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Orta-Aleman D, Thorne-Lyman AL, Neff R, Wolfson J, Caulfield LE. Reduced red and processed meat consumption is associated with lower diet costs in US households: a national analysis of protein substitutions. Public Health Nutr 2024; 27:e205. [PMID: 39385430 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980024001897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between red and processed meat consumption and total food expenditures in US households and explore whether households could reduce food costs by substituting these meats with other protein sources such as poultry, seafood, eggs and plant proteins. DESIGN Cross-sectional study using data from the National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey (FoodAPS). Using adult male equivalents (AME) for standardisation, we categorised red and processed meat purchases into quintiles. We used generalised linear models to explore the association between red or processed meat consumption and food expenditures and the cost effect of substituting meat with other proteins. SETTING United States. PARTICIPANTS Data from 4739 households with valid acquisition information from FoodAPS, a stratified multistage probability sample of US households. RESULTS Higher red and processed meat consumption were both significantly associated with higher total weekly food expenditures, particularly among households with low income. Substituting red or processed meat with poultry, eggs or plant proteins did not significantly affect overall food expenditures, whereas replacing meat with seafood, especially varieties high in n-3 fatty acids, led to increased costs. CONCLUSIONS Reducing red and processed meat consumption could offer savings for households, particularly those with low income. Although substitutions with seafood high in n-3 could increase expenses, alternative protein sources like poultry and plant proteins may serve as cost-neutral replacements. Public health strategies should emphasise dietary shifts' economic, health and environmental benefits and aim to make nutritious yet affordable protein sources more accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Orta-Aleman
- Nutrition Policy Institute, University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, 1111 Franklin Street, 11th Floor, Oakland, CA 94607, USA
| | - Andrew L Thorne-Lyman
- Center for Human Nutrition, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Center for a Livable Future, Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, W7009, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Roni Neff
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, W7009, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Julia Wolfson
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Laura E Caulfield
- Center for Human Nutrition, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Xu W, Li A, Yackel HD, Sarta ML, Salner A, Judge MP. Dietary consumption patterns in breast cancer survivors: Pilot evaluation of diet, supplements and clinical factors. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2024; 72:102678. [PMID: 39159551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2024.102678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adherence to dietary intake guidelines is recommended for optimal nutrition and outcomes in breast cancer survivors. The purpose of this study was to examine dietary quality in a cohort of breast cancer survivors related to current guidelines, guiding further education-based research. METHODS This exploratory evaluation examined compliance with current dietary guidelines. Data collected included demographics, medical histories and repeated, three-day 24-h dietary recalls. Women with early-stage breast cancer (n = 97) who completed breast cancer treatment between 6 and 24 months were recruited. Descriptive statistics and frequencies were calculated for demographic and lifestyle characteristics, reported fish consumption, body mass index categories, supplement consumption, and adequacy of macronutrient and micronutrient consumption (classified as below, meeting, or exceeding needs). RESULTS In this cohort, 28.9% were classified as overweight and 35% were obese. The mean dietary macronutrient consumption was 44.3% (±8.9%) carbohydrates, 36.6% (±7.3%) fat, and 17.3% (±4.7%) protein. Additionally, 32.3% participants consumed >45 g sugar/d. The mean n-6 to n-3 ratio was 8.0 (±3.3):1. Further, 38% of survivors reported consuming less than 1 serving of fish per week. Participants consumed between 0 and 1.03 servings of fish per day, with an average consumption of 0.16 (±0.26) servings per day and 61.5% (n = 59) consuming 0 servings per day. The mean daily combined dietary and supplement consumption of multiple micronutrients was below the Recommended Daily Allowance for Vitamin D (30%), Calcium (52.6%), Magnesium (42.1%), and Vitamin E (80%). CONCLUSION Breast cancer survivors 0.5-2 years post-treatment are not meeting recommended nutrition consumption guidelines for a number of nutrients. Findings suggested that nutrition therapy targeting weight loss through reduced sugar, total and saturated fat, while increasing foods rich in omega-3, and ensuring adequate micronutrient consumption would promote better nutritional consumption patterns and improve overall health during survivorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Xu
- University of Connecticut School of Nursing, Storrs, CT, 06269, United States
| | - Aolan Li
- University of Connecticut Department of Statistics, CT, 06269, United States
| | - Hayley D Yackel
- Hartford Healthcare Cancer Institute at Hartford Hospital, CT, 06106, United States
| | - Michelle L Sarta
- Charlotte Hungerford Hospital, Hartford Healthcare, Torrington, CT, 06790, United States
| | - Andrew Salner
- Hartford Healthcare Cancer Institute at Hartford Hospital, CT, 06106, United States
| | - Michelle P Judge
- University of Connecticut School of Nursing, Storrs, CT, 06269, United States.
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Khattab R. Weight Loss Programs: Why Do They Fail? A Multidimensional Approach for Obesity Management. Curr Nutr Rep 2024; 13:478-499. [PMID: 38861120 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00551-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite the prevalence of weight loss programs, their success rates remain discouraging, with around half of individuals regaining lost weight within two years. The primary objective of this review is to explore the factors contributing to the failure of weight loss programs and to provide insights into effective weight management strategies. RECENT FINDINGS Factors contributing to the failure of weight loss programs include the impracticality of restrictive diets, potential metabolic impacts, limited focus on lifestyle changes, genetic predispositions, psychological influences, socioeconomic status, and medical conditions. A holistic approach considering these factors is crucial for safe and sustainable weight loss. Key findings indicate the importance of holistic approaches to weight management, including lifestyle modifications, medical interventions, and behavioral and psychological strategies. Effective weight loss strategies emphasize low-calorie, nutrient-rich diets, regular physical activity, and interventions tailored to individual needs. Combining multiple approaches offers the best chance of successful weight management and improved health outcomes. This review provides insights into the complexities of obesity management and the factors contributing to the failure of weight loss programs. It highlights the necessity of adopting a holistic approach that addresses dietary habits, physical activity, genetic factors, psychological well-being, and socioeconomic influences. Recommendations include implementing lifestyle modifications, medical interventions when necessary, and integrating behavioral and psychological support to achieve sustainable weight loss and mitigate the global health challenge posed by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabie Khattab
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
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4
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Luzardo ML. Effects of higher dietary acid load: a narrative review with special emphasis in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2024:10.1007/s00467-024-06466-7. [PMID: 39093454 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-024-06466-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic effects of high diet acid load (DAL) have been studied for years in adults, although only recently in children. Contemporary diets, especially those of Western societies, owe their acidogenic effect to high animal-origin protein content and low contribution of base-forming elements, such as fruits and vegetables. This imbalance, where dietary acid precursors exceed the body's buffering capacity, results in an acid-retaining state known by terms such as "eubicarbonatemic metabolic acidosis," "low-grade metabolic acidosis," "subclinical acidosis," or "acid stress". Its consequences have been linked to chronic systemic inflammation, contributing to various noncommunicable diseases traditionally considered more common in adulthood, but now have been recognized to originate at much earlier ages. In children, effects of high DAL are not limited to growth impairment caused by alterations of bone and muscle metabolism, but also represent a risk factor for conditions such as obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, urolithiasis, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The possibility that high DAL may be a cause of chronic acid-retaining states in children with growth impairment should alert pediatricians and pediatric nephrologists, since its causes have been attributed traditionally to inborn errors of metabolism and renal pathologies such as CKD and renal tubular acidosis. The interplay between DAL, overall diet quality, and its cascading effects on children's health necessitates comprehensive nutritional assessments and interventions. This narrative review explores the clinical relevance of diet-induced acid retention in children and highlights the potential for prevention through dietary modifications, particularly by increasing fruit and vegetable intake alongside appropriate protein consumption.
