1
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Mokhtari S, Houshi S, Mirmosayyeb O, Barzegar M, Afshari-Safavi A, Ghasemi M, Shaygannejad V. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Familial and Sporadic Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Int J Prev Med 2023; 14:86. [PMID: 37854985 PMCID: PMC10580190 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_187_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating, immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system. It is still unestablished whether heredity correlates with the disease's progression and severity. Methods This study includes the patients with MS seen in the MS clinic of Kashani Hospital, affiliated with Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, from January 2019 to January 2020. We gathered data regarding the demographic and clinical characteristics, such as type of disease and family history of MS. Patients were grouped based on having relatives with MS. We compared demographic and clinical characteristics between those with a family history of MS (familial MS: FMS) and those without a family history of MS (sporadic MS: SMS). Results We included 2,929 MS patients, 523 (17.2%) with FMS and 2,406 (82.8%) with SMS. Patients with FMS were found to have active lesions in the thoracic spine more frequently than those with SMS (P = 0.022). We also found differences in the distribution of gender (P = 0.036) and the frequency of having active brain lesions (P = .024) among patients with FMS and SMS. No difference was found between the demographic/clinical characteristics and the number of affected relatives in the family. Conclusions Significant differences were found among different groups of patients in terms of demographical and clinical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Mokhtari
- School of Medicine, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shakiba Houshi
- School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Omid Mirmosayyeb
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Barzegar
- School of Medicine, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Afshari-Safavi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Majid Ghasemi
- School of Medicine, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vahid Shaygannejad
- School of Medicine, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
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2
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Pandey R, Bakay M, Hakonarson H. CLEC16A-An Emerging Master Regulator of Autoimmunity and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098224. [PMID: 37175930 PMCID: PMC10179542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CLEC16A is emerging as an important genetic risk factor for several autoimmune disorders and for Parkinson disease (PD), opening new avenues for translational research and therapeutic development. While the exact role of CLEC16A in health and disease is still being elucidated, the gene plays a critical role in the regulation of autophagy, mitophagy, endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, immune function, and in biological processes such as insulin secretion and others that are important to cellular homeostasis. As shown in both human and animal modeling studies, CLEC16A hypofunction predisposes to both autoinflammatory phenotype and neurodegeneration. While the two are clearly related, further functional studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms involved for optimized therapeutic interventions. Based on recent data, mitophagy-inducing drugs may be warranted, and such therapy should be tested in clinical trials as these drugs would tackle the underlying pathogenic mechanism (s) and could treat or prevent symptoms of autoimmunity and neurodegeneration in individuals with CLEC16A risk variants. Accordingly, interventions directed at reversing the dysregulated mitophagy and the consequences of loss of function of CLEC16A without activating other detrimental cellular pathways could present an effective therapy. This review presents the emerging role of CLEC16A in health and disease and provides an update on the disease processes that are attributed to variants located in the CLEC16A gene, which are responsible for autoimmune disorders and neurodegeneration with emphasis on how this information is being translated into practical and effective applications in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Pandey
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Abramson Research Center, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA
| | - Marina Bakay
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Abramson Research Center, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Abramson Research Center, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA
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3
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de Klein N, Tsai EA, Vochteloo M, Baird D, Huang Y, Chen CY, van Dam S, Oelen R, Deelen P, Bakker OB, El Garwany O, Ouyang Z, Marshall EE, Zavodszky MI, van Rheenen W, Bakker MK, Veldink J, Gaunt TR, Runz H, Franke L, Westra HJ. Brain expression quantitative trait locus and network analyses reveal downstream effects and putative drivers for brain-related diseases. Nat Genet 2023; 55:377-388. [PMID: 36823318 PMCID: PMC10011140 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Identification of therapeutic targets from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) requires insights into downstream functional consequences. We harmonized 8,613 RNA-sequencing samples from 14 brain datasets to create the MetaBrain resource and performed cis- and trans-expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) meta-analyses in multiple brain region- and ancestry-specific datasets (n ≤ 2,759). Many of the 16,169 cortex cis-eQTLs were tissue-dependent when compared with blood cis-eQTLs. We inferred brain cell types for 3,549 cis-eQTLs by interaction analysis. We prioritized 186 cis-eQTLs for 31 brain-related traits using Mendelian randomization and co-localization including 40 cis-eQTLs with an inferred cell type, such as a neuron-specific cis-eQTL (CYP24A1) for multiple sclerosis. We further describe 737 trans-eQTLs for 526 unique variants and 108 unique genes. We used brain-specific gene-co-regulation networks to link GWAS loci and prioritize additional genes for five central nervous system diseases. This study represents a valuable resource for post-GWAS research on central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niek de Klein
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Ellen A Tsai
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Martijn Vochteloo
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Life Science and Technology, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Denis Baird
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yunfeng Huang
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chia-Yen Chen
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sipko van Dam
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Ancora Health, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Oelen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Deelen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier B Bakker
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Omar El Garwany
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Eric E Marshall
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maria I Zavodszky
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wouter van Rheenen
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark K Bakker
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Veldink
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Heiko Runz
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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4
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Gingerich MA, Liu X, Chai B, Pearson GL, Vincent MP, Stromer T, Zhu J, Sidarala V, Renberg A, Sahu D, Klionsky DJ, Schnell S, Soleimanpour SA. An intrinsically disordered protein region encoded by the human disease gene CLEC16A regulates mitophagy. Autophagy 2023; 19:525-543. [PMID: 35604110 PMCID: PMC9851259 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2080383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CLEC16A regulates mitochondrial health through mitophagy and is associated with over 20 human diseases. However, the key structural and functional regions of CLEC16A, and their relevance for human disease, remain unknown. Here, we report that a disease-associated CLEC16A variant lacks a C-terminal intrinsically disordered protein region (IDPR) that is critical for mitochondrial quality control. IDPRs comprise nearly half of the human proteome, yet their mechanistic roles in human disease are poorly understood. Using carbon detect NMR, we find that the CLEC16A C terminus lacks secondary structure, validating the presence of an IDPR. Loss of the CLEC16A C-terminal IDPR in vivo impairs mitophagy, mitochondrial function, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, ultimately causing glucose intolerance. Deletion of the CLEC16A C-terminal IDPR increases CLEC16A ubiquitination and degradation, thus impairing assembly of the mitophagy regulatory machinery. Importantly, CLEC16A stability is dependent on proline bias within the C-terminal IDPR, but not amino acid sequence order or charge. Together, we elucidate how an IDPR in CLEC16A regulates mitophagy and implicate pathogenic human gene variants that disrupt IDPRs as novel contributors to diabetes and other CLEC16A-associated diseases.Abbreviations : CAS: carbon-detect amino-acid specific; IDPR: intrinsically disordered protein region; MEFs: mouse embryonic fibroblasts; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan A. Gingerich
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xueying Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Biaoxin Chai
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gemma L. Pearson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael P. Vincent
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tracy Stromer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vaibhav Sidarala
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aaron Renberg
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Debashish Sahu
- BioNMR Core Facility, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Santiago Schnell
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott A. Soleimanpour
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Medicine Service, Endocrinology and Metabolism Section, VA Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,CONTACT Scott A. Soleimanpour Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Wall Street, Brehm Tower Room, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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5
