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Zahn FE, Jiang H, Lee YI, Gebauer G. Mode of carbon gain and fungal associations of Neuwiedia malipoensis within the evolutionarily early-diverging orchid subfamily Apostasioideae. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 134:511-520. [PMID: 38912975 PMCID: PMC11341671 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The earliest-diverging orchid lineage, Apostasioideae, consists only of two genera: Apostasia and Neuwiedia. Previous reports of Apostasia nipponica indicated a symbiotic association with an ectomycorrhiza-forming Ceratobasidiaceae clade and partial utilization of fungal carbon during the adult stage. However, the trophic strategy of Neuwiedia throughout its development remains unidentified. To further improve our understanding of mycoheterotrophy in the Apostasioideae, this study focused on Neuwiedia malipoensis examining both the mycorrhizal association and the physiological ecology of this orchid species across various development stages. METHODS We identified the major mycorrhizal fungi of N. malipoensis protocorm, leafy seedling and adult stages using molecular barcoding. To reveal nutritional resources utilized by N. malipoensis, we compared stable isotope natural abundances (δ13C, δ15N, δ2H, δ18O) of different developmental stages with those of autotrophic reference plants. KEY RESULTS Protocorms exhibited an association with saprotrophic Ceratobasidiaceae rather than ectomycorrhiza-forming Ceratobasidiaceae and the 13C signature was characteristic of their fully mycoheterotrophic nutrition. Seedlings and adults were predominantly associated with saprotrophic fungi belonging to the Tulasnellaceae. While 13C and 2H stable isotope data revealed partial mycoheterotrophy of seedlings, it is unclear to what extent the fungal carbon supply is reduced in adult N. malipoensis. However, the 15N enrichment of mature N. malipoensis suggests partially mycoheterotrophic nutrition. Our data indicated a transition in mycorrhizal partners during ontogenetic development with decreasing dependency of N. malipoensis on fungal nitrogen and carbon. CONCLUSIONS The divergence in mycorrhizal partners between N. malipoensis and A. nipponica indicates different resource acquisition strategies and allows various habitat options in the earliest-diverging orchid lineage, Apostasioideae. While A. nipponica relies on the heterotrophic carbon gain from its ectomycorrhizal fungal partner and thus on forest habitats, N. malipoensis rather relies on own photosynthetic carbon gain as an adult, allowing it to establish in habitats as widely distributed as those where Rhizoctonia fungi occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska E Zahn
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Hong Jiang
- Yunnan Laboratory for Conservation of Rare, Endangered & Endemic Forest Plants, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yung-I Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Gerhard Gebauer
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Suetsugu K, Ohta T, Tayasu I. Partial mycoheterotrophy in the leafless orchid Eulophia zollingeri specialized on wood-decaying fungi. MYCORRHIZA 2024; 34:33-44. [PMID: 38520554 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01136-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Although the absence of normal leaves is often considered a sign of full heterotrophy, some plants remain at least partially autotrophic despite their leafless habit. Leafless orchids with green stems and capsules probably represent a late evolutionary stage toward full mycoheterotrophy and serve as valuable models for understanding the pathways leading to this nutritional strategy. In this study, based on molecular barcoding and isotopic analysis, we explored the physiological ecology of the leafless orchid Eulophia zollingeri, which displays green coloration, particularly during its fruiting phase. Although previous studies had shown that E. zollingeri, in its adult stage, is associated with Psathyrellaceae fungi and exhibits high 13C isotope signatures similar to fully mycoheterotrophic orchids, it remained uncertain whether this symbiotic relationship is consistent throughout the orchid's entire life cycle and whether the orchid relies exclusively on mycoheterotrophy for its nutrition during the fruiting season. Our study has demonstrated that E. zollingeri maintains a specialized symbiotic relationship with Psathyrellaceae fungi throughout all life stages. However, isotopic analysis and chlorophyll data have shown that the orchid also engages in photosynthesis to meet its carbon needs, particularly during the fruiting stage. This research constitutes the first discovery of partial mycoheterotrophy in leafless orchids associated with saprotrophic non-rhizoctonia fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
- Institute for Advanced Research, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-Ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Tamihisa Ohta
- Faculty of Science, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tayasu
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457-4 Motoyama Kamigamo, Kita-Ku, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan
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3
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Minasiewicz J, Zwolicki A, Figura T, Novotná A, Bocayuva MF, Jersáková J, Selosse MA. Stoichiometry of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus is closely linked to trophic modes in orchids. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:422. [PMID: 37700257 PMCID: PMC10496321 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycorrhiza is a ubiquitous form of symbiosis based on the mutual, beneficial exchange of resources between roots of autotrophic (AT) plants and heterotrophic soil fungi throughout a complex network of fungal mycelium. Mycoheterotrophic (MH) and mixotrophic (MX) plants can parasitise this system, gaining all or some (respectively) required nutrients without known reciprocity to the fungus. We applied, for the first time, an ecological stoichiometry framework to test whether trophic mode of plants influences their elemental carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) composition and may provide clues about their biology and evolution within the framework of mycorrhizal network functioning. RESULTS We analysed C:N:P stoichiometry of 24 temperate orchid species and P concentration of 135 species from 45 plant families sampled throughout temperate and intertropical zones representing the three trophic modes (AT, MX and MH). Welch's one-way ANOVA and PERMANOVA were used to compare mean nutrient values and their proportions among trophic modes, phylogeny, and climate zones. Nutrient concentration and stoichiometry significantly differentiate trophic modes in orchids. Mean foliar C:N:P stoichiometry showed a gradual increase of N and P concentration and a decrease of C: nutrients ratio along the trophic gradient AT < MX < MH, with surprisingly high P requirements of MH orchids. Although P concentration in orchids showed the trophy-dependent pattern regardless of climatic zone, P concentration was not a universal indicator of trophic modes, as shown by ericaceous MH and MX plants. CONCLUSION The results imply that there are different evolutionary pathways of adaptation to mycoheterotrophic nutrient acquisition, and that the high nutrient requirements of MH orchids compared to MH plants from other families may represent a higher cost to the fungal partner and consequently lead to the high fungal specificity observed in MH orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julita Minasiewicz
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, Gdańsk, 80-308, Poland.