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House JD, Brodkorb A, Messina M, Braun M, Krul ES. Options for substantiating protein content claims for conventional foods. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:395-404. [PMID: 38088347 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
In Canada and the United States, front-of-package protein content claims require data to support the quality of the protein. In general, protein quality reflects the product of the amino acid composition of the food protein relative to human amino acid requirements and a measure of digestibility. The currently accepted method in both jurisdictions is the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) that requires the measurement of true fecal protein (nitrogen) digestibility. The latter must be measured in vivo using a rat model. This requirement for animal testing is inconsistent with international efforts to reduce the usage of animals in testing for regulatory purposes. The current commentary positions four options to remove the need to use animal testing for determining protein quality, when considering protein content claim substantiation. These options include (i) a focus on protein quantity alone; (ii) the use of the amino acid score alone, with no correction for digestibility; (iii) the use of a fixed digestibility coefficient to estimate protein quality; and (iv) the use of in vitro methods to measure protein and/or amino acid digestibility. The relative merits and deficiencies of the options are positioned with the goal of encouraging dialogue within the regulatory agencies to move towards alternative approaches for substantiating protein content claims on foods, including those derived from plant-based sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D House
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Richardson Centre for Food Technology and Research, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - André Brodkorb
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy Co., Cork, Ireland
| | - Mark Messina
- Soy Nutrition Institute Global, 1747 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20006, USA
| | | | - Elaine S Krul
- EKSci LLC, 594 Gederson Lane, St. Louis, MO 63122, USA
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Hawley AL, Baum JI. Nutrition as the foundation for successful aging: a focus on dietary protein and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:389-406. [PMID: 37319363 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays a critical role throughout the aging process. People living with sarcopenia, a progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, often experience diminished quality of life, which can be attributed to a long period of decline and disability. Therefore, it is important to identify modifiable factors that preserve skeletal muscle and promote successful aging (SA). In this review, SA was defined as (1) low cardiometabolic risk, (2) preservation of physical function, and (3) positive state of wellbeing, with nutrition as an integral component. Several studies identify nutrition, specifically high-quality protein (eg, containing all essential amino acids), and long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), as positive regulators of SA. Recently, an additive anabolic effect of protein and n-3 PUFAs has been identified in skeletal muscle of older adults. Evidence further suggests that the additive effect of protein and n-3 PUFAs may project beyond skeletal muscle anabolism and promote SA. The key mechanism(s) behind the enhanced effects of intake of protein and n-3 PUFAs needs to be defined. The first objective of this review is to evaluate skeletal muscle as a driver of cardiometabolic health, physical function, and wellbeing to promote SA. The second objective is to examine observational and interventional evidence of protein and n-3 PUFAs on skeletal muscle to promote SA. The final objective is to propose mechanisms by which combined optimal intake of high-quality protein and n-3 PUFAs likely play a key role in SA. Current evidence suggests that increased intake of protein above the Recommended Dietary Allowance and n-3 PUFAs above the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommendations for late middle-aged and older adults is required to maintain skeletal muscle mass and to promote SA, potentially through the mechanistical target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubree L Hawley
- School of Human and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Jamie I Baum
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Zhang X, Kapoor D, Jeong SJ, Fappi A, Stitham J, Shabrish V, Sergin I, Yousif E, Rodriguez-Velez A, Yeh YS, Park A, Yurdagul A, Rom O, Epelman S, Schilling JD, Sardiello M, Diwan A, Cho J, Stitziel NO, Javaheri A, Lodhi IJ, Mittendorfer B, Razani B. Identification of a leucine-mediated threshold effect governing macrophage mTOR signalling and cardiovascular risk. Nat Metab 2024; 6:359-377. [PMID: 38409323 PMCID: PMC11448845 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-00984-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
High protein intake is common in western societies and is often promoted as part of a healthy lifestyle; however, amino-acid-mediated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling in macrophages has been implicated in the pathogenesis of ischaemic cardiovascular disease. In a series of clinical studies on male and female participants ( NCT03946774 and NCT03994367 ) that involved graded amounts of protein ingestion together with detailed plasma amino acid analysis and human monocyte/macrophage experiments, we identify leucine as the key activator of mTOR signalling in macrophages. We describe a threshold effect of high protein intake and circulating leucine on monocytes/macrophages wherein only protein in excess of ∼25 g per meal induces mTOR activation and functional effects. By designing specific diets modified in protein and leucine content representative of the intake in the general population, we confirm this threshold effect in mouse models and find ingestion of protein in excess of ∼22% of dietary energy requirements drives atherosclerosis in male mice. These data demonstrate a mechanistic basis for the adverse impact of excessive dietary protein on cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Divya Kapoor
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Se-Jin Jeong
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alan Fappi
- Division of Nutritional Science and Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jeremiah Stitham
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vasavi Shabrish
- Division of Nutritional Science and Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ismail Sergin
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eman Yousif
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Yu-Sheng Yeh
- Department of Medicine and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Arick Park
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Oren Rom
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Slava Epelman
- Peter Munk Cardiac Center and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joel D Schilling
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marco Sardiello
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Abhinav Diwan
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jaehyung Cho
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nathan O Stitziel
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ali Javaheri
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Irfan J Lodhi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bettina Mittendorfer
- Division of Nutritional Science and Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Departments of Medicine and Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Babak Razani
- Department of Medicine and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Yang Y, Zhang D, Yuan G, Wu Y, Huang X. Association between nut consumption and frailty in the elderly: a large sample cross-sectional study. J Hum Nutr Diet 2023; 36:1845-1856. [PMID: 37448140 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited literature has addressed the impact of nut consumption in mitigating frailty. This study aimed to investigate the association between nut consumption and frailty among Americans aged above 60 years, employing two 24-h dietary recalls for analysis. METHODS The data sets of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2003-2018) and the Food Patterns Equivalents Database were utilised for a weighted multiple logistic regression model to evaluate the association between nut consumption and frailty in elderly adults. Furthermore, a restricted cubic spline model was employed to investigate the nonlinear relationship between nut intake and frailty. Besides, stratified and interaction analyses were conducted to explore the sensitivity of nut consumption in reducing the risk of frailty in diverse subgroups. RESULTS The research study comprised 10,033 individuals aged 60 years or above, of whom 3591 were classified as frailty and 5302 consumed nuts. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis that adjusted for covariates, the weighted multivariate adjusted odds ratios demonstrated that the prevalence of frailty was lower in the nut intake group than in nonconsumers. The stratified analysis indicated that nearly all subgroups who consumed nuts had a significantly lower risk of frailty compared to nonconsumers, and an interaction was observed between nut intake and nonhypertensive populations. The optimal threshold for nut intake to decrease the risk of frailty was identified as 1.02 ounces. CONCLUSIONS The study concluded that nut consumption has a constructive impact on averting frailty in elderly adults, particularly in nonhypertensive individuals. Nut intake of ~1.02 ounces per day is advantageous in improving the quality of life in elderly adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Yang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guowei Yuan
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuchi Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyan Huang
- Hengyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan, Hengyang, China
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Schlepphorst KI, Clark BE, Pope L, Donahue R, Belarmino EH. Perceptions and knowledge of protein in dairy and plant-based alternatives among stakeholders in the US marketplace. NUTR BULL 2023; 48:343-352. [PMID: 37470088 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
This study explores beliefs about protein in dairy and plant-based (PB) alternatives among stakeholders in the US marketplace and whether beliefs are associated with product preferences. Eight thousand and fifty-two unique comments submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in response to a request for public input on the labelling of PB dairy alternatives (FDA-2018-N-3522) were coded. Of these, 383 (4.8%) discussed protein and were analysed for protein-specific themes. Themes were examined in relation to the submitter's product preference. Most comments that discussed protein focused on protein content and/or health outcomes believed to be associated with intake. Only one commenter who preferred dairy demonstrated an inaccurate understanding of protein content in dairy and PB alternatives, although nearly all failed to identify fortified soy beverage as an appropriate protein replacement; meanwhile, 14.2% who preferred PB alternatives demonstrated an inaccurate understanding regarding protein content in dairy and PB products. The results suggest knowledge gaps exist regarding protein in PB dairy alternatives, especially among those who prefer non-dairy options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bridget E Clark
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Lizzy Pope
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Reilly Donahue
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Emily H Belarmino
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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Paoletti A, Pencharz PB, Ball RO, Kong D, Xu L, Elango R, Courtney-Martin G. The dietary requirement for total sulfur amino acids in adults aged ≥60 years appears to be higher in males than in females. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:538-548. [PMID: 37356549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) recommendation in older adults is based on data from young adults. Physiological evidence suggests that older adults have a higher requirement than young adults. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine the TSAA requirement in healthy men and women aged ≥60 y. METHODS The TSAA requirement was determined using the indicator amino acid oxidation method with L-[1-13C]phenylalanine as the indicator. At recruitment, 15 older adults (n = 7 men and n = 8 women; BMI < 30 kg/m2) were assigned to receive 7 methionine intakes (5, 10, 15, 19, 25, 35, and 40 mg/kg/d) without dietary cysteine. Intake levels were randomly assigned to each subject. Following enrollment, 2 subjects completed 2 intakes and 3 completed 3, while the remainder completed all 7. Mean TSAA requirement was determined from oxidation of L-[1-13C]phenylalanine using a mixed-effect change-point model. The 95% CI was calculated using parametric bootstrap. To test whether breakpoints were different between men and women, the overlap in the 95% CI was calculated. RESULTS The mean TSAA requirement was 26.2 (Rm2 = 0.39, Rc2 = 0.89; P < 0.001) and 17.1 mg/kg/d (Rm2 = 0.22, Rc2 = 0.79; P < 0.001) for men and women, respectively. The requirement was significantly higher in men than in women (difference in CI: 9.1 ± 8.85). CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the TSAA requirement in older adults. The requirement in older women is similar to current recommendations but is 75% higher in older men. These findings are important given recommendations for increased plant protein consumption. They will help in the assessment of diet quality and provide the basis of dietary guidelines for older adults consuming a plant-based diet. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04595188.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Paoletti
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul B Pencharz
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronald O Ball
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dehan Kong
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Libai Xu
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rajavel Elango
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Glenda Courtney-Martin
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Williams P. Retaining Race in Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis and Treatment. Cureus 2023; 15:e45054. [PMID: 37701164 PMCID: PMC10495104 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The best overall measure of kidney function is glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as commonly estimated from serum creatinine concentrations (eGFRcr) using formulas that correct for the higher average creatinine concentrations in Blacks. After two decades of use, these formulas have come under scrutiny for estimating GFR differently in Blacks and non-Blacks. Discussions of whether to include race (Black vs. non-Black) in the calculation of eGFRcr fail to acknowledge that the original race-based eGFRcr provided the same CKD treatment recommendations for Blacks and non-Blacks based on directly (exogenously) measured GFR. Nevertheless, the National Kidney Foundation and the American Society of Nephrology Task Force on Reassessing the Inclusion of Race in Diagnosing Kidney Disease removed race in CKD treatment guidelines and pushed for the immediate adoption of a race-free eGFRcr formula by physicians and clinical laboratories. This formula is projected to negate CKD in 5.51 million White and other non-Black adults and reclassify CKD to less severe stages in another 4.59 million non-Blacks, in order to expand treatment eligibility to 434,000 Blacks not previously diagnosed and to 584,000 Blacks previously diagnosed with less severe CKD. This review examines: 1) the validity of the arguments for removing the original race correction, and 2) the performance of the proposed replacement formula. Excluding race in the derivation of eGFRcr changed the statistical bias from +3.7 to -3.6 ml/min/1.73m2 in Blacks and from +0.5 to +3.9 in non-Blacks, i.e., promoting CKD diagnosis in Blacks at the cost of restricting diagnosis in non-Blacks. By doing so, the revised eGFRcr greatly exaggerates the purported racial disparity in CKD burden. Claims that the revised formulas identify heretofore undiagnosed CKD in Blacks are not supported when studies that used kidney failure replacement therapy and mortality are interpreted as proxies for baseline CKD. Alternatively, a race-stratified eGFRcr (i.e., separate equations for Blacks and non-Blacks) would provide the least biased eGFRcr for both Blacks and non-Blacks and the best medical treatment for all patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Williams
