hugues Dardente, INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, CNRS, UMR7247, Université François Rabelais de Tours, IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France e-mail:
| | - David G. Hazlerigg
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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Shimizu R. Iodotyrosine Deiodinase, a Novel Target of Environmental Halogenated Chemicals for Disruption of the Thyroid Hormone System in Mammals. Biol Pharm Bull 2014; 37:1430-4. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Shimizu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University
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44
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Vernia S, Cavanagh-Kyros J, Barrett T, Jung DY, Kim JK, Davis RJ. Diet-induced obesity mediated by the JNK/DIO2 signal transduction pathway. Genes Dev 2013; 27:2345-55. [PMID: 24186979 PMCID: PMC3828520 DOI: 10.1101/gad.223800.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cJun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway is a key mediator of metabolic stress responses caused by consuming a high-fat diet, including the development of obesity. To test the role of JNK, we examined diet-induced obesity in mice with targeted ablation of Jnk genes in the anterior pituitary gland. These mice exhibited an increase in the pituitary expression of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), an increase in the blood concentration of thyroid hormone (T4), increased energy expenditure, and markedly reduced obesity compared with control mice. The increased amount of pituitary TSH was caused by reduced expression of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (Dio2), a gene that is required for T4-mediated negative feedback regulation of TSH expression. These data establish a molecular mechanism that accounts for the regulation of energy expenditure and the development of obesity by the JNK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Vernia
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Julie Cavanagh-Kyros
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Tamera Barrett
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Dae Young Jung
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Jason K. Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Roger J. Davis
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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45
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Danzi S, Klein I. Amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction. J Intensive Care Med 2013; 30:179-85. [PMID: 24067547 DOI: 10.1177/0885066613503278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Amiodarone is an effective medication for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Originally developed for the treatment of angina, it is now the most frequently prescribed antiarrhythmia drug despite the fact that its use is limited because of potential serious side effects including adverse effects on the thyroid gland and thyroid hormones. Although the mechanisms of action of amiodarone on the thyroid gland and thyroid hormone metabolism are poorly understood, the structural similarity of amiodarone to thyroid hormones, including the presence of iodine moieties on the inner benzene ring, may play a role in causing thyroid dysfunction. Amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction includes amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) and amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism (AIH). The AIT develops more commonly in iodine-deficient areas and AIH in iodine-sufficient areas. The AIT type 1 usually occurs in patients with known or previously undiagnosed thyroid dysfunction or goiter. The AIT type 2 usually occurs in normal thyroid glands and results in destruction of thyroid tissue caused by thyroiditis. This is the result of an intrinsic drug effect from the amiodarone itself. Mixed types are not uncommon. Patients with cardiac disease receiving amiodarone treatment should be monitored for signs of thyroid dysfunction, which often manifest as a reappearance of the underlying cardiac disease state. When monitoring patients, initial tests should include the full battery of thyroid function tests, thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and antithyroid antibodies. Mixed types of AIT can be challenging both to diagnose and treat and therapy differs depending on the type of AIT. Treatment can include thionamides and/or glucocorticoids. The AIH responds favorably to thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Amiodarone is lipophilic and has a long half-life in the body. Therefore, stopping the amiodarone therapy usually has little short-term benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Danzi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, Queensborough Community College, Bayside, NY, USA
| | - Irwin Klein
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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46
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Campinho MA, Power DM. Waterborne exposure of zebrafish embryos to micromole concentrations of ioxynil and diethylstilbestrol disrupts thyrocyte development. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 140-141:279-287. [PMID: 23851054 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The herbicide ioxynil (IOX) and synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) are common aquatic contaminants with an endocrine disrupting action. In juvenile teleost fish IOX and DES disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. To assess how IOX and DES influence the developing HPT axis prior to establishment of central regulation of thyroid hormones, zebrafish embryos were exposed to low concentrations of the chemicals in water. IOX and DES (1 and 0.1 μM) exposure failed to modify hypothalamic development but had a negative effect on thyrocyte development. Specifically, IOX and DES caused a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the size of the thyroid anlagen by decreasing the mRNA expression field of both nk2.1a and thyroglobulin (Tg) genes. Inhibition of thyroid gland development by IOX and DES (0.1 μM) was strongly associated with altered heart morphology. To test if the effect of IOX and DES on the thyroid was a consequence of altered cardiac development a morpholino (MO) against zebrafish cardiac troponin I (zcTnI) was microinjected. The zcTnI morphants had modified heart function, a small thyroid anlagen and a reduction in the mRNA expression of nk2.1a and Tg genes similar to that of zebrafish exposed to IOX (1 and 0.1 μM) and DES (0.1 μM). Collectively the data indicate that IOX and DES alter thyroid development in zebrafish and chemicals that alter heart development and function can have an indirect endocrine disrupting action on the thyroid in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Campinho
- Comparative and Molecular Endocrinology Group, Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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Abstract
