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Sabiniewicz A, Pieniak M, Hummel T. Pregnant women exhibit decreased trigeminal sensitivity. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3597. [PMID: 38956811 PMCID: PMC11219288 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemosensory function in pregnant women is far from being fully understood due to the lack of data and inconsistencies between the results of self-reports and objective studies. METHODS In the present study in pregnant and non-pregnant women (npregnant = 14, nnon-pregnant = 13), we measured EEG-derived electrophysiological response measures supported by psychophysical olfactory and trigeminal tests. RESULTS Results indicate that the olfactory event-related potential amplitudes or latencies of the P1, N1, and P2 components remain unchanged in pregnant women. In accordance with these findings, no difference was observed between pregnant and non-pregnant women in psychophysical olfactory tests. However, pregnant women displayed a lower degree of sensitivity to trigeminal stimuli compared to non-pregnant controls, which was also reflected in the electrophysiological responses to trigeminal stimuli. CONCLUSION Counterintuitive as they may seem, our findings demonstrate a "flattening" of chemosomatosensory responses. Psychological processes occurring during pregnancy, such as changes in socioemotional perception of odors resulting from the diminished stress response, may provide a background to these results. Overall, the present results indicate the absence of major differences between non-pregnant and pregnant women in terms of measured olfactory function though chemosomatosensory function of the pregnant women appears to be decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sabiniewicz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell & Taste ClinicTU DresdenDresdenGermany
- Department of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences, Institute of PsychologyUniversity of WroclawWroclawPoland
| | - Michał Pieniak
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell & Taste ClinicTU DresdenDresdenGermany
- Department of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences, Institute of PsychologyUniversity of WroclawWroclawPoland
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell & Taste ClinicTU DresdenDresdenGermany
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2
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Liuzza MT, Zakrzewska MZ, Olofsson JK. Italian validation of the body odor disgust scale. Front Behav Neurosci 2024; 18:1389905. [PMID: 38974836 PMCID: PMC11224146 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1389905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Disgust sensitivity to body odors plays a role in a set of psychological mechanisms supposedly evolved to avoid pathogens. To assess individual differences in body odor disgust, we previously developed the body odor disgust scale (BODS) and validated it in English. The BODS presents six scenarios where disgust could be evoked by smells coming from an internal source and an external source. The present study aimed to validate the BODS in the Italian population and to find further evidence for its structural, construct, and criterion validity. Methods We used two large samples (N = 1,050, F = 527; and N = 402, F = 203, respectively) that were representative of the Italian population for sex and age. Results Across these two studies, we confirmed the hypothesized bifactor structure, with all the items loading onto a general body odor disgust sensitivity factor, and on two specific factors related to the internal structure. In terms of construct validity, we found that the BODS converged with pathogen disgust sensitivity of the three-domain disgust scale (TDDS) but was distinct from a general propensity to experience negative emotions. The BODS showed criterion validity in predicting the behavioral intentions toward COVID-19 avoidance behavior, although it did not seem to be incrementally valid when compared to the TDDS pathogen subscale. We also established scalar measurement invariance of the BODS regarding gender and found that women display higher levels of BODS. Discussion Results from the Italian version of the BODS indicate its structural, construct, nomological and criterion validity. Furthermore, our result on sex differences in disgust sensitivity are consistent with previous literature, and we discuss them in the broader context of cross-cultural and primate findings that points toward a possible evolutionary explanation of this difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tullio Liuzza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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3
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Namiranian K, Gauthier AC, Gilbert JA, Mathieu ME. The association between parameters of physical activity and olfactory function-the importance of frequency and moderate intensity. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1394858. [PMID: 38903386 PMCID: PMC11188330 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1394858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Overall physical activity (PA) has been linked to decreased olfactory dysfunction and could improve olfactory function. Additionally, decreased olfactory function can contribute to reduced overall PA levels, given its association with neurodegenerative disorders. This study aims to examine the relationship between specific PA parameters (duration, frequency, intensity) and olfactory function in adults. Methods A total of 3,527 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2014 underwent assessments for weekly PA duration, frequency, and intensity, alongside a smell test (including odors such as chocolate, strawberry, grape, onion, smoke, natural gas, leather, and soap). Correlation analyses and binary logistic regressions using SPSS were used to evaluate associations. Results The total smell score exhibited small yet significant positive correlations with the duration, frequency, and volume of moderate PA (correlation coefficients ranging between 0.05 and 0.08; all p ≤ 0.05) and frequency of vigorous PA (correlation coefficient of 0.05; p < 0.05). For moderate PA, the duration, frequency, and volume were significantly and positively associated with the ability to correctly detect the smell of grapes while the frequency was significantly and positively associated with the ability to identify smoke and leather odors (odds ratios ranging from 1.01 to 1.07; p < 0.05). For vigorous PA, the frequency of PA was positively associated with the detection of grape smell (odds ratio of 1.05; p < 0.05). Conclusion Some parameters of an active lifestyle are associated with improved odds of accurately identifying odors by up to 7.4%. Moderate PA duration, frequency, and volume were linked to better olfactory scores, while high-intensity PA had limited associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoosheh Namiranian
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre-Charles Gauthier
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jo-Anne Gilbert
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Mathieu
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Azrieli Research Center—Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, Canada
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4
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Stark R. The olfactory bulb: A neuroendocrine spotlight on feeding and metabolism. J Neuroendocrinol 2024; 36:e13382. [PMID: 38468186 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Olfaction is the most ancient sense and is needed for food-seeking, danger protection, mating and survival. It is often the first sensory modality to perceive changes in the external environment, before sight, taste or sound. Odour molecules activate olfactory sensory neurons that reside on the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity, which transmits this odour-specific information to the olfactory bulb (OB), where it is relayed to higher brain regions involved in olfactory perception and behaviour. Besides odour processing, recent studies suggest that the OB extends its function into the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Furthermore, numerous hormone receptors associated with appetite and metabolism are expressed within the OB, suggesting a neuroendocrine role outside the hypothalamus. Olfactory cues are important to promote food preparatory behaviours and consumption, such as enhancing appetite and salivation. In addition, altered metabolism or energy state (fasting, satiety and overnutrition) can change olfactory processing and perception. Similarly, various animal models and human pathologies indicate a strong link between olfactory impairment and metabolic dysfunction. Therefore, understanding the nature of this reciprocal relationship is critical to understand how olfactory or metabolic disorders arise. This present review elaborates on the connection between olfaction, feeding behaviour and metabolism and will shed light on the neuroendocrine role of the OB as an interface between the external and internal environments. Elucidating the specific mechanisms by which olfactory signals are integrated and translated into metabolic responses holds promise for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies and interventions aimed at modulating appetite and promoting metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Stark
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Bratman GN, Bembibre C, Daily GC, Doty RL, Hummel T, Jacobs LF, Kahn PH, Lashus C, Majid A, Miller JD, Oleszkiewicz A, Olvera-Alvarez H, Parma V, Riederer AM, Sieber NL, Williams J, Xiao J, Yu CP, Spengler JD. Nature and human well-being: The olfactory pathway. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn3028. [PMID: 38748806 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn3028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The world is undergoing massive atmospheric and ecological change, driving unprecedented challenges to human well-being. Olfaction is a key sensory system through which these impacts occur. The sense of smell influences quality of and satisfaction with life, emotion, emotion regulation, cognitive function, social interactions, dietary choices, stress, and depressive symptoms. Exposures via the olfactory pathway can also lead to (anti-)inflammatory outcomes. Increased understanding is needed regarding the ways in which odorants generated by nature (i.e., natural olfactory environments) affect human well-being. With perspectives from a range of health, social, and natural sciences, we provide an overview of this unique sensory system, four consensus statements regarding olfaction and the environment, and a conceptual framework that integrates the olfactory pathway into an understanding of the effects of natural environments on human well-being. We then discuss how this framework can contribute to better accounting of the impacts of policy and land-use decision-making on natural olfactory environments and, in turn, on planetary health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N Bratman
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cecilia Bembibre
- Institute for Sustainable Heritage, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gretchen C Daily
- Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Woods Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lucia F Jacobs
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Peter H Kahn
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Connor Lashus
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Asifa Majid
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | | - Anne M Riederer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nancy Long Sieber
- T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Air Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Jieling Xiao
- College of Architecture, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Chia-Pin Yu
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
- The Experimental Forest, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - John D Spengler
- T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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6
