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Bufan B, Arsenović-Ranin N, Živković I, Ćuruvija I, Blagojević V, Dragačević L, Kovačević A, Kotur-Stevuljević J, Leposavić G. Modulation of T-Cell-Dependent Humoral Immune Response to Influenza Vaccine by Multiple Antioxidant/Immunomodulatory Micronutrient Supplementation. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:743. [PMID: 39066381 PMCID: PMC11281378 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Notwithstanding prevalence gaps in micronutrients supporting immune functions, the significance of their deficits/supplementation for the efficacy of vaccines is underinvestigated. Thus, the influence of supplementation combining vitamins C and D, zinc, selenium, manganese, and N-acetyl cysteine on immune correlates/surrogates of protection conferred by a quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) in mice was investigated. The supplementation starting 5 days before the first of two QIV injections given 28 days apart increased the serum titres of total and neutralizing IgG against each of four influenza strains from QIV. Accordingly, the frequencies of germinal center B cells, follicular CD4+ T helper (Th) cells, and IL-21-producing Th cells increased in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). Additionally, the supplementation improved already increased IgG response to the second QIV injection by augmenting not only neutralizing antibody production, but also IgG2a response, which is important for virus clearance, through favoring Th1 differentiation as indicated by Th1 (IFN-γ)/Th2 (IL-4) signature cytokine level ratio upon QIV restimulation in SLO cell cultures. This most likely partly reflected antioxidant action of the supplement as indicated by splenic redox status analyses. Thus, the study provides a solid scientific background for further research aimed at repurposing the use of this safe and inexpensive micronutrient combination to improve response to the influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Bufan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.B.); (N.A.-R.)
| | - Nevena Arsenović-Ranin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.B.); (N.A.-R.)
| | - Irena Živković
- Department of Research and Development, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera “Torlak”, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.Ž.); (I.Ć.); (V.B.); (L.D.)
| | - Ivana Ćuruvija
- Department of Research and Development, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera “Torlak”, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.Ž.); (I.Ć.); (V.B.); (L.D.)
| | - Veljko Blagojević
- Department of Research and Development, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera “Torlak”, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.Ž.); (I.Ć.); (V.B.); (L.D.)
| | - Luka Dragačević
- Department of Research and Development, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera “Torlak”, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.Ž.); (I.Ć.); (V.B.); (L.D.)
| | - Ana Kovačević
- Department for Virology Control, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera “Torlak”, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Jelena Kotur-Stevuljević
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
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Chillon TS, Maares M, Demircan K, Hackler J, Sun Q, Heller RA, Diegmann J, Bachmann M, Moghaddam A, Haase H, Schomburg L. Serum Free Zinc Is Associated With Vaccination Response to SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:906551. [PMID: 35844578 PMCID: PMC9280661 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.906551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element with high relevance for the immune system, and its deficiency is associated with elevated infection risk and severe disease course. The association of Zn status with the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is unknown. Methods A cohort of adult health care workers (n=126) received two doses of BNT162B2, and provided up to four serum samples over a time course of 6 months. Total SARS-CoV-2 IgG and neutralizing antibody potency was determined, along with total as well as free Zn concentrations. Results The SARS-CoV-2 antibodies showed the expected rise in response to vaccination, and decreased toward the last sampling point, with highest levels measured three weeks after the second dose. Total serum Zn concentrations were relatively stable over time, and showed no significant association with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Baseline total serum Zn concentration and supplemental intake of Zn were both unrelated to the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Time resolved analysis of free Zn indicated a similar dynamic as the humoral response. A positive correlation was observed between free Zn concentrations and both the induced antibodies and neutralizing antibody potency. Conclusion While the biomarkers of Zn status and supplemental Zn intake appeared unrelated to the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, the observed correlation of free Zn to the induced antibodies indicates a diagnostic value of this novel biomarker for the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Samson Chillon
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Maares
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kamil Demircan
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Hackler
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qian Sun
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raban A. Heller
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bundeswehr Hospital Berlin, Clinic of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Berlin, Germany
- Department of General Practice and Health Services Research, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Diegmann
- Aschaffenburg Trauma and Orthopaedic Research Group (ATORG), Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Sports Medicine, Hospital Aschaffenburg-Alzenau, Aschaffenburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Bachmann
- Aschaffenburg Trauma and Orthopaedic Research Group (ATORG), Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Sports Medicine, Hospital Aschaffenburg-Alzenau, Aschaffenburg, Germany
| | | | - Hajo Haase
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Lutz Schomburg, ; Hajo Haase,
| | - Lutz Schomburg
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Lutz Schomburg, ; Hajo Haase,
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3
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Sadeghsoltani F, Mohammadzadeh I, Safari MM, Hassanpour P, Izadpanah M, Qujeq D, Moein S, Vaghari-Tabari M. Zinc and Respiratory Viral Infections: Important Trace Element in Anti-viral Response and Immune Regulation. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:2556-2571. [PMID: 34368933 PMCID: PMC8349606 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02859-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and SARS-COV2 are among the most dangerous respiratory viruses. Zinc is one of the essential micronutrients and is very important in the immune system. The aim of this narrative review is to review the most interesting findings about the importance of zinc in the anti-viral immune response in the respiratory tract and defense against influenza, RSV, and SARS-COV2 infections. The most interesting findings on the role of zinc in regulating immunity in the respiratory tract and the relationship between zinc and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are reviewed, as well. Besides, current findings regarding the relationship between zinc and the effectiveness of respiratory viruses' vaccines are reviewed. The results of reviewed studies have shown that zinc and some zinc-dependent proteins are involved in anti-viral defense and immune regulation in the respiratory tract. It seems that zinc can reduce the viral titer following influenza infection. Zinc may reduce RSV burden in the lungs. Zinc can be effective in reducing the duration of viral pneumonia symptoms. Zinc may enhance the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine in reducing mortality rate in COVID-19 patients. Besides, zinc has a positive effect in preventing ARDS and ventilator-induced lung damage. The relationship between zinc levels and the effectiveness of respiratory viruses' vaccines, especially influenza vaccines, is still unclear, and the findings are somewhat contradictory. In conclusion, zinc has anti-viral properties and is important in defending against respiratory viral infections and regulating the immune response in the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadeghsoltani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah Street, P.O. Box 51666-14711, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Iraj Mohammadzadeh
- Non-Communicable Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mir-Meghdad Safari
- Virtual School of Medical Education and Management, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Hassanpour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah Street, P.O. Box 51666-14711, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Melika Izadpanah
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Durdi Qujeq
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center (CMBRC), Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Soheila Moein
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Vaghari-Tabari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah Street, P.O. Box 51666-14711, Tabriz, Iran.
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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4
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Eggersdorfer M, Berger MM, Calder PC, Gombart AF, Ho E, Laviano A, Meydani SN. Perspective: Role of Micronutrients and Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Immune Outcomes of Relevance to Infections in Older Adults-A Narrative Review and Call for Action. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:1415-1430. [PMID: 35587877 PMCID: PMC9384096 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is weakened by advancing age, often referred to as immunosenescence, increasing the vulnerability to, and frequently the severity of, infectious diseases in older people. This has become very apparent in the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for which older people are at higher risk of severe outcomes, even those who are fully vaccinated. Aging affects both the innate and adaptive immune systems and is characterized by an imbalanced inflammatory response. Increasing evidence shows that optimal status of nutrients such as vitamins C, D, and E and selenium and zinc as well as the omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids DHA and EPA can help compensate for these age-related changes. While inadequate intakes of these nutrients are widespread in the general population, this is often more pronounced in older people. Maintaining adequate intakes is a challenge for them due to a range of factors such as physical, physiological, and cognitive changes; altered absorption; and the presence of noncommunicable diseases. While nutritional requirements are ideally covered by a balanced diet, this can be difficult to achieve, particularly for older people. Fortified foods and nutritional complements are effective in achieving adequate micronutrient intakes and should be considered as a safe and cost-effective means for older people to improve their nutritional status and hence support their defense against infections. Complementing the diet with a combination of micronutrients, particularly those playing a key role in the immune system such as vitamins C, D, and E and selenium and zinc as well as DHA and EPA, is recommended for older people. Optimal nutrition to support the immune system in older people will remain essential, particularly in the face of the current COVID-19 pandemic and, thus, developing strategies to ensure adequate nutrition for the growing number of older adults will be an important and cost-effective investment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philip C Calder
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian F Gombart
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Emily Ho
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Alessandro Laviano
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Simin N Meydani
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Omer AK, Khorshidi S, Mortazavi N, Rahman HS. A Review on the Antiviral Activity of Functional Foods Against COVID-19 and Viral Respiratory Tract Infections. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:4817-4835. [PMID: 35592539 PMCID: PMC9112189 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s361001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the absence of successful therapy, vaccines for protection are continuously being developed. Since vaccines must be thoroughly tested, viral respiratory tract infections (VRTIs), mainly coronaviruses, have seriously affected human health worldwide in recent years. In this review, we presented the relevant data which originated from trusted publishers regarding the practical benefits of functional foods (FFs) and their dietary sources, in addition to natural plant products, in viral respiratory and COVID-19 prevention and immune-boosting activities. As a result, FFs were confirmed to be functionally active ingredients for preventing COVID-19 and VRTIs. Furthermore, the antiviral activity and immunological effects of FFs against VRTIs and COVID-19 and their potential main mechanisms of action are also being reviewed. Therefore, to prevent COVID-19 and VRTIs, it is critical to identify controlling the activities and immune-enhancing functional food constituents as early as possible. We further aimed to summarize functional food constituents as a dietary supplement that aids in immune system boosting and may effectively reduce VRTIs and COVID-19 and promote therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Khalid Omer
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
- Razga Company, Sulaimaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Sonia Khorshidi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Negar Mortazavi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Heshu Sulaiman Rahman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
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6