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Smits DJ, Dekker J, Schot R, Tabarki B, Alhashem A, Demmers JAA, Dekkers DHW, Romito A, van der Spek PJ, van Ham TJ, Bertoli-Avella AM, Mancini GMS. CLEC16A interacts with retromer and TRIM27, and its loss impairs endosomal trafficking and neurodevelopment. Hum Genet 2023; 142:379-397. [PMID: 36538041 PMCID: PMC9950183 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-022-02511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CLEC16A is a membrane-associated C-type lectin protein that functions as a E3-ubiquitin ligase. CLEC16A regulates autophagy and mitophagy, and reportedly localizes to late endosomes. GWAS studies have associated CLEC16A SNPs to various auto-immune and neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis and Parkinson disease. Studies in mouse models imply a role for CLEC16A in neurodegeneration. We identified bi-allelic CLEC16A truncating variants in siblings from unrelated families presenting with a severe neurodevelopmental disorder including microcephaly, brain atrophy, corpus callosum dysgenesis, and growth retardation. To understand the function of CLEC16A in neurodevelopment we used in vitro models and zebrafish embryos. We observed CLEC16A localization to early endosomes in HEK293T cells. Mass spectrometry of human CLEC16A showed interaction with endosomal retromer complex subunits and the endosomal ubiquitin ligase TRIM27. Expression of the human variant leading to C-terminal truncated CLEC16A, abolishes both its endosomal localization and interaction with TRIM27, suggesting a loss-of-function effect. CLEC16A knockdown increased TRIM27 adhesion to early endosomes and abnormal accumulation of endosomal F-actin, a sign of disrupted vesicle sorting. Mutagenesis of clec16a by CRISPR-Cas9 in zebrafish embryos resulted in accumulated acidic/phagolysosome compartments, in neurons and microglia, and dysregulated mitophagy. The autophagocytic phenotype was rescued by wild-type human CLEC16A but not the C-terminal truncated CLEC16A. Our results demonstrate that CLEC16A closely interacts with retromer components and regulates endosomal fate by fine-tuning levels of TRIM27 and polymerized F-actin on the endosome surface. Dysregulation of CLEC16A-mediated endosomal sorting is associated with neurodegeneration, but it also causes accumulation of autophagosomes and unhealthy mitochondria during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne J Smits
- Department of Clinical Genetics, ErasmusMC University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jordy Dekker
- Department of Clinical Genetics, ErasmusMC University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Rachel Schot
- Department of Clinical Genetics, ErasmusMC University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Brahim Tabarki
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, 12233, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alhashem
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, 12233, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jeroen A A Demmers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Proteomics Center, ErasmusMC University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dick H W Dekkers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Proteomics Center, ErasmusMC University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Peter J van der Spek
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Bioinformatics, ErasmusMC University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tjakko J van Ham
- Department of Clinical Genetics, ErasmusMC University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Grazia M S Mancini
- Department of Clinical Genetics, ErasmusMC University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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6
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Fan HH, Cui L, Jiang XX, Song YD, Liu SS, Wu KY, Dong HJ, Mao M, Ovlyakulov B, Wu HM, Zhu JH, Zhang X. Autoimmune Disease Associated CLEC16A Variants Convey Risk of Parkinson’s Disease in Han Chinese. Front Genet 2022; 13:856493. [PMID: 35432448 PMCID: PMC9007333 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.856493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CLEC16A is a membrane-associated endosomal protein implicated in regulating autophagy and antigen presentation. Its genetic variants are broadly associated with multiple autoimmune diseases. Parkinson’s disease (PD), which undergoes autophagy disruption and neuroinflammation, has been clinically observed, for an extensive amount of time, to be associated with autoimmune diseases. In this study, we aimed to understand whether the autoimmune disease associated CLEC16A variants pleiotropically modulate PD risk. Five of such CLEC16A variants, including rs6498169, rs12708716, rs12917716, rs7200786, and rs2903692, were selected and analyzed in a Han Chinese cohort comprising 515 sporadic PD patients and 504 controls. Results showed that rs6498169 and rs7200786 were significantly associated with PD susceptibility (p = 0.005 and 0.004, respectively; recessive model, p = 0.002 and 0.001, respectively). Rs6498169 was also associated with the PD subtype of postural instability/gait difficulty (p = 0.002). Haplotype analysis showed that the AAG module in order of rs6498169, rs12708716, and rs2903692 was associated with the highest risk for PD (p = 0.0047, OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.11–1.82). Functional annotation analyses suggested that rs6498169 had high probability to affect transcription factor binding and target gene expression. In summary, the current study demonstrates that the autoimmune disease associated CLEC16A variants convey risk of PD in Han Chinese. Our findings suggest a pleiotropic role of CLEC16A and strengthen the link between PD and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Fan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Geriatric Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lei Cui
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Jiang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ya-Dan Song
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shu-Shu Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ke-Yun Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hao-Jia Dong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Miao Mao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Begench Ovlyakulov
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hong-Mei Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-Mei Wu, ; Jian-Hong Zhu, ; Xiong Zhang,
| | - Jian-Hong Zhu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Geriatric Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-Mei Wu, ; Jian-Hong Zhu, ; Xiong Zhang,
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Geriatric Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-Mei Wu, ; Jian-Hong Zhu, ; Xiong Zhang,
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7
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Lim CK, Bronson PG, Varade J, Behrens TW, Hammarström L. STXBP6 and B3GNT6 Genes are Associated With Selective IgA Deficiency. Front Genet 2022; 12:736235. [PMID: 34976003 PMCID: PMC8718598 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.736235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A Deficiency (IgAD) is a polygenic primary immune deficiency, with a strong genetic association to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified five non-HLA risk loci (IFIH1, PVT1, ATG13-AMBRA1, AHI1 and CLEC16A). In this study, we investigated the genetic interactions between different HLA susceptibility haplotypes and non-MHC genes in IgAD. To do this, we stratified IgAD subjects and healthy controls based on HLA haplotypes (N = 10,993), and then performed GWAS to identify novel genetic regions contributing to IgAD susceptibility. After replicating previously published HLA risk haplotypes, we compared individuals carrying at least one HLA risk allele (HLA-B*08:01-DRB1*03:01-DQB1*02:01 or HLA-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:02 or HLA-DRB1*01-DQB1*05:01) with individuals lacking an HLA risk allele. Subsequently, we stratified subjects based on the susceptibility alleles/haplotypes and performed gene-based association analysis using 572,856 SNPs and 24,125 genes. A significant genome-wide association in STXBP6 (rs4097492; p = 7.63 × 10-9) was observed in the cohort carrying at least one MHC risk allele. We also identified a significant gene-based association for B3GNT6 (P Gene = 2.1 × 10-6) in patients not carrying known HLA susceptibility alleles. Our findings indicate that the etiology of IgAD differs depending on the genetic background of HLA susceptibility haplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Kang Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University, Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department Clinical Translation Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paola G Bronson
- RED OMNI Human Genetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jezabel Varade
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University, Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO) Singular Research Center, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Lennart Hammarström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University, Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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8
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Eriksson AM, Leikfoss IS, Abrahamsen G, Sundvold V, Isom MM, Keshari PK, Rognes T, Landsverk OJB, Bos SD, Harbo HF, Spurkland A, Berge T. Exploring the role of the multiple sclerosis susceptibility gene CLEC16A in T cells. Scand J Immunol 2021; 94:e13050. [PMID: 34643957 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
C-type lectin-like domain family 16 member A (CLEC16A) is associated with autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), but its functional relevance is not completely understood. CLEC16A is expressed in several immune cells, where it affects autophagic processes and receptor expression. Recently, we reported that the risk genotype of an MS-associated single nucleotide polymorphism in CLEC16A intron 19 is associated with higher expression of CLEC16A in CD4+ T cells. Here, we show that CLEC16A expression is induced in CD4+ T cells upon T cell activation. By the use of imaging flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we demonstrate that CLEC16A is located in Rab4a-positive recycling endosomes in Jurkat TAg T cells. CLEC16A knock-down in Jurkat cells resulted in lower cell surface expression of the T cell receptor, however, this did not have a major impact on T cell activation response in vitro in Jurkat nor in human, primary CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Eriksson
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingvild Sørum Leikfoss
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Neuroscience Research Unit, Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Greger Abrahamsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vibeke Sundvold
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Pankaj K Keshari
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torbjørn Rognes
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Steffan D Bos
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne F Harbo
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Spurkland
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tone Berge
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Mechanical, Electronic and Chemical Engineering, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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9