| | - Adrian Zwolicki
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, Gdańsk, 80-308, Poland
| | - Tomáš Figura
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lesní 322, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, Prague, 12844, Czech Republic
- Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Institut de Systématique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, CP 39, F-75005, France
| | - Alžběta Novotná
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, Gdańsk, 80-308, Poland
- Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Vídeňská, Praha, 1083, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Melissa F Bocayuva
- Department of Microbiology, Viçosa Federal University (UFV), P. H. Rolfs Street, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Jana Jersáková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, České Budějovice, 1760, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, Gdańsk, 80-308, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Viçosa Federal University (UFV), P. H. Rolfs Street, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36570-900, Brazil
- Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Institut de Systématique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, CP 39, F-75005, France
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Timilsena PR, Barrett CF, Piñeyro-Nelson A, Wafula EK, Ayyampalayam S, McNeal JR, Yukawa T, Givnish TJ, Graham SW, Pires JC, Davis JI, Ané C, Stevenson DW, Leebens-Mack J, Martínez-Salas E, Álvarez-Buylla ER, dePamphilis CW. Phylotranscriptomic Analyses of Mycoheterotrophic Monocots Show a Continuum of Convergent Evolutionary Changes in Expressed Nuclear Genes From Three Independent Nonphotosynthetic Lineages. Genome Biol Evol 2022; 15:6965378. [PMID: 36582124 PMCID: PMC9887272 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evac183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoheterotrophy is an alternative nutritional strategy whereby plants obtain sugars and other nutrients from soil fungi. Mycoheterotrophy and associated loss of photosynthesis have evolved repeatedly in plants, particularly in monocots. Although reductive evolution of plastomes in mycoheterotrophs is well documented, the dynamics of nuclear genome evolution remains largely unknown. Transcriptome datasets were generated from four mycoheterotrophs in three families (Orchidaceae, Burmanniaceae, Triuridaceae) and related green plants and used for phylogenomic analyses to resolve relationships among the mycoheterotrophs, their relatives, and representatives across the monocots. Phylogenetic trees based on 602 genes were mostly congruent with plastome phylogenies, except for an Asparagales + Liliales clade inferred in the nuclear trees. Reduction and loss of chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthetic gene expression and relaxation of purifying selection on retained genes were progressive, with greater loss in older nonphotosynthetic lineages. One hundred seventy-four of 1375 plant benchmark universally conserved orthologous genes were undetected in any mycoheterotroph transcriptome or the genome of the mycoheterotrophic orchid Gastrodia but were expressed in green relatives, providing evidence for massively convergent gene loss in nonphotosynthetic lineages. We designate this set of deleted or undetected genes Missing in Mycoheterotrophs (MIM). MIM genes encode not only mainly photosynthetic or plastid membrane proteins but also a diverse set of plastid processes, genes of unknown function, mitochondrial, and cellular processes. Transcription of a photosystem II gene (psb29) in all lineages implies a nonphotosynthetic function for this and other genes retained in mycoheterotrophs. Nonphotosynthetic plants enable novel insights into gene function as well as gene expression shifts, gene loss, and convergence in nuclear genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Raj Timilsena
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Craig F Barrett
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Alma Piñeyro-Nelson
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico,Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eric K Wafula
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Joel R McNeal
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Kennesaw State University, Georgia
| | - Tomohisa Yukawa
- Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, 1-1, Amakubo 4, Tsukuba, 305-0005, Japan
| | - Thomas J Givnish
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sean W Graham
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4Canada
| | - J Chris Pires
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri–Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jerrold I Davis
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences and L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 1485
| | - Cécile Ané
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin,Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Jim Leebens-Mack
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 3060
| | - Esteban Martínez-Salas
- Departmento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | - Elena R Álvarez-Buylla
- Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico,Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Suetsugu K, Haraguchi TF, Tayasu I. Novel mycorrhizal cheating in a green orchid: Cremastra appendiculata depends on carbon from deadwood through fungal associations. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:333-343. [PMID: 33822388 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To date, there has been no robust evidence for the exploitation of saprotrophic non-rhizoctonia fungi by green plants, although some fully mycoheterotrophic orchids are known to exploit them, and mycoheterotrophic evolution has probably occurred through intermediate mixotrophic stages. We investigated the physiological ecology of a fully mycoheterotrophic species Cremastra aphylla and its photosynthetic sister species Cremastra appendiculata, which putatively exploit saprotrophic fungi. Their mycorrhizal partners and ultimate nutritional sources were determined using molecular, stable isotopic, and radiocarbon analysis. Both Cremastra aphylla and Cremastra appendiculata were consistently associated with wood-decaying Psathyrellaceae. In addition, both species were highly enriched in carbon-13 (13 C) and, to a less degree, in nitrogen-15 (15 N). The δ13 C and δ15 N values of Cremastra appendiculata were intermediate between those of Cremastra aphylla and those of autotrophic plants. All Cremastra appendiculata samples and two Cremastra aphylla samples exhibited elevated Δ14 C values due to the acquisition of carbon fixed in wood during the past decades (14 C-enriched bomb carbon). Our multifaceted evidence indicated that both species obtained carbon from deadwood via saprotrophic fungi. Our findings strongly suggest that mixotrophic relationships associated with wood-decaying fungi represent a novel evolutionary pathway for full mycoheterotrophy in orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi F Haraguchi
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kita-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Research Institute of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Osaka Prefecture, 10-4 Koyamotomachi, Neyagawa, Osaka, 572-0088, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tayasu
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kita-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan
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6
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Suetsugu K, Matsubayashi J. Foliar chlorophyll concentration modulates the degree of fungal exploitation in a rhizoctonia-associated orchid. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4204-4213. [PMID: 35312761 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Some green orchids obtain carbon from both mycobionts and photosynthesis at the adult stage. Intriguingly, these orchids can produce albino and, in rare cases, variegated phenotypes. Here, we studied a Platanthera hondoensis population with green, variegated, and albino individuals. Although its closely related Platanthera species are usually associated with non-ectomycorrhizal rhizoctonias, and several studies have failed to find evidence of trophic plasticity in rhizoctonia-associated orchids, variegated and albino P. hondoensis must possess a higher fungal dependency than green P. hondoensis. Therefore, we investigated whether (i) P. hondoensis is associated with non-ectomycorrhizal rhizoctonias and (ii) the degree of mycoheterotrophy (using 13C abundance as a proxy) correlates with the foliar chlorophyll concentration. High-throughput DNA sequencing revealed that all P. hondoensis phenotypes were dominantly associated with a rhizoctonia from Ceratobasidiaceae belonging to a clade distinct from recognized ectomycorrhizal clades. Regression analysis revealed a positive linear relationship between foliar chlorophyll concentration and the degree of mycoheterotrophy. This study strongly suggests that rhizoctonia-associated P. hondoensis can dynamically adjust fungal exploitation in response to photosynthetic carbon levels. Since rhizoctonia is the most common orchid mycorrhizal partner, trophic plasticity may be a widespread adaptive trait in green orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Jun Matsubayashi