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Gutiérrez Rodelo C, Salinas RA, Armenta JaimeArmenta E, Armenta S, Galdámez-Martínez A, Castillo-Blum SE, Astudillo-de la Vega H, Nirmala Grace A, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Gutiérrez Rodelo J, Christie G, Alsanie WF, Santana G, Thakur VK, Dutt A. Zinc associated nanomaterials and their intervention in emerging respiratory viruses: Journey to the field of biomedicine and biomaterials. Coord Chem Rev 2022; 457:214402. [PMID: 35095109 PMCID: PMC8788306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses represent a severe public health risk worldwide, and the research contribution to tackle the current pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 is one of the main targets among the scientific community. In this regard, experts from different fields have gathered to confront this catastrophic pandemic. This review illustrates how nanotechnology intervention could be valuable in solving this difficult situation, and the state of the art of Zn-based nanostructures are discussed in detail. For virus detection, learning from the experience of other respiratory viruses such as influenza, the potential use of Zn nanomaterials as suitable sensing platforms to recognize the S1 spike protein in SARS-CoV-2 are shown. Furthermore, a discussion about the antiviral mechanisms reported for ZnO nanostructures is included, which can help develop surface disinfectants and protective coatings. At the same time, the properties of Zn-based materials as supplements for reducing viral activity and the recovery of infected patients are illustrated. Within the scope of noble adjuvants to improve the immune response, the ZnO NPs properties as immunomodulators are explained, and potential prototypes of nanoengineered particles with metallic cations (like Zn2+) are suggested. Therefore, using Zn-associated nanomaterials from detection to disinfection, supplementation, and immunomodulation opens a wide area of opportunities to combat these emerging respiratory viruses. Finally, the attractive properties of these nanomaterials can be extrapolated to new clinical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citlaly Gutiérrez Rodelo
- Healthcare Business and Computer Technology, Mexico
- Nanopharmacia Diagnostica, Tlaxcala No. 146/705, Col. Roma Sur, Cuauhtémoc, Cuidad de México, C.P. 06760, Mexico
| | - Rafael A Salinas
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CIBA-IPN), Tlaxcala 72197, Mexico
| | - Erika Armenta JaimeArmenta
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, DF 04510, México
| | - Silvia Armenta
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 3649 Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Andrés Galdámez-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, México City, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Silvia E Castillo-Blum
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, DF 04510, México
| | - Horacio Astudillo-de la Vega
- Healthcare Business and Computer Technology, Mexico
- Nanopharmacia Diagnostica, Tlaxcala No. 146/705, Col. Roma Sur, Cuauhtémoc, Cuidad de México, C.P. 06760, Mexico
| | - Andrews Nirmala Grace
- Centre for Nanotechnology Research, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632 014, India
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas y Dirección de Nutrición. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico
| | - Juliana Gutiérrez Rodelo
- Instituto Méxicano del Seguro Social, Hospital General de SubZona No. 4, C.P. 80370, Navolato, Sinaloa, México
| | - Graham Christie
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Walaa F Alsanie
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Guillermo Santana
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, México City, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ateet Dutt
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, México City, C.P. 04510, Mexico
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7
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Calder PC, Berger MM, Gombart AF, McComsey GA, Martineau AR, Eggersdorfer M. Micronutrients to Support Vaccine Immunogenicity and Efficacy. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:568. [PMID: 35455317 PMCID: PMC9024865 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The world has entered the third year of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Vaccination is the primary public health strategy to protect against infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in addition to other measures, such as mask wearing and social distancing. Vaccination has reduced COVID-19 severity and mortality dramatically. Nevertheless, incidence globally remains high, and certain populations are still at risk for severe outcomes. Additional strategies to support immunity, including potentially enhancing the response to vaccination, are needed. Many vitamins and trace minerals have recognized immunomodulatory actions, and their status and/or supplementation have been reported to correspond to the incidence and severity of infection. Furthermore, a variety of observational and some interventional studies report that adequate micronutrient status or micronutrient supplementation is associated with enhanced vaccine responses, including to COVID-19 vaccination. Such data suggest that micronutrient supplementation may hold the potential to improve vaccine immunogenicity and effectiveness, although additional interventional studies to further strengthen the existing evidence are needed. Positive findings from such research could have important implications for global public health, since deficiencies in several micronutrients that support immune function are prevalent in numerous settings, and supplementation can be implemented safely and inexpensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C. Calder
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK;
| | - Mette M. Berger
- Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Adrian F. Gombart
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Grace A. McComsey
- University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Adrian R. Martineau
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK;
| | - Manfred Eggersdorfer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Ho E, Wong CP, King JC. Impact of zinc on DNA integrity and age-related inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 178:391-397. [PMID: 34921929 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.12.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dr. Bruce Ames was a pioneer in understanding the role of oxidative stress and DNA damage, and in the 1990s began to make connections between micronutrient deficiencies and DNA damage. Zinc is an essential micronutrient for human health and a key component for the function of numerous cellular processes. In particular, zinc plays a critical role in cellular antioxidant defense, the maintenance of DNA integrity and is also essential for the normal development and function of the immune system. This review highlights the work helping connect zinc deficiency to oxidative stress, susceptibility to DNA damage and chronic inflammation that was initiated while working with Dr. Ames. This review outlines the body of work in this area, from cells to humans. The article also reviews the unique challenges of maintaining zinc status as we age and the interplay between zinc deficiency and age-related inflammation and immune dysfunction. Several micronutrient deficiencies, including zinc deficiency, can drastically affect the risk of many chronic diseases and underscores the importance of adequate nutrition for healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ho
- Linus Pauling Institute, 307 Linus Pauling Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, 101 Milam Hall, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Carmen P Wong
- Linus Pauling Institute, 307 Linus Pauling Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, 101 Milam Hall, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Janet C King
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
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Mortaz E, Bezemer G, Alipoor SD, Varahram M, Mumby S, Folkerts G, Garssen J, Adcock IM. Nutritional Impact and Its Potential Consequences on COVID-19 Severity. Front Nutr 2021; 8:698617. [PMID: 34291074 PMCID: PMC8287001 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.698617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: During late 2019 a viral disease due to a novel coronavirus was reported in Wuhan, China, which rapidly developed into an exploding pandemic and poses a severe threat to human health all over the world. Until now (May 2021), there are insufficient treatment options for the management of this global disease and shortage of vaccines. Important aspects that help to defeat coronavirus infection seems to be having a healthy, strong, and resilient immune system. Nutrition and metabolic disorders, such as obesity and diabetes play a crucial role on the community health situation in general and especially during this new pandemic. There seems to be an enormous impact of lifestyle, metabolic disorders, and immune status on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and recovery. For this reason, it is important to consider the impact of lifestyle and the consumption of well-defined healthy diets during the pandemic. Aims: In this review, we summarise recent findings on the effect of nutrition on COVID-19 susceptibility and disease severity and treatment. Understanding how specific dietary features might help to improve the public health strategies to reduce the rate and severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mortaz
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Centre, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gillina Bezemer
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Impact Station, Hilversum, Netherlands
| | - Shamila D. Alipoor
- Molecular Medicine Department, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Varahram
- Mycobacteriology Research Centre, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharon Mumby
- Airways Disease Section, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center of Excellence Immunology, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ian M. Adcock
- Airways Disease Section, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Ceylan MN, Akdas S, Yazihan N. The Effects of Zinc Supplementation on C-Reactive Protein and Inflammatory Cytokines: A Meta-Analysis and Systematical Review. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2021; 41:81-101. [PMID: 33750215 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2020.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is known for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant roles. In this meta-analysis, we aim to evaluate the impact of zinc supplementation on inflammatory markers, acute-phase reactants, and serum zinc level during inflammatory and infectious diseases. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were screened systematically with the terms "zinc supplementation" AND "CRP" OR "IL-1β" OR "IL-2" OR "IL-6" OR "IL-10" OR "IL-12" OR "TNF-α" OR "TGF-β" OR "IFN-γ" OR "WBC (clinical trial)" OR "macrophage (clinical trial)" OR "lymphocyte (clinical trial)" OR "neutrophil (clinical trial)" OR "virus (clinical trial)" OR "antiviral (clinical trial)" for all databases. A total of 2,258 publications were screened, and 73 articles had suitable data for the meta-analysis. Serum zinc level was significantly higher in supplementation group compared with controls [P = 0.0006, mean difference: 11.35 (4.84, 17.87)] (n = 37). Zinc supplementation downregulates acute-phase reactants, especially serum C-reactive protein (CRP) in adults [P < 0.00001, mean difference: -0.75 (-0.98, -0.52)] (n = 22) and pregnant women [FEM P < 0.00001, mean difference: -1.77 (-2.53, -1.00)] (n = 3) but not in children [REM P = 0.10, mean difference: -0.85 (-1.86, 0.17)] (n = 3). In subgroups analysis of chronic inflammatory diseases, serum CRP [REM P < 0.00001, mean difference: -0.57 (-0.76, -0.38)] were significantly lower in zinc-supplemented patients compared with no intervention group. Zinc supplementation (mg/day) correlated with serum interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) level (P = 0.018, r = 1,000). In the nonsupplemented group, serum zinc correlated with serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) level (P = 0.041, r = -0.829) and serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) level (P = 0.063, r = 0.730). Zinc intake correlated with serum zinc (P = 0.0428, r = 0.5115) and TNF-α (P = 0.0043, r = -0.9461). This meta-analysis shows that zinc supplementation improves CRP levels in adults and pregnant women. It might have modulatory effects on cytokine secretions and blood cells in inflammatory and infectious diseases. For the first time, we investigated the effects of zinc supplementation on inflammatory cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Nur Ceylan
- Institute of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Food, Metabolism and Clinical Nutrition Department, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevginur Akdas
- Institute of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Food, Metabolism and Clinical Nutrition Department, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nuray Yazihan
- Institute of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Food, Metabolism and Clinical Nutrition Department, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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11
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Effects of zinc status on age-related T cell dysfunction and chronic inflammation. Biometals 2021; 34:291-301. [PMID: 33392795 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-020-00279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Age-related T cell dysfunction contributes to immunosenescence and chronic inflammation. Aging is also associated with a progressive decline in zinc status. Zinc is an essential micronutrient critical for immune function. A significant portion of the older populations are at risk for marginal zinc deficiency. The combined impact of dietary zinc deficiency and age on immune dysfunction has not been well explored despite the common occurrence together in the elderly population. We hypothesize that age-related zinc loss contributes to T cell dysfunction and chronic inflammation in the elderly and is exacerbated by inadequate dietary intake and improved with zinc supplementation. Using an aging mouse model, the effects of marginal zinc deficiency and zinc supplementation on Th1/Th17/proinflammatory cytokine profiles and CD4+ T cell naïve/memory phenotypes were examined. In the first study, young (2 months) and old (24 months) C57BL/6 mice were fed a zinc adequate (ZA) or marginally zinc deficient (MZD) diets for 6 weeks. In the second study, mice were fed a ZA or zinc supplemented (ZS) diet for 6 weeks. MZD old mice had significant increase in LPS-induced IL6 compared to ZA old mice. In contrast, ZS old mice had significantly reduced plasma MCP1 levels, reduced T cell activation-induced IFNγ, IL17, and TNFα response, as well as increased naïve CD4+ T-cell subset compared to ZA old mice. Our data suggest that zinc deficiency is an important contributing factor in immune aging, and improving zinc status can in part reverse immune dysfunction and reduce chronic inflammation associated with aging.