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Tsai RY, Gau SY, Ho YJ, Lin SY, Ku CY, Wang SI, Wei JCC. Long-COVID impacts taste and olfactory in individuals with substance use disorder: A retrospective cohort study from the TriNetX US Collaborative Networks. Psychiatry Res 2024; 337:115970. [PMID: 38810537 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Substance use disorder (SUD) exacerbates the impact of Long-COVID, particularly increasing the risk of taste and olfactory disorders. Analyzing retrospective cohort data from TriNetX and over 33 million records (Jan 2020-Dec 2022), this study focused on 1,512,358 participants, revealing that SUD significantly heightens the likelihood of experiencing taste disturbances and anosmia in Long-COVID sufferers. Results indicated that individuals with SUD face a higher incidence of sensory impairments compared to controls, with older adults and women being particularly vulnerable. Smokers with SUD were found to have an increased risk of olfactory and taste dysfunctions. The findings underscore the importance of early screening, diagnosis, and interventions for Long-COVID patients with a history of SUD, suggesting a need for clinicians to monitor for depression and anxiety linked to sensory dysfunction for comprehensive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Yin Tsai
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Yan Gau
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital. Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jui Ho
- Department of Psychology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan; Clinical Psychological Room, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taiwan Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yi Lin
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yao Ku
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Shiow-Ing Wang
- Center for Health Data Science, Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - James Cheng-Chung Wei
- Department of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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7
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Poirier AC, Melin AD. Smell throughout the life course. Evol Anthropol 2024:e22030. [PMID: 38704704 DOI: 10.1002/evan.22030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The sense of smell is an important mediator of health and sociality at all stages of life, yet it has received limited attention in our lineage. Olfaction starts in utero and participates in the establishment of social bonds in children, and of romantic and sexual relationships after puberty. Smell further plays a key role in food assessment and danger avoidance; in modern societies, it also guides our consumer behavior. Sensory abilities typically decrease with age and can be impacted by diseases, with repercussions on health and well-being. Here, we critically review our current understanding of human olfactory communication to refute outdated notions that our sense of smell is of low importance. We provide a summary of the biology of olfaction, give a prospective overview of the importance of the sense of smell throughout the life course, and conclude with an outline of the limitations and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice C Poirier
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amanda D Melin
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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8
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Jang YW, Kim J, Shin J, Jo JW, Shin JW, Kim YH, Cho SW, Park SK. Autonomous Artificial Olfactory Sensor Systems with Homeostasis Recovery via a Seamless Neuromorphic Architecture. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2400614. [PMID: 38689548 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Neuromorphic olfactory systems have been actively studied in recent years owing to their considerable potential in electronic noses, robotics, and neuromorphic data processing systems. However, conventional gas sensors typically have the ability to detect hazardous gas levels but lack synaptic functions such as memory and recognition of gas accumulation, which are essential for realizing human-like neuromorphic sensory system. In this study, a seamless architecture for a neuromorphic olfactory system capable of detecting and memorizing the present level and accumulation status of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) during continuous gas exposure, regulating a self-alarm implementation triggered after 147 and 85 s at a continuous gas exposure of 20 and 40 ppm, respectively. Thin-film-transistor type gas sensors utilizing carbon nanotube semiconductors detect NO2 gas molecules through carrier trapping and exhibit long-term retention properties, which are compatible with neuromorphic excitatory applications. Additionally, the neuromorphic inhibitory performance is also characterized via gas desorption with programmable ultraviolet light exposure, demonstrating homeostasis recovery. These results provide a promising strategy for developing a facile artificial olfactory system that demonstrates complicated biological synaptic functions with a seamless and simplified system architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Woo Jang
- Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Jaehyun Kim
- Department of Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Shin
- Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Wan Jo
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Jong Wook Shin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Woon Cho
- Department of Advanced Components and Materials Engineering, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kyu Park
- Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
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9
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Drummond J, Makdani A, Pawling R, Walker SC. Congenital Anosmia and Facial Emotion Recognition. Physiol Behav 2024; 278:114519. [PMID: 38490365 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Major functions of the olfactory system include guiding ingestion and avoidance of environmental hazards. People with anosmia report reliance on others, for example to check the edibility of food, as their primary coping strategy. Facial expressions are a major source of non-verbal social information that can be used to guide approach and avoidance behaviour. Thus, it is of interest to explore whether a life-long absence of the sense of smell heightens sensitivity to others' facial emotions, particularly those depicting threat. In the present, online study 28 people with congenital anosmia (mean age 43.46) and 24 people reporting no olfactory dysfunction (mean age 42.75) completed a facial emotion recognition task whereby emotionally neutral faces (6 different identities) morphed, over 40 stages, to express one of 5 basic emotions: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, or sadness. Results showed that, while the groups did not differ in their ability to identify the final, full-strength emotional expressions, nor in the accuracy of their first response, the congenital anosmia group successfully identified the emotions at significantly lower intensity (i.e. an earlier stage of the morph) than the control group. Exploratory analysis showed this main effect was primarily driven by an advantage in detecting anger and disgust. These findings indicate the absence of a functioning sense of smell during development leads to compensatory changes in visual, social cognition. Future work should explore the neural and behavioural basis for this advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Drummond
- Research Centre for Brain & Behaviour, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Adarsh Makdani
- Research Centre for Brain & Behaviour, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ralph Pawling
- Research Centre for Brain & Behaviour, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Susannah C Walker
- Research Centre for Brain & Behaviour, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
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Onyono PN, Kavoi BM, Kiama SG, Makanya AN. Comparative ultrastructure of the olfactory system in the East African root rat (Tachyoryctes splendens) and the naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber). Anat Histol Embryol 2024; 53:e13034. [PMID: 38563613 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The ultrastructure of the olfactory system of most fossorial rodents remains largely unexplored. This study sought to investigate the functional structure of the olfactory mucosa and olfactory bulb of two species of fossorial rodents that have distinct behaviour and ecology, the East African root rat (RR) and the naked mole rat (NMR). Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were employed. The basic ultrastructural design of the olfactory system of the two species was largely comparable. In both species, the olfactory mucosa comprised an olfactory epithelium and an underlying lamina propria. The olfactory epithelium revealed olfactory knobs, cilia and microvilli apically and sustentancular cells, olfactory receptor neurons and basal cells in the upper, middle and basal zones, respectively. The lamina propria was constituted by Bowman's glands, olfactory nerve bundles and vasculature supported by loose connective tissue. Within the olfactory bulb, intracellular and extracellular structures including cell organelles, axons and dendrites were elucidated. Notable species differences were observed in the basal zone of the olfactory epithelium and on the luminal surface of the olfactory mucosa. The basal zone of the olfactory epithelium of the RR consisted of a single layer of flattened electron-dense horizontal basal cells while the NMR had juxtaposed electron-dense and electron-lucent heterogenous cells, an occurrence seen as being indicative of quiescent and highly proliferative states of the olfactory epithelia in the two species, respectively. The olfactory epithelial surface of the NMR comprised an elaborate cilia network that intertwined extensively forming loop-like structures whereas in the RR, the surface was rugged and consisted of finger-like processes and irregular masses. With gross and histological studies showing significant differences in the olfactory structures of the two species, these findings are a further manifestation that the olfactory system of the RR and the NMR have evolved differently to reflect their varied olfactory functional needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Onyono
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
| | - B M Kavoi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - S G Kiama
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - A N Makanya
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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11
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Iijima Y, Miki R, Takasugi N, Fujimura M, Uehara T. Characterization of pathological changes in the olfactory system of mice exposed to methylmercury. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1163-1175. [PMID: 38367039 PMCID: PMC10944439 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03682-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a well-known environmental neurotoxicant that causes severe brain disorders such as Minamata disease. Although some patients with Minamata disease develop olfactory dysfunction, the underlying pathomechanism is largely unknown. We examined the effects of MeHg on the olfactory system using a model of MeHg poisoning in which mice were administered 30 ppm MeHg in drinking water for 8 weeks. Mice exposed to MeHg displayed significant mercury accumulation in the olfactory pathway, including the nasal mucosa, olfactory bulb, and olfactory cortex. The olfactory epithelium was partially atrophied, and olfactory sensory neurons were diminished. The olfactory bulb exhibited an increase in apoptotic cells, hypertrophic astrocytes, and amoeboid microglia, mainly in the granular cell layer. Neuronal cell death was observed in the olfactory cortex, particularly in the ventral tenia tecta. Neuronal cell death was also remarkable in higher-order areas such as the orbitofrontal cortex. Correlation analysis showed that neuronal loss in the olfactory cortex was strongly correlated with the plasma mercury concentration. Our results indicate that MeHg is an olfactory toxicant that damages the central regions involved in odor perception. The model described herein is useful for analyzing the mechanisms and treatments of olfactory dysfunction in MeHg-intoxicated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Iijima
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700‑8530, Japan
| | - Ryohei Miki
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700‑8530, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Takasugi
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700‑8530, Japan
| | - Masatake Fujimura
- Department of Basic Medical Science, National Institute for Minamata Disease, Kumamoto, 867‑0008, Japan
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700‑8530, Japan.