- Life Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA
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Rakyoo K, Vichayanrat T, Anunmana C, Kriengsinyos W, Gaewkhiew P. Effect of dentures and dietary advice on protein intake in older Thai adults with missing posterior occluding teeth. Gerodontology 2023; 40:382-389. [PMID: 36415170 DOI: 10.1111/ger.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of dentures with dietary advice and dentures alone on protein intake in older Thai adults. BACKGROUND Dentures combined with nutritional advice may improve protein intake in older adults with posterior tooth loss. However, evidence is limited, especially in developing countries. METHODS A randomised-control trial including 69 older adults with less than four pairs of posterior occluding teeth was conducted for 3 months. The experimental group received dentures and dietary advice based on the Health Belief Model (HBM); the control group received dentures alone. Three-day dietary records were collected and protein intake was assessed using INMUCAL-NUTRIENTS V.4.0 software at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months after the intervention. Data were analysed using a t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, and repeated-measure ANOVA. RESULTS Both groups reported significantly increased protein intake (control group = 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 g kg BW-1 d-1 , intervention = 0.4, 0.6, 0.7 g kg BW-1 d-1 , at baseline, 1 month and 3 months, respectively). However, participants in the experimental group had significantly higher total protein (36.3 vs. 39.8 g/d, P = .032) and animal protein intake (18.9 vs. 23.2 g/day, P = .020) than those in the control group at 3 months after the intervention; plant protein intake was similar (10.9 vs. 11.5 g/day, P = .923). In addition, the HBM scores of the experimental group were higher than those of the control group after the intervention (P < .001). CONCLUSION Dentures combined with dietary advice significantly increased the total and animal protein intake of older people with posterior tooth loss more than dentures alone. To maintain optimal protein intake, dental practitioners should incorporate dietary advice when providing dental prostheses to older adults with posterior tooth loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasamaporn Rakyoo
- Master of Science Program in Geriatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tippanart Vichayanrat
- Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chuchai Anunmana
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Piyada Gaewkhiew
- Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Lau CS, Fulgoni VL, Van Elswyk ME, McNeill SH. Trends in Beef Intake in the United States: Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2018. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112475. [PMID: 37299438 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence-based dietary advice regarding meats (including beef), requires accurate assessment of beef and other red meat intakes across life stages. Beef intake is subject to misclassification due to the use of broad categories such as "red and processed meat". In the current study, intake trends for total beef (i.e., any beef type) and specific beef types (fresh lean, ground, processed) among Americans participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2018 (n = 74,461) were characterized and usual intake was assessed using NHANES 2011-2018 (n = 30,679). The usual intake amounts of beef were compared to those of relevant protein food subgroups modeled in the Healthy U.S.-Style Dietary Pattern (HDP) reported in the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA). Total per capita beef consumption declined an average of 12 g (p < 0.0001) for ages 2-18 years and 5.7 g (p = 0.0004) for ages 19-59 years per 2-yr NHANES cycle, over the 18-year timeframe, while remaining unchanged for Americans aged 60+ years. On a per capita basis, Americans aged 2 years and older consumed 42.2 g (1.5 ounces) of total beef per day. Fresh lean beef per capita consumption was 33.4 g (1.2 ounces) per day. Per capita intake was similar across all age groups and below the daily HDP modeled amount of 3.7 ounce equivalents for the "Meats, Poultry, Eggs" (MPE) subgroup, while approximately 75% of beef consumers' intakes of total beef was within HDP modeling. Evidence from intake trends suggests beef is not overconsumed by the majority of Americans but rather within the amounts for MPE and red meat modeled in the HDP of the DGA at the 2000-calorie level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara S Lau
- National Cattlemen's Beef Association, a contractor to the Beef Checkoff, 9110 East Nichols Ave., Suite 300, Centennial, CO 80112, USA
| | | | | | - Shalene H McNeill
- National Cattlemen's Beef Association, a contractor to the Beef Checkoff, 9110 East Nichols Ave., Suite 300, Centennial, CO 80112, USA
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14
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Garcia-Iborra M, Castanys-Munoz E, Oliveros E, Ramirez M. Optimal Protein Intake in Healthy Children and Adolescents: Evaluating Current Evidence. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071683. [PMID: 37049523 PMCID: PMC10097334 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
High protein intake might elicit beneficial or detrimental effects, depending on life stages and populations. While high protein intake in elder individuals can promote beneficial health effects, elevated protein intakes in infancy are discouraged, since they have been associated with obesity risks later in life. However, in children and adolescents (4–18 years), there is a scarcity of data assessing the effects of high protein intake later in life, despite protein intake being usually two- to three-fold higher than the recommendations in developed countries. This narrative review aimed to revise the available evidence on the long-term effects of protein intake in children and adolescents aged 4–18 years. Additionally, it discusses emerging techniques to assess protein metabolism in children, which suggest a need to reevaluate current recommendations. While the optimal range is yet to be firmly established, available evidence suggests a link between high protein intake and increased Body Mass Index (BMI), which might be driven by an increase in Fat-Free Mass Index (FFMI), as opposed to Fat Mass Index (FMI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Garcia-Iborra
- Abbott Nutrition R & D, Granada University Science Park, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.G.-I.); (E.C.-M.)
| | - Esther Castanys-Munoz
- Abbott Nutrition R & D, Granada University Science Park, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.G.-I.); (E.C.-M.)
| | - Elena Oliveros
- Abbott Nutrition R & D, Abbott Laboratories, 18004 Granada, Spain;
| | - Maria Ramirez
- Abbott Nutrition R & D, Abbott Laboratories, 18004 Granada, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-669127998
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15
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Berryman CE, Cheung SN, Collette EM, Pasiakos SM, Lieberman HR, Fulgoni VL. Amino Acid Intake and Conformance With the Dietary Reference Intakes in the United States: Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2018. J Nutr 2023; 153:749-759. [PMID: 36805182 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of complete amino acid composition data in food composition databases has made determining population-wide amino acid intake difficult. OBJECTIVES This cross-sectional study characterizes habitual intakes of each amino acid and adherence to dietary requirements for each essential amino acid (EAA) in the US population. METHODS Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies ingredient codes with missing amino acid composition data were matched to similar ingredients with available data so that amino acid composition could be determined for 100% of foods reported in the dietary intake assessment component of NHANES. Amino acid intakes during NHANES 2001-2018 (n = 72,831; ≥2 y) were calculated as relative (mg·kg of ideal body weight-1·d-1) intakes. Data from NHANES 2011-2018 were used to determine the percentage of population consuming less than that recommended by the DRIs for each EAA by age, sex, and race/ethnicity. RESULTS Relative intakes of EAAs and NEAAs were greatest in those 2-3 y and lowest in older individuals (≥71 y or ≥80 y). In females aged 2-18 y, relative intakes of EAAs were lowest in non-Hispanic White (NHW; histidine, lysine, threonine, methionine, and cysteine) and non-Hispanic Black (NHB; valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine) populations and highest in the Asian population. In females aged ≥19 y, relative intakes were lowest in NHW (lysine and methionine only) and NHB populations and highest in the Asian population. In males aged 2-18 y, relative intakes of EAAs were lowest in the NHB population and highest in the Asian population. In males ≥19 y, relative intakes were lowest in NHB and NHW (lysine only) populations and highest in the Hispanic population. Less than 1% of individuals aged ≥19 y did not meet the Estimated Average Requirements for each EAA. CONCLUSIONS EAA intakes in the US population exceed recommended minimum population requirements. Future studies can use the method described here to quantify amino acid intake and examine relationships with health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Berryman
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Susan N Cheung
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA; Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Erika M Collette
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
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16
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Weiler M, Hertzler SR, Dvoretskiy S. Is It Time to Reconsider the U.S. Recommendations for Dietary Protein and Amino Acid Intake? Nutrients 2023; 15:838. [PMID: 36839196 PMCID: PMC9963165 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the U.S. Institute of Medicine's recommendations on protein and amino acid intake in 2005, new information supports the need to re-evaluate these recommendations. New lines of evidence include: (1) re-analysis/re-interpretation of nitrogen balance data; (2) results from indicator amino acid oxidation studies; (3) studies of positive functional outcomes associated with protein intakes higher than recommended; (4) dietary guidance and protein recommendations from some professional nutrition societies; and (5) recognition that the synthesis of certain dispensable amino acids may be insufficient to meet physiological requirements more often than previously understood. The empirical estimates, theoretical calculations and clinical functional outcomes converge on a similar theme, that recommendations for intake of protein and some amino acids may be too low in several populations, including for older adults (≥65 years), pregnant and lactating women, and healthy children older than 3 years. Additional influential factors that should be considered are protein quality that meets operational sufficiency (adequate intake to support healthy functional outcomes), interactions between protein and energy intake, and functional roles of amino acids which could impact the pool of available amino acids for use in protein synthesis. Going forward, the definition of "adequacy" as it pertains to protein and amino acid intake recommendations must take into consideration these critical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Weiler
- Scientific and Medical Affairs, Abbott Nutrition, 2900 Easton Square Place, Columbus, OH 43219, USA
| | - Steven R. Hertzler
- Scientific and Medical Affairs, Abbott Nutrition, 2900 Easton Square Place, Columbus, OH 43219, USA
| | - Svyatoslav Dvoretskiy
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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17
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Kiesswetter E, Siebentritt HM, Schoene D, Kob R, Freiberger E, Sieber CC, Visser M, Wijnhoven HAH, Volkert D. Validation of the German version of the Protein Screener 55. Eur J Clin Nutr 2023; 77:579-585. [PMID: 36702924 PMCID: PMC10169657 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-023-01266-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The Protein Screener 55 + (Pro55 + ) is a brief food questionnaire to screen older community-dwelling adults for low protein intake. The result is the predicted probability of protein intake <1.0 g/kg adjusted body weight (aBW)/d ranging from 0-1. For purposes of cross-cultural validation, we translated the Pro55+ into German and tested its discriminative accuracy in detecting low protein intake of older community-dwelling people in Germany. SUBJECTS/METHODS After translation and pilot-testing, the Pro55+ and the reference standard (3-day dietary record) were completed by 144 participants (81.6 ± 3.9 years, 61.8% female). Discriminative properties were tested by receiver operating characteristic curves and by calculating sensitivity and specificity for different cut-offs of predicted probability (>0.3/>0.5/>0.7) using <1.0 or <0.8 g/kg aBW/d to define low protein intake. RESULTS Protein intake was <1.0 g/kg aBW/d in 39.6% of the sample and <0.8 g/kg aBW/d in 17.4%. Area under the curve was 62.0% (95%CI 52.6-71.5) and 68.8% (58.1-79.4), respectively. Specificity was 82-90% using probability cut-offs of 0.5 and 0.7 for both protein thresholds. Sensitivity was poor for protein threshold of 1.0 g/kg aBW/d regardless of the used probability cut-offs. For protein threshold of <0.8 g/kg aBW/d, sensitivity was 88.0% (71.8-96.9) using a probability cut-off of 0.09. CONCLUSION The overall discriminative accuracy of the German Pro55+ to identify older community-dwelling people with low protein intake was poor. However, applying different probability cut-offs allows increasing specificity and sensitivity for 0.8 g/kg aBW/d to levels justifying the use for certain purposes e.g. excluding individuals with adequate protein intake. Further validation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kiesswetter
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nuremberg, Germany.
| | - Hanna M Siebentritt
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schoene
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Exercise and Public Health, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Kob
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Ellen Freiberger
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Cornel C Sieber
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nuremberg, Germany.,Department of Medicine, Kantonsspital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Marjolein Visser
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke A H Wijnhoven
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorothee Volkert
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nuremberg, Germany
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Ouyang Y, Huang F, Zhang X, Li L, Zhang B, Wang Z, Wang H. Association of Dietary Protein Intake with Muscle Mass in Elderly Chinese: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235130. [PMID: 36501159 PMCID: PMC9738702 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Most data regarding the association between dietary protein intake and muscle mass come from developed Western countries. This cross-sectional study investigates the association between the amount and distribution of dietary protein intake and muscle mass in elderly Chinese adults. This analysis includes 4826 participants aged 60 years and above from the dataset of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) 2018. Protein intake data were assessed using 3-day, 24 h dietary recalls. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) was obtained using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Two-thirds of dietary protein intake comes from plant sources in the elderly Chinese population. The median total dietary protein intake was 60.5 g/d in low muscle mass participants for males and 52.5 g/d for females, which was lower than for their respective counterparts. Compared to the lowest quartile of protein intake, the highest total protein intake group had increased muscle mass by 0.96 kg among men and by 0.48 kg among women (p < 0.0001), and the highest vegetable protein intake group had increased muscle mass by 0.76 kg among men and by 0.35 kg among women (p < 0.0001). The amount of dietary protein intake with each meal was less than 20 g. High total protein intake and high plant-based protein intake were positively associated with higher muscle mass. A U-shape was observed between total dietary protein intake and low muscle mass risk in elderly Chinese adults. It should be encouraged to increase total daily protein intake to maintain muscle health.