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Horton MK, McCauley K, Fadrosh D, Fujimura K, Graves J, Ness J, Wheeler Y, Gorman MP, Benson LA, Weinstock‐Guttman B, Waldman A, Rodriguez M, Tillema J, Krupp L, Belman A, Mar S, Rensel M, Chitnis T, Casper TC, Rose J, Hart J, Shao X, Tremlett H, Lynch SV, Barcellos LF, Waubant E. Gut microbiome is associated with multiple sclerosis activity in children. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:1867-1883. [PMID: 34409759 PMCID: PMC8419410 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify features of the gut microbiome associated with multiple sclerosis activity over time. METHODS We used 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing from stool of 55 recently diagnosed pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis patients. Microbiome features included the abundance of individual microbes and networks identified from weighted genetic correlation network analyses. Prentice-Williams-Peterson Cox proportional hazards models estimated the associations between features and three disease activity outcomes: clinical relapses and both new/enlarging T2 lesions and new gadolinium-enhancing lesions on brain MRI. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, and disease-modifying therapies. RESULTS Participants were followed, on average, 2.1 years. Five microbes were nominally associated with all three disease activity outcomes after multiple testing correction. These included butyrate producers Odoribacter (relapse hazard ratio = 0.46, 95% confidence interval: 0.24, 0.88) and Butyricicoccus (relapse hazard ratio = 0.49, 95% confidence interval: 0.28, 0.88). Two networks of co-occurring gut microbes were significantly associated with a higher hazard of both MRI outcomes (gadolinium-enhancing lesion hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for Modules 32 and 33 were 1.29 (1.08, 1.54) and 1.42 (1.18, 1.71), respectively; T2 lesion hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for Modules 32 and 33 were 1.34 (1.15, 1.56) and 1.41 (1.21, 1.64), respectively). Metagenomic predictions of these networks demonstrated enrichment for amino acid biosynthesis pathways. INTERPRETATION Both individual and networks of gut microbes were associated with longitudinal multiple sclerosis activity. Known functions and metagenomic predictions of these microbes suggest the important role of butyrate and amino acid biosynthesis pathways. This provides strong support for future development of personalized microbiome interventions to modify multiple sclerosis disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K. Horton
- Division of EpidemiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kathryn McCauley
- Department of Medicine‐ GastroenterologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Douglas Fadrosh
- Department of Medicine‐ GastroenterologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kei Fujimura
- Department of Medicine‐ GastroenterologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jennifer Graves
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jayne Ness
- Division of Pediatric NeurologyUniversity of AlabamaBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Yolanda Wheeler
- Division of Pediatric NeurologyUniversity of AlabamaBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Mark P. Gorman
- Department of NeurologyBoston Children’s HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Leslie A. Benson
- Department of NeurologyBoston Children’s HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Amy Waldman
- Department of NeurologyChildren’s Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | | | - Lauren Krupp
- Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis CenterNew York University Langone Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Anita Belman
- Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis CenterNew York University Langone Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Soe Mar
- Department of NeurologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Mary Rensel
- Department of NeurologyCleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Division of Child NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - John Rose
- School of MedicineUniversity of Utah SchoolSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Janace Hart
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Xiaorong Shao
- Division of EpidemiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Helen Tremlett
- Department of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Susan V. Lynch
- Department of Medicine‐ GastroenterologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lisa F. Barcellos
- Division of EpidemiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Emmanuelle Waubant
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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10
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Sidarala V, Pearson GL, Parekh VS, Thompson B, Christen L, Gingerich MA, Zhu J, Stromer T, Ren J, Reck EC, Chai B, Corbett JA, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Satin LS, Soleimanpour SA. Mitophagy protects β cells from inflammatory damage in diabetes. JCI Insight 2020; 5:141138. [PMID: 33232298 PMCID: PMC7819751 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.141138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory damage contributes to β cell failure in type 1 and 2 diabetes (T1D and T2D, respectively). Mitochondria are damaged by inflammatory signaling in β cells, resulting in impaired bioenergetics and initiation of proapoptotic machinery. Hence, the identification of protective responses to inflammation could lead to new therapeutic targets. Here, we report that mitophagy serves as a protective response to inflammatory stress in both human and rodent β cells. Utilizing in vivo mitophagy reporters, we observed that diabetogenic proinflammatory cytokines induced mitophagy in response to nitrosative/oxidative mitochondrial damage. Mitophagy-deficient β cells were sensitized to inflammatory stress, leading to the accumulation of fragmented dysfunctional mitochondria, increased β cell death, and hyperglycemia. Overexpression of CLEC16A, a T1D gene and mitophagy regulator whose expression in islets is protective against T1D, ameliorated cytokine-induced human β cell apoptosis. Thus, mitophagy promotes β cell survival and prevents diabetes by countering inflammatory injury. Targeting this pathway has the potential to prevent β cell failure in diabetes and may be beneficial in other inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Sidarala
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes and Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Gemma L Pearson
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes and Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Vishal S Parekh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Benjamin Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lisa Christen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morgan A Gingerich
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes and Department of Internal Medicine, and.,Program in Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jie Zhu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes and Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Tracy Stromer
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes and Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Jianhua Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emma C Reck
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes and Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Biaoxin Chai
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes and Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - John A Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Leslie S Satin
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes and Department of Internal Medicine, and.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Scott A Soleimanpour
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes and Department of Internal Medicine, and.,VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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11
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Rebelo MÂ, Gómez C, Gomes I, Poza J, Martins S, Maturana-Candelas A, Ruiz-Gómez SJ, Durães L, Sousa P, Figueruelo M, Rodríguez M, Pita C, Arenas M, Álvarez L, Hornero R, Pinto N, Lopes AM. Genome-Wide Scan for Five Brain Oscillatory Phenotypes Identifies a New QTL Associated with Theta EEG Band. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110870. [PMID: 33218114 PMCID: PMC7698967 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain waves, measured by electroencephalography (EEG), are a powerful tool in the investigation of neurophysiological traits and a noninvasive and cost-effective alternative in the diagnostic of some neurological diseases. In order to identify novel Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) for brain wave relative power (RP), we collected resting state EEG data in five frequency bands (δ, θ, α, β1, and β2) and genome-wide data in a cohort of 105 patients with late onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD), 41 individuals with mild cognitive impairment and 45 controls from Iberia, correcting for disease status. One novel association was found with an interesting candidate for a role in brain wave biology, CLEC16A (C-type lectin domain family 16), with a variant at this locus passing the adjusted genome-wide significance threshold after Bonferroni correction. This finding reinforces the importance of immune regulation in brain function. Additionally, at a significance cutoff value of 5 × 10−6, 18 independent association signals were detected. These signals comprise brain expression Quantitative Loci (eQTLs) in caudate basal ganglia, spinal cord, anterior cingulate cortex and hypothalamus, as well as chromatin interactions in adult and fetal cortex, neural progenitor cells and hippocampus. Moreover, in the set of genes showing signals of association with brain wave RP in our dataset, there is an overrepresentation of loci previously associated with neurological traits and pathologies, evidencing the pleiotropy of the genetic variation modulating brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ângelo Rebelo
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.Â.R.); (I.G.); (S.M.); (A.M.L.)
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Gómez
- Grupo de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (J.P.); (A.M.-C.); (S.J.R.-G.); (R.H.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Iva Gomes
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.Â.R.); (I.G.); (S.M.); (A.M.L.)
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jesús Poza
- Grupo de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (J.P.); (A.M.-C.); (S.J.R.-G.); (R.H.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Matemáticas (IMUVA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sandra Martins
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.Â.R.); (I.G.); (S.M.); (A.M.L.)
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Aarón Maturana-Candelas
- Grupo de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (J.P.); (A.M.-C.); (S.J.R.-G.); (R.H.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Saúl J. Ruiz-Gómez
- Grupo de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (J.P.); (A.M.-C.); (S.J.R.-G.); (R.H.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Luis Durães
- Associação Portuguesa de Familiares e Amigos de Doentes de Alzheimer, Delegação Norte, 4455-301 Lavra, Portugal; (L.D.); (P.S.)
| | - Patrícia Sousa
- Associação Portuguesa de Familiares e Amigos de Doentes de Alzheimer, Delegação Norte, 4455-301 Lavra, Portugal; (L.D.); (P.S.)
| | - Manuel Figueruelo
- Asociación de Familiares y Amigos de Enfermos de Alzheimer y otras demencias de Zamora, 49021 Zamora, Spain; (M.F.); (M.R.); (C.P.)
| | - María Rodríguez
- Asociación de Familiares y Amigos de Enfermos de Alzheimer y otras demencias de Zamora, 49021 Zamora, Spain; (M.F.); (M.R.); (C.P.)
| | - Carmen Pita
- Asociación de Familiares y Amigos de Enfermos de Alzheimer y otras demencias de Zamora, 49021 Zamora, Spain; (M.F.); (M.R.); (C.P.)
| | - Miguel Arenas
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
| | | | - Roberto Hornero
- Grupo de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (J.P.); (A.M.-C.); (S.J.R.-G.); (R.H.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Matemáticas (IMUVA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Nádia Pinto
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.Â.R.); (I.G.); (S.M.); (A.M.L.)
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Matemática da, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Alexandra M. Lopes
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.Â.R.); (I.G.); (S.M.); (A.M.L.)