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12
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Sabiniewicz A, Sorokowska A, Palmiero M, Nicotra M, Sorokowski P. Gender differences in the relationship between neuroticism and odor memory. Physiol Behav 2024; 276:114475. [PMID: 38278502 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Given the indications on the relationship between neuroticism and various olfactory functions as well as the emotionality of odor memory, it is surprising that no research so far has investigated whether neuroticism corresponds with odor memory performance. Thus, the purpose of our study was to address this question in the context of gender differences. Participants (73 men) completed the 60-items NEO Five Factor Inventory and participated in 32-items "Test for odor memory". In the separate analyses conducted for men and women, we demonstrated that women outperformed men regarding the number of correct odor recognitions in the odor memory test and had higher neuroticism level than men. Spearman correlation showed further that neuroticism was positively associated with D-prime (R = 0.3, p = .021) and the number of correct odor recognitions in women (R = 0.32, p = .014). This effect was, respectively, moderately (B10 = 5.2) and strongly confirmed using the Bayesian approach (B10 = 8). However, Bonferroni post-hoc correction for multiple comparisons further revealed that in case of neuroticism and the number of hits, as well as D-prime, alpha level was below significance, indicated by p = .006. The correlation between neuroticism level and odor memory performance was significantly higher in women compared to men (Z = 1.8, p = .038), while in case of neuroticism and D-prime, it was on a trend level (Z = 1.5, p = .074). Overall, the present results indicate that neuroticism might be linked to conscious odors' remembering for women, which can be explained by the warning role of odor memory and its connection to limbic structures, as well as by the higher level of neuroticism and odor memory performance in women compared to men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sabiniewicz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland; Interdisciplinary Center "Smell & Taste", Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Agnieszka Sorokowska
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland; Interdisciplinary Center "Smell & Taste", Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Michele Nicotra
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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13
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Lamond E, Saluja S, Hislop C, J. Stevenson R. Differential involvement of the senses in disgust memories. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:231156. [PMID: 38550756 PMCID: PMC10977387 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
One prediction derived from the disease avoidance account of disgust is that proximal disgust cues (smells, tastes and touches) should elicit this emotion more intensely than distal disgust cues (sights and sounds). If correct, then memories of disgusting experiences should involve smelling, tasting or touching to a greater degree than seeing or hearing. Two surveys were conducted on university students to test this idea, drawing upon their naturalistic experiences. Survey 1 (N = 127) asked participants to detail their most memorable disgusting, fear-provoking, morally repulsive and yucky/gross experience, with each recollection self-rated for sensory involvement. Survey 2 (N = 89) employed the same task, but this time, participants recollected their most common disgusting, fear-provoking, morally repulsive and yucky/gross experience in the preceding week. The majority of disgusting experiences were core disgusts-i.e. related to disease/pathogen presence or stimuli. The proximal and distal sensory cues contributed equally to individuals' most memorable core disgust experiences, but the proximal senses were more involved than the distal senses in individuals' most common core disgust experiences. Further, the proximal sensory cues, as compared with the distal sensory cues, were signficantly more involved in core disgust experiences than in morally repulsive and fear-provoking experiences. The implications of these findings for a disease avoidance account of disgust, for multi-sensory disgust research, and core disgust's classification as an emotion or a drive, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott Lamond
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales2109, Australia
| | - Supreet Saluja
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales2109, Australia
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Universitet, Stockholm171 76, Sweden
| | - Chloe Hislop
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales2109, Australia
| | - Richard J. Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales2109, Australia
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14
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Ferdenzi C, Fournel A, Baldovini N, Poupon D, Ligout D, Thévenet M, Bouet R, Bensafi M. Influence of the human body odor compound HMHA on face perception. Perception 2024; 53:180-196. [PMID: 38216326 DOI: 10.1177/03010066231222473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Body odors convey information about the individuals, but the mechanisms are not fully understood yet. As far as human reproduction is concerned, molecules that are produced in sexually dimorphic amounts could be possible chemosignals. 3-hydroxy-3-methylhexanoic acid (HMHA) is one of them-more typical of men. Here, we investigated the possibility that the perception of gender and attractiveness in human faces could be implicitly influenced by this compound. Clearly feminine, ambiguous and clearly masculine faces were primed with an odor of HMHA, a control odor or air. Based on 100-ms face presentation, 40 raters had to identify the face's gender as quickly as possible and provide attractiveness evaluations. 3-hydroxy-3-methylhexanoic acid tended to be perceived as less pleasant and induced lower sniff duration in women compared with men. As to the effects of HMHA on face perception (vs. control conditions), we found that gender identification and the associated response time were unaffected by HMHA. Attractiveness of the faces, however, increased in presence of HMHA, but not in a sex-specific manner and only for unattractive faces with ambiguous gender. In sum, this study found no evidence in favor of a possible role of this sexually dimorphic compound in intrasexual competition nor in intersexual attraction.
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15
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Iravani B, Frasnelli J, Arshamian A, Lundström JN. Metabolic state modulates neural processing of odors in the human olfactory bulb. Biol Psychol 2024; 187:108770. [PMID: 38460755 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
The olfactory and endocrine systems have recently been shown to reciprocally shape the homeostatic processes of energy intake. As demonstrated in animal models, the individual's metabolic state dynamically modulates how the olfactory bulb process odor stimuli using a range of endocrine signals. Here we aimed to determine whether the neural processing of odors in human olfactory bulb is modulated by metabolic state. Participants were exposed to food-associated odors, in separate sessions being hungry and sated, while neural responses from the olfactory bulb was obtained using electrobulbogram. We found significantly higher gamma power activity (51-100 Hz) in the OB's response to odors during the Hunger compared to Sated condition. Specifically, EBG gamma power were elevated while hungry already at 100 ms after odor onset, thereby suggesting intra-bulbar modulation according to metabolic state. These results demonstrate that, akin to other animal models, hunger state affects OB activity in humans. Moreover, we show that the EBG method has the potential to measure internal metabolic states and, as such, could be used to study specificities in olfactory processing of individuals suffering from pathologies such as obesity or anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Iravani
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Johannes Frasnelli
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivieres, QC, Canada
| | - Artin Arshamian
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan N Lundström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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16
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Wang P, Ye X, Liu J, Xiao Y, Tan M, Deng Y, Yuan M, Luo X, Zhang D, Xie X, Han X. Recent advancements in the taste transduction mechanism, identification, and characterization of taste components. Food Chem 2024; 433:137282. [PMID: 37696093 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
In the realm of human nutrition, the phenomenon known as taste refers to a distinctive sensation elicited by the consumption of food and various compounds within the oral cavity and on the tongue. Moreover, taste affects the overall comfort in the oral cavity, and is a fundamental attribute for the assessment of food items. Accordingly, clarifying the material basis of taste would be conducive to deepening the cognition of taste, investigating the mechanism of taste presentation, and accurately covering up unpleasant taste. In this paper, the basic biology and physiology of transduction of bitter, umami, sweet, sour, salty, astringent, as well as spicy tastes are reviewed. Furthermore, the detection process of taste components is summarized. Particularly, the applications, advantages, and distinctions of various isolation, identification, and evaluation methods are discussed in depth. In conclusion, the future of taste component detection is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinhu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Xiang Ye
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Yao Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Min Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Yue Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Mulan Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Xingmei Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Xingliang Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Xue Han
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, PR China.