Selenocysteine, the 21st amino acid, has been found in 25 human selenoproteins and selenoenzymes important for fundamental cellular processes ranging from selenium homeostasis maintenance to the regulation of the overall metabolic rate. In all organisms that contain selenocysteine, both the synthesis of selenocysteine and its incorporation into a selenoprotein requires an elaborate synthetic and translational apparatus, which does not resemble the canonical enzymatic system employed for the 20 standard amino acids. In humans, three synthetic enzymes, a specialized elongation factor, an accessory protein factor, two catabolic enzymes, a tRNA, and a stem-loop structure in the selenoprotein mRNA are critical for ensuring that only selenocysteine is attached to selenocysteine tRNA and that only selenocysteine is inserted into the nascent polypeptide in response to a context-dependent UGA codon. The abnormal selenium homeostasis and mutations in selenoprotein genes have been causatively linked to a variety of human diseases, which, in turn, sparked a renewed interest in utilizing selenium as the dietary supplement to either prevent or remedy pathologic conditions. In contrast, the importance of the components of the selenocysteine-synthetic machinery for human health is less clear. Emerging evidence suggests that enzymes responsible for selenocysteine formation and decoding the selenocysteine UGA codon, which by extension are critical for synthesis of the entire selenoproteome, are essential for the development and health of the human organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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48
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Heijlen M, Houbrechts AM, Darras VM. Zebrafish as a model to study peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism in vertebrate development. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 188:289-96. [PMID: 23603432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To unravel the role of thyroid hormones (THs) in vertebrate development it is important to have suitable animal models to study the mechanisms regulating TH availability and activity. Zebrafish (Danio rerio), with its rapidly and externally developing transparent embryo has been a widely used model in developmental biology for some time. To date many of the components of the zebrafish thyroid axis have been identified, including the TH transporters MCT8, MCT10 and OATP1C1, the deiodinases D1, D2 and D3, and the receptors TRα and TRβ. Their structure and function closely resemble those of higher vertebrates. Interestingly, due to a whole genome duplication in the early evolution of ray-finned fishes, zebrafish possess two genes for D3 (dio3 and dio3a) and for TRα (thraa and thrab). Transcripts of all identified genes are present during embryonic development and several of them show dynamic spatio-temporal distribution patterns. Transient morpholino-knockdown of D2, D3 or MCT8 expression clearly disturbs embryonic development, confirming the importance of each of these regulators during early life stages. The recently available tools for targeted stable gene knockout will further increase the value of zebrafish to study the role of peripheral TH metabolism in pre- and post-hatch/post-natal vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Heijlen
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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49
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Williams GR. Thyroid hormone actions in cartilage and bone. Eur Thyroid J 2013; 2:3-13. [PMID: 24783033 PMCID: PMC3821494 DOI: 10.1159/000345548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones exert widespread and complex actions in almost all tissues during development, throughout childhood and in adults. The skeleton is an important T3-target tissue that exemplifies these processes, and yet understanding of the specific cellular and molecular mechanisms of T3 action in bone and cartilage remains incomplete. Here, the skeleton is considered as a T3-target tissue. The actions of thyroid hormones during skeletal development and in chondrocytes and growth plate cartilage during post-natal linear growth are outlined. The physiological importance of these actions are discussed in relation to patients with autosomal dominant mutations in genes encoding the thyroid hormone receptors TRα1 and TRβ, and in mice harbouring deletions or mutations of the orthologous genes. The role of thyroid hormones and the control of T3 action in bone turnover and maintenance are also outlined, and T3 action in bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts discussed. The physiological and functional consequences of T3 action in bone are considered in relation to mutant mouse models and to effects on bone mineral density and fracture susceptibility in humans. Finally, new studies identifying a putative role for thyroid hormone metabolism in articular cartilage maintenance and the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis are considered. The pharmacological context of these new findings is discussed, emphasising the importance of this emerging field of study in thyroid hormone pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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50
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Antonini D, Sibilio A, Dentice M, Missero C. An Intimate Relationship between Thyroid Hormone and Skin: Regulation of Gene Expression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:104. [PMID: 23986743 PMCID: PMC3749490 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a key role in protecting the individual from external insults. The barrier function of the skin is performed primarily by the epidermis, a self-renewing stratified squamous epithelium composed of cells that undergo a well-characterized and finely tuned process of terminal differentiation. By binding to their receptors thyroid hormones (TH) regulate epidermal cell proliferation, differentiation, and homeostasis. Thyroid dysfunction has multiple classical manifestations at skin level. Several TH-responsive genes, as well as genes critical for TH metabolism and action, are expressed at epidermal level. The role of TH in skin is still controversial, although it is generally recognized that TH signaling is central for skin physiology and homeostasis. Here we review the data on the epidermis and its function in relation to TH metabolism and regulation of gene expression. An understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of TH action in epidermal cells may lead to the identification of putative therapeutical targets for treatment of skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annarita Sibilio
- Department of Clinical Medicine Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Caterina Missero
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS SDN, Napoli, Italy
- *Correspondence: Caterina Missero, CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, Napoli 80145, Italy e-mail:
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