- Department of Integrated Science and Engineering for Sustainable Societies, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Gao Y, Ji J, Zhang Y, Yang N, Zhang M. Biochemical and transcriptomic analyses of the symbiotic interaction between Cremastra appendiculata and the mycorrhizal fungus Coprinellus disseminatus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:15. [PMID: 34983403 PMCID: PMC8725509 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cremastra appendiculata is a rare terrestrial orchid with a high market value as an ornamental and medicinal plant. However, the species depends entirely on fungi for seed germination under natural conditions. In a previous study, we have successfully isolated and identified the mycorrhizal fungus Coprinellus disseminatus which was able to induce the germination of C. appendiculata seeds. We then speculated that C. disseminatus may do so by breaking the testa imposed dormancy of the seeds. In this study, biochemical and transcriptomic analyses were used to characterize the germination of C. appendiculata seeds, collected at different stages of germination, as affected by C. disseminatus. RESULTS The lignocellulose in the seeds coat of C. appendiculata was degraded by the mycorrhizal fungus resulting in facilitated absorption of water. The rate of decline in lignin content was 67 and 73% at 6 and 12 days after sowing, respectively. The water content increased from 13 to 90% during symbiosis. A total of 15,382 genes showing significantly different levels of expression (log2 FPKM≥2.0, Qvalue≤0.05) were successfully identified among all libraries, where the highest number of DEGs was shared between 6 days versus 0 day after symbiotic germination. Gene annotation results suggested that 15 key genes related water-status, such as DHN gene family and Xero 1 were down-regulated. The genes zeaxanthin epoxidase ZEP, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase NCED3 and β-carotene hydroxylase involved in the biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA) were significantly down-regulated in 6 days as compared to 0 day after symbiotic germination. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates that mycorrhizal fungus C. disseminatus can stimulate C. appendiculata seeds germination through a mechanism of breaking the testa imposed dormancy and inducing water absorption of the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Jun Ji
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Yujin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Ningxian Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Mingsheng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
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Zhou Z, Shi R, Zhang Y, Xing X, Jin X. Orchid conservation in China from 2000 to 2020: Achievements and perspectives. PLANT DIVERSITY 2021; 43:343-349. [PMID: 34816060 PMCID: PMC8591184 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We review achievements in the conservation of orchid diversity in China over the last 21 years. We provide updated information on orchid biodiversity and suggestions for orchid conservation in China. We outline national policies of biodiversity conservation, especially of orchid conservation, which provide general guidelines for orchid conservation in China. There are now approximately 1708 known species of Orchidaceae in 181 genera in China, including five new genera and 365 new species described over the last 21 years. The assessment of risk of extinction of all 1502 known native orchid species in China in 2013 indicated that 653 species were identified as threatened, 132 species were treated as data-deficient, and four species endemic to China were classified as extinct. Approximately 1100 species (ca. 65%) are protected in national nature reserves, and another ~66 species in provincial nature reserves. About 800 native orchid species have living collections in major botanical gardens. The pollination biology of 74 native orchid species and the genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure of 29 orchid species have been investigated at a local scale and/or across species distributions. The mycorrhizal fungal community composition has been investigated in many genera, such as Bletilla, Coelogyne, Cymbidium, Cypripedium, and Dendrobium. Approximately 292 species will be included in the list of national key protected wild plants this year. Two major tasks for near future include in situ conservation and monitoring population dynamics of endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Zhou
- Department of Wildlife Conservation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, No. 18, Hepingli Dongjie, Beijing, 100714, China
| | - Ronghong Shi
- Department of Wildlife Conservation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, No. 18, Hepingli Dongjie, Beijing, 100714, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Beijing Botanical Garden, Wofosi Rd, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiaoke Xing
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaohua Jin
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IBCAS), Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, PR China
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Suetsugu K, Matsubayashi J. Subterranean morphology modulates the degree of mycoheterotrophy in a green orchid
Calypso bulbosa
exploiting wood‐decaying fungi. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology Graduate school of Science Kobe University Kobe Japan
| | - Jun Matsubayashi
- Department of Integrated Science and Engineering for Sustainable Societies Faculty of Science and Engineering Chuo University Tokyo Japan
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Suetsugu K, Yamato M, Matsubayashi J, Tayasu I. Partial and full mycoheterotrophy in green and albino phenotypes of the slipper orchid Cypripedium debile. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:301-312. [PMID: 33852063 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Most green orchids form mycorrhizal associations with rhizoctonia fungi, a polyphyletic group including Serendipitaceae, Ceratobasidiaceae, and Tulasnellaceae. Although accumulating evidence indicated that partial mycoheterotrophy occurs in such so-called rhizoctonia-associated orchids, it remains unclear how much nutrition rhizoctonia-associated orchids obtain via mycoheterotrophic relationships. We investigated the physiological ecology of green and albino individuals of a rhizoctonia-associated orchid Cypripedium debile, by using molecular barcoding of the mycobionts and stable isotope (13C and 15 N) analysis. Molecular barcoding of the mycobionts indicated that the green and albino individuals harbored Tulasnella spp., which formed a clade with the previously reported C. debile mycobionts. In addition, stable isotope analysis showed that both phenotypes were significantly enriched in 13C but not in 15 N. Therefore, green and albino individuals were recognized as partial and full mycoheterotrophs, respectively. The green variants were estimated to obtain 42.5 ± 8.2% of their C from fungal sources, using the 13C enrichment factor of albino individuals as a mycoheterotrophic endpoint. The proportion of fungal-derived C in green C. debile was higher than that reported in other rhizoctonia-associated orchids. The high fungal dependence may facilitate the emergence of albino mutants. Our study provides the first evidence of partial mycoheterotrophy in the subfamily Cypripedioideae. Partial mycoheterotrophy may be more general than previously recognized in the family Orchidaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
| | | | - Jun Matsubayashi
- Department of Biogeochemistry Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tayasu
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kita-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Giesemann P, Rasmussen HN, Gebauer G. Partial mycoheterotrophy is common among chlorophyllous plants with Paris-type arbuscular mycorrhiza. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:645-653. [PMID: 33547798 PMCID: PMC8052919 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS An arbuscular mycorrhiza is a mutualistic symbiosis with plants as carbon providers for fungi. However, achlorophyllous arbuscular mycorrhizal species are known to obtain carbon from fungi, i.e. they are mycoheterotrophic. These species all have the Paris type of arbuscular mycorrhiza. Recently, two chlorophyllous Paris-type species proved to be partially mycoheterotrophic. In this study, we explore the frequency of this condition and its association with Paris-type arbuscular mycorrhiza. METHODS We searched for evidence of mycoheterotrophy in all currently published 13C, 2H and 15N stable isotope abundance patterns suited for calculations of enrichment factors, i.e. isotopic differences between neighbouring Paris- and Arum-type species. We found suitable data for 135 plant species classified into the two arbuscular mycorrhizal morphotypes. KEY RESULTS About half of the chlorophyllous Paris-type species tested were significantly enriched in 13C and often also enriched in 2H and 15N, compared with co-occurring Arum-type species. Based on a two-source linear mixing model, the carbon gain from the fungal source ranged between 7 and 93 % with ferns > horsetails > seed plants. The seed plants represented 13 families, many without a previous record of mycoheterotrophy. The 13C-enriched chlorophyllous Paris-type species were exclusively herbaceous perennials, with a majority of them thriving on shady forest ground. CONCLUSIONS Significant carbon acquisition from fungi appears quite common and widespread among Paris-type species, this arbuscular mycorrhizal morphotype probably being a pre-condition for developing varying degrees of mycoheterotrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Giesemann