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12
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Askari H, Sanadgol N, Azarnezhad A, Tajbakhsh A, Rafiei H, Safarpour AR, Gheibihayat SM, Raeis-Abdollahi E, Savardashtaki A, Ghanbariasad A, Omidifar N. Kidney diseases and COVID-19 infection: causes and effect, supportive therapeutics and nutritional perspectives. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06008. [PMID: 33495739 PMCID: PMC7817396 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has attracted the attention of scientists where it has a high mortality rate among older adults and individuals suffering from chronic diseases, such as chronic kidney diseases (CKD). It is important to elucidate molecular mechanisms by which COVID-19 affects the kidneys and accordingly develop proper nutritional and pharmacological strategies. Although numerous studies have recently recommended several approaches for the management of COVID-19 in CKD, its impact on patients with renal diseases remains the biggest challenge worldwide. In this paper, we review the most recent evidence regarding causality, potential nutritional supplements, therapeutic options, and management of COVID-19 infection in vulnerable individuals and patients with CKD. To date, there is no effective treatment for COVID-19-induced kidney dysfunction, and current treatments are yet limited to anti-inflammatory (e.g. ibuprofen) and anti-viral medications (e.g. Remdesivir, and Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine) that may increase the chance of treatment. In conclusion, the knowledge about kidney damage in COVID-19 is very limited, and this review improves our ability to introduce novel approaches for future clinical trials for this contiguous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Askari
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nima Sanadgol
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Asaad Azarnezhad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Rafiei
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ali Reza Safarpour
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ehsan Raeis-Abdollahi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Ghanbariasad
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Navid Omidifar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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13
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Jafari A, Noormohammadi Z, Askari M, Daneshzad E. Zinc supplementation and immune factors in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:3023-3041. [PMID: 33356467 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1862048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effect of zinc supplementation on immune factors in randomized controlled trials. METHODS A comprehensive search was done in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane databases up to December 2020. We used standard and weighted mean differences and 95% confidence intervals for net changes in selected parameters of immune responses. Subgroup analysis was used to find heterogeneity. RESULT Overall, 35 RCTs comprising 1995 participants were eligible for this meta-analysis. There was a significant reduction of circulating CRP (WMD: -32.4; 95% CI: -44.45 to -19.62, p < 0.001), hs-CRP (WMD: -0.95; 95% CI: -1.01 to -0.89, p < 0.001), Neutrophil levels (SMD: -0.46; 95% CI: -0.90 to -0.01, p = 0.043), following zinc supplementation. CD4 level also increased significantly, (WMD: 1.79; 95% CI: 0.57 to 3, p = 0.004). Zinc supplementation had no significant effect on WBC (SMD: -0.66; 95% CI: -1.67 to 0.36, p = 0.204), lymphocyte (WMD: 1.86; 95% CI: -0.86 to 4.58, p = 0.181), monocyte levels (SMD: -0.16; 95% CI: -0.07 to 0.39, p = 0.167), CD3 (SMD: 0.37; 95% CI: -0.49 to 1.22, p = 0.399). CONCLUSION Zinc supplementation decreased the CRP, hs-CRP and TNF-α, IL-6, neutrophil and increased CD3 and CD4 level significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Jafari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Nutritional Health Team (NHT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Noormohammadi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Askari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Daneshzad
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Vedhara K, Royal S, Sunger K, Caldwell DM, Halliday V, Taylor CM, Fairclough L, Avery A, Welton NJ. Effects of non-pharmacological interventions as vaccine adjuvants in humans: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev 2020; 15:245-271. [PMID: 33222621 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2020.1854050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psychological and behavioural may enhance vaccine effectiveness. We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) to examine the effects of non-pharmacological adjuvants on vaccine effectiveness, as measured by antibody responses to vaccination. AREAS COVERED Electronic databases (EMBASE, Medline, PsychINFO, CINAHL) were searched from inception to 6th February 2018. This yielded 100 eligible papers, reporting 106 trials: 79 interventions associated with diet and/or nutrition; 12 physical activity interventions and 9 psychological interventions.Over half (58/106) of trials reported evidence of an enhanced antibody response to vaccination across one or more outcomes. The NMA considered the comparative effects between all intervention types, control and placebo for antibody titres (48 studies), seroconversion (25 studies) and seroprotection (23 studies) separately. The NMA provided weak evidence in support of nutritional formulae and probiotics in increasing antibody titres. EXPERT OPINION This review offers a comprehensive summary of the literature on non-pharmacological interventions as vaccine adjuvants. The evidence is characterised by considerable heterogeneity but provides early evidence in support of nutritional formulae and probiotic interventions. Psychological and exercise-based interventions were characterised by limited and unreliable evidence. Large, well-designed studies including consistent core outcomes and measures of intervention adherence and fidelity are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Vedhara
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Simon Royal
- University of Nottingham Health Service, Cripps Health Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kanchan Sunger
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Deborah M Caldwell
- School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Vanessa Halliday
- School of Health & Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Caroline M Taylor
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lucy Fairclough
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Anthony Avery
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nicky J Welton
- School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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15
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Kabir MT, Uddin MS, Hossain MF, Abdulhakim JA, Alam MA, Ashraf GM, Bungau SG, Bin-Jumah MN, Abdel-Daim MM, Aleya L. nCOVID-19 Pandemic: From Molecular Pathogenesis to Potential Investigational Therapeutics. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:616. [PMID: 32754599 PMCID: PMC7365855 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-related epidemic was first observed in Wuhan, China. In 2020, owing to the highly infectious and deadly nature of the virus, this widespread novel coronavirus disease 2019 (nCOVID-19) became a worldwide pandemic. Studies have revealed that various environmental factors including temperature, humidity, and air pollution may also affect the transmission pattern of COVID-19. Unfortunately, still, there is no specific drug that has been validated in large-scale studies to treat patients with confirmed nCOVID-19. However, remdesivir, an inhibitor of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), has appeared as an auspicious antiviral drug. Currently, a large-scale study on remdesivir (i.e., 200 mg on first day, then 100 mg once/day) is ongoing to evaluate its clinical efficacy to treat nCOVID-19. Good antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 was not observed with the use of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r). Nonetheless, the combination of umifenovir and LPV/r was found to have better antiviral activity. Furthermore, a combination of hydroxychloroquine (i.e., 200 mg 3 times/day) and azithromycin (i.e., 500 mg on first day, then 250 mg/day from day 2-5) also exhibited good activity. Currently, there are also ongoing studies to evaluate the efficacy of teicoplanin and monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Thus, in this article, we have analyzed the genetic diversity and molecular pathogenesis of nCOVID-19. We also present possible therapeutic options for nCOVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md. Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Farhad Hossain
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea
| | - Jawaher A. Abdulhakim
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Asraful Alam
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simona G. Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - May N. Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
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16
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Jayawardena R, Sooriyaarachchi P, Chourdakis M, Jeewandara C, Ranasinghe P. Enhancing immunity in viral infections, with special emphasis on COVID-19: A review. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14:367-382. [PMID: 32334392 PMCID: PMC7161532 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Balanced nutrition which can help in maintaining immunity is essential for prevention and management of viral infections. While data regarding nutrition in coronavirus infection (COVID-19) are not available, in this review, we aimed to evaluate evidence from previous clinical trials that studied nutrition-based interventions for viral diseases (with special emphasis on respiratory infections), and summarise our observations. METHODS A systematic search strategy was employed using keywords to search the literature in 3 key medical databases: PubMed®, Web of Science® and SciVerse Scopus®. Studies were considered eligible if they were controlled trials in humans, measuring immunological parameters, on viral and respiratory infections. Clinical trials on vitamins, minerals, nutraceuticals and probiotics were included. RESULTS A total of 640 records were identified initially and 22 studies were included from other sources. After excluding duplicates and articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria, 43 studies were obtained (vitamins: 13; minerals: 8; nutraceuticals: 18 and probiotics: 4). Among vitamins, A and D showed a potential benefit, especially in deficient populations. Among trace elements, selenium and zinc have also shown favourable immune-modulatory effects in viral respiratory infections. Several nutraceuticals and probiotics may also have some role in enhancing immune functions. Micronutrients may be beneficial in nutritionally depleted elderly population. CONCLUSIONS We summaries possible benefits of some vitamins, trace elements, nutraceuticals and probiotics in viral infections. Nutrition principles based on these data could be useful in possible prevention and management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranil Jayawardena