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17
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Boot E, Levy A, Gaeta G, Gunasekara N, Parkkinen E, Kontaris E, Jacquot M, Tachtsidis I. fNIRS a novel neuroimaging tool to investigate olfaction, olfactory imagery, and crossmodal interactions: a systematic review. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1266664. [PMID: 38356646 PMCID: PMC10864673 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1266664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is understudied in neuroimaging research compared to other senses, but there is growing evidence of its therapeutic benefits on mood and well-being. Olfactory imagery can provide similar health benefits as olfactory interventions. Harnessing crossmodal visual-olfactory interactions can facilitate olfactory imagery. Understanding and employing these cross-modal interactions between visual and olfactory stimuli could aid in the research and applications of olfaction and olfactory imagery interventions for health and wellbeing. This review examines current knowledge, debates, and research on olfaction, olfactive imagery, and crossmodal visual-olfactory integration. A total of 56 papers, identified using the PRISMA method, were evaluated to identify key brain regions, research themes and methods used to determine the suitability of fNIRS as a tool for studying these topics. The review identified fNIRS-compatible protocols and brain regions within the fNIRS recording depth of approximately 1.5 cm associated with olfactory imagery and crossmodal visual-olfactory integration. Commonly cited regions include the orbitofrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The findings of this review indicate that fNIRS would be a suitable tool for research into these processes. Additionally, fNIRS suitability for use in naturalistic settings may lead to the development of new research approaches with greater ecological validity compared to existing neuroimaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Levy
- Metabolight Ltd., London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giuliano Gaeta
- Health and Well-being Centre of Excellence, Givaudan UK Limited, Ashford, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Gunasekara
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emilia Parkkinen
- Health and Well-being Centre of Excellence, Givaudan UK Limited, Ashford, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Kontaris
- Health and Well-being Centre of Excellence, Givaudan UK Limited, Ashford, United Kingdom
| | - Muriel Jacquot
- Health and Well-being Centre of Excellence, Givaudan UK Limited, Ashford, United Kingdom
| | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- Metabolight Ltd., London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Abstract
Historically, the human sense of smell has been regarded as the odd stepchild of the senses, especially compared to the sensory bravado of seeing, touching, and hearing. The idea that the human olfaction has little to contribute to our experience of the world is commonplace, though with the emergence of COVID-19 there has rather been a sea change in this understanding. An ever increasing body of work has convincingly highlighted the keen capabilities of the human nose and the sophistication of the human olfactory system. Here, we provide a concise overview of the neuroscience of human olfaction spanning the last 10-15 years, with focus on the peripheral and central mechanisms that underlie how odor information is processed, packaged, parceled, predicted, and perturbed to serve odor-guided behaviors. We conclude by offering some guideposts for harnessing the next decade of olfactory research in all its shapes and forms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jay A Gottfried
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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19
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Lötsch J, Brosig O, Slobodova J, Kringel D, Haehner A, Hummel T. Diagnosed and subjectively perceived long-term effects of COVID-19 infection on olfactory function assessed by supervised machine learning. Chem Senses 2024; 49:bjad051. [PMID: 38213039 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Loss of olfactory function is a typical acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptom, at least in early variants of SARS-CoV2. The time that has elapsed since the emergence of COVID-19 now allows for assessing the long-term prognosis of its olfactory impact. Participants (n = 722) of whom n = 464 reported having had COVID-19 dating back with a mode of 174 days were approached in a museum as a relatively unbiased environment. Olfactory function was diagnosed by assessing odor threshold and odor identification performance. Subjects also rated their actual olfactory function on an 11-point numerical scale [0,…10]. Neither the frequency of olfactory diagnostic categories nor olfactory test scores showed any COVID-19-related effects. Olfactory diagnostic categories (anosmia, hyposmia, or normosmia) were similarly distributed among former patients and controls (0.86%, 18.97%, and 80.17% for former patients and 1.17%, 17.51%, and 81.32% for controls). Former COVID-19 patients, however, showed differences in their subjective perception of their own olfactory function. The impact of this effect was substantial enough that supervised machine learning algorithms detected past COVID-19 infections in new subjects, based on reduced self-awareness of olfactory performance and parosmia, while the diagnosed olfactory function did not contribute any relevant information in this context. Based on diagnosed olfactory function, results suggest a positive prognosis for COVID-19-related olfactory loss in the long term. Traces of former infection are found in self-perceptions of olfaction, highlighting the importance of investigating the long-term effects of COVID-19 using reliable and validated diagnostic measures in olfactory testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Lötsch
- Goethe-University, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Oskar Brosig
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jana Slobodova
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pardubice, Faculty of Health Studies, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Dario Kringel
- Goethe-University, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Antje Haehner
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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20
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Lübke KT, Storch D, Pause BM. Sexual Orientation Affects Neural Responses to Subtle Social Aggression Signals. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:153-175. [PMID: 37501010 PMCID: PMC10794475 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The current series of studies are the first to examine brain responses to social aggression signals as a function of male and female sexual orientation. For the first set of studies (1a, 1b), axillary sweat had been collected from 17 heterosexual men and 17 heterosexual women aggressively responding to frustrating opponents (aggression condition) and while playing a construction game (control condition). Sweat samples were pooled according to sex and condition, and presented via a constant flow olfactometer to 17 gay and 23 heterosexual men (Study 1a), and 19 lesbian and 25 heterosexual women (Study 1b). Ongoing EEG was recorded from 61 scalp locations, chemosensory event-related potentials (CSERPs; P2, P3-1, P3-2) were analyzed, and neuronal sources calculated (low resolution electromagnetic tomography). Within the second set of studies (2a, 2b), pictures of males' and females' weak angry and neutral facial expressions were presented to 21 gay and 23 heterosexual men (Study 2a), and 19 lesbian and 26 heterosexual women (Study 2b), and ERPs (N170, P3) were analyzed. Gay men showed larger P3-1 amplitudes than heterosexual men upon presentation of male aggression sweat, accompanied by activation of the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG, BA 10). Gay men also displayed longer N170 latencies in response to men's compared to women's angry facial expressions, while heterosexual men did not. In women, sexual orientation did not affect the processing of aggression sweat or anger expressions. Gay men showed preferential processing of chemosensory aggression signals (P3-1 amplitudes), indicating fine-tuned socioemotional sensitivity, related to activation of brain areas involved in emotion regulation (IFG). They further process the relative relevance of visual aggression signals (N170 latency). These results were in line with theories proposing a common evolutionary pathway for same-sex attraction and traits easing social integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin T Lübke
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Dunja Storch
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bettina M Pause
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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21
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Wang L, Li W, Wan L, Wen D. An Artificial Olfactory System Based on a Memristor Can Simulate Organ Injury and Functions in Air Purification. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4810-4817. [PMID: 38060821 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Artificial olfactory systems are receiving increasing attention because of their potential applications in humanoid robots, artificial noses, and the next generation of human-computer interactions. However, simulating the human olfactory system, which recognizes, remembers, and automatically takes protective measures against gases, remains a challenge. In this paper, a WO3-TiO2@Ag NPs (silver nanoparticle) gas sensor was prepared by the sol-gel method, and an Al/pectin:AgNP/ITO memristor was prepared by spin coating and vacuum evaporation. The gas sensor has been combined with the memristor to simulate physical damage to humans in a dangerous gas environment for a long time, and an artificial olfactory system is constructed by field-programmable gate array external control. The WO3-TiO2@Ag NPs gas sensor can sense and identify ethanol vapor through changes in resistance, and the signal transmitted to the pectin-based memristor can switch the resistance state of the memristor to store gas information. Furthermore, the activation of the memristor can also trigger rotation of the fan to purify the gas and reduce damage caused by excessive exposure to dangerous gases. This artificial olfactory system provides a promising strategy for the development of artificial intelligence and human-computer interaction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- School of Electronic Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Wenhao Li
- School of Electronic Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Lijun Wan
- School of Electronic Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Dianzhong Wen
- School of Electronic Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
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22
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Iuliano S, Zagari MC, Frasca Polara G, Rotella G, LA Vignera S, Greco EA, Liuzza MT, Aversa A. Global olfactory function correlates with global sexual functioning in men and women. Minerva Med 2023; 114:785-794. [PMID: 37382520 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.23.08753-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfaction is intimately involved in reproductive behaviors. However, there is limited evidence about the relationship between olfactory and sexual functioning, and whether this relationship is modulated by gender. This study aimed to investigate the correlates between olfactory and sexual functioning in a cohort of young healthy individuals; secondary outcomes were the possible correlates between disgust and perceived vulnerability to illness, with particular relation to sexual attitudes. METHODS Between January 2019 and December 2022, we enrolled 125 participants (51 males and 74 females) without known sexual disorders. The mean age was 28.47±8.6, and the mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was 23.86±3.3 without major disease or concomitant drug assumption, except for nutraceutical use. Olfactory sensitivity was tested with the Sniffin' Sticks Test (SST). Body Odor Disgust Scale (BODS) and Perceived Vulnerability to Disease (PVD) questionnaires were administered for the evaluation of perceived susceptibility to illness along with the Sexual Attitude Scale (SAS) for the evaluation of sexual attitudes. Sexual function was evaluated by the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaires, respectively. RESULTS Overall, a close relationship between sexual function and olfaction in both sexes (P<0.05) was found. In the male sample, better olfactive scores were positively correlated to all IIEF sub-domains but negatively with BMI and age, respectively (P<0.05). Moreover, olfaction was negatively correlated with a restrictive attitude towards sexuality (SAS) (P<0.05). The latter was also positively correlated with PVD (P<0.01). In the female sample, all FSFI subscales but sexual desire was positively correlated with olfaction (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS We herein confirm that olfactory capacities positively correlate with sexual behavior in both sexes. In males, these findings were mostly dependent upon increasing age and BMI. In females all domains of sexual function but sexual desire correlated with olfactory capacity, thus suggesting independent neural pathway activation for sexual desire. Finally, better olfactory capacities seem to determine sexual attitudes and disease avoidance behaviors irrespective of gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Iuliano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria C Zagari