- University of Bayreuth, Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Hanne N Rasmussen
- University of Copenhagen, Institute of Geosciences and Natural Resources, Rolighedsvej, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Gerhard Gebauer
- University of Bayreuth, Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Bayreuth, Germany
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Suetsugu K, Haraguchi TF, Tanabe AS, Tayasu I. Specialized mycorrhizal association between a partially mycoheterotrophic orchid Oreorchis indica and a Tomentella taxon. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:243-250. [PMID: 33150532 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00999-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of full mycoheterotrophy in orchids likely occurs through intermediate stages (i.e., partial mycoheterotrophy or mixotrophy), in which adult plants obtain nutrition through both autotrophy and mycoheterotrophy. However, because of its cryptic manifestation, partial mycoheterotrophy has only been confirmed in slightly more than 20 orchid species. Here, we hypothesized that Oreorchis indica is partially mycoheterotrophic, since (i) Oreorchis is closely related to leafless Corallorhiza, and (ii) it possesses clustered, multi-branched rhizomes that are often found in fully mycoheterotrophic orchids. Accordingly, we investigated the nutritional modes of O. indica in a Japanese subboreal forest by measuring the 13C and 15N abundances and by community profiling of its mycorrhizal fungi. We found that O. indica mycorrhizal samples (all 12 samples from four individuals) were predominantly colonized by a single OTU of the obligate ectomycorrhizal Tomentella (Thelephoraceae). In addition, the leaves of O. indica were highly enriched in both 13C and 15N compared with those of co-occurring autotrophic plants. It was estimated that O. indica obtained 44.4 ± 6.2% of its carbon from fungal sources. These results strongly suggest that in the Oreorchis-Corallorhiza clade, full mycoheterotrophy evolved after the establishment of partial mycoheterotrophy, rather than through direct shifts from autotrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Takashi F Haraguchi
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Research Institute of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Osaka Prefecture, 10-4 Koyamotomachi, Osaka, 572-0088, Neyagawa, Japan
| | - Akifumi S Tanabe
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tayasu
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan
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Jacquemyn H, Brys R, Waud M, Evans A, Figura T, Selosse MA. Mycorrhizal Communities and Isotope Signatures in Two Partially Mycoheterotrophic Orchids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:618140. [PMID: 33633765 PMCID: PMC7901878 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.618140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Partial mycoheterotrophy, the ability of plants to obtain carbon from fungi throughout their life cycle in combination with photosynthesis, appears to be more common within the Plant Kingdom than previously anticipated. Recent studies using stable isotope analyses have indicated that isotope signatures in partially mycoheterotrophic plants vary widely among species, but the relative contributions of family- or species-specific characteristics and the identity of the fungal symbionts to the observed differences remain unclear. Here, we investigated in detail mycorrhizal communities and isotopic signatures in four co-occurring terrestrial orchids (Platanthera chlorantha, Epipactis helleborine, E. neglecta and the mycoheterotrophic Neottia nidus-avis). All investigated species were mycorrhizal generalists (i.e., associated with a large number of fungi simultaneously), but mycorrhizal communities differed significantly between species. Mycorrhizal communities associating with the two Epipactis species consisted of a wide range of fungi belonging to different families, whereas P. chlorantha and N. nidus-avis associated mainly with Ceratobasidiaceae and Sebacinaceae species, respectively. Isotopic signatures differed significantly between both Epipactis species, with E. helleborine showing near autotrophic behavior and E. neglecta showing significant enrichment in both carbon and nitrogen. No significant differences in photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were observed between the two partially mycoheterotrophic orchids, despite significant differences in isotopic signatures. Our results demonstrate that partially mycoheterotrophic orchids of the genus Epipactis formed mycorrhizas with a wide diversity of fungi from different fungal families, but variation in mycorrhizal community composition was not related to isotope signatures and thus transfer of C and N to the plant. We conclude that the observed differences in isotope signatures between E. helleborine and E. neglecta cannot solely be explained by differences in mycorrhizal communities, but most likely reflect a combination of inherent physiological differences and differences in mycorrhizal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jacquemyn
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rein Brys
- Research Institute for Forest and Nature, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Michael Waud
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Evans
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tomáš Figura
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Paris, France
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Paris, France
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Suetsugu K, Matsubayashi J. Evidence for mycorrhizal cheating in Apostasia nipponica, an early-diverging member of the Orchidaceae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2302-2310. [PMID: 33118174 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Most land plants, from liverworts to angiosperms, form mutualistic mycorrhizal symbioses with fungal partners. However, several plants known as mycoheterotrophs exploit fungal partners by reversing the polarity of carbon movement, which usually moves from plant to fungus. We investigated the physiological ecology of a photosynthetic orchid, Apostasia nipponica, which belongs to the first branching group within the Orchidaceae, to improve our understanding of mycoheterotrophic evolution in orchids. The fungal symbionts and nutrition modes of A. nipponica were investigated using molecular barcoding and carbon-13 (13 C) and nitrogen-15 (15 N) measurements, respectively. Community profiling based on a metabarcoding technique revealed that A. nipponica associates with specific Ceratobasidium spp. within ectomycorrhizas-forming clades, whereas isotope analysis revealed that A. nipponica was similar to fully mycoheterotrophic orchids in its 13 C signature and was even more enriched in 15 N than most of the fully mycoheterotrophic orchids that exploit ectomycorrhizal fungi. Our molecular and mass-spectrometric approaches demonstrated, for the first time, that a member of the Apostasioideae, the earliest-diverging lineage of the Orchidaceae, gains carbon through both photosynthesis and fungal cheating (i.e. partial mycoheterotrophy) during the adult stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Jun Matsubayashi
- Department of Integrated Science and Engineering for Sustainable Societies, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
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15