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Oh SW, Wood AC, Hwang SS, Allison M. Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Association of Low-Carbohydrate Diet With Mortality in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2237552. [PMID: 36264576 PMCID: PMC9585425 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.37552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Evidence linking low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs) to mortality is limited among multiethnic populations. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between LCDs and mortality by race and ethnicity. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis is a large, population-based prospective cohort study of adults aged 45 to 84 years recruited from 6 US communities. A total of 6109 participants without baseline cardiovascular disease were included in this analysis. Baseline data were collected from July 2000 to August 2002, with follow-up completed by December 2017. The data were analyzed between May 2021 and April 2022. EXPOSURES Food frequency questionnaires were used to assess dietary intake. From these data, overall LCD scores were calculated from the percentages of energy intake from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Animal-based (emphasizing saturated fat and animal protein) and vegetable-based (emphasizing monounsaturated fat and vegetable protein) LCD scores were also calculated. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES All-cause and cause-specific mortality over a median follow-up of 15.9 years (IQR, 14.3-16.6 years). RESULTS Among the 6109 participants (mean [SD] age, 62.3 [10.3] years; 3190 women [52.2%]; 1623 African American [26.6%], 701 Chinese American [11.5%], 1350 Hispanic [22.1%], and 2435 non-Hispanic White [39.8%]), there were 1391 deaths. Overall, LCD scores were not associated with mortality, but when analyses were stratified by race and ethnicity, a lower risk of all-cause and non-CV mortality was observed among Hispanic participants with moderate carbohydrate intake. Specifically, the hazard ratios for total mortality for overall LCD scores were 0.58 (95% CI, 0.40-0.84) for quintile 2, 0.67 (95% CI, 0.45-0.98) for quintile 3, 0.60 (95% CI, 0.41-0.87) for quintile 4, and 0.83 (95% CI, 0.57-1.21) for quintile 5, with quintile 1 as the reference group. A similar association was observed for animal-based (but not vegetable-based) LCD scores. In contrast, no significant associations were found between LCD scores and mortality risk in the other racial and ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cohort study of multiethnic US adults, LCD score was not associated with mortality in the whole population. However, moderate carbohydrate intake was associated with a lower risk of mortality among Hispanic participants. These findings suggest that the association between carbohydrate intake and mortality may differ according to race and ethnicity. Dietary guidelines considering these differences may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Won Oh
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexis C. Wood
- Department of Pediatrics, US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Seung-sik Hwang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Matthew Allison
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, San Diego
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Different Protein Sources Enhance 18FDG-PET/MR Uptake of Brown Adipocytes in Male Subjects. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163411. [PMID: 36014915 PMCID: PMC9413993 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The unique ability of brown adipocytes to increase metabolic rate suggests that they could be targeted as an obesity treatment. Objective: The objective of the study was to search for new dietary factors that may enhance brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity. Methods: The study group comprised 28 healthy non-smoking males, aged 21–42 years old. All volunteers underwent a physical examination and a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (75g-OGTT). Serum atrial and brain natriuretic peptide (ANP, BNP), PRD1-BF1-RIZ1 homologous domain containing 16 (PRDM16) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) measurements were taken, and 3-day food intake diaries were completed. Body composition measurements were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning and bioimpedance methods. An fluorodeoxyglucose-18 (FDG-18) uptake in BAT was assessed by positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance (PET/MR) in all participants after 2 h cold exposure. The results were adjusted for age, daily energy intake, and DXA lean mass. Results: Subjects with detectable BAT (BAT(+)) were characterized by a higher percentage of energy obtained from dietary protein and fat and higher muscle mass (p = 0.01, p = 0.02 and p = 0.04, respectively). In the BAT(+) group, animal protein intake was positively associated (p= 0.04), whereas the plant protein intake negatively correlated with BAT activity (p = 0.03). Additionally, the presence of BAT was inversely associated with BNP concentration in the 2 h of cold exposure (p = 0.002). Conclusion: The outcomes of our study suggest that different macronutrient consumption may be a new way to modulate BAT activity leading to weight reduction.
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Messina M, Duncan A, Messina V, Lynch H, Kiel J, Erdman JW. The health effects of soy: A reference guide for health professionals. Front Nutr 2022; 9:970364. [PMID: 36034914 PMCID: PMC9410752 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.970364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy is a hotly debated and widely discussed topic in the field of nutrition. However, health practitioners may be ill-equipped to counsel clients and patients about the use of soyfoods because of the enormous, and often contradictory, amount of research that has been published over the past 30 years. As interest in plant-based diets increases, there will be increased pressure for practitioners to gain a working knowledge of this area. The purpose of this review is to provide concise literature summaries (400-500 words) along with a short perspective on the current state of knowledge of a wide range of topics related to soy, from the cholesterol-lowering effects of soy protein to the impact of isoflavones on breast cancer risk. In addition to the literature summaries, general background information on soyfoods, soy protein, and isoflavones is provided. This analysis can serve as a tool for health professionals to be used when discussing soyfoods with their clients and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Messina
- Soy Nutrition Institute Global, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Alison Duncan
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Heidi Lynch
- Kinesiology Department, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jessica Kiel
- Scientific and Clinical Affairs, Medifast Inc., Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John W. Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Beckman Institute, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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22
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Dias GJ, Haththotuwa TN, Rowlands DS, Gram M, Bekhit AEDA. Wool keratin – A novel dietary protein source: Nutritional value and toxicological assessment. Food Chem 2022; 383:132436. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Taillie LS, Prestemon CE, Hall MG, Grummon AH, Vesely A, Jaacks LM. Developing health and environmental warning messages about red meat: An online experiment. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268121. [PMID: 35749387 PMCID: PMC9231779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The United States has among the highest per capita red meat consumption in the world. Reducing red meat consumption is crucial for minimizing the environmental impact of diets and improving health outcomes. Warning messages are effective for reducing purchases of products like sugary beverages but have not been developed for red meat. This study developed health and environmental warning messages about red meat and explored participants' reactions to these messages. METHODS A national convenience sample of US red meat consumers (n = 1,199; mean age 45 years) completed an online survey in 2020 for this exploratory study. Participants were randomized to view a series of either health or environmental warning messages (between-subjects factor) about the risks associated with eating red meat. Messages were presented in random order (within-subjects factor; 8 health messages or 10 environmental messages). Participants rated each warning message on a validated 3-item scale measuring perceived message effectiveness (PME), ranging from 1 (low) to 5 (high). Participants then rated their intentions to reduce their red meat consumption in the next 7 days. RESULTS Health warning messages elicited higher PME ratings than environmental messages (mean 2.66 vs. 2.26, p<0.001). Health warning messages also led to stronger intentions to reduce red meat consumption compared to environmental messages (mean 2.45 vs. 2.19, p<0.001). Within category (health and environmental), most pairwise comparisons of harms were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Health warning messages were perceived to be more effective than environmental warning messages. Future studies should measure the impact of these messages on behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Smith Taillie
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Carmen E. Prestemon
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Marissa G. Hall
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Anna H. Grummon
- Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Annamaria Vesely
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Lindsay M. Jaacks
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Li W, Shang Q, Yang D, Peng J, Zhao H, Xu H, Chen Q. Abnormal Micronutrient Intake Is Associated with the Risk of Periodontitis: A Dose-response Association Study Based on NHANES 2009-2014. Nutrients 2022; 14:2466. [PMID: 35745196 PMCID: PMC9230945 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between micronutrient intake and the risk of periodontitis has received much attention in recent years. However, most studies focused on the linear relationship between them. This study aimed to explore the dose-response association between micronutrient intake and periodontitis. A total of 8959 participants who underwent a periodontal examination, and reported their micronutrient intake levels were derived from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2009-2014) database. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate associations between micronutrient intake and periodontitis after propensity score matching (PSM), and restricted cubic splines (RCS) analysis was conducted to explore the dose-response associations. Following PSM, 5530 participants were included in the RCS analysis. The risk of periodontitis was reduced with sufficient intake of the following micronutrients: vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, and vitamin E. In addition, the risk of periodontitis was increased with excessive intake of the following micronutrients: vitamin B1 (1.8 mg/day, males; 1.3 mg/day, females), vitamin C (90 mg/day, males), and copper (1.1 mg/day, combined). In conclusion, a linear association was found between vitamin A, vitamin B2, vitamin C, and copper and periodontitis-namely, a sufficient intake of vitamin A and vitamin B2 might help reduce the prevalence of periodontitis; by contrast, a high intake of vitamin C and copper increased the risk. In addition, a nonlinear dose-response association was found for the incidence of periodontitis with vitamin B1 and vitamin E. When within reasonable limits, supplemental intake helped reduce the prevalence of periodontitis, while excessive intake did not help significantly and might even increase the risk. However, confounding factors, such as health awareness, should still be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (W.L.); (Q.S.); (D.Y.); (J.P.); (Q.C.)
| | - Qianhui Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (W.L.); (Q.S.); (D.Y.); (J.P.); (Q.C.)
| | - Dan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (W.L.); (Q.S.); (D.Y.); (J.P.); (Q.C.)
| | - Jiakuan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (W.L.); (Q.S.); (D.Y.); (J.P.); (Q.C.)
| | - Hang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (W.L.); (Q.S.); (D.Y.); (J.P.); (Q.C.)
| | - Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (W.L.); (Q.S.); (D.Y.); (J.P.); (Q.C.)
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (W.L.); (Q.S.); (D.Y.); (J.P.); (Q.C.)