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Piumika Sooriyaarachchi
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Health and Wellness Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Michail Chourdakis
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 4, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chandima Jeewandara
- National Center for Primary Care and Allergy Research, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
| | - Priyanga Ranasinghe
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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17
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Read SA, Obeid S, Ahlenstiel C, Ahlenstiel G. The Role of Zinc in Antiviral Immunity. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:696-710. [PMID: 31305906 PMCID: PMC6628855 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element that is crucial for growth, development, and the maintenance of immune function. Its influence reaches all organs and cell types, representing an integral component of approximately 10% of the human proteome, and encompassing hundreds of key enzymes and transcription factors. Zinc deficiency is strikingly common, affecting up to a quarter of the population in developing countries, but also affecting distinct populations in the developed world as a result of lifestyle, age, and disease-mediated factors. Consequently, zinc status is a critical factor that can influence antiviral immunity, particularly as zinc-deficient populations are often most at risk of acquiring viral infections such as HIV or hepatitis C virus. This review summarizes current basic science and clinical evidence examining zinc as a direct antiviral, as well as a stimulant of antiviral immunity. An abundance of evidence has accumulated over the past 50 y to demonstrate the antiviral activity of zinc against a variety of viruses, and via numerous mechanisms. The therapeutic use of zinc for viral infections such as herpes simplex virus and the common cold has stemmed from these findings; however, there remains much to be learned regarding the antiviral mechanisms and clinical benefit of zinc supplementation as a preventative and therapeutic treatment for viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Read
- Blacktown Medical School, Western Sydney University, Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephanie Obeid
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chantelle Ahlenstiel
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Golo Ahlenstiel
- Blacktown Medical School, Western Sydney University, Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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18
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Chirumbolo S, Bjørklund G. Vaccination is fundamental but can it escape from a more insightful and critical information about its action? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 55:8-13. [PMID: 28800561 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway
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19
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Pae M, Wu D. Nutritional modulation of age-related changes in the immune system and risk of infection. Nutr Res 2017; 41:14-35. [PMID: 28577789 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The immune system undergoes some adverse alterations during aging, many of which have been implicated in the increased morbidity and mortality associated with infection in the elderly. In addition to intrinsic changes to the immune system with aging, the elderly are more likely to have poor nutritional status, which further impacts the already impaired immune function. Although the elderly often have low zinc serum levels, several manifestations commonly observed during zinc deficiency are similar to the changes in immune function with aging. In the case of vitamin E, although its deficiency is rare, the intake above recommended levels is shown to enhance immune functions in the elderly and to reduce the risk of acquiring upper respiratory infections in nursing home residents. Vitamin D is a critical vitamin in bone metabolism, and its deficiency is far more common, which has been linked to increased risk of infection as demonstrated in a number of observational studies including those in the elderly. In this review, we focus on zinc, vitamin E, and vitamin D, the 3 nutrients which are relatively well documented for their roles in impacting immune function and infection in the elderly, to discuss the findings in this context reported in both the observational studies and interventional clinical trials. A perspective will be provided based on the analysis of information under review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munkyong Pae
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dayong Wu
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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20
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Kaynar AM, Nowalk MP, Lin CJ, Moehling KK, Susick M, Bakalov V, Pitt BR, Bain DJ, Ross TM, Saul SG, Raymund M, Zimmerman RK. Are plasma mineral levels related to antibody response to influenza vaccination in older adults? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:1003-8. [PMID: 26751915 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1113358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An effective immune response to vaccination may be related to nutritional status. This study examined the association of plasma mineral levels with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers produced in response to influenza vaccine in older adults. METHODS Prior to (Day 0) and 21 (range = 19-28) days after receiving the 2013-14 influenza vaccine, 109 adults ages 51-81 years, provided blood samples. Serum samples were tested for HI activity against the A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 2013-2014 vaccine virus strains. Plasma minerals were collected in zinc-free tubes and assayed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. HI titers were reported as seroprotection (≥1:40) and seroconversion (≥ 4-fold rise from Day 0 (minimum HI = 1:10) to Day 21). Both HI titers and mineral values were skewed and thus log2 transformed. Magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K) and the Cu to Zn ratio were tested. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine the associations between mineral levels and seroconversion and seroprotection of HI titers for each influenza A strain. RESULTS Participants were 61% white, 28% male, 39% diabetic, and 81% overweight/obese with a mean age of 62.6 y. In logistic regression, Day 21 A/H1N1 seroprotection was associated with P and Zn at Day 21(P < 0.05). Seroconversion of A/H1N1 was associated with Day 21 Cu, P, and Mg (P < 0.03). Day 21 A/H3N2 seroprotection and seroconversion were associated with Day 21 P (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Phosphorus was associated with seroprotection and seroconversion to influenza A after vaccination; these associations warrant additional studies with larger, more diverse population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Murat Kaynar
- a Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Laboratory, Department of Critical Care Medicine , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.,b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Mary Patricia Nowalk
- c Department of Family Medicine , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Chyongchiou Jeng Lin
- c Department of Family Medicine , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Krissy K Moehling
- c Department of Family Medicine , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Michael Susick
- c Department of Family Medicine , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Veli Bakalov
- d Department of Critical Care Medicine , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Bruce R Pitt
- d Department of Critical Care Medicine , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Daniel J Bain
- e Department of Geology and Environmental Science , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- f Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida , Port St. Lucie , FL , USA
| | - Sean G Saul
- c Department of Family Medicine , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Mahlon Raymund
- c Department of Family Medicine , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Richard K Zimmerman
- c Department of Family Medicine , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
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Braga CBM, Ferreira de Miranda Santos IK, Palmeira P, Peria FM, de Figueiredo Ribeiro SM, Martinez EZ, da Rocha JJR, Carvalho da Cunha SFD. Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Serological Response to Vaccination AgainstStreptococcus Pneumoniaein Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy for Colorectal Cancer. Nutr Cancer 2015; 67:926-32. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1053497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Cohen AL, McMorrow M, Walaza S, Cohen C, Tempia S, Alexander-Scott M, Widdowson MA. Potential Impact of Co-Infections and Co-Morbidities Prevalent in Africa on Influenza Severity and Frequency: A Systematic Review. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128580. [PMID: 26068416 PMCID: PMC4466242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases and underlying medical conditions common to Africa may affect influenza frequency and severity. We conducted a systematic review of published studies on influenza and the following co-infections or co-morbidities that are prevalent in Africa: dengue, malaria, measles, meningococcus, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), hemoglobinopathies, and malnutrition. Articles were identified except for influenza and PCP. Very few studies were from Africa. Sickle cell disease, dengue, and measles co-infection were found to increase the severity of influenza disease, though this is based on few studies of dengue and measles and the measles study was of low quality. The frequency of influenza was increased among patients with sickle cell disease. Influenza infection increased the frequency of meningococcal disease. Studies on malaria and malnutrition found mixed results. Age-adjusted morbidity and mortality from influenza may be more common in Africa because infections and diseases common in the region lead to more severe outcomes and increase the influenza burden. However, gaps exist in our knowledge about these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L. Cohen
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
- United States Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Meredith McMorrow
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- United States Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sibongile Walaza
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa
- School of Public Health and Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa
- School of Public Health and Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stefano Tempia
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa
| | - Marissa Alexander-Scott
- Division of Applied Research and Technology (DART), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- University of Illinois, Springfield, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Marc-Alain Widdowson