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Ogura-Tsujita Y, Yukawa T, Kinoshita A. Evolutionary histories and mycorrhizal associations of mycoheterotrophic plants dependent on saprotrophic fungi. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:19-41. [PMID: 33417080 PMCID: PMC7817554 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mycoheterotrophic plants (MHPs) are leafless, achlorophyllous, and completely dependent on mycorrhizal fungi for their carbon supply. Mycorrhizal symbiosis is a mutualistic association with fungi that is undertaken by the majority of land plants, but mycoheterotrophy represents a breakdown of this mutualism in that plants parasitize fungi. Most MHPs are associated with fungi that are mycorrhizal with autotrophic plants, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) or ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. Although these MHPs gain carbon via the common mycorrhizal network that links the surrounding autotrophic plants, some mycoheterotrophic lineages are associated with saprotrophic (SAP) fungi, which are free-living and decompose leaf litter and wood materials. Such MHPs are dependent on the forest carbon cycle, which involves the decomposition of wood debris and leaf litter, and have a unique biology and evolutionary history. MHPs associated with SAP fungi (SAP-MHPs) have to date been found only in the Orchidaceae and likely evolved independently at least nine times within that family. Phylogenetically divergent SAP Basidiomycota, mostly Agaricales but also Hymenochaetales, Polyporales, and others, are involved in mycoheterotrophy. The fungal specificity of SAP-MHPs varies from a highly specific association with a single fungal species to a broad range of interactions with multiple fungal orders. Establishment of symbiotic culture systems is indispensable for understanding the mechanisms underlying plant-fungus interactions and the conservation of MHPs. Symbiotic culture systems have been established for many SAP-MHP species as a pure culture of free-living SAP fungi is easier than that of biotrophic AM or ECM fungi. Culturable SAP-MHPs are useful research materials and will contribute to the advancement of plant science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ogura-Tsujita
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga, 840-8502, Japan.
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-8580, Japan.
| | - Tomohisa Yukawa
- National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, 305-0005, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kinoshita
- Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kumamoto city, Chuo-ku, Kurokami, Kumamoto, 860-0862, Japan
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Giesemann P, Eichenberg D, Stöckel M, Seifert LF, Gomes SIF, Merckx VSFT, Gebauer G. Dark septate endophytes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (
Paris
‐morphotype) affect the stable isotope composition of ‘classically’ non‐mycorrhizal plants. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Giesemann
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - David Eichenberg
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Marcus Stöckel
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Lukas F. Seifert
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Sofia I. F. Gomes
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Vincent S. F. T. Merckx
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center Leiden The Netherlands
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Gerhard Gebauer
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
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17
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Giesemann P, Rasmussen HN, Liebel HT, Gebauer G. Discreet heterotrophs: green plants that receive fungal carbon through Paris-type arbuscular mycorrhiza. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:960-966. [PMID: 31837155 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Giesemann
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Hanne N Rasmussen
- Department of Geosciences and Nature Resource Management, Section of Forest, Nature and Biomass, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heiko T Liebel
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
- Biological Station Murnauer Moos, 82418, Murnau, Germany
| | - Gerhard Gebauer
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
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18
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Shutoh K, Tajima Y, Matsubayashi J, Tayasu I, Kato S, Shiga T, Suetsugu K. Evidence for newly discovered albino mutants in a pyroloid: implication for the nutritional mode in the genus Pyrola. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:650-657. [PMID: 32304099 PMCID: PMC7216931 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Difficulties in comparing extremely divergent features in fully mycoheterotrophic plants with those in closely related chlorophyllous plants have complicated attempts to reveal the evolutionary patterns and processes of fully mycoheterotrophic plants. Albino mutants of partially mycoheterotrophic plants, generally observed in Orchidaceae, have provided an ideal model for investigating the evolution of mycoheterotrophy within similar genetic backgrounds. In 2018, we found a putative albino population of Pyrola (Ericaceae). Here we aimed to reveal the identity of the albino pyroloid and confirm its fully mycoheterotrophic status. METHODS To reveal the putative albino pyroloid's identity, we examined its morphology and sequenced its chloroplast DNA. In addition, we assessed the trophic status of the putative albino pyroloid by analyzing chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll concentration, and natural 13 C and 15 N abundances. RESULTS We identified albino individuals as P. japonica-otherwise a partially mycoheterotrophic species. We confirmed their albino status by their considerably lower chlorophyll fluorescence and concentrations than those of sympatrically occurring chlorophyllous plants. 13 C abundance in the albino individuals was significantly higher than in the green individuals of P. japonica. CONCLUSIONS This first report of albino mutants from partially mycoheterotrophic species in angiosperms other than orchids will play a valuable role in further studies focused on mycoheterotrophy. For instance, their δ13 C and δ15 N values represent a reference for fully mycoheterotrophic plants in Pyrola. Our findings also indicate the strong dependence of some leafy Pyrola species on fungal C during their entire life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohtaroh Shutoh
- The Hokkaido University MuseumHokkaido UniversityKita 10, Nishi 8, Kita‐kuSapporoHokkaido060‐0810Japan
| | | | - Jun Matsubayashi
- Department of BiogeochemistryJapan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology2‐15 Natsushima‐choYokosukaKanagawa237‐0061Japan
| | - Ichiro Tayasu
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature457‐4 Motoyama, KamigamoKita‐kuKyoto603‐8047Japan
| | - Syou Kato
- Faculty of EducationNiigata University2‐8050, IkarashiNishi‐kuNiigata950‐2181Japan
| | - Takashi Shiga
- Faculty of EducationNiigata University2‐8050, IkarashiNishi‐kuNiigata950‐2181Japan
| | - Kenji Suetsugu
- Graduate School of ScienceKobe University1‐1 Rokkodai, Nada‐kuKobeHyogo657‐8501Japan
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19
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Favre-Godal Q, Gourguillon L, Lordel-Madeleine S, Gindro K, Choisy P. Orchids and their mycorrhizal fungi: an insufficiently explored relationship. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:5-22. [PMID: 31982950 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Orchids are associated with diverse fungal taxa, including nonmycorrhizal endophytic fungi as well as mycorrhizal fungi. The orchid mycorrhizal (OM) symbiosis is an excellent model for investigating the biological interactions between plants and fungi due to their high dependency on these symbionts for growth and survival. To capture the complexity of OM interactions, significant genomic, numerous transcriptomic, and proteomic studies have been performed, unraveling partly the role of each partner. On the other hand, several papers studied the bioactive metabolites from each partner but rarely interpreted their significance in this symbiotic relationship. In this review, we focus from a biochemical viewpoint on the OM dynamics and its molecular interactions. The ecological functions of OM in plant development and stress resistance are described first, summarizing recent literature. Secondly, because only few studies have specifically looked on OM molecular interactions, the signaling pathways and compounds allowing the establishment/maintenance of mycorrhizal association involved in arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) are discussed in parallel with OM. Based on mechanistic similarities between OM and AM, and recent findings on orchids' endophytes, a putative model representing the different molecular strategies that OM fungi might employ to establish this association is proposed. It is hypothesized here that (i) orchids would excrete plant molecule signals such as strigolactones and flavonoids but also other secondary metabolites; (ii) in response, OM fungi would secrete mycorrhizal factors (Myc factors) or similar compounds to activate the common symbiosis genes (CSGs); (iii) overcome the defense mechanism by evasion of the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)-triggered immunity and by secretion of effectors such as small inhibitor proteins; and (iv) finally, secrete phytohormones to help the colonization or disrupt the crosstalk of plant defense phytohormones. To challenge this putative model, targeted and untargeted metabolomics studies with special attention to each partner's contribution are finally encouraged and some technical approaches are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Favre-Godal
- LVMH recherche, Innovation Matériaux Naturels et Développement Durable, 185 avenue de Verdun, 45800, St Jean de Braye, France.
- CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Chimie analytique des molécules bioactives et pharmacognosie, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Lorène Gourguillon
- LVMH recherche, Innovation Matériaux Naturels et Développement Durable, 185 avenue de Verdun, 45800, St Jean de Braye, France
| | - Sonia Lordel-Madeleine
- CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Chimie analytique des molécules bioactives et pharmacognosie, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Katia Gindro
- Agroscope, Swiss Federal Research Station, Plant Protection, 60 Route de Duiller, PO Box, 1260, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Choisy
- LVMH recherche, Innovation Matériaux Naturels et Développement Durable, 185 avenue de Verdun, 45800, St Jean de Braye, France
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Herrera H, Soto J, de Bashan LE, Sampedro I, Arriagada C. Root-Associated Fungal Communities in Two Populations of the Fully Mycoheterotrophic Plant Arachnitis uniflora Phil. (Corsiaceae) in Southern Chile. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E586. [PMID: 31756978 PMCID: PMC6955791 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiological interactions of the roots of non-photosynthetic plants in South America have been scarcely explored. This study analyzes culturable fungal diversity associated with the mycoheterotrophic plant Arachnitis uniflora Phil. (Corsiaceae) in southern Chile, growing in two different understoreys of native (Nothofagus-dominated) and mixed forest (native, Cupressus sempervirens, and Pinus radiata). Rhizospheric and endophytic fungi were isolated, cultured, and purified to identify microorganisms associated with A. uniflora roots. We showed the different fungi associated with the plant, and that these distributions are influenced by the sampling site. We isolated 410 fungal strains (144 endophytic and 266 from the rhizosphere). We identified 13 operative taxonomical units from plants sampled in the mixed forest, while 15 were from the native forest. Rhizospheric microorganisms were mainly related to Penicillium spp., whereas some pathogenic and saprophytic strains were more frequent inside the roots. Our results have also shown that the fungal strains are weak for phosphate solubilization, but other pathways such as organic acid exudation and indole acetic acid production can be considered as major mechanisms to stimulate plant growth. Our results point to new fungal associates of A. uniflora plants reported in Andean ecosystems, identifying new beneficial endophytic fungi associated with roots of this fully mycoheterotrophic plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Herrera
- Laboratorio de Biorremediación, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, 01145 Temuco, Chile; (H.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Javiera Soto
- Laboratorio de Biorremediación, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, 01145 Temuco, Chile; (H.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Luz E. de Bashan
- The Bashan Institute of Science, 1730 Post Oak Court, Auburn, AL 36830, USA;
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Northwestern Center for Biological Research (CIBNOR), Calle IPN 195, 23096 La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
| | - Inmaculada Sampedro
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Cesar Arriagada
- Laboratorio de Biorremediación, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, 01145 Temuco, Chile; (H.H.); (J.S.)
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Light limitation and partial mycoheterotrophy in rhizoctonia-associated orchids. Oecologia 2019; 189:375-383. [PMID: 30673856 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Partially mycoheterotrophic (PMH) plants obtain organic molecules from their mycorrhizal fungi in addition to carbon (C) fixed by photosynthesis. Some PMH orchids associated with ectomycorrhizal fungi have been shown to flexibly adjust the proportion of organic molecules obtained from fungi according to the habitat's light level. We hypothesise that Neottia ovata and Ophrys insectifera, two orchids associated with saprotrophic rhizoctonia fungi, are also able to increase uptake of organic molecules from fungi as irradiance levels decrease. We continuously measured light availability for individuals of N. ovata and O. insectifera at a grassland and a forest during orchid flowering and fruiting. We repeatedly sampled leaves of N. ovata, O. insectifera and autotrophic reference species for stable isotope natural abundances (δ13C, δ15N, δ2H, δ18O) and C and N concentrations. We found significant 13C enrichment in both orchids relative to autotrophic references at the forest but not the grassland, and significant 2H enrichment at both sites. The 13C enrichment in O. insectifera was linearly correlated with the habitat's irradiance levels. We conclude that both species can be considered as PMH and at least in O. insectifera, the degree of partial mycoheterotrophy can be fine-tuned according to light availability. However, exploitation of mycorrhizal fungi appears less flexible in saprotroph-associated orchids than in orchids associated with ectomycorrhizal fungi.