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Gabriele Frasca Polara
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovanna Rotella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sandro LA Vignera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Marco T Liuzza
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Aversa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy -
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23
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Park W, Liu Y, Jiao Y, Shi R, Nan J, Yiu CK, Huang X, Chen Y, Li W, Gao Y, Zhang Q, Li D, Jia S, Gao Z, Song W, Lam MMH, Dai Z, Zhao Z, Li Y, Yu X. Skin-Integrated Wireless Odor Message Delivery Electronics for the Deaf-blind. ACS NANO 2023; 17:21947-21961. [PMID: 37917185 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Deaf-blindness limits daily human activities, especially interactive modes of audio and visual perception. Although the developed standards have been verified as alternative communication methods, they are uncommon to the nondisabled due to the complicated learning process and inefficiency in terms of communicating distance and throughput. Therefore, the development of communication techniques employing innate sensory abilities including olfaction related to the cerebral limbic system processing emotions, memories, and recognition has been suggested for reducing the training level and increasing communication efficiency. Here, a skin-integrated and wireless olfactory interface system exploiting arrays of miniaturized odor generators (OGs) based on melting/solidifying odorous wax to release smell is introduced for establishing an advanced communication system between deaf-blind and non-deaf-blind. By optimizing the structure design of the OGs, each OG device is as small as 0.24 cm3 (length × width × height of 11 mm × 10 mm × 2.2 mm), enabling integration of up to 8 OGs on the epidermis between nose and lip for direct and rapid olfactory drive with a weight of only 24.56 g. By generating single or mixed odors, different linked messages could be delivered to a user within a short period in a wireless and programmable way. By adopting the olfactory interface message delivery system, the recognition rates for the messages have been improved 1.5 times that of the touch-based method, while the response times were immensely decreased 4 times. Thus, the presented wearable olfactory interface system exhibits great potential as an alternative message delivery method for the deaf-blind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooyoung Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Jiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Nan
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191 People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Ki Yiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingcan Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyu Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengfeng Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengxin Jia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Weike Song
- China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Marcus Man Ho Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxue Dai
- College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Zhao
- China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhang Li
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191 People's Republic of China
- Aircraft and Propulsion Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Technology Beihang University (BUAA), Ningbo 315100, People's Republic of China
- Tianmushan Laboratory Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Xinge Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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24
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Zhang T, Spence C. Orthonasal olfactory influences on consumer food behaviour. Appetite 2023; 190:107023. [PMID: 37673129 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
It is often suggested in the popular press that food chains deliberately introduce enticing product aromas into (and in the immediate vicinity of) their premises in order to attract customers. However, despite the widespread use of odours in the field of sensory marketing, laboratory research suggests that their effectiveness in modulating people's food behaviours depends on a range of contextual factors. Given the evidence that has been published to date, only under a subset of conditions is there likely to be a measurable effect of the presence of ambient odours on people's food attitudes and choices. This narrative historical review summarizes the various ways in which food odours appear to bias people's food preferences (appetite) and food choices (food consumption and purchase). Emphasis is placed on those experimental studies that have been designed to investigate how the characteristics of the olfactory stimuli (e.g., the congruency between the olfactory cues and the foods, intensity and duration of exposure to odours, and taste properties of odours) modulate the effects of olfactory cues on food behaviour. The review also explores the moderating roles of individual differences, such as dietary restraint, Body Mass Index (BMI), genetic and cultural differences in odour sensitivity and perception. Ultimately, following a review of empirical studies on food-related olfaction, current approaches in scent marketing are discussed and a research agenda is proposed to help encourage further studies on the effective application of scents in promoting healthy foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhang
- Crossmodal Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - Charles Spence
- Crossmodal Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, UK
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25
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van den Brand AJP, Hendriks-Hartensveld AEM, Havermans RC, Nederkoorn C. Child characteristic correlates of food rejection in preschool children: A narrative review. Appetite 2023; 190:107044. [PMID: 37717623 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Dietary habits formed in early childhood are key for establishing a healthy diet later in life. Picky eating and food neophobia - the two main forms of food rejection in young children - form an important barricade to establishing such healthy habits. Understanding these types of food rejection is thus essential for promoting healthy eating behaviour in both children and adults. To this end, the present narrative review aims to provide an overview of food rejection research in preschool-aged children, focusing on recent advances in the cognitive literature. Specifically, we evaluate the link between children's cognitive development, chemosensory perception and affective evaluation of food, food knowledge, decision-making strategies, anxiety and disgust sensitivity, and food rejection behaviour. Longitudinal and experimental studies are necessary to establish how the relationships between food rejection and cognitive processes develop over time and to determine their causal directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk J P van den Brand
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.
| | - Anouk E M Hendriks-Hartensveld
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Remco C Havermans
- Laboratory of Behavioural Gastronomy, Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University Campus, Venlo, the Netherlands; Youth, Food, and Health, Maastricht University Campus, Venlo, the Netherlands
| | - Chantal Nederkoorn
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
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26
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Romano A, Committeri U, Abbate V, Sarcinella M, Maffia F, Barone S, Troise S, Salzano G, Nocini R, Bonavolontà P, Dell’Aversana Orabona G. Is There a Correlation between Endoscopic Sinus Surgery and Improvement in Erectile Dysfunction? J Clin Med 2023; 12:6626. [PMID: 37892764 PMCID: PMC10607428 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12206626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the focus on respiratory disorders has increased, notably on chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), an inflammatory condition of the upper airway that can significantly impact one's quality of life. Interestingly, CRS has emerged as a potential comorbidity in erectile dysfunction (ED). This study aims to assess the impact of endoscopic sinus surgery for CRS on sexual function. MATERIALS AND METHODS The authors conducted a prospective study of patients who visited their clinics for chronic rhinosinusitis between June 2018 and June 2022. The study involved 53 patients aged between 40 and 70 years who were treated for CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP). Preoperative and postoperative assessments were performed using the Nasal Obstruction Symptoms Evaluation Score (NOSE score) and the 5th International Index of Erectile Function Score (IIEF-5 score) to evaluate potential improvements in sexual function following endoscopic sinus surgery. RESULTS Before surgery, the average NOSE score was 72.6, which decreased to 24.9 postoperatively. The average preoperative IIEF-5 score was 16.35, while the postoperative average increased to 19.52. Statistical analysis revealed a significant improvement in erectile function for penetration (p-value = 0.024) and overall satisfaction after intercourse (p-value < 0.001) regarding the degree of nasal obstruction. CONCLUSION This study underscores the potential benefits of treating chronic obstructive upper airway diseases such as sinusitis in improving the sexual outcomes of patients clinically diagnosed with erectile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Romano
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80100 Naples, Italy; (A.R.); (U.C.); (V.A.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (S.T.); (G.S.); (P.B.); (G.D.O.)
| | - Umberto Committeri
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80100 Naples, Italy; (A.R.); (U.C.); (V.A.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (S.T.); (G.S.); (P.B.); (G.D.O.)
| | - Vincenzo Abbate
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80100 Naples, Italy; (A.R.); (U.C.); (V.A.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (S.T.); (G.S.); (P.B.); (G.D.O.)
| | - Marco Sarcinella
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80100 Naples, Italy; (A.R.); (U.C.); (V.A.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (S.T.); (G.S.); (P.B.); (G.D.O.)
| | - Francesco Maffia
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80100 Naples, Italy; (A.R.); (U.C.); (V.A.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (S.T.); (G.S.); (P.B.); (G.D.O.)
| | - Simona Barone
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80100 Naples, Italy; (A.R.); (U.C.); (V.A.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (S.T.); (G.S.); (P.B.); (G.D.O.)
| | - Stefania Troise
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80100 Naples, Italy; (A.R.); (U.C.); (V.A.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (S.T.); (G.S.); (P.B.); (G.D.O.)
| | - Giovanni Salzano
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80100 Naples, Italy; (A.R.); (U.C.); (V.A.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (S.T.); (G.S.); (P.B.); (G.D.O.)
| | - Riccardo Nocini
- Unit of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Department, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Paola Bonavolontà
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80100 Naples, Italy; (A.R.); (U.C.); (V.A.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (S.T.); (G.S.); (P.B.); (G.D.O.)
| | - Giovanni Dell’Aversana Orabona
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80100 Naples, Italy; (A.R.); (U.C.); (V.A.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (S.T.); (G.S.); (P.B.); (G.D.O.)
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Di Cicco F, Evans RL, James AG, Weddell I, Chopra A, Smeets MAM. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting axillary odor variation. A comprehensive review. Physiol Behav 2023; 270:114307. [PMID: 37516230 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Humans produce odorous secretions from multiple body sites according to the microbiomic profile of each area and the types of secretory glands present. Because the axilla is an active, odor-producing region that mediates social communication via the sense of smell, this article focuses on the biological mechanisms underlying the creation of axillary odor, as well as the intrinsic and extrinsic factors likely to impact the odor and determine individual differences. The list of intrinsic factors discussed includes sex, age, ethnicity, emotions, and personality, and extrinsic factors include dietary choices, diseases, climate, and hygienic habits. In addition, we also draw attention to gaps in our understanding of each factor, including, for example, topical areas such as the effect of climate on body odor variation. Fundamental challenges and emerging research opportunities are further outlined in the discussion. Finally, we suggest guidelines and best practices based on the factors reviewed herein for preparatory protocols of sweat collection, data analysis, and interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Cicco
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, Utrecht, CS 3584, the Netherlands.