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Maywald M, Rink L. Zinc homeostasis and immunosenescence. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 29:24-30. [PMID: 25022332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
For more than 50 years, zinc is known to be an essential trace element, having a regulatory role in the immune system. Deficiency in zinc thus compromises proper immune function, like it is observed in the elderly population. Here mild zinc deficiency is a common condition, documented by a decline of serum or plasma zinc levels with age. This leads to a dysregulation mainly in the adaptive immunity that can result in an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, known as a status called inflamm-aging. T cell activation as well as polarization of T helper (Th) cells into their different subpopulations (Th1, Th2, Th17, regulatory T cells (Treg)) is highly influenced by zinc homeostasis. In the elderly a shift of the Th cell balance towards Th2 response is observed, a non-specific pre-activation of T cells is displayed, as well as a decreased response to vaccination is seen. Moreover, an impaired function of innate immune cells indicate a predominance of zinc deficiency in the elderly that may contribute to immunosenescence. This review summarizes current findings about zinc deficiency and supplementation in elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Maywald
- Institute of Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Crane JK, Broome JE, Reddinger RM, Werth BB. Zinc protects against Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli by acting on host tissues as well as on bacteria. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:145. [PMID: 24903402 PMCID: PMC4072484 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc supplements can treat or prevent enteric infections and diarrheal disease. Many articles on zinc in bacteria, however, highlight the essential nature of this metal for bacterial growth and virulence, suggesting that zinc should make infections worse, not better. To address this paradox, we tested whether zinc might have protective effects on intestinal epithelium as well as on the pathogen. RESULTS Using polarized monolayers of T84 cells we found that zinc protected against damage induced by hydrogen peroxide, as measured by trans-epithelial electrical resistance. Zinc also reduced peroxide-induced translocation of Shiga toxin (Stx) across T84 monolayers from the apical to basolateral side. Zinc was superior to other divalent metals to (iron, manganese, and nickel) in protecting against peroxide-induced epithelial damage, while copper also showed a protective effect.The SOS bacterial stress response pathway is a powerful regulator of Stx production in STEC. We examined whether zinc's known inhibitory effects on Stx might be mediated by blocking the SOS response. Zinc reduced expression of recA, a reliable marker of the SOS. Zinc was more potent and more efficacious than other metals tested in inhibiting recA expression induced by hydrogen peroxide, xanthine oxidase, or the antibiotic ciprofloxacin. The close correlation between zinc's effects on recA/SOS and on Stx suggested that inhibition of the SOS response is one mechanism by which zinc protects against STEC infection. CONCLUSIONS Zinc's ability to protect against enteric bacterial pathogens may be the result of its combined effects on host tissues as well as inhibition of virulence in some pathogens. Research focused solely on the effects of zinc on pathogenic microbes may give an incomplete picture by failing to account for protective effects of zinc on host epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Crane
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University at Buffalo, Room 317 Biomedical Research Bldg, 3435 Main St, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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Sundaram ME, Meydani SN, Vandermause M, Shay DK, Coleman LA. Vitamin E, vitamin A, and zinc status are not related to serologic response to influenza vaccine in older adults: an observational prospective cohort study. Nutr Res 2014; 34:149-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Haase H, Rink L. Zinc signals and immune function. Biofactors 2014; 40:27-40. [PMID: 23804522 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For more than 50 years, it has been known that zinc deficiency compromises immune function. During this time, knowledge about the biochemistry of zinc has continued to grow, but only recent years have provided in-depth molecular insights into the multiple aspects of zinc as a regulator of immunity. A network based on ZnT and ZIP proteins for transport and metallothionein for storage tightly regulates zinc availability, and virtually all aspects of innate and adaptive immunity are affected by zinc. In vivo, zinc deficiency alters the number and function of neutrophil granulocytes, monocytes, natural killer (NK)-, T-, and B-cells. T cell functions and balance between the different subsets are particularly susceptible to changes in zinc status. This article focuses in particular on the main mechanisms by which zinc ions exert essential functions in the immune system. On the one hand, this includes tightly protein bound zinc ions serving catalytic or structural functions in a multitude of different proteins, in particular enzymes and transcription factors. On the other hand, increasing evidence arises for a regulatory role of free zinc ions in signal transduction, especially in cells of the immune system. Identification of several molecular targets, including phosphatases, phosphodiesterases, caspases, and kinases suggest that zinc ions are a second messenger regulating signal transduction in various kinds of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajo Haase
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen, Germany
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Zare A, Saremi A, Hajhashemi M, Kardar GA, Moazzeni SM, Pourpak Z, Salehian P, Naderi M, Safaralizadeh R, Nourizadeh M. Correlation between serum zinc levels and successful immunotherapy in recurrent spontaneous abortion patients. J Hum Reprod Sci 2013; 6:147-51. [PMID: 24082657 PMCID: PMC3778605 DOI: 10.4103/0974-1208.117170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Immunotherapy with paternal lymphocytes plays an important role in preventing recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) and is an effective treatment for it. This kind of treatment is performed as an immunotherapy method in several centers in the world. It attributes to the production of anti-paternal cytotoxic antibodies (APCAs) in women with RSA. Production of APCA after lymphocyte immunotherapy (LIT) in RSA patients gives them a better chance for successful pregnancy. Regarding the important effect of trace elements on the function of the immune system, we tried to investigate the correlation between serum zinc level and the success of LIT in RSA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum zinc concentration was determined in two groups of RSA patients using atomic absorption spectrophotometer systems. Group (a) that responded to the paternal lymphocytes and their cross-match test was positive, and group (b) that had no response to the paternal lymphocytes immunizations and their cross-match test was negative. RESULTS: Serum zinc levels in group (a) patients were 74.98 ± 11.88 μg/dl, which was significantly higher than those in group (b) with the zinc concentration of 64.22 ± 9.22 μg/dl. CONCLUSIONS: Zinc deficiency may be one of the substantial causes of negative results for LIT in RSA patients. Therefore, compensation of zinc defect before LIT can be a promising approach to improve the immune response in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahad Zare
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mocchegiani E, Romeo J, Malavolta M, Costarelli L, Giacconi R, Diaz LE, Marcos A. Zinc: dietary intake and impact of supplementation on immune function in elderly. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:839-60. [PMID: 22222917 PMCID: PMC3636409 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The diet in the elderly does not provide a sufficient level of nutrients needed to maintain an adequate healthy status leading to micronutrient deficiencies and impaired immune response with subsequent development of degenerative diseases. Nutrient "zinc" is a relevant micronutrient involved in maintaining a good integrity of many body homeostatic mechanisms, including immune efficiency, owing to its requirement for the biological activity of many enzymes, proteins and for cellular proliferation and genomic stability. Old people aged 60-65 years and older have zinc intakes below 50% of the recommended daily allowance on a given day. Many causes can be involved: among them, altered intestinal absorption, inadequate mastication, psychosocial factors, drugs interactions, altered subcellular processes (zinc transporters (Zip and ZnT family), metallothioneins, divalent metal transporter-1). Zinc supplementation may remodel the immune alterations in elderly leading to healthy ageing. Several zinc trials have been carried out with contradictory data, perhaps due to incorrect choice of an effective zinc supplementation in old subjects showing subsequent zinc toxic effects on immunity. Old subjects with specific IL-6 polymorphism (GG allele carriers; named C-) are more prone for zinc supplementation than the entire old population, in whom correct dietary habits with foods containing zinc (Mediterranean diet) may be sufficient in restoring zinc deficiency and impaired immune response. We summarise the main causes of low zinc dietary intake in elderly reporting an update on the impact of zinc supplementation upon the immune response also on the basis of individual IL-6 polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Mocchegiani
- Ctr. Nutrition and Ageing, Italian National Research Centres on Ageing (INRCA), Via Birarelli 8, 60121, Ancona, Italy.
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The potential for enhancement of immunity in cats by dietary supplementation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 152:333-40. [PMID: 23385006 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the potential benefits of dietary supplementation on the feline immune system. Forty three cats (8 or 9 per group) were fed a low protein control diet (22.7% DM basis), the same diet supplemented with yeast-derived nucleotides, salmon oil or l-arginine or a commercial moist high protein diet (53.0% DM basis) for a period of five weeks. The low protein diets were formulated using a commercial moist diet base with added fat and starch and fed ad libitum, along with water. Specific immune assays showed that supplementation with arginine caused a significant enhancement of lymphocyte proliferative responses to the T-cell mitogen PHA after 35 days (P=0.018), while supplementation with either nucleotides or salmon oil resulted in significant enhancement after both 14 (P=0.0048, P<0.0001 respectively) and 35 days (both P<0.0001). Dietary supplementation with arginine, nucleotides or salmon oil each led to significant increases in blood leucocyte phagocytic activity after both 14 (P=0.0003, P=0.0077, P<0.0001 respectively) and 35 days (P<0.0001). This indicates that a number of dietary ingredients have the ability to modulate the immune system of healthy cats possibly resulting in a greater ability to fight infection and disease.