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22
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Lallemand F, Figura T, Damesin C, Fresneau C, Griveau C, Fontaine N, Zeller B, Selosse MA. Mixotrophic orchids do not use photosynthates for perennial underground organs. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:12-17. [PMID: 30220103 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Félix Lallemand
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Tomáš Figura
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Claire Damesin
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroparisTech, Bât 362, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Chantal Fresneau
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroparisTech, Bât 362, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Chantal Griveau
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Ninon Fontaine
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Bernd Zeller
- INRA Grand EST Nancy, UR 1138, Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers (BEF), 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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23
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Suetsugu K, Ohta T, Tayasu I. Partial mycoheterotrophy in the leafless orchid Cymbidium macrorhizon. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1595-1600. [PMID: 30129024 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The evolution of full mycoheterotrophy is one of the most interesting topics within plant evolution. The leafless orchid Cymbidium macrorhizon is often assumed to be fully mycoheterotrophic even though it has a green stem and fruit capsule. Here, we assessed the trophic status of this species by analyzing the chlorophyll content and the natural 13 C and 15 N abundance in the sprouting and the fruiting season. METHODS The chlorophyll content was measured in five sprouting and five fruiting individuals of C. macrorhizon that were co-occurring. In addition, their 13 C and 15 N isotopic signatures were compared with those of neighboring autotrophic and partially mycoheterotrophic reference plants. KEY RESULTS Fruiting individuals of C. macrorhizon were found to contain a remarkable amount of chlorophyll compared to their sprouting counterparts. In addition, the natural abundance of 13 C in the tissues of the fruiting plants was slightly depleted relative to the sprouting ones. Linear two-source mixing model analysis revealed that fruiting C. macrorhizon plants obtained approximately 73.7 ± 2.0% of their total carbon from their mycorrhizal fungi when the sprouting individuals were used as the 100% carbon gain standard. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that despite its leafless status, fruiting plants of C. macrorhizon were capable of fixing significant quantities of carbon. Considering the autotrophic carbon gain increases during the fruiting season, its photosynthetic ability may contribute to fruit and seed production. These results indicate that C. macrorhizon should, therefore, be considered a partially mycoheterotrophic species rather than fully mycoheterotrophic, at least during the fruiting stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tamihisa Ohta
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan
- Environmental Biology and Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tayasu
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan
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24
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McCormick MK, Whigham DF, Canchani-Viruet A. Mycorrhizal fungi affect orchid distribution and population dynamics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:1207-1215. [PMID: 29790578 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Symbioses are ubiquitous in nature and influence individual plants and populations. Orchids have life history stages that depend fully or partially on fungi for carbon and other essential resources. As a result, orchid populations depend on the distribution of orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMFs). We focused on evidence that local-scale distribution and population dynamics of orchids can be limited by the patchy distribution and abundance of OMFs, after an update of an earlier review confirmed that orchids are rarely limited by OMF distribution at geographic scales. Recent evidence points to a relationship between OMF abundance and orchid density and dormancy, which results in apparent density differences. Orchids were more abundant, less likely to enter dormancy, and more likely to re-emerge when OMF were abundant. We highlight the need for additional studies on OMF quantity, more emphasis on tropical species, and development and application of next-generation sequencing techniques to quantify OMF abundance in substrates and determine their function in association with orchids. Research is also needed to distinguish between OMFs and endophytic fungi and to determine the function of nonmycorrhizal endophytes in orchid roots. These studies will be especially important if we are to link orchids and OMFs in efforts to inform conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K McCormick
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Dennis F Whigham
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Armando Canchani-Viruet
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
- Universidad Metropolitana, Escuela de Ciencias y Tecnología, 1399 Avenida Ana G. Mendez, San Juan, 00926, Puerto Rico
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25
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Shutoh K, Suetsugu K, Kaneko S, Kurosawa T. Comparative morphological analysis of two parallel mycoheterotrophic transitions reveals divergent and convergent traits in the genus Pyrola (Pyroleae, Ericaceae). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:589-597. [PMID: 29766387 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-018-1040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The genus Pyrola includes species with different degree of mycoheterotrophy; some species possess individuals that rely on all carbon through their associations with fungi (full mycoheterotrophy, FM), whereas some species obtain carbon through both fungi and photosynthesis by itself (partial mycoheterotrophy, PM). To investigate how plant functional traits of photosynthesis and reproduction are related to the degree of mycoheterotrophy in the initial stage of the transition from PM to FM, we determined morphological traits in FM (or nearly FM) and PM species in two independent lineages, P. picta and P. japonica complexes. We used herbarium specimens and examined leaf number, leaf area, flower number, and scape length in FM or nearly FM species (P. aphylla and P. subaphylla) and PM species (P. picta s.l. and P. japonica). We found a leaf area reduction in FM (or nearly FM) species in both lineages, suggesting that this is a convergent trait. The number of flowers was not significantly different between FM (or nearly FM) and PM species in both lineages. On the other hand, differences in the variation between FM (or nearly FM) and PM species were found in some traits between the two lineages. The FM (or nearly FM) species in one lineage only possessed rudimentary leaves, whereas that in the other linage possessed a few small, ordinary leaves in addition to those with only rudimentary leaves. The scape length of the FM (or nearly FM) species was significantly longer than that of PM species in one lineage, whereas it was shorter in the other lineage. The different and common variations are divergent and convergent traits, respectively, that could be associated with the transition to FM in Pylora. In addition, shoots of both PM species occasionally lacked ordinary leaves, possibly indicating possession of these shoots is preadaptation for the transition to FM in Pyrola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohtaroh Shutoh
- Graduate School of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan.
- Faculty of Education, Niigata University, 2-8050, Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan.