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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12
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Hochmeister S, Aeinehband S, Dorris C, Berglund R, Haindl MT, Velikic V, Gustafsson SA, Olsson T, Piehl F, Jagodic M, Zeitelhofer M, Adzemovic MZ. Effect of Vitamin D on Experimental Autoimmune Neuroinflammation Is Dependent on Haplotypes Comprising Naturally Occurring Allelic Variants of CIITA ( Mhc2ta). Front Neurol 2020; 11:600401. [PMID: 33304315 PMCID: PMC7693436 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.600401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence associates low vitamin D levels with increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS), suggesting the possibility of a gene-environment interaction for this environmental factor in MS pathogenesis. Moreover, it has been shown that vitamin D downregulates major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. We here report about the impact of a dietary vitamin D supplementation on EAE in the rat strains having functionally relevant allelic variations in the CIITA (Mhc2ta) gene, a master regulator of MHC class II expression. Full length myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-EAE was induced in DA.PVGav1-Vra4 congenic rats harboring the Vra4 locus from PVG strain in the EAE- susceptible DA background, and compared to the parental strains. The congenic rats fed with either vitamin D supplemented, deprived or regular diet developed an intermediate clinical EAE phenotype, in contrast to DA and PVG strains. Immunopathological studies revealed vitamin D dose-dependent effect on demyelination and inflammatory infiltration of the central nervous system (CNS), expression of MHC class II and CIITA, as well as downregulation of a range of pro-inflammatory genes. Taken together, our findings demonstrate an impact of vitamin D on the target tissue pathology and peripheral immune response during EAE in DA.PVGav1-Vra4 congenic strain. Thereby, our data provide evidence of a modulatory effect of vitamin D in context of genetic variances in the Vra4 locus/Mhc2ta gene in MS-like neuroinflammation, with potential relevance for the human demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Hochmeister
- Department of General Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Shahin Aeinehband
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charles Dorris
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Rasmus Berglund
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michaela T Haindl
- Department of General Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Vid Velikic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinical Division of Social Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sven A Gustafsson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Clinical Chemistry and Blood Coagulation Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Jagodic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Zeitelhofer
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Vascular Biology Unit, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Milena Z Adzemovic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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The contribution of thymic tolerance to central nervous system autoimmunity. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 43:135-157. [PMID: 33108502 PMCID: PMC7925481 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00822-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are associated with high levels of morbidity and economic cost. Research efforts have previously focused on the contribution of the peripheral adaptive and innate immune systems to CNS autoimmunity. However, a failure of thymic negative selection is a necessary step in CNS-reactive T cells escaping into the periphery. Even with defective thymic or peripheral tolerance, the development of CNS inflammation is rare. The reasons underlying this are currently poorly understood. In this review, we examine evidence implicating thymic selection in the pathogenesis of CNS autoimmunity. Animal models suggest that thymic negative selection is an important factor in determining susceptibility to and severity of CNS inflammation. There are indirect clinical data that suggest thymic function is also important in human CNS autoimmune diseases. Specifically, the association between thymoma and paraneoplastic encephalitis and changes in T cell receptor excision circles in multiple sclerosis implicate thymic tolerance in these diseases. We identify potential associations between CNS autoimmunity susceptibility factors and thymic tolerance. The therapeutic manipulation of thymopoiesis has the potential to open up new treatment modalities, but a better understanding of thymic tolerance in CNS autoimmunity is required before this can be realised.
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14
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Rijvers L, Melief MJ, van Langelaar J, van der Vuurst de Vries RM, Wierenga-Wolf AF, Koetzier SC, Priatel JJ, Jorritsma T, van Ham SM, Hintzen RQ, van Luijn MM. The Role of Autoimmunity-Related Gene CLEC16A in the B Cell Receptor-Mediated HLA Class II Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:945-956. [PMID: 32641384 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
C-type lectin CLEC16A is located next to CIITA, the master transcription factor of HLA class II (HLA-II), at a susceptibility locus for several autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). We previously found that CLEC16A promotes the biogenesis of HLA-II peptide-loading compartments (MIICs) in myeloid cells. Given the emerging role of B cells as APCs in these diseases, in this study, we addressed whether and how CLEC16A is involved in the BCR-dependent HLA-II pathway. CLEC16A was coexpressed with surface class II-associated invariant chain peptides (CLIP) in human EBV-positive and not EBV-negative B cell lines. Stable knockdown of CLEC16A in EBV-positive Raji B cells resulted in an upregulation of surface HLA-DR and CD74 (invariant chain), whereas CLIP was slightly but significantly reduced. In addition, IgM-mediated Salmonella uptake was decreased, and MIICs were less clustered in CLEC16A-silenced Raji cells, implying that CLEC16A controls both HLA-DR/CD74 and BCR/Ag processing in MIICs. In primary B cells, CLEC16A was only induced under CLIP-stimulating conditions in vitro and was predominantly expressed in CLIPhigh naive populations. Finally, CLIP-loaded HLA-DR molecules were abnormally enriched, and coregulation with CLEC16A was abolished in blood B cells of patients who rapidly develop MS. These findings demonstrate that CLEC16A participates in the BCR-dependent HLA-II pathway in human B cells and that this regulation is impaired during MS disease onset. The abundance of CLIP already on naive B cells of MS patients may point to a chronically induced stage and a new mechanism underlying B cell-mediated autoimmune diseases such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Rijvers
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-José Melief
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jamie van Langelaar
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roos M van der Vuurst de Vries
- MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annet F Wierenga-Wolf
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steven C Koetzier
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John J Priatel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada; and
| | - Tineke Jorritsma
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Marieke van Ham
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier Q Hintzen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marvin M van Luijn
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands; .,MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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15
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common, severe neurological disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Nevertheless, the actual cause of MS remains unknown. Smoking has been studied with respect to MS development and progression. The objectives of this review were to examine the relationship between smoking and MS and to understand the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the association. PubMed was searched for articles related to the study topic published between 2012 and 2020 using the search terms "multiple sclerosis," "smoking," "risk factors," "cigarettes," and "molecular mechanisms." Studies show a significant relationship between smoking and the risk of MS. Furthermore, smoking has been linked to the progression of MS at the patient and population levels. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be explored in further studies; researchers still disagree on how the relationship between smoking and MS arises in different populations. Evidence from randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and epidemiological studies shows that smokers have a higher risk of developing MS and experiencing related adverse symptoms and complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borros Arneth
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Hospital of the Universities of Giessen and Marburg UKGM, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Hessen Germany.
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16
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Ashour D, Arampatzi P, Pavlovic V, Förstner KU, Kaisho T, Beilhack A, Erhard F, Lutz MB. IL-12 from endogenous cDC1, and not vaccine DC, is required for Th1 induction. JCI Insight 2020; 5:135143. [PMID: 32434994 PMCID: PMC7259537 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Success of DC vaccines relies on the quality of antigen presentation, costimulation, lymph node migration, and the release of IL-12, in case of Th1 priming. Here, we provide evidence for interaction between the injected vaccine DCs with endogenous lymph node–resident DCs for Th1 induction. While migration of the injected DCs was essential for antigen delivery to the lymph node, the injected DCs contributed only partially to Th0 priming and were unable to instruct Th1 generation. Instead, we provide evidence that the lymph node–resident XCR1+ DCs are activated by the injected DCs to present the cognate antigen and release IL-12 for Th1 polarization. The timing of interactions in the draining lymph nodes appeared step-wise as (a) injected DCs with cognate T cells, (b) injected DCs with bystander DCs, and (c) bystander DCs with T cells. The transcriptome of the bystander DCs showed a downregulation of Treg- and Th2/Th9-inducing genes and self-antigen presentation, as well as upregulation of MHC class II and genes required for Th1 instruction. Together, these data show that injected mature lymph node migratory DCs direct T cell priming and bystander DC activation, but not Th1 polarization, which is mediated by endogenous IL-12p70+XCR1+ resident bystander DCs. Our results are of importance for clinical DC-based vaccinations against tumors where endogenous DCs may be functionally impaired by chemotherapy. Successful Th1 priming by DC vaccines in mice depends on IL-12 from endogenous and XCR1+ cDC1 population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Konrad U Förstner
- Core Unit Systems Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,ZB MED, Information Centre for Life Sciences, Cologne, Germany.,TH Köln, University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Information Science, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Andreas Beilhack
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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17
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Identification of Multiple Sclerosis key genetic factors through multi-staged data mining. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 39:101446. [PMID: 31874362 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.101446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an updated summary of discoveries made to date resulting from genome-wide association study (GWAS) and sequencing studies, and to discuss the latest loci added to the growing repertoire of genetic signals predisposing to type 1 diabetes (T1D). RECENT FINDINGS Genetic studies have identified over 60 loci associated with T1D susceptibility. GWAS alone does not specifically inform on underlying mechanisms, but in combination with other sequencing and omics-data, advances are being made in our understanding of T1D genetic etiology and pathogenesis. Current knowledge indicates that genetic variation operating in both pancreatic β cells and in immune cells is central in mediating T1D risk. One of the main challenges is to determine how these recently discovered GWAS-implicated variants affect the expression and function of gene products. Once we understand the mechanism of action for disease-causing variants, we will be well placed to apply targeted genomic approaches to impede the premature activation of the immune system in an effort to ultimately prevent the onset of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bakay
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center, Suite 1216B, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4318, USA
| | - Rahul Pandey
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center, Suite 1216B, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4318, USA
| | - Struan F A Grant
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center, Suite 1216B, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4318, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center, Suite 1216B, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4318, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Clarifying the function of genes at the chromosome 16p13 locus in type 1 diabetes: CLEC16A and DEXI. Genes Immun 2019; 21:79-82. [PMID: 31570815 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-019-0087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
More than a decade after the discovery of a novel type 1 diabetes risk locus on chromosome 16p13, there remains complexity and controversy over the specific gene(s) that regulate diabetes pathogenesis. A new study by Nieves-Bonilla et al. shows that one of these genes, DEXI, is unlikely to contribute to type 1 diabetes pathogenesis and positions the endolysosomal E3 ubiquitin ligase CLEC16A as the primary culprit by which this gene locus influences diabetes risk.