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Forster SE, Powers HJ, Foulds GA, Flower DJ, Hopkinson K, Parker SG, Young TA, Saxton J, Pockley AG, Williams EA. Improvement in Nutritional Status Reduces the Clinical Impact of Infections in Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2012; 60:1645-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gemma A. Foulds
- Department of Oncology; University of Sheffield; Sheffield; UK
| | | | - Kay Hopkinson
- Department of Oncology; University of Sheffield; Sheffield; UK
| | - Stuart G. Parker
- School of Health and Related Research; University of Sheffield; Sheffield; UK
| | - Tracey A. Young
- School of Health and Related Research; University of Sheffield; Sheffield; UK
| | - John Saxton
- School of Allied Health Professionals; University of East Anglia; Norwich; UK
| | - Alan G. Pockley
- Department of Oncology; University of Sheffield; Sheffield; UK
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Talbot HK, Coleman LA, Crimin K, Zhu Y, Rock MT, Meece J, Shay DK, Belongia EA, Griffin MR. Association between obesity and vulnerability and serologic response to influenza vaccination in older adults. Vaccine 2012; 30:3937-3943. [PMID: 22484350 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serologic response to influenza vaccination declines with age. Few other host factors are known to be associated with serologic response. Our objective was to determine whether obesity and vulnerability independently predicted serologic response to influenza vaccination. METHODS Adults ≥ 50 years were recruited during the 2008-2009 influenza season. Subjects provided pre- and post-vaccination sera for measuring antibody titers to 2008-2009 vaccine components. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg)/height (m(2)). Data were collected on vulnerability using the vulnerable elders survey (VES13). Logistic regression evaluated the associations between obesity and vulnerability and the serologic response to vaccination (both seroprotection and seroconversion), adjusting for gender, age, comorbidities, pre-vaccination titer, and site. RESULTS Mean (± standard deviation) age of 415 study subjects was 65 ± 10 years; 40% were obese. Mean BMI was 29 ± 5.6 kg/m(2); mean VES13 was 1.6 ± 1.8. The proportions of subjects who seroconverted and had seroprotective titers were 40% and 49%, respectively, for A/Brisbane/59 (H1N1); 73% and 80% for A/Brisbane/10 (H3N2); and 34% and 94% for B/Florida. Modified VES-13 (score 0-10, with 10 being most vulnerable) was not associated with seroprotection against H1N1 or H3N2, and VES-13 was directly associated with seroconversion to H1N1 but not H3N2 or B. Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2) vs. BMI 18.5-30 kg/m(2)) was not associated with seroprotection for H1N1 or H3N2; obesity was directly associated with seroconversion to H3N2 but not H1N1 or B. Age was inversely associated with seroprotection and seroconversion against H1N1 and with seroconversion to influenza B. CONCLUSION Based on this sample of older healthy subjects, there were no consistent relationships between VES 13 or obesity and either seroprotection or seroconversion to three influenza vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L A Coleman
- Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI
| | - K Crimin
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Y Zhu
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - M T Rock
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - J Meece
- Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI
| | - D K Shay
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - E A Belongia
- Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI
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32
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Zinc supplementation in intensive care: Results of a UK survey. J Crit Care 2012; 27:102.e1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2011.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yalçın SS, Engür-Karasimav D, Alehan D, Yurdakök K, Ozkutlu S, Coşkun T. Zinc supplementation and TNF-α levels in vaccinated cardiac patients. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2011; 25:85-90. [PMID: 21514808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Revised: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether zinc supplementation could affect serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in congenital and acquired cardiac patients attending for an influenza vaccine. METHODS 9-18 years old, voluntary children with cardiac disease were weighed, measured height and blood samples for hemoglobin level, zinc level, IgA and IgG titers of influenza A and B serotypes and TNF-α levels were obtained. The children were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: ZV group received both zinc supplementation and influenza vaccine; V group received influenza vaccine. Serum TNF-α levels were measured at 28 days after the immunization. RESULTS Mean (±SD) serum zinc level was 100 (±20) μg/dL. Cases with congenital heart disease had lower serum zinc levels than acquired ones (93±17 μg/dL, 116±18 μg/dL; respectively, p<0.001). Median titers of serum TNF-α decreased after vaccination (78.9 pg/mL, 74.8 pg/mL; p<0.05) but this significant change occurred only in ZV group (77.1 pg/mL, 73.4 pg/mL; p=0.001). Vaccine associated adverse events were similar in ZV and V groups except malaise (0% in ZV and 23.8% in V group; p<0.05). Adverse events were similar in patients with congenital and acquired heart diseases. During the previous influenza season, 77.3% had more than two episodes of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), however, after vaccination only 13.6% had more than two episode of URTI. CONCLUSION Zinc supplementation has a beneficial effect on malaise, one of the influenza vaccine associated adverse events, and decrease serum TNF-α levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Songül Yalçın
- Unit of Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Abstract
Ageing is an inevitable biological process with gradual and spontaneous biochemical and physiological changes and increased susceptibility to diseases. The nutritional factor, zinc, may remodel these changes with subsequent healthy ageing, because zinc improves the inflammatory/immune response as shown by in vitro and in vivo studies. The intracellular zinc homeostasis is regulated by buffering metallothioneins (MT) and zinc transporters (ZnT and ZIP families) that mediate the intracellular zinc signalling assigning to zinc a role of ‘second messenger’. In ageing, the intracellular zinc homeostasis is altered, because high MT are unable to release zinc and some zinc transporters deputed to zinc influx (ZIP family) are defective leading to low intracellular zinc content for the immune efficiency. Physiological zinc supplementation in the elderly improves these functions. However, the choice of old subjects for zinc supplementation has to be performed in relation to the specific genetic background of MT and IL-6, because the latter is involved both in MTmRNA and in intracellular zinc homeostasis. Old subjects carrying GG genotypes (C–carriers) in the IL-6–174G/C locus display high IL-6, low intracellular zinc content, impaired innate immunity and enhanced MT. Old subjects carrying GC and CC genotypes (C+carriers) display satisfactory intracellular zinc content, adequate innate immunity and are more prone to reach longevity. Zinc supplementation in old C–carriers restores natural killer cell cytotoxicity and zinc status. The genetic variations of the IL-6−174G/C locus when associated with those of the MT1A+647A/C locus are useful tools for the choice of old people for zinc supplementation.
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Savy M, Edmond K, Fine PEM, Hall A, Hennig BJ, Moore SE, Mulholland K, Schaible U, Prentice AM. Landscape analysis of interactions between nutrition and vaccine responses in children. J Nutr 2009; 139:2154S-218S. [PMID: 19793845 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.105312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The world's poorest children are likely to be malnourished when receiving their childhood vaccines. It is uncertain whether this affects vaccine efficacy and whether the coadministration of nutrient supplements with vaccines has beneficial or detrimental effects. More recently, a detrimental interaction between vitamin A (VA) supplementation (VAS) and the killed diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine given in early childhood has been suggested. This report provides a critical review of the published interactions between nutritional status and/or supplementation and vaccine responses in children. Due to an absence of evidence for most nutrients, this analysis focused on protein-energy, vitamins A and D, and iron and zinc. All vaccines were considered. Both observational studies and clinical trials that led to peer-reviewed publications in English or French were included. These criteria led to a pool of 58 studies for protein-energy malnutrition, 43 for VA, 4 for vitamin D, 10 for iron, and 22 for zinc. Our analysis indicates that malnutrition has surprisingly little or no effect on vaccine responses. Evidence for definitive adjunctive effects of micronutrient supplementation at the time of vaccination is also weak. Overall, the paucity, poor quality, and heterogeneity of data make it difficult to draw firm conclusions. The use of simple endpoints that may not correlate strongly with disease protection adds uncertainty. A detailed examination of the immunological mechanisms involved in potential interactions, employing modern methodologies, is therefore required. This would also help us understand the proposed, but still unproven, negative interactions between VAS and vaccine safety, a resolution of which is urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Savy
- Medical Research Council International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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36
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Haase H, Rink L. The immune system and the impact of zinc during aging. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2009; 6:9. [PMID: 19523191 PMCID: PMC2702361 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-6-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The trace element zinc is essential for the immune system, and zinc deficiency affects multiple aspects of innate and adaptive immunity. There are remarkable parallels in the immunological changes during aging and zinc deficiency, including a reduction in the activity of the thymus and thymic hormones, a shift of the T helper cell balance toward T helper type 2 cells, decreased response to vaccination, and impaired functions of innate immune cells. Many studies confirm a decline of zinc levels with age. Most of these studies do not classify the majority of elderly as zinc deficient, but even marginal zinc deprivation can affect immune function. Consequently, oral zinc supplementation demonstrates the potential to improve immunity and efficiently downregulates chronic inflammatory responses in the elderly. These data indicate that a wide prevalence of marginal zinc deficiency in elderly people may contribute to immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajo Haase
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Salva A, Coll-Planas L, Bruce S, De Groot L, Andrieu S, Abellan G, Vellas B, Andrieu S, Bartorelli L, Berner YN, Bruce S, Corman B, Domingo A, Egger TP, de Groot L, Guigoz Y, Imedio A, Planas M, Porras C, Rovira JC, Salvà A, Serra JA, Vellas B. Nutritional assessment of residents in long-term care facilities (LTCFs): recommendations of the task force on nutrition and ageing of the IAGG European region and the IANA. J Nutr Health Aging 2009; 13:475-83. [PMID: 19536415 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-009-0097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Unintentional weight loss and Undernutrition are major problems among older people living in Long-Term Care Facilities (LTCF). Undernutrition manifests in LTCF particularly as weight loss and low Body Mass Index (BMI) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality as well as with functional decline. There are many factors associated with poor nutritional status and affecting protein-energy intake and/or energy expenditure. These include age of 85 years or older, low nutrient intake, loss of ability to eat independently, swallowing and chewing difficulties, becoming bed-ridden, pressure ulcers, history of hip fracture, dementia, depressive symptoms and suffering from two or more chronic illnesses. Nutritional evaluation is an essential part of the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA). This evaluation ranges from methods such as BMI to several validated tools such as Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA). After diagnosis, the management of undernutrition in LTCF requires a multidisciplinary approach which may involve dietary and environmental improvements and managing multiple co-morbidities, while avoiding polypharmacy as far as possible. Finally, the need for supplementation or artificial (tube) feeding may be considered taking into account the CGA and individual needs. This document presents a succinct review and recommendations of evaluation and treatment of undernutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Salva
- Institut Catala de l'Envelliment. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. Spain
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38