| | - Richard L Evans
- Unilever Research & Development, Port Sunlight Laboratory, Bebington, UK
| | - A Gordon James
- Unilever Research & Development, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - Iain Weddell
- Unilever Research & Development, Port Sunlight Laboratory, Bebington, UK
| | - Anita Chopra
- Unilever Research & Development, Port Sunlight Laboratory, Bebington, UK
| | - Monique A M Smeets
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, Utrecht, CS 3584, the Netherlands; Unilever Research & Development, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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28
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Dal Bò E, Natali L, Gentili C, Cecchetto C. Low odor awareness predicts reduced olfactory abilities in women with depressive symptoms, but not with anxiety symptoms. J Affect Disord 2023; 338:171-179. [PMID: 37290528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory disorders and affective symptoms are tightly related. However, the factors underlying this association are not yet understood. One candidate factor is "odor awareness": the degree of attention individuals pays to the odors. However, the association between odor awareness and olfactory abilities in individuals with affective symptoms has not been clarified yet. METHOD The present study examined whether odor awareness may moderate (a) the relation between olfactory dysfunctions and depressive and anxiety symptoms; (b) the relation between the perceptual ratings of the odors and depressive and anxiety symptoms in a sample of healthy women (n = 214). Self-report measures of depression and anxiety were collected, whereas the Sniffin' Stick test was employed to measure olfactory abilities. RESULTS Linear regression analysis revealed that individuals with higher depressive symptoms presented lower olfactory abilities and that odor awareness was a significant moderator of the association between depressive symptoms and olfactory abilities. Anxiety symptoms were not related to any of the olfactory abilities considered, and this relationship did not change according to odor awareness. The familiarity rating of the odor was significantly predicted by odor awareness. These results were confirmed by Bayesian statistics. LIMITATIONS The sample was composed only of women. CONCLUSIONS In a healthy population of women, only the presence of depressive symptoms is related to reduced olfactory performance. Odor awareness may be implicated in the development and maintenance of olfactory dysfunction; hence it could be used as a useful target for specific treatments in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Dal Bò
- Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padua, Via Orus 2/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padua, Italy.
| | - Ludovica Natali
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padua, Italy; Centro di Ateneo Servizi Clinici Universitari Psicologici (SCUP), Via Belzoni, 84, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Claudio Gentili
- Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padua, Via Orus 2/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padua, Italy; Centro di Ateneo Servizi Clinici Universitari Psicologici (SCUP), Via Belzoni, 84, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Cinzia Cecchetto
- Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padua, Via Orus 2/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
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Møller P, Köster EP. Why human olfaction should not be modeled on theories and tasks of vision. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1244480. [PMID: 37829060 PMCID: PMC10565516 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1244480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper we analyze some key concepts and problems in olfaction and argue that many concepts borrowed from vision are not helpful in elucidating the functions of human olfaction. This is illustrated with several examples. Olfaction is rarely in the focus of human attention. Olfaction is, compared to vision, a 'hidden sense', but still guides many important behaviors by way of unattended unconscious olfactory perception and implicit memory. Not all olfactory processing, however, is of an unconscious nature. Flavors, and the pleasures gained from them, are most often consciously perceived. These are experiences mostly determined by olfaction, taste, touch and chemesthesis. Our analyses lead us to conclude that olfaction should not be modeled on vision, neither conceptually nor with respect to the problems solved by the two senses. A critical examination of the ecological and physical constraints of olfaction and the other senses should be given priority. Such analyses will further our understanding of which problems are solved by the different senses and how they collaborate to guide us through the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Møller
- Per Møller Consulting, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Egon P. Köster
- Helmholtz Institute, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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30
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Melis M, Tomassini Barbarossa I, Sollai G. The Implications of Taste and Olfaction in Nutrition and Health. Nutrients 2023; 15:3412. [PMID: 37571348 PMCID: PMC10421496 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Taste and olfaction are sensory modalities that act synergistically to orchestrate the behaviors essential for survival, such as interactions with the environment, nutrient-rich food identification, and the avoidance of noxious substances [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | | | - Giorgia Sollai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
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31
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Osmólska E, Stoma M, Starek-Wójcicka A. Juice Quality Evaluation with Multisensor Systems-A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4824. [PMID: 37430738 DOI: 10.3390/s23104824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
E-nose and e-tongue are advanced technologies that allow for the fast and precise analysis of smells and flavours using special sensors. Both technologies are widely used, especially in the food industry, where they are implemented, e.g., for identifying ingredients and product quality, detecting contamination, and assessing their stability and shelf life. Therefore, the aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the application of e-nose and e-tongue in various industries, focusing in particular on the use of these technologies in the fruit and vegetable juice industry. For this purpose, an analysis of research carried out worldwide over the last five years, concerning the possibility of using the considered multisensory systems to test the quality and taste and aroma profiles of juices is included. In addition, the review contains a brief characterization of these innovative devices through information such as their origin, mode of operation, types, advantages and disadvantages, challenges and perspectives, as well as the possibility of their applications in other industries besides the juice industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Osmólska
- Department of Power Engineering and Transportation, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Stoma
- Department of Power Engineering and Transportation, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Starek-Wójcicka
- Department of Biological Bases of Food and Feed Technologies, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
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32
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Liu Y, Yiu CK, Zhao Z, Park W, Shi R, Huang X, Zeng Y, Wang K, Wong TH, Jia S, Zhou J, Gao Z, Zhao L, Yao K, Li J, Sha C, Gao Y, Zhao G, Huang Y, Li D, Guo Q, Li Y, Yu X. Soft, miniaturized, wireless olfactory interface for virtual reality. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2297. [PMID: 37160931 PMCID: PMC10169775 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37678-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in virtual reality (VR) technologies accelerate the creation of a flawless 3D virtual world to provide frontier social platform for human. Equally important to traditional visual, auditory and tactile sensations, olfaction exerts both physiological and psychological influences on humans. Here, we report a concept of skin-interfaced olfactory feedback systems with wirelessly, programmable capabilities based on arrays of flexible and miniaturized odor generators (OGs) for olfactory VR applications. By optimizing the materials selection, design layout, and power management, the OGs exhibit outstanding device performance in various aspects, from response rate, to odor concentration control, to long-term continuous operation, to high mechanical/electrical stability and to low power consumption. Representative demonstrations in 4D movie watching, smell message delivery, medical treatment, human emotion control and VR/AR based online teaching prove the great potential of the soft olfaction interface in various practical applications, including entertainment, education, human machine interfaces and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Chun Ki Yiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Zhao Zhao
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wooyoung Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Xingcan Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Yuyang Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Kuan Wang
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Tsz Hung Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Shengxin Jia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Jingkun Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Zhan Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Kuanming Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Chuanlu Sha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Yuyu Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Guangyao Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Ya Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Dengfeng Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Qinglei Guo
- Center of Nanoelectronics, School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yuhang Li
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Aircraft and Propulsion Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Technology Beihang University, Ningbo, 315100, China.
| | - Xinge Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong.
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong.