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20
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Andrijauskis D, Balnyte R, Keturkaite I, Vaitkus A. Clinical and diagnostic features of patients with familial multiple sclerosis. Med Hypotheses 2019; 131:109310. [PMID: 31443766 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating CNS disease. Most MS cases are sporadic, however about 20 percent of them are hereditary (Ramagopalan and Sadovnick, 2011). The incidence of familial MS is greater in regions with the highest prevalence of this disease (in North America, Europe) (Ramagopalan and Sadovnick, 2011). It is still unclear whether heredity affects the progression and severity of the disease. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of heredity on the development of multiple sclerosis and on the course of disease by analyzing the results of disability and severity scales, as well as clinical studies, and comparing them with sporadic cases. METHODS Our study included 104 patients with MS. The study group was comprised of 38 patients with history of first degree relative also affected by MS; the control group consisted of 66 patients with no family history (sporadic case). The anonymous survey included questions about demographic and clinical characteristics. Diagnostic results of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), oligoclonal bands (OCBs) and visual evoked potentials (VEP) were evaluated retrospectively from medical records. Disability assessment was made according to expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS) score was calculated using conversion table based on EDSS score and duration of disease in years. RESULTS MS patients with first degree relative affected by MS tend to have slower onset of the disease, while control group is more likely to have an acute onset (p < 0.001). The majority of MS with family history considered that their disease is caused by certain factors, while patients in the control group considered that the disease started without any identifiable cause (p < 0.05). Study group more often complained of pyramidal disorders (74% vs. 50%), symptoms related to brainstem (68% vs. 20%) and cortical lesions (47% vs. 20%), headache (37% vs. 9%), back pain (32% vs. 9%) than those in control group, p < 0.05. The degree of disability according to EDSS and MSSS scores were higher in the group of patients with first degree relative with MS (p < 0.05). The number of exacerbations per year was also higher in study group than in the control group (1.4 vs. 0.8; p < 0.05). Patients with a family history have a higher incidence of MRI changes in brainstem (74% vs. 30%) and cerebellum (58% vs. 30%) than the control group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS MS patients with a family history of MS tend to have slower onset of the disease, while control group is more likely to have an acute onset. Patients with a family history of MS more often complained of brainstem and cortical dysfunction, and pain in head or back. Both the degree of disability according to EDSS and MSSS scores were higher in familial cases. They also have a higher number of exacerbations per year. Patients with a history of first degree relative with MS have a higher incidence of MRI changes in brainstem and cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denas Andrijauskis
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Renata Balnyte
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Neurology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ieva Keturkaite
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Antanas Vaitkus
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Neurology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania.
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21
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Hasan A, Afzal M. Gene and environment interplay in cognition: Evidence from twin and molecular studies, future directions and suggestions for effective candidate gene x environment (cGxE) research. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 33:121-130. [PMID: 31185373 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Last decade of molecular research in the field of cognitive science has shown that no single approach can give satisfactory results as far as gene hunt is concerned. Cohesive theory of gene-environment interaction seems to be a rational idea for bridging the gap in our knowledge of disorders involving cognitive deficit. It may even be helpful to some extent in resolving issues of missing heritability. We review the current state of play in the area of cognition at genetic and environmental fronts. Evidence of apparent gene-environment (GxE) interactions from various studies has been mentioned with the aim of redirecting the focus of research community towards studying such interactions with the help of sensitive designs and molecular techniques. We re-evaluate candidate gene-environment research in order to emphasize its potential if carried out strategically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Hasan
- Human Genetics and Toxicology Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Afzal
- Human Genetics and Toxicology Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Perrin P, Jongsma MLM, Neefjes J, Berlin I. The labyrinth unfolds: architectural rearrangements of the endolysosomal system in antigen-presenting cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 58:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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23
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Kiselev I, Bashinskaya V, Baulina N, Kozin M, Popova E, Boyko A, Favorova O, Kulakova O. Genetic differences between primary progressive and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: The impact of immune-related genes variability. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 29:130-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Merkley SD, Chock CJ, Yang XO, Harris J, Castillo EF. Modulating T Cell Responses via Autophagy: The Intrinsic Influence Controlling the Function of Both Antigen-Presenting Cells and T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2914. [PMID: 30619278 PMCID: PMC6302218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a homeostatic and inducible process affecting multiple aspects of the immune system. This intrinsic cellular process is involved in MHC-antigen (Ag) presentation, inflammatory signaling, cytokine regulation, and cellular metabolism. In the context of T cell responses, autophagy has an influential hand in dictating responses to self and non-self by controlling extrinsic factors (e.g., MHC-Ag, cytokine production) in antigen-presenting cells (APC) and intrinsic factors (e.g., cell signaling, survival, cytokine production, and metabolism) in T cells. These attributes make autophagy an attractive therapeutic target to modulate T cell responses. In this review, we examine the impact autophagy has on T cell responses by modulating multiple aspects of APC function; the importance of autophagy in the activation, differentiation and homeostasis of T cells; and discuss how the modulation of autophagy could influence T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth D Merkley
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Cameron J Chock
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Xuexian O Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - James Harris
- Rheumatology Group, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Eliseo F Castillo
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque, NM, United States
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25
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Pandey R, Bakay M, Hain HS, Strenkowski B, Elsaqa BZB, Roizen JD, Kushner JA, Orange JS, Hakonarson H. CLEC16A regulates splenocyte and NK cell function in part through MEK signaling. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203952. [PMID: 30226884 PMCID: PMC6143231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CLEC16A is implicated in multiple autoimmune diseases. We generated Clec16a inducible knockout (KO) mice to examine the functional link between CLEC16A auto-inflammation and autoimmunity. Clec16a KO mice exhibited weight loss and thymic and splenic atrophy. Mitochondrial potential was lowered in KO mice splenocytes resulting in aggregation of unhealthy mitochondria in B, T, and NK cells. In Clec16a KO mice we detected disrupted mitophagy in splenic B and T cells. NK cells from Clec16a KO mice exhibited increased cytotoxicity. Incomplete mitophagy was attenuated with PI3K and/or MEK inhibition in Clec16a KO mice. Our results demonstrate a functional link between CLEC16A and disrupted mitophagy in immune cells and show that incomplete mitophagy predisposes the KO mice to inflammation. Taken together, loss of function variants in CLEC16A that are associated with decreased CLEC16A expression levels may contribute to inflammation in autoimmunity through disrupted mitophagy. Drugs modulating mitophagy reverse the process and may be effective in treating and preventing autoimmunity in individuals with risk associated CLEC16A variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Pandey
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Marina Bakay
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Heather S. Hain
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Bryan Strenkowski
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Barakat Z. B. Elsaqa
- Department of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Jeffrey D. Roizen
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Jake A. Kushner
- Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Endocrine-Metabolism, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Jordan S. Orange
- Section of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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26
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Zurawski J, Stankiewicz J. Multiple Sclerosis Re-Examined: Essential and Emerging Clinical Concepts. Am J Med 2018; 131:464-472. [PMID: 29274753 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by exacerbations of neurological dysfunction due to inflammatory demyelination. Neurologic symptoms typically present in young adulthood and vary based on the site of inflammation, although weakness, sensory impairment, brainstem dysfunction, and vision loss are common. MS occurs more frequently in women and its development is complex-genetics, hormones, geography, vitamin D, and viral exposure all play roles. Early MS is characterized by relapsing-remitting course and inflammation of the white matter, although as patients age, the disease often transitions to a pathologically distinct secondary progressive phase with gradual disability accrual affecting gait, coordination, and bladder function. A minority of patients (10%) have disease that is progressive at onset. In the past decade, there has been a remarkable expansion in disease-modifying therapy for MS, but treatment of progressive disease remains a challenge. This article reviews foundational concepts in MS and emerging work that has reshaped understanding of the disease, providing new insight for therapeutic advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Zurawski
- Partners MS Center, Boston, Mass; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - James Stankiewicz
- Partners MS Center, Boston, Mass; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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27
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Milev MP, Yao X, Berthoux L, Mouland AJ. Impacts of virus-mediated manipulation of host Dynein. DYNEINS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7150161 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809470-9.00010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In general viruses' modus operandi to propagate is achieved by the co-opting host cell components, membranes, proteins, and machineries to their advantage. This is true for virtually every aspect of a virus' replication cycle from virus entry to the budding or release of progeny virus particles. In this chapter, we will discuss new information on the impacts of virus-mediated manipulation of Dynein motor complexes and associated machineries and factors. We will highlight how these host cell components impact on pathogenicity and immune responses, as many of the virus-mediated hijacked components also play pivotal roles in immune responses to pathogen insult. There are several comprehensive reviews that define virus–Dynein interactions including the first edition of this book that describes how viruses manipulate the host cell machineries their advantage. An updated table is included to summarize these virus–host interactions. Notably, barriers to intracellular translocation represent major hurdles to viral components during de novo infection and during active replication and the generation of progeny virus particles. Clearly, the subversion of host cell molecular motor protein activities takes advantage of constitutive and regulated membrane trafficking events and will target virus components to intracytoplasmic locales and membrane assembly. Broadening our understanding of the interplay between viruses, Dynein and the cytoskeleton will likely inform on new types of therapies. Continual enhancement of the breadth of new information on how viruses manipulate host cell biology will inevitably aid in the identification of new targets that can be poisoned to block old, new, and emerging viruses alike in their tracks.