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Fülöp T, Larbi A, Hirokawa K, Mocchegiani E, Lesourds B, Castle S, Wikby A, Franceschi C, Pawelec G. Immunosupportive therapies in aging. Clin Interv Aging 2008; 2:33-54. [PMID: 18044074 PMCID: PMC2684090 DOI: 10.2147/ciia.2007.2.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary role of the immune system is to protect the organism against pathogens, but age-associated alterations to immunity increase the susceptibility of the elderly to infectious disease. The exact nature of these changes is still controversial, but the use of screening procedures, such as the SENIEUR protocol to exclude underlying illness, helped to better characterize the changes actually related to physiological aging rather than pathology. It is generally agreed that the most marked changes occur in the cellular immune response reflecting profound alterations in T cells. Much of this is due to thymic involution as well as changes in the proportions of T cell subpopulations resulting from antigen exposure, and altered T cell activation pathways. However, a body of data indicates that innate immune responses, including the critical bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, and antigen presenting capacity are not completely resistant to senescence processes. The consequences of all these alterations are an increased incidence of infections, as well as possibly cancers, autoimmune disorders, and chronic inflammatory diseases. The leading question is what, if anything, can we do to prevent these deleterious changes without dangerously dysregulating the precarious balance of productive immunity versus immunopathology? There are many potential new therapeutic means now available to modulate immunosenescence and many others are expected to be available shortly. One main problem in applying these experimental therapies is ethical: there is a common feeling that as ageing is not a disease; the elderly are not sick and therefore do not require adventurous therapies with unpredictable side-effects in mostly frail individuals. Animal models are not helpful in this context. In this chapter we will first briefly review what we think we know about human immunosenescence and its consequences for the health status of elderly individuals. We will then discuss possible interventions that might one day become applicable in an appropriate ethical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Fülöp
- Research Center on Aging, Immunology Program, Geriatric Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
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Haase H, Overbeck S, Rink L. Zinc supplementation for the treatment or prevention of disease: current status and future perspectives. Exp Gerontol 2007; 43:394-408. [PMID: 18221847 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is a nutritionally essential trace element, and thus zinc deficiency may severely affect human health. Many studies were published in which the effect of nutritional zinc supplementation on the incidence or severity of a certain disease was investigated. This review summarizes the main observations and aims to evaluate the use of nutritional zinc supplementation for prevention and treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajo Haase
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
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40
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Mazzatti D, Malavolta M, White A, Costarelli L, Giacconi R, Muti E, Cipriano C, Powell J, Mocchegiani E. Differential Effects of In Vitro Zinc Treatment on Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Derived from Young and Elderly Individuals. Rejuvenation Res 2007; 10:603-20. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2007.0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D.J. Mazzatti
- Unilever Corporate Research, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - M. Malavolta
- Italian National Research Centre on Ageing: Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing Section, Ancona, Italy
| | - A.J. White
- Unilever Measurement Sciences, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - L. Costarelli
- Italian National Research Centre on Ageing: Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing Section, Ancona, Italy
| | - R. Giacconi
- Italian National Research Centre on Ageing: Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing Section, Ancona, Italy
| | - E. Muti
- Italian National Research Centre on Ageing: Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing Section, Ancona, Italy
| | - C. Cipriano
- Italian National Research Centre on Ageing: Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing Section, Ancona, Italy
| | - J.R. Powell
- Unilever Corporate Research, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - E. Mocchegiani
- Italian National Research Centre on Ageing: Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing Section, Ancona, Italy
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41
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Araújo AP, Rocha OGF, Mayrink W, Machado-Coelho GLL. The influence of copper, selenium and zinc on the response to the Montenegro skin test in subjects vaccinated against American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007; 102:64-9. [PMID: 17980395 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2007] [Revised: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the relationship between the trace elements copper, zinc and selenium and the response to the Montenegro skin test (MST) in 172 volunteers vaccinated against American cutaneous leishmaniasis. The MST diameter was categorized as negative and in quartiles of positive response, constituting five groups. Trace element serum levels were analyzed by coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry, with study subjects classified into two groups depending on low or high levels of trace elements observed. MST-positive subjects had an MST diameter (mean+/-SD) of 10.35+/-4.64mm, with copper, selenium and zinc serum levels of 1433.7+/-665.7microg/l, 88.6+/-39microg/l and 999.2+/-366microg/l, respectively. The MST diameter was significantly different in the selenium groups only. The selenium levels also differed with the quartiles of the MST diameters of individuals testing positive (P<0.05). Our findings suggest that trace elements, particularly selenium, should be measured in future vaccine trials so that vaccine immunogenicity and response can be assessed and compared between different studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Paiva Araújo
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Rua Costa Sena 171 Centro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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42
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Guo R, Pittler MH, Ernst E. Complementary medicine for treating or preventing influenza or influenza-like illness. Am J Med 2007; 120:923-929.e3. [PMID: 17976414 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review was to assess the evidence for the effectiveness of complementary and alternative therapies for preventing or treating influenza or influenza-like illness, including avian influenza. Systematic literature searches were conducted in 5 databases until June 2006; other data sources included bibliographies of located articles, manufacturers of commercially available preparations, and experts in the field. Randomized clinical trials, controlled against placebo or active comparator, were included. Decisions on inclusion, data extraction, and methodological quality assessment were performed independently by 2 reviewers. Fourteen randomized controlled trials testing 7 preparations were included. For Oscillococcinum, P. quinquefolium extract, Sambucus nigra, and the herbal combination Kan Jang, 2 or more trials reporting some encouraging data were identified. In conclusion, the effectiveness of any complementary and alternative therapy for treating or preventing seasonal influenza is not established beyond reasonable doubt. Current evidence from randomized controlled trials is sparse and limited by small sample sizes, low methodological quality, or clinically irrelevant effect sizes. For avian influenza, no data are currently available. These results strengthen conventional approaches for seasonal influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoling Guo
- Department of Complementary Medicine, Peninsula Medical School, Universities of Exeter and Plymouth, Exeter, United Kingdom
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43
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Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Contribution of selected vitamins and trace elements to immune function. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2007; 51:301-23. [PMID: 17726308 DOI: 10.1159/000107673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Adequate intakes of vitamins and trace elements are required for the immune system to function efficiently. Micronutrient deficiency suppresses immune functions by affecting the innate T-cell-mediated immune response and adaptive antibody response, and leads to dysregulation of the balanced host response. This increases the susceptibility to infections, with increased morbidity and mortality. In turn, infections aggravate micronutrient deficiencies by reducing nutrient intake, increasing losses, and interfering with utilization by altering metabolic pathways. Insufficient intake of micronutrients occurs in people with eating disorders, in smokers (both active and passive), in individuals with chronic alcohol abuse, in patients with certain diseases, during pregnancy and lactation, and in the elderly. With aging a variety of changes are observed in the immune system, which translate into less effective innate and adaptive immune responses and increased susceptibility to infections. Antioxidant vitamins and trace elements (vitamins C, E, selenium, copper, and zinc) counteract potential damage caused by reactive oxygen species to cellular tissues and modulate immune cell function through regulation of redox-sensitive transcription factors and affect production of cytokines and prostaglandins. Adequate intake of vitamins B(6), folate, B(12), C, E, and of selenium, zinc, copper, and iron supports a Th1 cytokine-mediated immune response with sufficient production of proinflammatory cytokines, which maintains an effective immune response and avoids a shift to an anti-inflammatory Th2 cell-mediated immune response and an increased risk of extracellular infections. Supplementation with these micronutrients reverses the Th2 cell-mediated immune response to a proinflammatory Th1 cytokine-regulated response with enhanced innate immunity. Vitamins A and D play important roles in both cell-mediated and humoral antibody response and support a Th2-mediated anti-inflammatory cytokine profile. Vitamin A deficiency impairs both innate immunity (mucosal epithelial regeneration) and adaptive immune response to infection resulting in an impaired ability to counteract extracellular pathogens. Vitamin D deficiency is correlated with a higher susceptibility to infections due to impaired localized innate immunity and defects in antigen-specific cellular immune response. Overall, inadequate intake and status of these vitamins and minerals may lead to suppressed immunity, which predisposes to infections and aggravates malnutrition.
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Hodkinson CF, Kelly M, Alexander HD, Bradbury I, Robson PJ, Bonham MP, O'Connor JM, Coudray C, Strain JJ, Wallace JMW. Effect of Zinc Supplementation on the Immune Status of Healthy Older Individuals Aged 55-70 Years: The ZENITH Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007; 62:598-608. [PMID: 17595415 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/62.6.598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with alterations in the immune system, effects which may be exacerbated by inadequate zinc (Zn) status. We examined the relationship between Zn status and markers of immunity and the effect of supplementation with 15 mg or 30 mg Zn/d for 6 months on immune status in healthy individuals. Zn status was assessed by dietary intake and biochemical indices. Immune status was assessed by multiple flow cytometric methods. At baseline, Zn concentration was positively associated with lymphocyte subpopulation counts and T-lymphocyte activation. Zn supplementation of 30 mg/d significantly lowered B-lymphocyte count, albeit at month 3 only. Lower doses of Zn (15 mg Zn/d) significantly increased the ratio of CD4 to CD8 T lymphocytes at month 6. Overall, these findings suggest that total Zn intake (diet plus supplementation) of up to 40 mg Zn/d do not have significant long-term effects on immune status in apparently healthy persons aged 55-70 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare F Hodkinson
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
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45
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Raqib R, Hossain MB, Kelleher SL, Stephensen CB, Lönnerdal B. Zinc supplementation of pregnant rats with adequate zinc nutriture suppresses immune functions in their offspring. J Nutr 2007; 137:1037-42. [PMID: 17374673 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.4.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge about consequences of marginal zinc (Zn) deficiency and Zn supplementation during pregnancy on immune function in the offspring is limited. The aim of this study was to examine whether effects of mild Zn deficiency and subsequent Zn supplementation during pregnancy persist after weaning and affect immune function of the offspring. Adult female rats were fed a Zn-adequate diet (ZC, n = 8) or a Zn-deficient diet (ZD, n = 8) from preconception through lactation. Pregnant rats were supplemented with either Zn (1.5 mg Zn in water) or placebo (water) 3 times/wk throughout pregnancy. Pups were orally immunized with cholera toxin and bovine serum albumin-dinitrophenol (DNP) 3 times at weekly intervals and killed 1 wk after the last dose. Proliferation and cytokine responses in lymphocytes from Payer's patches and spleen, and antigen specific antibodies in serum were studied. Zn supplementation of ZD dams led to enhanced lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-gamma responses in pups ZDZ+. In contrast, Zn supplementation of ZC dams suppressed these responses in pups ZCZ+. Total and DNP-specific IgA responses were lower in pups of the Zn-deficient group compared with the Zn-adequate group. Relative thymus weight was greater in the pups (ZDZ-) of ZD placebo-supplemented dams compared with the other groups at 31 d of age. Prepregnancy and early in utero Zn deficiency affected IgA responses in pups that could not be restored with Zn supplementation during pregnancy. Zn supplementation of ZC dams induced immunosuppressive effects in utero that may also be mediated through milk and persist in the offspring after weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubhana Raqib
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh.