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
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Croy I, Bierling A. Smells as Communication Pathways - why Emotions Pass through the Nose. Laryngorhinootologie 2023; 102:S93-S100. [PMID: 37130533 DOI: 10.1055/a-1935-3214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
For many species, the sense of smell is the most important sensory system for interacting with the environment and conspecifics. In contrast, the role of perception and communication of chemosensory information in humans has long been underestimated. The human sense of smell was considered less reliable, so that it was given less importance compared to visual and auditory sensory impressions. For some time now, a growing branch of research has been dealing with the role of the sense of sell in emotion and social communication, which is often only perceived subconsciously. This connection will be examine in more detail in this article. First, he basics regarding the structure and function of our olfactory system will be described for better understanding and classification. Then, with this background knowledge, the significance of olfaction for interpersonal communication and emotions will be discussed. Finally, we conclude that people suffering from olfactory disorders have specific impairments in their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Croy
- Institut für Klinische Psychologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
- Klinik für Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden
| | - Antonie Bierling
- Institut für Klinische Psychologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
- Klinik für Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden
- Institut für Materialwissenschaft und Nanotechnik, Technische Universität Dresden
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D'Aniello B, Pinelli C, Scandurra A, Di Lucrezia A, Aria M, Semin GR. When are puppies receptive to emotion-induced human chemosignals? The cases of fear and happiness. Anim Cogn 2023:10.1007/s10071-023-01771-4. [PMID: 37010698 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-023-01771-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
We report an observational, double-blind, experimental study that examines the effects of human emotional odors on puppies between 3 and 6 months and adult dogs (one year and upwards). Both groups were exposed to control, human fear, and happiness odors in a between subjects' design. The duration of all behaviors directed to the apparatus, the door, the owner, a stranger, and stress behaviors was recorded. A discriminant analysis showed that the fear odor activates consistent behavior patterns for both puppies and adult dogs. However, no behavioral differences between the control and happiness odor conditions were found in the case of puppies. In contrast, adult dogs reveal distinctive patterns for all three odor conditions. We argue that responses to human fear chemosignals systematically influence the behaviors displayed by puppies and adult dogs, which could be genetically prefigured. In contrast, the effects of happiness odors constitute cues that require learning during early socialization processes, which yield consistent patterns only in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio D'Aniello
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Pinelli
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Anna Scandurra
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Di Lucrezia
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Aria
- Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Gün R Semin
- William James Center for Research, ISPA-Instituto Universitario, 1149-041, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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35
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Zakrzewska MZ, Challma S, Lindholm T, Cancino-Montecinos S, Olofsson JK, Liuzza MT. Body odour disgust sensitivity is associated with xenophobia: evidence from nine countries across five continents. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221407. [PMID: 37063982 PMCID: PMC10090875 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Body odour disgust sensitivity (BODS) reflects a behavioural disposition to avoid pathogens, and it may also involve social attitudes. Among participants in the USA, high levels of BODS were associated with stronger xenophobia towards a fictitious refugee group. To test the generalizability of this finding, we analysed data from nine countries across five continents (N = 6836). Using structural equation modelling, we found support for our pre-registered hypotheses: higher BODS levels were associated with more xenophobic attitudes; this relationship was partially explained by perceived dissimilarities of the refugees' norms regarding hygiene and food preparation, and general attitudes toward immigration. Our results support a theoretical notion of how pathogen avoidance is associated with social attitudes: 'traditional norms' often involve behaviours that limit inter-group contact, social mobility and situations that might lead to pathogen exposure. Our results also indicate that the positive relationship between BODS and xenophobia is robust across cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Z. Zakrzewska
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17 177 Solna, Sweden
| | - Sandra Challma
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torun Lindholm
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jonas K. Olofsson
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Tullio Liuzza
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, ‘Magna Graecia’ University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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36
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Ai Y, Yang J, Nie H, Hummel T, Han P. Increased sensitivity to unpleasant odor following acute psychological stress. Horm Behav 2023; 150:105325. [PMID: 36805607 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported increased sensitivity to malodor after acute stress in humans. However, it is unclear whether stress-related "hypersensitivity" to odors depends on odor pleasantness. Forty participants (mean age 19.13 ± 1.14 years, 21 men and 19 women) completed a stress (Trier Social Stress Test, TSST) and a control session in randomized order. Detection threshold to three odors varying in pleasantness (pleasant: β-Citronellol; neutral: 2-Heptanol; unpleasant: 4-Methylpentanoic acid), odor discrimination, odor identification, sensitivity to trigeminal odor, and suprathreshold odor perception were assessed after participants' completion of the stress or the control tasks. Salivary cortisol, subjective stress, and heart rate were assessed throughout the experiment. After TSST, participants showed an increased sensitivity for the unpleasant odor. Moreover, there were correlations between stress-related salivary cortisol and the increased sensitivity for the unpleasant odor (r = 0.32, p = 0.05) and the neutral odor (r = 0.34, p < 0.05). Besides, salivary cortisol response was correlated to the increased odor discrimination performance (Δ stress - control) (r = 0.34, p < 0.05). The post-TSST perceived stress was correlated with decreased odor identification and decreased sensitivity to the unpleasant odor. After stress, participants rated lower pleasantness for β-Citronellol than the control condition. Overall, these results suggest the impact of acute psychological stress on odor sensitivity depends on the odor valence, and that the stress-related cortisol responses may play an important role in this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ai
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haoyu Nie
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Interdisciplinary Centre Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pengfei Han
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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37
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Bontempi C, Corbelin P, Brand G, Jacquot L. Ortho‐ and Retronasal stimulations with specific food odours: Hedonic and familiarity ratings are related to chemosensory pleasure scale (
CPS
) scores. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gérard Brand
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation Université Bourgogne Franche‐Comté, CNRS, Inrae AgroSup Dijon F‐21000 Dijon France
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Novaleski CK, Doty RL, Nolden AA, Wise PM, Mainland JD, Dalton PH. Examining the Influence of Chemosensation on Laryngeal Health and Disorders. J Voice 2023; 37:234-244. [PMID: 33455853 PMCID: PMC8277875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled airborne stimuli are associated with laryngeal disorders affecting respiration. Clinically, several themes emerged from the literature that point to specific gaps in the understanding and management of these disorders. There is wide variation in the types of airborne stimuli that trigger symptoms, lack of standardization in provocation challenge testing using airborne stimuli, and vague reporting of laryngeal symptoms. Scientifically, evidence exists outside the field of voice science that could prove useful to implement among patients with impaired laryngeal-respiration. To expand this area of expertise, here we provide a thematic overview of relevant evidence and methodological tools from the discipline of chemosensory sciences. This review provides distinctions across the three chemosensory systems of olfaction, trigeminal chemesthesis, and gustation, guidance on selecting and delivering common chemosensory stimuli for clinical testing, and methods of quantifying sensory experiences using principles of human psychophysics. Investigating the science of chemosensation reveals that laryngeal responses to inhaled airborne stimuli have explanations involving physiological mechanisms as well as higher cognitive processing. Fortunately, these findings are consistent with current pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions for impaired laryngeal-respiration. Based on the close relationships among inhaled airborne stimuli, respiration, and laryngeal function, we propose that new perspectives from chemosensory sciences offer opportunities to improve patient care and target areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn K Novaleski
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
| | - Richard L Doty
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alissa A Nolden
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Paul M Wise
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joel D Mainland
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Wang B, Zhang J, Wang T, Li W, Lu Q, Sun H, Huang L, Liang X, Liu F, Liu F, Sun P, Lu G. Machine Learning-Assisted Volatile Organic Compound Gas Classification Based on Polarized Mixed-Potential Gas Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:6047-6057. [PMID: 36661846 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The performance of electrochemical gas sensors depends on the reactions at the three-phase boundary. In this work, a mixed-potential gas sensor containing a counter electrode, a reference electrode, and a sensitive electrode was constructed. By applying a bias voltage to the counter electrode, the three-phase boundary can be polarized. The polarization state of the three-phase boundary determined the gas-sensitive performance. Taking 100 ppm ethanol vapor as an example, by regulating the polarization state of the three-phase boundary, the response value of the sensor can be adjusted from -170 to 40 mV, and the sensitivity can be controlled from -126.4 to 42.6 mV/decade. The working temperature of the sensor can be reduced after polarizing the three-phase boundary, lowering the power consumption from 1.14 to 0.625 W. The sensor also showed good stability and short response-recovery time (3 s). Based on this sensor, the Random Forest algorithm reached 99% accuracy in identifying the kind of VOC vapors. This accuracy was made possible by the ability to generate several signals concurrently. The above gas-sensitive performance improvements were due to the polarized three-phase boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Gas Sensors, Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
| | - Jianyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Gas Sensors, Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
| | - Tong Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Gas Sensors, Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
| | - Weijia Li
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Gas Sensors, Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
| | - Qi Lu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Gas Sensors, Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
| | - Huaiyuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Gas Sensors, Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
| | - Lingchu Huang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Gas Sensors, Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
| | - Xishuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Gas Sensors, Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
| | - Fengmin Liu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Gas Sensors, Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
| | - Fangmeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Gas Sensors, Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Gas Sensors, Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
| | - Geyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Gas Sensors, Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
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40
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Nie H, Zhao R, Ai Y, Yang Y, Cao B, Han P. Comparison between human olfactory sensitivity in the fasted and fed states: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Appetite 2023; 181:106395. [PMID: 36450324 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Olfaction is tightly regulated by internal status such as hunger level. The influence of fasted and fed states on olfactory sensitivity in humans has reached mixed results. This study aims to systematically review, integrate and meta-analyze evidence of the impact of fasting on olfactory sensitivity in humans and to explore the impact of potential moderators. METHOD Electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, COCHRANE and Ovid) were searched for studies with human participants investigating the effect of fasting on olfactory sensitivity. Studies were included in the review if they measured odor threshold both at fasted and sated status. The data extraction was determined based on the change in odor threshold from the fasted state to the fed state. Meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effect model to estimate the standardized mean difference transformed olfactory sensitivity change between fasted and fed states with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Thirteen studies (12 articles) were included in the meta-analysis with a total of 550 participants. Olfactory sensitivity was higher in the fasted state compared to the fed state (SMD = -0.251, 95% CI = -0.426, -0.075, Z = -2.804, p = 0.005). Separated analyses for food and non-food odors revealed a significant elevated sensitivity to non-food odors during the fasted state compared to the fed state. The meta-regression analysis revealed that fasting time positively moderate the increased olfactory sensitivity from the fasted to fed states (β = -0.013, 95% CI = -0.023, -0.002, p = 0.016). CONCLUSION Fasting improves human olfactory sensitivity to non-food odors, and this effect increases with longer fasting time. Future research design on olfactory sensitivity should take both the fasted state and fasting period of the participants into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Nie