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25
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Hoy MK, Murayi T, Moshfegh AJ. Diet Quality and Food Intakes samong US Adults by Level of Animal Protein Intake, What We Eat in America, NHANES 2015-2018. Curr Dev Nutr 2022; 6:nzac035. [PMID: 35547652 PMCID: PMC9071570 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary recommendations encourage consuming protein from a variety of plant and animal sources. Evaluating the diet of US adults by level of animal protein (AP) intake can inform dietary assessment and nutrition education. Objectives The objective of this cross-sectional study was to estimate percentage of total protein intake from animal sources by US adults to compare diet quality, and intake from USDA Food Patterns (FP) groups by quintiles of AP. Methods One day dietary intake data from adults 20+ y (N = 9566) in What We Eat in America (WWEIA), NHANES 2015-2018 were used. Proportions of total protein intake from animal and plant sources and the USDA FP groups were estimated from the ingredients in the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies 2015-2018, then applied to the dietary intakes. The 2015 Healthy Eating Index (HEI) was used as an indicator of diet quality. The USDA FP groups were used to describe the contribution of animal and plant foods to total protein intake. Data were analyzed by quintile (Q) of AP protein intake; comparisons were made using pairwise t-tests with adjustments for covariates using survey sample weights. Results were considered significant at P <0.001. Results Total mean protein intakes ranged from 62 (Q1) to 104 g (Q5) (all comparisons P <0.001). Total HEI score (possible 100) of Q1 was slightly higher (54.2) (P <0.001) compared with Q1-Q4 (range: 48.0-50.3), which did not differ significantly from each other. Contributions of plant FP components to total protein intake of Q1 to Q5, respectively, were 15% to 1% from nuts/seeds, legumes, and soy products combined; 35 to 10% from grains. The contribution of animal FP components were 19-66% from meat/poultry/seafood, 14-19% dairy, and 3-5% eggs. Conclusions The intake of foods considered to be good sources of plant protein was low. The overall diet quality of all adults was suboptimal regardless of plant protein intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Katherine Hoy
- Food Surveys Research Group, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Theophile Murayi
- Food Surveys Research Group, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Alanna J Moshfegh
- Food Surveys Research Group, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
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D'Auria E, Pendezza E, Leone A, Riccaboni F, Bosetti A, Borsani B, Zuccotti G, Bertoli S. Nutrient intake in school-aged children with food allergies: a case-control study. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2022; 73:349-356. [PMID: 34503383 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2021.1975658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Most studies assessed nutrient intake of young children with food allergy (FA) compared to healthy children. We aimed to compare macro- and micronutrient intake of school-aged children with FA to non-allergic children. This case-control study included 93 Italian children (52 with FA and 41 controls, median age 7.5 and 8.3 years, respectively). Macro- and micronutrient intake was assessed by a three-day food dietary record. Anthropometric measurements were also collected. The median height z-score was significantly lower in the FA group, despite a similar daily energy and protein intake. Calcium, iron and vitamin D intake was suboptimal in both groups, while protein intake was higher than recommended in both groups. Unexpectedly, children with FA consume more protein than controls, while having lower micronutrient intake, especially calcium. Our data suggest the importance of nutritional counseling for children with FA to ensure a balanced nutrient intake while on elimination diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza D'Auria
- Pediatric Department, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Erica Pendezza
- Pediatric Department, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Leone
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Riccaboni
- Pediatric Department, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bosetti
- Pediatric Department, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Borsani
- Pediatric Department, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - GianVincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Department, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Bertoli
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Kwon YJ, Lee HS, Park GE, Kim HM, Lee JJ, Kim WJ, Lee JW. The Association Between Total Protein Intake and All-Cause Mortality in Middle Aged and Older Korean Adults With Chronic Kidney Disease. Front Nutr 2022; 9:850109. [PMID: 35445069 PMCID: PMC9014017 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.850109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Over the past decades, the optimum protein intake for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been an important, controversial issue. Dietary protein restriction has been commonly recommended for patients with CKD for preserving kidney function. However, evidence of the associations between long-term protein intake and mortality is not consistent in patients with CKD. Therefore, we aimed to examine the associations between total protein intake and all-cause mortality in Korean adults with CKD. Methods From three sub-cohorts of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) starting from 2001, total 3,892 participants with eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (CKD stage 3–5) were included in this study. Dietary data were collected using food-frequency questionnaires at baseline. Deaths were followed from 2001 to 2019. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to evaluate the association between protein intake and all-cause mortality. Results During a median follow-up (min-max) of 11.1 years (0.3–15.1), 602 deaths due to all causes of mortality were documented. After adjustment for covariates, higher total protein intake was not associated with all-cause mortality [highest vs. lowest quintile of total protein intake (g/kg/day) and proportion (%) (Q5 vs. Q1), HR = 1.14 (0.75–1.72), and HR = 0.87 (0.67–1.13)] in CKD stage 3–5 patients. Conclusion Dietary protein intake was not associated with mortality from all causes in patients with CKD. Further research is needed to establish optimal protein intake levels and examine the impact of the dietary source of protein on various health outcomes and mortality in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Kwon
- Department of Family Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Sun Lee
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Department of Research Affairs, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Go Eun Park
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Department of Research Affairs, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Mi Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduck Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Joo Lee
- Nutrition Team, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Woo Jeong Kim
- Department of Nutrition Service, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Won Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Zhang L, Li X, Liu X, Wang X, Li X, Cheng X, Yan S, Zhu Y, Li R, Wen L, Wang J. Purified diet versus whole food diet and the inconsistent results in studies using animal models. Food Funct 2022; 13:4286-4301. [PMID: 35297926 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo04311k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In animal models, purified diets (PDs) and whole food diets (WFDs) are used for different purposes. In similar studies, different dietary patterns may lead to inconsistent results. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of WFDs and PDs on changes in the metabolism of mice. We found that different dietary patterns produced different results in lipid metabolism experiments. Compared with those of the PD-fed mice, the WFD-fed mice had higher body weights and serum glucose, serum lipid, and liver lipid levels (p < 0.01), as well as low glucose tolerance (p < 0.01) and insulin sensitivity (p < 0.05). The body weight and fasting blood glucose increased by 20% in the WFD-fed mice, and the white adipose tissue weight increased by ∼50%. The WFD-fed mice also had a comparatively higher abundance of Lactobacillus, Turicibacter, Bifidobacterium, Desulfovibrio, and Candidatus saccharimonas (p < 0.01), which were positively correlated with lipid accumulation. Dietary patterns should be chosen cautiously in studies that use rodents as models. Inappropriate selection of animal dietary patterns may lead to experimental systematic errors and paradoxical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyu Zhang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha City, 410128, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha City, 410128, China.
| | - Xiangyan Liu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha City, 410128, China.
| | - Xianglin Wang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha City, 410128, China.
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha City, 410128, China.
| | - Xianyu Cheng
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha City, 410128, China.
| | - Sisi Yan
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha City, 410128, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha City, 410128, China.
| | - Rongfang Li
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha City, 410128, China. .,Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Lixin Wen
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha City, 410128, China. .,Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha City, 410128, China. .,Changsha Lvye Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Changsha 410100, China
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Barton JM. Food and beverage offerings by parents of preschoolers: A daily survey study of dinner offerings during COVID-19. Appetite 2022; 174:106047. [PMID: 35430295 PMCID: PMC9010018 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is likely to have altered parents' daily feeding practices, including what and how much they feed their children, which may have negative implications for children's weight. The primary aim of this study was to examine patterns of and variation in parents' daily food and beverage offerings at dinner across 10 days during the COVID-19 pandemic using descriptive analysis and non-parametric tests. Ninety-nine parents (Mage = 32.90, SDage = 5.60) of children ages 2–4 years (M = 2.82, SD = 0.78) completed an online baseline survey and 10 daily surveys (929 completed surveys) assessing their daily food and beverage offerings at dinner. On average, parents did not offer recommended foods and beverages on a daily basis; parents offered vegetables and protein most often across the 10 days, however, less than 50% of parents offered the recommended serving size for each group. The intraclass correlations and random sampling plots revealed considerable within-parent variation in food and beverage offerings. Eating dinner as a family, planning dinner in advance, and preparing a homemade dinner were associated with more vegetable and protein offerings, while processed, fast, or fried foods were offered less often when dinner was planned or homemade. Dairy, water, and refined grains were offered more often when dinner was homemade, while whole grains, processed, fast, or fried foods, and sugar-sweetened beverages were offered less often when dinner was homemade. The results provide documentation of parents' daily food and beverage offerings at dinner within the context of COVID-19 and point towards the importance of examining predictors and consequences of parents' daily feeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Barton
- Family Resiliency Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 904 West Nevada St., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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30
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Vera-Urbina F, Dos Santos-Torres MF, Godoy-Vitorino F, Torres-Hernández BA. The Gut Microbiome May Help Address Mental Health Disparities in Hispanics: A Narrative Review. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040763. [PMID: 35456813 PMCID: PMC9029366 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut–brain axis is the biological connection between the enteric and the central nervous systems. Given the expansion of the microbial sciences with the new human microbiome field facilitated by the decrease in sequencing costs, we now know more about the role of gut microbiota in human health. In this short review, particular focus is given to the gut–brain axis and its role in psychiatric diseases such as anxiety and depression. Additionally, factors that contribute to changes in the gut–brain axis, including the gut microbiome, nutrition, the host’s genome, and ethnic difference, are highlighted. Emphasis is given to the lack of studies on Hispanic populations, despite the fact this ethnic group has a higher prevalence of anxiety and depression in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vera-Urbina
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico; (F.V.U.); (M.F.D.S.T.)
| | - María F. Dos Santos-Torres
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico; (F.V.U.); (M.F.D.S.T.)