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46
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Wolvers DAW, van Herpen-Broekmans WMR, Logman MHGM, van der Wielen RPJ, Albers R. Effect of a mixture of micronutrients, but not of bovine colostrum concentrate, on immune function parameters in healthy volunteers: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Nutr J 2006; 5:28. [PMID: 17118191 PMCID: PMC1676011 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-5-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Supplementation of nutritional deficiencies helps to improve immune function and resistance to infections in malnourished subjects. However, the suggested benefits of dietary supplementation for immune function in healthy well nourished subjects is less clear. Among the food constituents frequently associated with beneficial effects on immune function are micronutrients such as vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene and zinc, and colostrum. This study was designed to investigate the effects these ingredients on immune function markers in healthy volunteers. Methods In a double-blind, randomized, parallel, 2*2, placebo-controlled intervention study one hundred thirty-eight healthy volunteers aged 40–80 y (average 57 ± 10 y) received one of the following treatments: (1) bovine colostrum concentrate 1.2 g/d (equivalent to ~500 mg/d immunoglobulins), (2) micronutrient mix of 288 mg vitamin E, 375 mg vitamin C, 12 mg β-carotene and 15 mg zinc/day, (3) combination of colostrum and micronutrient mix, or (4) placebo. Several immune function parameters were assessed after 6 and 10 weeks. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. Groups were combined to test micronutrient treatment versus no micronutrient treatment, and colostrum treatment versus no colostrum treatment. Results Overall, consumption of the micronutrient mix significantly enhanced delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses (p < 0.05). Adjusted covariance analysis showed a positive association between DTH and age. Separate analysis of younger and older age groups indicated that it was the older population that benefited from micronutrient consumption. The other immune function parameters including responses to systemic tetanus and oral typhoid vaccination, phagocytosis, oxidative burst, lymphocyte proliferation and lymphocyte subset distribution were neither affected by the consumption of micronutrients nor by the consumption of bovine colostrum concentrate. Conclusion Consumption of bovine colostrum had no effect on any of the immune parameters assessed. The micronutrient mix enhanced cellular immunity as measured by DTH, with an increased effect by incremental age, but did not affect any of the other immune parameters measured. Although correlations between decreased DTH and enhanced risk of certain infection have been reported, it remains unclear whether and enhanced DTH response actually improves immune defense. The present data suggests that improvement of immune parameters in a population with a generally good immune and nutritional status is limited and that improvement of immune function in this population may be difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle AW Wolvers
- Unilever Food & Health Research Institute, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, NL-3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Margot HGM Logman
- Unilever Food & Health Research Institute, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, NL-3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Reggy PJ van der Wielen
- Unilever Food & Health Research Institute, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, NL-3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Albers
- Unilever Food & Health Research Institute, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, NL-3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
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47
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Haase H, Mocchegiani E, Rink L. Correlation between zinc status and immune function in the elderly. Biogerontology 2006; 7:421-8. [PMID: 16953331 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-006-9057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is essential for the immune system and elderly people have an increased probability for zinc deficiency, documented by a decline of serum or plasma zinc levels with age. Although most healthy elderly are not classified as clinically zinc deficient, even marginal zinc deprivation can affect immune function. Several striking similarities in the immunological changes during aging and zinc deficiency, including a reduction in the activity of the thymus and thymic hormones, a shift of the T helper cell balance towards TH2, decreased response to vaccination, and impaired functions of innae immune cells indicate that a wide prevalence of marginal zinc deficiency in elderly people may contribute to immunosenescence. Studies with oral zinc supplementation show the potential to improve the immune response of elderly people by restoration of the zinc levels, showing that balancing the zinc status may be a way to healthy aging. This review summarizes the current literature about zinc supplementation in the elderly and thereby defines the rationale for the immunological part of the ZINCAGE project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajo Haase
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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48
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Re F, Donnini A, Provinciali M. Induction of alphadelta- and alphabeta-mediated T cell responses in healthy elderly subjects after influenza vaccination. Biogerontology 2006; 7:249-59. [PMID: 16821115 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-006-9024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 04/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly and influenza vaccination has shown a decreased efficacy in aged people. Both gammadelta- and alphabeta-T cell responses, which are believed to play an important role in controlling influenza infection, are impaired during aging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of influenza vaccine to induce cellular immune responses mediated by gammadelta- and alphabeta-T cells in healthy elderly subjects. After influenza vaccination, an increased proportion of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells having reduced proliferative capacity and increased perforin production, and then a differentiated effector/memory phenotype, was present. The peripheral number and the cytokine production of gammadelta T cells were not changed. A significant decrease of CD4 and CD8 naïve T cells and a corresponding increase of CD4 and CD8 memory T cells were found. The in vitro stimulation of PBMCs from elderly subjects with influenza antigens increased their proliferative capacity and the production of both IFNgamma and IL-4. The vaccine was clinically effective, since in the outbreak period, only one influenza case was noted. The results reported in this study demonstrate the activation of both gammadelta- and alphabeta-T cell responses in healthy elderly after influenza vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Re
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Immunology Center, INRCA Gerontology Research Department, Via Birarelli 8, 60121 Ancona, Italy
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Moriguti JC, Ferriolli E, Donadi EA, Marchini JS. Effects of arginine supplementation on the humoral and innate immune response of older people. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 59:1362-6. [PMID: 16047027 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether oral supplementation with arginine affects the humoral and innate immune response after vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae in a group of people aged 60 y and older, free-living in the community. DESIGN A randomized controlled trial with one supplemented group and one control group. SETTING Older persons living in the community. SUBJECTS A total of 29 adults aged 60 y and older. INTERVENTIONS The older people were randomized into two groups, one with arginine supplementation (15 g/day) for 4 weeks after pneumococcal vaccine. The control group received only the vaccine. Anthropometric measurements and immune system function parameters: neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis, natural killer cell activity, determination of serum pneumococcal polysaccharide antibodies and serum C3 and C4. RESULTS Neutrophil phagocytosis and the serum concentration of complement (C3 and C4) did not differ between groups. IgG antibodies against pneumococcal polysaccharide serotypes 1, 5 and 6B increased in both groups. The following parameters increased in the arginine-supplemented group compared to the nonsupplemented group: neutrophil chemotaxis (34 vs 19 units of migration, P = 0.002), natural killer cell cytotoxicity (23.3 vs 13.4 10 M/Ul 40%, P = 0.011) and IgG against antigen 5 (12.3 vs 6.2 mug/ml, P = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that, after the pneumococcal vaccine, the intake of arginine increased neutrophil chemotaxis, natural killer cytotoxicity and serum concentration of IgG against antigen 5 in older people. These results suggest that arginine supplementation may enhance the immune response elicited by the pneumococcal vaccine in older people. SPONSORSHIP Supported in part by CAPES and FAEPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Moriguti
- School of Nutrition and School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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50
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Provinciali M, Smorlesi A. Immunoprevention and immunotherapy of cancer in ageing. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:93-106. [PMID: 15558281 PMCID: PMC11032815 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0539-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2003] [Accepted: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years there has been a growing interest in geriatric oncology, mainly because of the evidence that advanced age is the greatest risk factor for the development of cancer and that, since the elderly population is rapidly expanding, so too will the number of cancer patients. This forecast necessitates the development of new and more specific strategies for the prevention and cure of cancer in the elderly and as a result an ever-increasing need for oncologists, geriatricians and researchers to work closely together. The increased incidence of cancer in elderly people has been related to the age-associated changes occurring in the immune system, the so-called immunosenescence. This phenomenon is best characterised by a remodelling of the immune system, which appears early on and progresses throughout a person's life and mainly involves a decrease in cellular functions. This review aims to provide a rationale for the development of specific immunotherapeutic and immunopreventive regimens for the elderly. We also include a discussion on the influence that immunosenescence has on the growth of tumours and the effectiveness of immunogene therapy and cancer vaccination following a brief analysis of the age-related alterations of the cell populations involved in antitumour immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Provinciali
- INRCA Research Department, Laboratory of Tumour Immunology, Via Birarelli 8, 60121, Ancona, Italy.
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