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28
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Kashima R, Hata A. The role of TGF-β superfamily signaling in neurological disorders. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:106-120. [PMID: 29190314 PMCID: PMC5846707 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The TGF-β superfamily signaling is involved in a variety of biological processes during embryogenesis and in adult tissue homeostasis. Faulty regulation of the signaling pathway that transduces the TGF-β superfamily signals accordingly leads to a number of ailments, such as cancer and cardiovascular, metabolic, urinary, intestinal, skeletal, and immune diseases. In recent years, a number of studies have elucidated the essential roles of TGF-βs and BMPs during neuronal development in the maintenance of appropriate innervation and neuronal activity. The new advancement implicates significant roles of the aberrant TGF-β superfamily signaling in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. In this review, we compile a number of reports implicating the deregulation of TGF-β/BMP signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of cognitive and neurodegenerative disorders in animal models and patients. We apologize in advance that the review falls short of providing details of the role of TGF-β/BMP signaling or mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. The goal of this article is to reveal a gap in our knowledge regarding the association between TGF-β/BMP signaling pathways and neuronal tissue homeostasis and development and facilitate the research with a potential to develop new therapies for neurological ailments by modulating the pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Kashima
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Akiko Hata
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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29
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Kulakova O, Bashinskaya V, Kiselev I, Baulina N, Tsareva E, Nikolaev R, Kozin M, Shchur S, Favorov A, Boyko A, Favorova O. Pharmacogenetics of glatiramer acetate therapy for multiple sclerosis: the impact of genome-wide association studies identified disease risk loci. Pharmacogenomics 2017; 18:1563-1574. [PMID: 29095108 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2017-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Association analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified multiple sclerosis (MS) risk genetic variants with glatiramer acetate (GA) treatment efficacy. PATIENTS & METHODS SNPs in 17 GWAS-identified immune response loci were analyzed in 296 Russian MS patients as possible markers of optimal GA treatment response for at least 2 years. RESULTS Alleles/genotypes of EOMES, CLEC16A, IL22RA2, PVT1 and HLA-DRB1 were associated by themselves with event-free phenotype during GA treatment for at least 2 years (p f = 0.032 - 0.00092). The biallelic combinations including EOMES, CLEC16A, IL22RA2, PVT1, TYK2, CD6, IL7RA and IRF8 genes were associated with response to GA with increased significance level (p f = 0.0060 - 1.1 × 10-5). The epistasic interactions or additive effects were observed between the components of the identified biallelic combinations. CONCLUSION We pinpointed the involvement of several GWAS-identified MS risk loci in GA therapy efficacy. These findings may be aggregated to predict the optimal GA response in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kulakova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Medical Biotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Vitalina Bashinskaya
- Department of Molecular Biology and Medical Biotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Ivan Kiselev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Medical Biotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Natalia Baulina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Medical Biotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Tsareva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Medical Biotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Ruslan Nikolaev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Medical Biotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Maxim Kozin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Medical Biotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Sergey Shchur
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Alexander Favorov
- Oncology Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, John Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alexey Boyko
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Olga Favorova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Medical Biotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
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30
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Kreft KL, Van Nierop GP, Scherbeijn SMJ, Janssen M, Verjans GMGM, Hintzen RQ. Elevated EBNA-1 IgG in MS is associated with genetic MS risk variants. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2017; 4:e406. [PMID: 29379819 PMCID: PMC5778394 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To assess whether MS genetic risk polymorphisms (single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP]) contribute to the enhanced humoral immune response against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in patients with MS. Methods: Serum anti-EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) and early antigen D (EA-D) immunoglobulin γ (IgG) levels were quantitatively determined in 668 genotyped patients with MS and 147 healthy controls. Anti–varicella-zoster virus (VZV) IgG levels were used as a highly prevalent, non-MS–associated control herpesvirus. Associations between virus-specific IgG levels and MS risk SNPs were analyzed. Results: IgG levels of EBNA-1, but not EA-D and VZV, were increased in patients with MS compared with healthy controls. Increased EBNA-1 IgG levels were significantly associated with risk alleles of SNP rs2744148 (SOX8), rs11154801 (MYB), rs1843938 (CARD11), and rs7200786 (CLEC16A/CIITA) in an interaction model and a trend toward significance for rs3135388 (HLA-DRB1*1501). In addition, risk alleles of rs694739 (PRDX5/BAD) and rs11581062 (VCAM1) were independently associated and interacted with normal EBNA-1 IgG levels. None of these interactions were associated with EA-D and VZV IgG titers. Conclusions: Several MS-associated SNPs significantly correlated with differential IgG levels directed to a latent, but not a lytic EBV protein. The data suggest that the aforementioned immune-related genes orchestrate the aberrant EBNA-1 IgG levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim L Kreft
- Department of Neurology (K.L.K., G.P.V.N., M.J., R.Q.H.), MS Center ErasMS (K.L.K., M.J., R.Q.H.), Department of Viroscience (G.P.V.N., S.M.J.S., G.M.G.M.V.), and Department of Immunology (M.J., R.Q.H.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert P Van Nierop
- Department of Neurology (K.L.K., G.P.V.N., M.J., R.Q.H.), MS Center ErasMS (K.L.K., M.J., R.Q.H.), Department of Viroscience (G.P.V.N., S.M.J.S., G.M.G.M.V.), and Department of Immunology (M.J., R.Q.H.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra M J Scherbeijn
- Department of Neurology (K.L.K., G.P.V.N., M.J., R.Q.H.), MS Center ErasMS (K.L.K., M.J., R.Q.H.), Department of Viroscience (G.P.V.N., S.M.J.S., G.M.G.M.V.), and Department of Immunology (M.J., R.Q.H.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Malou Janssen
- Department of Neurology (K.L.K., G.P.V.N., M.J., R.Q.H.), MS Center ErasMS (K.L.K., M.J., R.Q.H.), Department of Viroscience (G.P.V.N., S.M.J.S., G.M.G.M.V.), and Department of Immunology (M.J., R.Q.H.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Georges M G M Verjans
- Department of Neurology (K.L.K., G.P.V.N., M.J., R.Q.H.), MS Center ErasMS (K.L.K., M.J., R.Q.H.), Department of Viroscience (G.P.V.N., S.M.J.S., G.M.G.M.V.), and Department of Immunology (M.J., R.Q.H.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Q Hintzen
- Department of Neurology (K.L.K., G.P.V.N., M.J., R.Q.H.), MS Center ErasMS (K.L.K., M.J., R.Q.H.), Department of Viroscience (G.P.V.N., S.M.J.S., G.M.G.M.V.), and Department of Immunology (M.J., R.Q.H.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Popova EV, Kiselev IS, Boyko AN, Sivertseva SA, Malkova NA, Korobko DS, Spirin NN, Kasatkin DS, Karaeva AV, Turova EL, Spirina NN, Volkova LI, Baulina NM, Bashinskaya VV, Kulakova OG, Favorova OO. [Polymorphic variants of the immune response genes as risk factors for primary progressive multiple sclerosis]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2017; 117:14-21. [PMID: 28617357 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20171172214-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To analyze the involvement of immune response genes in the pathogenesis of primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS). MATERIAL AND METHODS This multicenter study included 111 patients with PPMS from the Russian ethnic group. The association of PPMS with genes of immune system was analyzed by the study of polymorphic variants of genes of cytokines and genes of antigen-presenting cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The genotypes of IL-4 (rs2243250)*C/C and CLEC16A (rs6498169)*G/G were associated with PPMS in Russians. The association between the HLA-DRB1*15 and PPMS found out in other populations was confirmed in Russians.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Popova
- Interregional Department of Multiple Sclerosis at Moscow Clinical Hospital #24, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - I S Kiselev
- Cardiology research and clinical complex, Moscow, Russia; Tumen Regional Center of Multiple Sclerosis, Tumen, Russia
| | - A N Boyko
- Interregional Department of Multiple Sclerosis at Moscow Clinical Hospital #24, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - S A Sivertseva
- Novosibirsk Regional Center of Multiple Sclerosis and other Autoimmune Diseases 'GNOKB', Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N A Malkova
- State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - D S Korobko
- State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N N Spirin
- Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Russia; Sverdlovsk Regional Clinical Hospital #1, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - D S Kasatkin
- Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Russia; Sverdlovsk Regional Clinical Hospital #1, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - A V Karaeva
- Sverdlovsk Regional Clinical Hospital #1, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - E L Turova
- Sverdlovsk Regional Clinical Hospital #1, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - N N Spirina
- Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Russia; Sverdlovsk Regional Clinical Hospital #1, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - L I Volkova
- Sverdlovsk Regional Clinical Hospital #1, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - N M Baulina
- Cardiology research and clinical complex, Moscow, Russia; Tumen Regional Center of Multiple Sclerosis, Tumen, Russia
| | - V V Bashinskaya
- Cardiology research and clinical complex, Moscow, Russia; Tumen Regional Center of Multiple Sclerosis, Tumen, Russia
| | - O G Kulakova
- Cardiology research and clinical complex, Moscow, Russia; Tumen Regional Center of Multiple Sclerosis, Tumen, Russia