| | - Filipa Godoy-Vitorino
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico;
| | - Bianca A. Torres-Hernández
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-787-758-2525 (ext. 5437 or 5410)
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Frank SM, Taillie LS, Jaacks LM. How Americans eat red and processed meat: an analysis of the contribution of thirteen different food groups. Public Health Nutr 2022; 25:1-10. [PMID: 35184793 PMCID: PMC9991741 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980022000416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dietary patterns characterised by high intake of red and processed meat are associated with detrimental health and environmental outcomes. To better understand how Americans consume red and processed meat, this study examined the food groups that are the greatest contributors to red and processed meat intake in US diets. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of total red and processed meat, unprocessed red meat and processed meat using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2015-2016 and 2017-2018). Items containing red or processed meat were classified into thirteen mutually exclusive food groups. For highly consumed food groups (≥10 % of meat intake), contribution to meat intake was further assessed by source, sex, income and education. SETTING Nationally representative sample of the US population. PARTICIPANTS Teens (aged 12-19 years) and adults (aged ≥20 years) who reported meat consumption (n 8178). RESULTS Meat mixed dishes (18·6 % (95 % CI 16·2, 20·9)), burgers (17·3 % (95 % CI 15·3, 19·3)) and beef excluding ground (17·0 % (95 % CI 13·8, 20·1)) were the top contributors to unprocessed red meat intake. For processed meat, four food groups made up about four-fifths of total intake: cold cuts and cured meats (37·7 % (95 % CI 34·6, 40·8)), sausages and frankfurters (20·3 % (95 % CI 18·6, 22·0)), bacon (14·0 % (95 % CI 12·3, 15·6)) and pizza (10·1 % (95 % CI 8·7, 11·5)). Fast-food restaurants were the top source for burgers and pizza, whereas stores were the top source for all other highly consumed food groups. Few differences were seen in patterns of intake by sociodemographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS No single food group accounts for a majority of meat intake in the USA. Many behaviour change opportunities for healthier, more sustainable substitutions exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Frank
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lindsey Smith Taillie
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lindsay M Jaacks
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, Alexander Robertson Building, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, MidlothianEH25 9RG, UK
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Langyan S, Yadava P, Khan FN, Dar ZA, Singh R, Kumar A. Sustaining Protein Nutrition Through Plant-Based Foods. Front Nutr 2022; 8:772573. [PMID: 35118103 PMCID: PMC8804093 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.772573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are essential components of the human diet. Dietary proteins could be derived from animals and plants. Animal protein, although higher in demand, is generally considered less environmentally sustainable. Therefore, a gradual transition from animal- to plant-based protein food may be desirable to maintain environmental stability, ethical reasons, food affordability, greater food safety, fulfilling higher consumer demand, and combating of protein-energy malnutrition. Due to these reasons, plant-based proteins are steadily gaining popularity, and this upward trend is expected to continue for the next few decades. Plant proteins are a good source of many essential amino acids, vital macronutrients, and are sufficient to achieve complete protein nutrition. The main goal of this review is to provide an overview of plant-based protein that helps sustain a better life for humans and the nutritional quality of plant proteins. Therefore, the present review comprehensively explores the nutritional quality of the plant proteins, their cost-effective extraction and processing technologies, impacts on nutrition, different food wastes as an alternative source of plant protein, and their environmental impact. Furthermore, it focuses on the emerging technologies for improving plant proteins' bioavailability, digestibility, and organoleptic properties, and highlights the aforementioned technological challenges for future research work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Langyan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Pusa, New Delhi, India
| | - Pranjal Yadava
- Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Zahoor A. Dar
- Dryland Agricultural Research Station, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Renu Singh
- Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Pusa, New Delhi, India
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O'Brien DM, Sagi-Kiss V, Palma-Duran SA, Cunningham C, Barrett B, Johnston CS, Midthune D, Kipnis V, Freedman LS, Tasevska N. An evaluation of the serum carbon isotope ratio as a candidate predictive biomarker of the dietary animal protein ratio (animal protein/total protein) in a 15-day controlled feeding study of US adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 115:1134-1143. [PMID: 35030258 PMCID: PMC8970990 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serum natural abundance carbon isotope ratio (CIR) was recently identified as a candidate biomarker of animal protein intake in postmenopausal women. Such a biomarker would help clarify the relation between dietary protein source (plant or animal) and chronic disease risk. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the performance of the serum CIR as a biomarker of dietary protein source in a controlled feeding study of men and women of diverse age and BMI. METHODS We conducted a 15-d feeding study of 100 adults (age: 18-70 y, 55% women) in Phoenix, AZ. Participants were provided individualized diets that approximated habitual food intakes. Serum was collected at the end of the feeding period for biomarker measurements. RESULTS Median [IQR] animal protein intake was 67 g/d [55-88 g/d], which was 64% of total protein. The serum CIR was positively correlated with animal protein and inversely correlated with plant protein intake, leading to a strong correlation (r2 = 0.76) with the dietary animal protein ratio (APR; animal/total protein). Regressing serum CIR on the APR, serum nitrogen isotope ratio (NIR), gender, age, and body weight generated an R2 of 0.78. Following the measurement error model for predictive biomarkers, the resulting regression equation was then inverted to develop a calibrated biomarker equation for APR. Added sugars ratio (added/total sugars intake) and corn intakes also influenced the serum CIR but to a much lesser degree than the APR; variations in these intakes had only small effects on biomarker-estimated APR. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings in this US cohort of mixed sex and age, we propose the serum CIR alongside NIR as a predictive dietary biomarker of the APR. We anticipate using this biomarker to generate calibrated estimates based on self-reported intake and ultimately to obtain more precise disease risk estimates according to dietary protein source.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Virag Sagi-Kiss
- Present address for VS-K: School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Brian Barrett
- Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Carol S Johnston
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Douglas Midthune
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Victor Kipnis
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laurence S Freedman
- Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Natasha Tasevska
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Hanaoka BY, Zhao J, Heitman K, Khan F, Jarjour W, Volek J, Brock G, Gower BA. Interaction effect of systemic inflammation and modifiable rheumatoid cachexia risk factors on resting energy expenditure in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. JCSM CLINICAL REPORTS 2022; 7:12-23. [PMID: 38288252 PMCID: PMC10824535 DOI: 10.1002/crt2.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In rheumatoid cachexia (RC), high resting energy expenditure (REE) is associated with loss of muscle mass driven by proinflammatory cytokines. The objectives of this study were to investigate parameters associated with RC, and the interaction between systemic inflammation and modifiable risk factors for RC on REE. Methods Thirty-five rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and nineteen non-RA controls comparable in age, sex, race and BMI underwent measures of REE by indirect calorimetry. Clinical, dietary, body composition and physical function data were collected. Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) were used as parameters of IR and systemic inflammation, respectively. Regression models tested association between REE and dependent variables, including pre-specified interaction tests involving HOMA-IR and IL-6 and dietary intake of protein per weight (PPW) and IL-6. Results RA subjects were mostly women (94%) and had a median age of 54 years (50.5, 70) and BMI of 30.5 kg/m2 (26.1, 36.9). We observed a significant interaction effect between PPW and serum IL-6 on REE among RA subjects in the multiple regression model among RA. The upper tertile of PPW demonstrated a significant negative correlation between REE and IL-6 (β=-19.97, 95% CI [-35.41, -4.54], p=0.01). The lower tertile of PPW demonstrated a significant positive correlation between REE and IL-6 (β=42.24, 95% CI [4.25, 80.23], p=0.03). Conclusions While IR can lead to muscle catabolism, IR was not significantly associated with REE in RA individuals. Higher dietary protein intake could attenuate the effect of systemic inflammation on REE in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Y Hanaoka
- Division of Rheumatology-Immunology, McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Drive, Room 505, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Jing Zhao
- Division of Rheumatology-Immunology, McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Drive, Room 505, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Kristen Heitman
- Division of Rheumatology-Immunology, McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Drive, Room 505, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Fahad Khan
- Division of Rheumatology-Immunology, McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Drive, Room 505, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Wael Jarjour
- Division of Rheumatology-Immunology, McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Drive, Room 505, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Jeff Volek
- Division of Rheumatology-Immunology, McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Drive, Room 505, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Guy Brock
- Division of Rheumatology-Immunology, McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Drive, Room 505, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Barbara A Gower
- Division of Rheumatology-Immunology, McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Drive, Room 505, Columbus, OH, 43210
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Harnack L, Mork S, Valluri S, Weber C, Schmitz K, Stevenson J, Pettit J. Nutrient Composition of a Selection of Plant-Based Ground Beef Alternative Products Available in the United States. J Acad Nutr Diet 2021; 121:2401-2408.e12. [PMID: 34090837 PMCID: PMC8608686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sales of plant-based foods intended as direct replacements for animal products have been growing in the United States. Little is known about the nutritional quality of these products. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to evaluate the nutritional quality of a selection of plant-based ground beef alternative products available in the US marketplace and compare it with the nutrient content of ground beef. DESIGN We conducted an analysis of the food and nutrient composition information available for plant-based ground beef alternative products in the 2020 version of the University of Minnesota Nutrition Coordinating Center Food and Nutrient Database. PARTICIPANT/SETTING We analyzed a selection of 37 plant-based ground beef alternative products available in the United States in 2019. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES Food product content of energy, macronutrients, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and selected additional food components was measured. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The percent Daily Value (DV) per 3-ounce cooked portion of each product was determined for nutrients with a DV. The median, interquartile range (IQR), minimum, and maximum nutrient values were calculated for all products by classification as vegan and nonvegan. RESULTS The median saturated fat content of the plant-based ground beef alternatives products as a %DV was 4% (IQR 2%). Vitamin and minerals for which median %DV values for plant-based ground beef alternative products were 10% or higher included folate (10%, IQR 10%), niacin (21%, IQR 7%), iron (10%, IQR 5%), phosphorous (10%, IQR 4%), sodium (18%, IQR 7%), manganese (20%, IQR 20%), and copper (24%, IQR 10%). The median dietary fiber content of the plant-based ground beef alternative products was 15% of the DV (IQR 6%). Most of the products contained less protein, zinc, and vitamin B12 than ground beef. CONCLUSIONS The major brands of plant-based ground beef alternative products examined in this study have nutritional strengths as well as some shortcomings. Additional research to examine a broader set of plant-based meat alternative products, such as those designed as substitutes for chicken and pork, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Harnack
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
| | - Stephanie Mork
- US Agency for International Development Contractor, Office of Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition, Global Health Bureau, Global Health Technical Professionals, Public Health Institute, Washington
| | - Sruthi Valluri
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Cecily Weber
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Kristine Schmitz
- Nutrition Coordinating Center, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Jennifer Stevenson
- Nutrition Coordinating Center, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Janet Pettit
- Nutrition Coordinating Center, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
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Ariëns RM, Bastiaan-Net S, van de Berg-Somhorst DB, El Bachrioui K, Boudewijn A, van den Dool RT, de Jong GA, Wichers HJ, Mes JJ. Comparing nutritional and digestibility aspects of sustainable proteins using the INFOGEST digestion protocol. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Gwin JA, Carbone JW, Rodriguez NR, Pasiakos SM. Physiological Limitations of Protein Foods Ounce Equivalents and the Underappreciated Role of Essential Amino Acid Density in Healthy Dietary Patterns. J Nutr 2021; 151:3276-3283. [PMID: 34386826 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein quality is an important component of protein intake to support growth, development, and maintenance of essential body tissues and functions. Therefore, protein quality should be emphasized as a key characteristic during protein food selection within the larger context of healthy dietary patterns, especially when considering the wide variance of protein quality across animal- and plant-based foods. However, the USDA Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) do not address specific protein quality recommendations within their protein foods ounce equivalents guidance or as a component of Healthy U.S. Style, Healthy Vegetarian, and Healthy Mediterranean Style dietary patterns. In addition, the protein foods ounce equivalents within the DGA are not established on any obvious metabolic equivalency characteristic [i.e., energy, protein, or essential amino acid (EAA) content], which creates misleading messaging of equivalent functional and metabolic benefit across protein foods. EAA content is a key characteristic of protein quality and can be a practical focal point for protein intake recommendations and achieving healthy dietary patterns. This review discusses the importance of protein quality, the state of messaging within DGA recommendations, and proposes EAA density (i.e., EAA content relative to total energy) as one practical approach to improve current dietary recommendations. Two recent publications that evaluated the DGA protein foods ounce equivalents based on metabolic effect and their application within DGA recommended dietary patterns are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess A Gwin
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - John W Carbone
- School of Health Sciences, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA
| | - Nancy R Rodriguez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
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Metabolic Effects of Bee Larva-Derived Protein in Mice: Assessment of an Alternative Protein Source. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112642. [PMID: 34828923 PMCID: PMC8624207 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Food crises caused by growing global population or environmental changes are predicted in the near future; therefore, sustainable solutions are needed. Edible insects, which are rich in protein and can save feed and environmental resources, have the potential to be a sustainable alternative protein source. However, there is limited evidence on the impact on health. In this study, we investigated the biological effects of ingesting bee larva by examining their effects on amino acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism in animal models. In our animal experiments, the replacement of casein as a protein source, with edible insects, did not seem to cause any deficiency in murine amino acid levels in the plasma and liver. Metabolomic analysis of plasma metabolites showed decreased 3-methylhistidine and increased nicotinamide in the bee larva-derived protein-fed mice. Decreased levels of plasma 3-metylhistidine, an indicator of muscle degradation, implies that replacement to bee-larva protein from casein did not cause muscle degradation in vivo. We further investigated effects of increased plasma nicotinamide on peripheral tissue and found an increase in expression levels of genes involved in glucose uptake in muscle and thermogenesis in adipose tissue. These data imply that bee larva is a potential sustainable, safe and healthy alternative protein source.