| | - Kenji Suetsugu
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shingo Kaneko
- Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Takahide Kurosawa
- Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
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26
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Ogura-Tsujita Y, Gebauer G, Xu H, Fukasawa Y, Umata H, Tetsuka K, Kubota M, Schweiger JMI, Yamashita S, Maekawa N, Maki M, Isshiki S, Yukawa T. The giant mycoheterotrophic orchid Erythrorchis altissima is associated mainly with a divergent set of wood-decaying fungi. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:1324-1337. [PMID: 29419910 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The climbing orchid Erythrorchis altissima is the largest mycoheterotroph in the world. Although previous in vitro work suggests that E. altissima has a unique symbiosis with wood-decaying fungi, little is known about how this giant orchid meets its carbon and nutrient demands exclusively via mycorrhizal fungi. In this study, the mycorrhizal fungi of E. altissima were molecularly identified using root samples from 26 individuals. Furthermore, in vitro symbiotic germination with five fungi and stable isotope compositions in five E. altissima at one site were examined. In total, 37 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to nine orders in Basidiomycota were identified from the orchid roots. Most of the fungal OTUs were wood-decaying fungi, but underground roots had ectomycorrhizal Russula. Two fungal isolates from mycorrhizal roots induced seed germination and subsequent seedling development in vitro. Measurement of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope abundances revealed that E. altissima is a full mycoheterotroph whose carbon originates mainly from wood-decaying fungi. All of the results show that E. altissima is associated with a wide range of wood- and soil-inhabiting fungi, the majority of which are wood-decaying taxa. This generalist association enables E. altissima to access a large carbon pool in woody debris and has been key to the evolution of such a large mycoheterotroph.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerhard Gebauer
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Hui Xu
- Botanical Gardens, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yu Fukasawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Umata
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kenshi Tetsuka
- Yakushima Yakutane-goyo Reseaech Group, Yakushima-machi, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Miho Kubota
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Julienne M-I Schweiger
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Satoshi Yamashita
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Nitaro Maekawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyamaminami, Tottori, Japan
| | - Masayuki Maki
- Botanical Gardens, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shiro Isshiki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Yukawa
- Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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27
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English PA, Green DJ, Nocera JJ. Stable Isotopes from Museum Specimens May Provide Evidence of Long-Term Change in the Trophic Ecology of a Migratory Aerial Insectivore. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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28
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Schweiger JM, Bidartondo MI, Gebauer G. Stable isotope signatures of underground seedlings reveal the organic matter gained by adult orchids from mycorrhizal fungi. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julienne M.‐I. Schweiger
- Laboratory of Isotope BiogeochemistryBayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER)University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Martin I. Bidartondo
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College London London UK
- Royal Botanic GardensKew Richmond UK
| | - Gerhard Gebauer
- Laboratory of Isotope BiogeochemistryBayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER)University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
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29
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Jacquemyn H, Waud M, Brys R, Lallemand F, Courty PE, Robionek A, Selosse MA. Mycorrhizal Associations and Trophic Modes in Coexisting Orchids: An Ecological Continuum between Auto- and Mixotrophy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1497. [PMID: 28912791 PMCID: PMC5583604 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Two distinct nutritional syndromes have been described in temperate green orchids. Most orchids form mycorrhizas with rhizoctonia fungi and are considered autotrophic. Some orchids, however, associate with fungi that simultaneously form ectomycorrhizas with surrounding trees and derive their carbon from these fungi. This evolutionarily derived condition has been called mixotrophy or partial mycoheterotrophy and is characterized by 13C enrichment and high N content. Although it has been suggested that the two major nutritional syndromes are clearly distinct and tightly linked to the composition of mycorrhizal communities, recent studies have challenged this assumption. Here, we investigated whether mycorrhizal communities and nutritional syndromes differed between seven green orchid species that co-occur under similar ecological conditions (coastal dune slacks). Our results showed that mycorrhizal communities differed significantly between orchid species. Rhizoctonia fungi dominated in Dactylorhiza sp., Herminium monorchis, and Epipactis palustris, which were autotrophic based on 13C and N content. Conversely, Liparis loeselii and Epipactis neerlandica associated primarily with ectomycorrhizal fungi but surprisingly, 13C and N content supported mixotrophy only in E. neerlandica. This, together with the finding of some ectomycorrhizal fungi in rhizoctonia-associated orchids, suggests that there exists an ecological continuum between the two syndromes. The presence of a large number of indicator species associating with individual orchid species further confirms previous findings that mycorrhizal fungi may be important factors driving niche-partitioning in terrestrial orchids and therefore contribute to orchid coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jacquemyn
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Michael Waud
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Rein Brys
- Research Institute for Forest and NatureGeraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Félix Lallemand
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205, CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne UniversitésParis, France
| | | | - Alicja Robionek
- The Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology, Department of Plant Ecology, University of GdańskGdańsk, Poland
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of GdańskGdańsk, Poland
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205, CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne UniversitésParis, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of GdańskGdańsk, Poland
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30
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Schiebold JMI, Bidartondo MI, Karasch P, Gravendeel B, Gebauer G. You are what you get from your fungi: nitrogen stable isotope patterns in Epipactis species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:1085-1095. [PMID: 28334113 PMCID: PMC5604585 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Partially mycoheterotrophic plants are enriched in 13 C and 15 N compared to autotrophic plants. Here, it is hypothesized that the type of mycorrhizal fungi found in orchid roots is responsible for variation in 15 N enrichment of leaf tissue in partially mycoheterotrophic orchids. Methods The genus Epipactis was used as a case study and carbon and nitrogen isotope abundances of eight Epipactis species, fungal sporocarps of four Tuber species and autotrophic references were measured. Mycorrhizal fungi were identified using molecular methods. Stable isotope data of six additional Epipactis taxa and ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic basidiomycetes were compiled from the literature. Key Results The 15 N enrichment of Epipactis species varied between 3·2 ± 0·8 ‰ ( E. gigantea ; rhizoctonia-associated) and 24·6 ± 1·6 ‰ ( E. neglecta ; associated with ectomycorrhizal ascomycetes). Sporocarps of ectomycorrhizal ascomycetes (10·7 ± 2·2 ‰) were significantly more enriched in 15 N than ectomycorrhizal (5·2 ± 4·0 ‰) and saprotrophic basidiomycetes (3·3 ± 2·1 ‰). Conclusions As hypothesized, it is suggested that the observed gradient in 15 N enrichment of Epipactis species is strongly driven by 15 N abundance of their mycorrhizal fungi; i.e. ɛ 15 N in Epipactis spp. associated with rhizoctonias < ɛ 15 N in Epipactis spp. with ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes < ɛ 15 N in Epipactis spp. with ectomycorrhizal ascomycetes and basidiomycetes < ɛ 15 N in Epipactis spp. with ectomycorrhizal ascomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julienne M.-I. Schiebold
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Martin I. Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Peter Karasch
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Mykologie (German Mycological Society), Kirchl 78, 94545 Hohenau, Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Gebauer
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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31
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Hynson NA. The carbon and nitrogen ecophysiologies of two endemic tropical orchids mirrors those of their temperate relatives and the local environment. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160427. [PMID: 28018622 PMCID: PMC5180120 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Orchids are one of the most widely distributed plant families. However, current research on the ecophysiology of terrestrial orchids is biased towards temperate species. Thus, it is currently unknown whether tropical terrestrial orchids belong to similar trophic guilds as their temperate relatives. To examine the ecophysiologies of two tropical terrestrial orchids, I analysed the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope compositions and nitrogen concentrations of the Hawaiian endemics Anoectochilus sandvicensis and Liparis hawaiensis. I compared these values with those of surrounding vegetation and their temperate relatives. I found that A. sandvicensis was consistently enriched in the heavy isotope of nitrogen (15N) and had higher nitrogen (N) concentrations than surrounding vegetation, and these values were even higher than those of its temperate relatives. Carbon stable isotope composition among populations of A. sandvicensis varied by island. These results point to local environment and evolutionary history determining the ecophysiology of this species. Whereas L.hawaiensis was also enriched in 15N and had on average higher N concentrations than surrounding vegetation, these values were not significantly different from temperate relatives, indicating that evolutionary history may be a stronger predictor of this orchid species' ecophysiology than environment. I suggest that both Hawaiian species are potentially partially mycoheterotrophic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Hynson
- Department of Botany, University of Hawaii Manoa, 3190 Maile Way Room 101, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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