| | - O O Favorova
- Cardiology research and clinical complex, Moscow, Russia; Tumen Regional Center of Multiple Sclerosis, Tumen, Russia
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32
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Abstract
Phagosomes form during engulfment of large particles and become increasingly acidic and proteolytic, ultimately fusing with lysosomes, in a process termed "phagosome maturation." In this issue, Yin et al. (2017. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201610001) identify GOP-1 as essential for the maturation of phagosomes containing apoptotic cells, through recruitment of the Rab GTPase UNC108.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda M Stuart
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA .,Discovery and Translational Sciences, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA
| | - Adam Lacy-Hulbert
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA
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33
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Yin J, Huang Y, Guo P, Hu S, Yoshina S, Xuan N, Gan Q, Mitani S, Yang C, Wang X. GOP-1 promotes apoptotic cell degradation by activating the small GTPase Rab2 in C. elegans. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1775-1794. [PMID: 28424218 PMCID: PMC5461019 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201610001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab2 regulates multiple membrane traffic processes, but how it is recruited to and activated on the target membrane remains unclear. Here, Yin et al. identify a conserved protein, GOP-1, that activates UNC-108/Rab2 to promote phagosome, endosome, and DCV maturation. Apoptotic cells generated by programmed cell death are engulfed by phagocytes and enclosed within plasma membrane–derived phagosomes. Maturation of phagosomes involves a series of membrane-remodeling events that are governed by the sequential actions of Rab GTPases and lead to formation of phagolysosomes, where cell corpses are degraded. Here we identified gop-1 as a novel regulator of apoptotic cell clearance in Caenorhabditis elegans. Loss of gop-1 affects phagosome maturation through the RAB-5–positive stage, causing defects in phagosome acidification and phagolysosome formation, phenotypes identical to and unaffected by loss of unc-108, the C. elegans Rab2. GOP-1 transiently associates with cell corpse–containing phagosomes, and loss of its function abrogates phagosomal association of UNC-108. GOP-1 interacts with GDP-bound and nucleotide-free UNC-108/Rab2, disrupts GDI-UNC-108 complexes, and promotes activation and membrane recruitment of UNC-108/Rab2 in vitro. Loss of gop-1 also abolishes association of UNC-108 with endosomes, causing defects in endosome and dense core vesicle maturation. Thus, GOP-1 is an activator of UNC-108/Rab2 in multiple processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Yin
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.,Graduate Program in Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yaling Huang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Pengfei Guo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Siqi Hu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sawako Yoshina
- Deparment of Physiology, School of Medicine and Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Nan Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiwen Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shohei Mitani
- Deparment of Physiology, School of Medicine and Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Chonglin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China .,Graduate Program in Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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34
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Redmann V, Lamb CA, Hwang S, Orchard RC, Kim S, Razi M, Milam A, Park S, Yokoyama CC, Kambal A, Kreamalmeyer D, Bosch MK, Xiao M, Green K, Kim J, Pruett-Miller SM, Ornitz DM, Allen PM, Beatty WL, Schmidt RE, DiAntonio A, Tooze SA, Virgin HW. Clec16a is Critical for Autolysosome Function and Purkinje Cell Survival. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23326. [PMID: 26987296 PMCID: PMC4796910 DOI: 10.1038/srep23326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CLEC16A is in a locus genetically linked to autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis, but the function of this gene in the nervous system is unknown. Here we show that two mouse strains carrying independent Clec16a mutations developed neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor impairments and loss of Purkinje cells. Neurons from Clec16a-mutant mice exhibited increased expression of the autophagy substrate p62, accumulation of abnormal intra-axonal membranous structures bearing the autophagy protein LC3, and abnormal Golgi morphology. Multiple aspects of endocytosis, lysosome and Golgi function were normal in Clec16a-deficient murine embryonic fibroblasts and HeLa cells. However, these cells displayed abnormal bulk autophagy despite unimpaired autophagosome formation. Cultured Clec16a-deficient cells exhibited a striking accumulation of LC3 and LAMP-1 positive autolysosomes containing undigested cytoplasmic contents. Therefore Clec16a, an autophagy protein that is critical for autolysosome function and clearance, is required for Purkinje cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Redmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christopher A. Lamb
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Seungmin Hwang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Robert C. Orchard
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sungsu Kim
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Minoo Razi
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Ashley Milam
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sunmin Park
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christine C. Yokoyama
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amal Kambal
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Darren Kreamalmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marie K. Bosch
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maolei Xiao
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Karen Green
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jungsu Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Shondra M. Pruett-Miller
- Genome Engineering and iPSC Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul M. Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wandy L. Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert E. Schmidt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aaron DiAntonio
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sharon A. Tooze
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Herbert W. Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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35
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Bos SD, Berge T, Celius EG, Harbo HF. From genetic associations to functional studies in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2016; 23:847-53. [PMID: 26948534 DOI: 10.1111/ene.12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic screens steadily reveal more loci that show robust associations to complex human diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Although some of the identified genetic variants are easily interpreted into a biological function, most of the genetic associations are frequently challenging to interpret. Underlying these difficulties is the fact that chip-based assays typically detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) representative of a stretch of DNA containing many genomic variants in linkage disequilibrium. Furthermore, a large proportion of the SNPs with strongest association to MS are located in regions of the DNA that do not directly code for proteins. Here we discuss challenges faced by MS researchers to follow up the large-scale genetic screens that have been published over the past years in search of functional consequences of the identified MS-associated SNPs. We discuss experimental design, tools and methods that may provide the much-needed biological insights in both disease etiology and disease manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Bos
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo.,Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo
| | - T Berge
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo.,Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo
| | - E G Celius
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo.,Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - H F Harbo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo.,Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo
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36
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Hotta-Iwamura C, Tarbell KV. Type 1 diabetes genetic susceptibility and dendritic cell function: potential targets for treatment. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:65-80. [PMID: 26792821 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3mr1115-500r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results from the defective induction or maintenance of T cell tolerance against islet β cell self-antigens. Under steady-state conditions, dendritic cells with tolerogenic properties are critical for peripheral immune tolerance. Tolerogenic dendritic cells can induce T cell anergy and deletion and, in some contexts, induce or expand regulatory T cells. Dendritic cells contribute to both immunomodulatory effects and triggering of pathogenesis in type 1 diabetes. This immune equilibrium is affected by both genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the development of type 1 diabetes. Genome-wide association studies and disease association studies have identified >50 polymorphic loci that lend susceptibility or resistance to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In parallel, diabetes susceptibility regions known as insulin-dependent diabetes loci have been identified in the nonobese diabetic mouse, a model for human type 1 diabetes, providing a better understanding of potential immunomodulatory factors in type 1 diabetes risk. Most genetic candidates have annotated immune cell functions, but the focus has been on changes to T and B cells. However, it is likely that some of the genomic susceptibility in type 1 diabetes directly interrupts the tolerogenic potential of dendritic cells in the pathogenic context of ongoing autoimmunity. Here, we will review how gene polymorphisms associated with autoimmune diabetes may influence dendritic cell development and maturation processes that could lead to alterations in the tolerogenic function of dendritic cells. These insights into potential tolerogenic and pathogenic roles for dendritic cells have practical implications for the clinical manipulation of dendritic cells toward tolerance to prevent and treat type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Hotta-Iwamura
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin V Tarbell
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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37