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Ouyang Y, Tan T, Song X, Huang F, Zhang B, Ding G, Wang H. Dietary Protein Intake Dynamics in Elderly Chinese from 1991 to 2018. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113806. [PMID: 34836062 PMCID: PMC8622550 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Unique rapid urbanization-related changes in China may affect the dietary protein intake of the aging population. We aimed to evaluate trends in dietary protein intake and major food sources of protein and estimate conformity to the dietary reference intakes (DRIs) in the elderly Chinese population. A sample of 10,854 elderly adults aged 60 years or older, drawn from 10 waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) between 1991 and 2018, was included. Protein intake data were obtained on the basis of 3-day, 24 h dietary recalls. The dietary protein intake among elderly Chinese individuals declined from 63.3 g/day to 57.8 g/day over the 28-year period, with a −0.032 ± 0.0001 g/day change per year (p < 0.05). There was a significant increase in the proportion of subjects with a protein intake level below the estimated averaged requirement (EAR) and a reduction in the proportion of subjects consuming protein above the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) across all population subgroups. Cereals ranked as the major sources of dietary protein, although their contribution to dietary protein gradually decreased as time went on. The contribution from meat steadily rose from 18.2% in 1991 to 28.7% in 2018. The proportion of energy gained from fat increased notably, reaching 34.2% in 2018. The elderly Chinese population experienced a significant reduction in dietary protein intake. Although the transformation of dietary patterns had positive effects on improving protein quality due to increases in animal source food, some elderly Chinese individuals currently face the risk of inadequate dietary protein intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Ouyang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (Y.O.); (X.S.); (F.H.); (B.Z.); (G.D.)
| | - Tingyi Tan
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada;
| | - Xiaoyun Song
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (Y.O.); (X.S.); (F.H.); (B.Z.); (G.D.)
| | - Feifei Huang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (Y.O.); (X.S.); (F.H.); (B.Z.); (G.D.)
| | - Bing Zhang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (Y.O.); (X.S.); (F.H.); (B.Z.); (G.D.)
| | - Gangqiang Ding
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (Y.O.); (X.S.); (F.H.); (B.Z.); (G.D.)
| | - Huijun Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (Y.O.); (X.S.); (F.H.); (B.Z.); (G.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6623-7089
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Protein Intake, Metabolic Status and the Gut Microbiota in Different Ethnicities: Results from Two Independent Cohorts. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093159. [PMID: 34579043 PMCID: PMC8465773 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Protein intake has been associated with the development of pre-diabetes (pre-T2D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The gut microbiota has the capacity to produce harmful metabolites derived from dietary protein. Furthermore, both the gut microbiota composition and metabolic status (e.g., insulin resistance) can be modulated by diet and ethnicity. However, to date most studies have predominantly focused on carbohydrate and fiber intake with regards to metabolic status and gut microbiota composition. Objectives: To determine the associations between dietary protein intake, gut microbiota composition, and metabolic status in different ethnicities. Methods: Separate cross-sectional analysis of two European cohorts (MetaCardis, n = 1759; HELIUS, n = 1528) including controls, patients with pre-T2D, and patients with T2D of Caucasian/non-Caucasian origin with nutritional data obtained from Food Frequency Questionnaires and gut microbiota composition. Results: In both cohorts, animal (but not plant) protein intake was associated with pre-T2D status and T2D status after adjustment for confounders. There was no significant association between protein intake (total, animal, or plant) with either gut microbiota alpha diversity or beta diversity, regardless of ethnicity. At the species level, we identified taxonomical signatures associated with animal protein intake that overlapped in both cohorts with different abundances according to metabolic status and ethnicity. Conclusions: Animal protein intake is associated with pre-T2D and T2D status but not with gut microbiota beta or alpha diversity, regardless of ethnicity. Gut microbial taxonomical signatures were identified, which could function as potential modulators in the association between dietary protein intake and metabolic status.
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Neubauer C, Landecker H. A planetary health perspective on synthetic methionine. Lancet Planet Health 2021; 5:e560-e569. [PMID: 34390674 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Methionine is an amino acid that humans and farm animals must derive from food. This metabolite, a tightly regulated resource in ecosystems, has become a mass commodity in the global economy, with well over 1 million tons being produced annually from petroleum to fortify livestock feed. Viewed from the standpoint of planetary health, anthropogenic methionine synthesis is an important enabler of low-cost animal protein production, with interdependent but unexamined effects on human health and ecosystems. At a time when agrochemical engineering is shifting the way sulphur is assimilated and moves up our food chain, research suggests that dietary methionine restriction alone captures many healthspan benefits noted with calorie restriction. As such, methionine synthesis is an excellent exemplar of planetary scale anthropogenic activity that manifests at the molecular scale of cellular metabolism, with potential systemic effects on human health. In this Personal View we establish the scale and historical trajectory of the methionine industry and provide a preliminary model for tracing this amino acid through the food supply into the human body. We draw together insights across disparate publications of applied animal agriculture, human nutrition, and biomedical research to call for cross-disciplinary dialogue on responsible use of methionine-augmentation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cajetan Neubauer
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, Colorado University, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Hannah Landecker
- Department of Sociology and Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Fanelli SM, Kelly OJ, Krok-Schoen JL, Taylor CA. Low Protein Intakes and Poor Diet Quality Associate with Functional Limitations in US Adults with Diabetes: A 2005-2016 NHANES Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 13:2582. [PMID: 34444742 PMCID: PMC8400247 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk for sarcopenia. Moreover, sarcopenia correlates with increased risk for falls, fractures, and mortality. This study aimed to explore relationships among nutrient intakes, diet quality, and functional limitations in a sample of adults across levels of glycemic control. Data were examined from 23,487 non-institutionalized adults, 31 years and older, from the 2005-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Hemoglobin A1c (%) was used to classify level of glycemic control: non-diabetes (<5.7%); pre-diabetes (5.7-6.4%); diabetes (≥6.5%). Dietary data were collected from a single 24-h dietary recall. Participants were categorized as meeting or below the protein recommendation of 0.8 g/kg of body weight. Physical functioning was assessed across 19-discrete physical tasks. Adults below the protein recommendation consumed significantly more carbohydrate and had lower diet quality across all glycemic groups compared to those who met the protein recommendation (p < 0.001). Adults with diabetes who did not meet protein recommendations had significantly poorer diet quality and significantly higher mean number of functional limitations. A greater percent of adults with diabetes who did not meet the protein recommendation reported being physically limited for most activities, with more than half (52%) reporting limitations for stooping, crouching, and kneeling. This study underscores the potential for physical limitations associated with low protein intakes, especially in adults with diabetes. In the longer term, low protein intakes may result in increased risk of muscle loss, as protein intake is a critical nutritional factor for prevention of sarcopenia, functional limitations, and falls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Owen J. Kelly
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, TX 77304, USA;
| | - Jessica L. Krok-Schoen
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
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Betz M, Steenes A, Peterson L, Saunders M. Knowledge Does Not Correspond to Adherence of Renal Diet Restrictions in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3-5. J Ren Nutr 2021; 31:351-360. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Leger D, Matassa S, Noor E, Shepon A, Milo R, Bar-Even A. Photovoltaic-driven microbial protein production can use land and sunlight more efficiently than conventional crops. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2015025118. [PMID: 34155098 PMCID: PMC8255800 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015025118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Population growth and changes in dietary patterns place an ever-growing pressure on the environment. Feeding the world within sustainable boundaries therefore requires revolutionizing the way we harness natural resources. Microbial biomass can be cultivated to yield protein-rich feed and food supplements, collectively termed single-cell protein (SCP). Yet, we still lack a quantitative comparison between traditional agriculture and photovoltaic-driven SCP systems in terms of land use and energetic efficiency. Here, we analyze the energetic efficiency of harnessing solar energy to produce SCP from air and water. Our model includes photovoltaic electricity generation, direct air capture of carbon dioxide, electrosynthesis of an electron donor and/or carbon source for microbial growth (hydrogen, formate, or methanol), microbial cultivation, and the processing of biomass and proteins. We show that, per unit of land, SCP production can reach an over 10-fold higher protein yield and at least twice the caloric yield compared with any staple crop. Altogether, this quantitative analysis offers an assessment of the future potential of photovoltaic-driven microbial foods to supplement conventional agricultural production and support resource-efficient protein supply on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Leger
- Systems and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany;
| | - Silvio Matassa
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Elad Noor
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alon Shepon
- Department of Environmental Studies, The Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Israel National Center for Biodiversity Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ron Milo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Arren Bar-Even
- Systems and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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McKenna CF, Salvador AF, Hughes RL, Scaroni SE, Alamilla RA, Askow AT, Paluska SA, Dilger AC, Holscher HD, De Lisio M, Khan NA, Burd NA. Higher protein intake during resistance training does not potentiate strength, but modulates gut microbiota, in middle-aged adults: a randomized control trial. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E900-E913. [PMID: 33682457 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00574.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein intake above the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) and resistance training are known anabolic stimuli to support healthy aging. Specifically, protein supplementation after resistance exercise and nightly are strategies to maximize utilization of protein intake above the RDA in healthy adults. As such, the primary objective was to examine the efficacy of protein supplementation and nutritional counseling resulting in either moderate (MOD: ∼1.0 g·kg-1·day-1) or higher (HIGH: ∼1.6 g·kg-1·day-1) protein intake during resistance training on strength (one-repetition maximum, 1-RM; isokinetic and isometric peak torque) in healthy middle-aged adults. Exploratory analyses include diet-exercise effects on lean body mass (LBM), clinical biomarkers, gut microbiota, and diet composition. In all, 50 middle-aged adults (age: 50 ± 8 yr, BMI: 27.2 ± 4.1 kg/m2) were randomized to either MOD or HIGH protein intake during a 10-wk resistance training program (3 × wk). Participants received dietary counseling and consumed either 15 g (MOD) or 30 g (HIGH) of protein from lean beef in the immediate postexercise period and each evening. Maximal strength (1-RM) for all upper and lower body exercises significantly increased with no effect of protein intake (P < 0.050). There was a main effect of time for LBM (P < 0.005). Cardiovascular, renal, or glycemic biomarkers were not affected by the intervention. Gut microbiota were associated with several health outcomes (P < 0.050). In conclusion, higher protein intake above moderate amounts does not potentiate resistance training adaptations in previously untrained middle-aged adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03029975.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our research evaluates the efficacy of higher in comparison with moderate animal-based protein intake on resistance exercise training-induced muscle strength, clinical biomarkers, and gut microbiota in middle-aged adults through a dietary counseling-controlled intervention. Higher protein intake did not potentiate training adaptations, nor did the intervention effect disease biomarkers. Both diet and exercise modified gut microbiota composition. Collectively, moderate amounts of high-quality, animal-based protein is sufficient to promote resistance exercise adaptations at the onset of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen F McKenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Amadeo F Salvador
- Division of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Riley L Hughes
- Division of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Susannah E Scaroni
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Rafael A Alamilla
- Division of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Andrew T Askow
- Division of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Scott A Paluska
- Division of Family Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Anna C Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Hannah D Holscher
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Division of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Division of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Michael De Lisio
- School of Human Kinetics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Naiman A Khan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Division of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Division of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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Nychyk O, Barton W, Rudolf AM, Boscaini S, Walsh A, Bastiaanssen TFS, Giblin L, Cormican P, Chen L, Piotrowicz Y, Derous D, Fanning Á, Yin X, Grant J, Melgar S, Brennan L, Mitchell SE, Cryan JF, Wang J, Cotter PD, Speakman JR, Nilaweera KN. Protein quality and quantity influence the effect of dietary fat on weight gain and tissue partitioning via host-microbiota changes. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109093. [PMID: 33979605 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated how protein quantity (10%-30%) and quality (casein and whey) interact with dietary fat (20%-55%) to affect metabolic health in adult mice. Although dietary fat was the main driver of body weight gain and individual tissue weight, high (30%) casein intake accentuated and high whey intake reduced the negative metabolic aspects of high fat. Jejunum and liver transcriptomics revealed increased intestinal permeability, low-grade inflammation, altered lipid metabolism, and liver dysfunction in casein-fed but not whey-fed animals. These differential effects were accompanied by altered gut size and microbial functions related to amino acid degradation and lipid metabolism. Fecal microbiota transfer confirmed that the casein microbiota increases and the whey microbiota impedes weight gain. These data show that the effects of dietary fat on weight gain and tissue partitioning are further influenced by the quantity and quality of the associated protein, primarily via effects on the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Nychyk
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Wiley Barton
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Agata M Rudolf
- Key State Laboratory for Molecular Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Serena Boscaini
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Aaron Walsh
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F S Bastiaanssen
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Linda Giblin
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Paul Cormican
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, County Meath, Ireland
| | - Liang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yolanda Piotrowicz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Davina Derous
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Áine Fanning
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Xiaofei Yin
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jim Grant
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Silvia Melgar
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Lorraine Brennan
- VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sharon E Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Jun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - John R Speakman
- Key State Laboratory for Molecular Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; CAS Center of Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China; Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Kanishka N Nilaweera
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland.
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Rodriguez NR. Role of Meat in Healthy Eating Patterns: Considerations for Protein Quantity and Protein Quality. MEAT AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22175/mmb.11687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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48
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Roberts SB, Silver RE, Das SK, Fielding RA, Gilhooly CH, Jacques PF, Kelly JM, Mason JB, McKeown NM, Reardon MA, Rowan S, Saltzman E, Shukitt-Hale B, Smith CE, Taylor AA, Wu D, Zhang FF, Panetta K, Booth S. Healthy Aging-Nutrition Matters: Start Early and Screen Often. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:1438-1448. [PMID: 33838032 PMCID: PMC8994693 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The amount of time spent in poor health at the end of life is increasing. This narrative review summarizes consistent evidence indicating that healthy dietary patterns and maintenance of a healthy weight in the years leading to old age are associated with broad prevention of all the archetypal diseases and impairments associated with aging including: noncommunicable diseases, sarcopenia, cognitive decline and dementia, osteoporosis, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, hearing loss, obstructive sleep apnea, urinary incontinence, and constipation. In addition, randomized clinical trials show that disease-specific nutrition interventions can attenuate progression-and in some cases effectively treat-many established aging-associated conditions. However, middle-aged and older adults are vulnerable to unhealthy dietary patterns, and typically consume diets with inadequate servings of healthy food groups and essential nutrients, along with an abundance of energy-dense but nutrient-weak foods that contribute to obesity. However, based on menu examples, diets that are nutrient-dense, plant-based, and with a moderately low glycemic load are better equipped to meet the nutritional needs of many older adults than current recommendations in US Dietary Guidelines. These summary findings indicate that healthy nutrition is more important for healthy aging than generally recognized. Improved public health messaging about nutrition and aging, combined with routine screening and medical referrals for age-related conditions that can be treated with a nutrition prescription, should form core components of a national nutrition roadmap to reduce the epidemic of unhealthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel E Silver
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sai Krupa Das
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roger A Fielding
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cheryl H Gilhooly
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul F Jacques
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Kelly
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel B Mason
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meaghan A Reardon
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheldon Rowan
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Saltzman
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barbara Shukitt-Hale
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caren E Smith
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allen A Taylor
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dayong Wu
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fang Fang Zhang
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen Panetta
- School of Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Booth
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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49
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Kim JY. Optimal Diet Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance. J Obes Metab Syndr 2021; 30:20-31. [PMID: 33107442 PMCID: PMC8017325 DOI: 10.7570/jomes20065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become one of the most important public health problems worldwide, which suggests the need for evidence-based dietary strategies for weight loss and its maintenance. Weight management depends upon complex factors such as amount of food eaten, type of food eaten, and timing of meals. In this review, we identified evidence-based dietary strategies for weight management based on these three components. An energy deficit is the most important factor in weight loss. A low-calorie diet with a low fat or carbohydrate content has been recommended; however, in some cases, a very-low-calorie diet is required for a short period. Some macronutrient composition-based diets, such as the ketogenic diet or high-protein diet, could be considered in some cases, although the potential risks and long-term effectiveness remain unknown. Meal timing is also an important factor in weight management, and higher-calorie breakfasts in combination with overnight fasting may help to prevent obesity. Our review indicated that there is no single best strategy for weight management. Hence, strategies for weight loss and its maintenance should be individualized, and healthcare providers must choose the best strategy based on patient preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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50
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Madrigal C, Soto-Méndez MJ, Hernández-Ruiz Á, Valero T, Lara Villoslada F, Leis R, Martínez de Victoria E, Moreno JM, Ortega RM, Ruiz-López MD, Varela-Moreiras G, Gil Á. Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy, and Food Sources of Protein and Relationships with Personal and Family Factors in Spanish Children Aged One to <10 Years: Findings of the EsNuPI Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:1062. [PMID: 33805229 PMCID: PMC8064310 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet in the first years of life is an important factor in growth and development. Dietary protein is a critical macronutrient that provides both essential and nonessential amino acids required for sustaining all body functions and procedures, providing the structural basis to maintain life and healthy development and growth in children. In this study, our aim was to describe the total protein intake, type and food sources of protein, the adequacy to the Population Reference Intake (PRI) for protein by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) by the Institute of Medicine (IoM). Furthermore, we analyzed whether the consumption of dairy products (including regular milk, dairy products, or adapted milk formulas) is associated with nutrient adequacy and the contribution of protein to diet and whole dietary profile in the two cohorts of the EsNuPI (in English, Nutritional Study in the Spanish Pediatric Population) study; one cohort was representative of the Spanish population from one to <10 years old (n = 707) (Spanish reference cohort, SRS) who reported consuming all kinds of milk and one was a cohort of the same age who reported consuming adapted milk over the last year (including follow-on formula, growing up milk, toddler's milk, and enriched and fortified milks) (n = 741) (adapted milk consumers cohort, AMS). The children of both cohorts had a high contribution from protein to total energy intake (16.79% SRS and 15.63% AMS) and a high total protein intake (60.89 g/day SRS and 53.43 g/day AMS). We observed that protein intake in Spanish children aged one to <10 years old was above the European and international recommendations, as well as the recommended percentages for energy intakes. The main protein sources were milk and dairy products (28% SRS and 29% AMS) and meat and meat products (27% SRS and 26% AMS), followed by cereals (16% SRS and 15% AMS), fish and shellfish (8% in both cohorts), eggs (5% SRS and 6% AMS), and legumes (4% in both cohorts). In our study population, protein intake was mainly from an animal origin (meat and meat products, milk and dairy products, fish and shellfish, and eggs) rather than from a plant origin (cereals and legumes). Future studies should investigate the long-term effect of dietary protein in early childhood on growth and body composition, and whether high protein intake affects health later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casandra Madrigal
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.J.S.-M.); (Á.H.-R.); (Á.G.)
| | - María José Soto-Méndez
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.J.S.-M.); (Á.H.-R.); (Á.G.)
| | - Ángela Hernández-Ruiz
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.J.S.-M.); (Á.H.-R.); (Á.G.)
| | - Teresa Valero
- Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), 28010 Madrid, Spain; (T.V.); (G.V.-M.)
| | | | - Rosaura Leis
- Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Hepatology and Nutrition University Clinical Hospital of Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Martínez de Victoria
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - José Manuel Moreno
- Pediatric Department, University of Navarra Clinic, 28027 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rosa M. Ortega
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María Dolores Ruiz-López
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.J.S.-M.); (Á.H.-R.); (Á.G.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Gregorio Varela-Moreiras
- Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), 28010 Madrid, Spain; (T.V.); (G.V.-M.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Gil
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.J.S.-M.); (Á.H.-R.); (Á.G.)
- Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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