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Lucas RM, Byrne SN, Correale J, Ilschner S, Hart PH. Ultraviolet radiation, vitamin D and multiple sclerosis. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2015; 5:413-24. [PMID: 26477548 DOI: 10.2217/nmt.15.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is compelling epidemiological evidence that the risk of developing multiple sclerosis is increased in association with low levels of sun exposure, possibly because this is associated with low vitamin D status. Recent work highlights both vitamin D and non-vitamin D effects on cellular immunity that suggests that higher levels of sun exposure and/or vitamin D status are beneficial for both MS risk and in ameliorating disease progression. Here we review this recent evidence, focusing on regulatory cells, dendritic cells, and chemokines and cytokines released from the skin following exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology & Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Scott N Byrne
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jorge Correale
- Department of Neurology, Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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38
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van der Kant R, Jonker CTH, Wijdeven RH, Bakker J, Janssen L, Klumperman J, Neefjes J. Characterization of the Mammalian CORVET and HOPS Complexes and Their Modular Restructuring for Endosome Specificity. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30280-90. [PMID: 26463206 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.688440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Trafficking of cargo through the endosomal system depends on endosomal fusion events mediated by SNARE proteins, Rab-GTPases, and multisubunit tethering complexes. The CORVET and HOPS tethering complexes, respectively, regulate early and late endosomal tethering and have been characterized in detail in yeast where their sequential membrane targeting and assembly is well understood. Mammalian CORVET and HOPS subunits significantly differ from their yeast homologues, and novel proteins with high homology to CORVET/HOPS subunits have evolved. However, an analysis of the molecular interactions between these subunits in mammals is lacking. Here, we provide a detailed analysis of interactions within the mammalian CORVET and HOPS as well as an additional endosomal-targeting complex (VIPAS39-VPS33B) that does not exist in yeast. We show that core interactions within CORVET and HOPS are largely conserved but that the membrane-targeting module in HOPS has significantly changed to accommodate binding to mammalian-specific RAB7 interacting lysosomal protein (RILP). Arthrogryposis-renal dysfunction-cholestasis (ARC) syndrome-associated mutations in VPS33B selectively disrupt recruitment to late endosomes by RILP or binding to its partner VIPAS39. Within the shared core of CORVET/HOPS, we find that VPS11 acts as a molecular switch that binds either CORVET-specific TGFBRAP1 or HOPS-specific VPS39/RILP thereby allowing selective targeting of these tethering complexes to early or late endosomes to time fusion events in the endo/lysosomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik van der Kant
- From the Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands and
| | - Caspar T H Jonker
- Department of Cell Biology, Center of Molecular Medicine, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud H Wijdeven
- From the Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands and
| | - Jeroen Bakker
- From the Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands and
| | - Lennert Janssen
- From the Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands and
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Department of Cell Biology, Center of Molecular Medicine, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- From the Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands and
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39
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Mokry LE, Ross S, Ahmad OS, Forgetta V, Smith GD, Leong A, Greenwood CMT, Thanassoulis G, Richards JB. Vitamin D and Risk of Multiple Sclerosis: A Mendelian Randomization Study. PLoS Med 2015; 12:e1001866. [PMID: 26305103 PMCID: PMC4549308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies have demonstrated an association between decreased vitamin D level and risk of multiple sclerosis (MS); however, it remains unclear whether this relationship is causal. We undertook a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to evaluate whether genetically lowered vitamin D level influences the risk of MS. METHODS AND FINDINGS We identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) level from SUNLIGHT, the largest (n = 33,996) genome-wide association study to date for vitamin D. Four SNPs were genome-wide significant for 25OHD level (p-values ranging from 6 × 10-10 to 2 × 10-109), and all four SNPs lay in, or near, genes strongly implicated in separate mechanisms influencing 25OHD. We then ascertained their effect on 25OHD level in 2,347 participants from a population-based cohort, the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study, and tested the extent to which the 25OHD-decreasing alleles explained variation in 25OHD level. We found that the count of 25OHD-decreasing alleles across these four SNPs was strongly associated with lower 25OHD level (n = 2,347, F-test statistic = 49.7, p = 2.4 × 10-12). Next, we conducted an MR study to describe the effect of genetically lowered 25OHD on the odds of MS in the International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium study, the largest genetic association study to date for MS (including up to 14,498 cases and 24,091 healthy controls). Alleles were weighted by their relative effect on 25OHD level, and sensitivity analyses were performed to test MR assumptions. MR analyses found that each genetically determined one-standard-deviation decrease in log-transformed 25OHD level conferred a 2.0-fold increase in the odds of MS (95% CI: 1.7-2.5; p = 7.7 × 10-12; I2 = 63%, 95% CI: 0%-88%). This result persisted in sensitivity analyses excluding SNPs possibly influenced by population stratification or pleiotropy (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.3-2.2; p = 2.3 × 10-5; I2 = 47%, 95% CI: 0%-85%) and including only SNPs involved in 25OHD synthesis or metabolism (ORsynthesis = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.6-2.6, p = 1 × 10-9; ORmetabolism = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.3-2.7, p = 0.002). While these sensitivity analyses decreased the possibility that pleiotropy may have biased the results, residual pleiotropy is difficult to exclude entirely. CONCLUSIONS A genetically lowered 25OHD level is strongly associated with increased susceptibility to MS. Whether vitamin D sufficiency can delay, or prevent, MS onset merits further investigation in long-term randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Mokry
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephanie Ross
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Omar S. Ahmad
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Forgetta
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Leong
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Celia M. T. Greenwood
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - George Thanassoulis
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Preventive and Genomic Cardiology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC
| | - J. Brent Richards
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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40
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Multiple Sclerosis Risk Allele in CLEC16A Acts as an Expression Quantitative Trait Locus for CLEC16A and SOCS1 in CD4+ T Cells. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26203907 PMCID: PMC4512731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For multiple sclerosis, genome wide association studies and follow up studies have identified susceptibility single nucleotide polymorphisms located in or near CLEC16A at chromosome 16p13.13, encompassing among others CIITA, DEXI and SOCS1 in addition to CLEC16A. These genetic variants are located in intronic or intergenic regions and display strong linkage disequilibrium with each other, complicating the understanding of their functional contribution and the identification of the direct causal variant(s). Previous studies have shown that multiple sclerosis-associated risk variants in CLEC16A act as expression quantitative trait loci for CLEC16A itself in human pancreatic β-cells, for DEXI and SOCS1 in thymic tissue samples, and for DEXI in monocytes and lymphoblastoid cell lines. Since T cells are major players in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis, we have performed expression analyses of the CIITA-DEXI-CLEC16A-SOCS1 gene cluster in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells isolated from multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls. We observed a higher expression of SOCS1 and CLEC16A in CD4+ T cells in samples homozygous for the risk allele of CLEC16A rs12927355. Pair-wise linear regression analysis revealed high correlation in gene expression in peripheral T cells of CIITA, DEXI, CLEC16A and SOCS1. Our data imply a possible regulatory role for the multiple sclerosis-associated rs12927355 in CLEC16A.
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41
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Tam RCY, Lee ALH, Yang W, Lau CS, Chan VSF. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients Exhibit Reduced Expression of CLEC16A Isoforms in Peripheral Leukocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:14428-40. [PMID: 26121298 PMCID: PMC4519850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160714428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease with multiple etiological factors. The SLE susceptibility locus on chromosome 16p13 encodes a novel gene CLEC16A and its functional relationship with SLE is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the expression correlation of the two major CLEC16A spliced transcripts with SLE development. Expressions of the long (V1) and short (V2) CLEC16A isoforms in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were assayed by quantitative real time PCR and compared between healthy individuals and SLE patients. Correlation of CLEC16A isoform expression levels with SLE susceptibility, disease severity and twelve clinical parameters were also evaluated. Full length transcripts of CLEC16A V1 and V2 isoforms were readily amplified from PBMCs of healthy controls and patients at varying abundance. Compared with healthy controls (n = 86), expression levels of V1 and V2 were significantly reduced by ~two- and four-fold respectively in SLE patients (n = 181). The relative V2/V1 ratio was also significantly reduced by approximately two-fold. With regard to SLE disease parameters, only a weak positive correlation was found between CLEC16A V1 expression levels and SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) score. Taken together, CLEC16A was found to be a susceptibility factor for SLE, with possible contribution to the development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Y Tam
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Alfred L H Lee
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wanling Yang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chak Sing Lau
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Vera S F Chan
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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