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Ai
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingkai Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bing Cao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengfei Han
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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Velluzzi F, Deledda A, Lombardo M, Fosci M, Crnjar R, Grossi E, Sollai G. Application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to Elucidate the Connections among Smell, Obesity with Related Metabolic Alterations, and Eating Habit in Patients with Weight Excess. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020206. [PMID: 36837824 PMCID: PMC9959568 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a severe health problem linked to an increased risk of comorbidity and mortality and its etiopathogenesis includes genetic, epigenetic, microbiota composition, and environmental factors, such as dietary habits. The olfactory system plays an important role in controlling food intake and meal size, influencing body weight and energy balance. This study aims to identify the connection between olfactory function and clinical and nutritional aspects related to weight excess in a group of 68 patients with overweight or obesity. All participants underwent the evaluation of olfactory function, anthropometric data (weight, height, BMI, waist circumference), clinical data (hypertension, disglycemia, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome), and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (Mediterranean Diet Score). A fourth-generation artificial neural network data mining approach was used to uncover trends and subtle associations between variables. Olfactory tests showed that 65% of patients presented hyposmia. A negative correlation was found between olfactory scores and systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and triglycerides levels, but a positive correlation was found between olfactory scores and the Mediterranean diet score. The methodology of artificial neural networks and the semantic connectivity map "Auto-Contractive Map" highlighted the underlying scheme of the connections between the variables considered. In particular, hyposmia was linked to obesity and related metabolic alterations and the male sex. The female sex was connected with normosmia, higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and normal values of blood pressure, lipids, and glucose levels. These results highlight an inverse correlation between olfactory skills and BMI and show that a normosmic condition, probably because of greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet, seems to protect not only from an excessive increase in body weight but also from associated pathological conditions such as hypertension and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Velluzzi
- Obesity Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University Hospital of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Deledda
- Obesity Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University Hospital of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mauro Lombardo
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Fosci
- Obesity Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University Hospital of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberto Crnjar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Enzo Grossi
- Autism Research Unit, Villa Santa Maria Foundation, 22038 Tavernerio, Italy
| | - Giorgia Sollai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-070-6754160
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Chen Z, Gu J, Lin S, Xu Z, Xu H, Zhao J, Feng P, Tao Y, Chen S, Wang P. Saffron essential oil ameliorates CUMS-induced depression-like behavior in mice via the MAPK-CREB1-BDNF signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 300:115719. [PMID: 36126781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Saffron, the dried stigma of Crocus sativus L., has a long history of use in the treatment of depression in traditional Chinese medicine and Islamic medicine. The unique aroma of saffron, primarily derived from its volatile oil, has been widely used by folk to mitigate anxiety and depression via sniffing because the aroma of saffron has a pleasant and invigorating effect. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the antidepressant effect and the underlying mechanism of saffron essential oil (SEO) in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, compounds of SEO were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, while network pharmacology was used to predict potential active compounds, antidepressant targets, and related signaling pathways of SEO. The CUMS depression model was further used to explore the therapeutic effect and possible mechanism of SEO. During the modeling period, mice were regularly administered fluoxetine (3.6 mg/kg, i.g.) or diluted SEO (2%, 4%, and 6% SEO, inhalation). The antidepressant and neuroprotective effects of SEO were evaluated by behavior tests (the open field test, the sucrose preference test, the tail suspension test, and the forced swimming test), hematoxylin-eosin staining, and Nissl staining. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were used to measure dopamine (DA), 5-serotonin (5-HT), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in serum. The relative abundance of Raf1, MEK1, P-ERK1/2/ERK1/2, P-CREB1/CREB1, BDNF, and P-Trk B/Trk B in the hippocampus was determined using western blot (WB). RESULTS According to the network pharmacology analysis, seven active SEO compounds mediated 113 targets related to depression treatment, most of which were enriched in the 5-HT synapse, calcium signaling pathway, and cAMP signaling pathway. In vivo experiments indicated that fluoxetine and SEO improved depression-like behaviors in depressed mice. The levels of 5-HT, DA, BDNF, and GABA in serum increased significantly. Histopathological examinations revealed that fluoxetine and SEO ameliorated neuronal damage in the hippocampus. WB analysis showed that the relative expressions of Raf1, MEK1, P-ERK1/2/ERK1/2, P-CREB1/CREB1, BDNF, and P-Trk B/Trk B were significantly higher in the fluoxetine and SEO groups than in the CUMS group. CONCLUSION Overall, these findings suggest that SEO significantly alleviates the depressive symptoms in CUMS exposed mice and partially restores hippocampal neuronal damage. Meanwhile, the best efficacy was observed in 4% SEO. Furthermore, the antidepressant mechanism of SEO is primarily dependent on the regulation of the MAPK-CREB1-BDNF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinping Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Susu Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China; The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, 314001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zijin Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China; College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Medical College, Shangrao, Jiangxi, 334000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongyu Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiajing Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peishi Feng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Tao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Suhong Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
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Huang HH, Ma KSK, Wu MY, Hung YM, Tsao CH, Wei JCC, Wen WS, Wang YH, Hung SY, Chao MM. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea are at great risk of flavor disorders: a 15-year population-based cohort study. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:183-192. [PMID: 36129542 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04707-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) results from upper airway remodeling, which has been suggested to alter sensory and motor neuron function due to hypoxia or snore vibration. This study investigated whether OSA was associated with the risk of flavor disorder (FD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven thousand and eight hundred sixty-five patients with OSA and 7865 propensity score-matched controls without OSA were enrolled between 1999 and 2013 through a nationwide cohort study. The propensity score matching was based on age, sex, comorbidities including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, ankylosing spondylitis, and Charlson comorbidity index, and co-medications during the study period, including statins and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of incident FD following OSA was derived using a Cox proportional hazard model. A log-rank test was used to evaluate the time-dependent effect of OSA on FD. Age, sex, comorbidities, and co-medications were stratified to identify subgroups susceptible to OSA-associated FD. RESULTS Patients with OSA were at a significantly great risk of FD (aHR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.08-3.38), which was time-dependent (log-rank test p = 0.013). Likewise, patients with hyperlipidemia were at a significant great risk of FD (aHR = 2.99, 95% CI = 1.33-6.69). Subgroup analysis revealed that female patients with OSA were at higher risks of FD (aHR = 2.39, 95%CI = 1.05-5.47). CONCLUSIONS Patients with OSA were at significantly great risk of incident FD during the 15-year follow-up period, especially in female patients with OSA. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Timely interventions for OSA may prevent OSA-associated FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hsin Huang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kevin Sheng-Kai Ma
- Center for Global Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, College of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-You Wu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Min Hung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Han Tsao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. .,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - James Cheng-Chung Wei
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Sheng Wen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsun Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Goldman AW. Olfaction in (Social) Context: The Role of Social Complexity in Trajectories of Older Adults' Olfactory Abilities. J Aging Health 2023; 35:108-124. [PMID: 35739641 DOI: 10.1177/08982643221108020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Olfaction is an important correlate of later-life health, including cognition and mortality risk. Environmental enrichment protects against olfactory decline, yet little research considers the social context as a source of sensory enrichment or stimulation. This study examines how exposure to social complexity (i.e., diversity or novelty in social networks and activities) shapes later-life olfaction. Methods: Cross-sectional and longitudinal ordered logit models analyze data from 1,447 older adults interviewed at Rounds 1 and 2 of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project. Results: Exposure to greater social complexity (larger social networks, greater network diversity) is associated with significantly better olfaction at baseline. Increases in network diversity and fewer network losses significantly protect against olfactory decline over time. Discussion: Findings highlight the social context as an important, yet relatively overlooked source of sensory enrichment, and underscore the need for biological applications to integrate social life dynamics into studies of health trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa W Goldman
- Department of Sociology, 6019Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
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Altundag A. Parosmia and Phantosmia: Managing Quality Disorders. CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 11:19-26. [PMID: 36721659 PMCID: PMC9880375 DOI: 10.1007/s40136-023-00441-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review The purpose of this review was to summarize the current knowledge on parosmia and phantosmia and introduce support and treatment algorithms for the two qualitative olfactory disorders. Recent Findings Recent literature regarding parosmia has revealed that patients with the disorder are mainly triggered by certain substances, including thiols and pyrazines. In 2015, the existing "olfactory training" regimen was improved to more effectively treat post-infectious olfactory loss and was named "modified olfactory training" (MOT). It was also found in 2022 that MOT is also effective against COVID-19-induced parosmia. Summary Parosmia, the distortion of smells, is a symptom in qualitative olfactory disorders that severely affects patients' mental well-being and enjoyment of their everyday lives. The condition was first documented in 1895 and can affect up to 5% of the general population. Etiologies of parosmia include sinonasal diseases, viruses, surgeries, traumatic brain injury, neurological and psychiatric conditions, toxic chemicals, and medications. Parosmia has seen a surge in cases since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and is linked to changes in brain structure following an infection. The evaluation of the symptom is done using surveys, smell identification tests, fMRI, MRI, PET/CT, and gas chromatography. Treatment for parosmia can vary in duration, which makes it essential to focus not only on helping the patients regain normosmia, but also on supporting the patient through the recovery journey. Parosmia should not be confused with phantosmia, in which the distortion of smells occurs in the absence of olfactory stimuli. The etiology of phantosmia can vary from infections and traumatic brain injury to psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia. Unlike parosmia, the treatment of phantosmia is less straightforward, with an emphasis on determining the etiology and providing symptomatic relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aytug Altundag
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Biruni University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Winter AL, Henecke S, Lundström JN, Thunell E. Impairment of quality of life due to COVID-19-induced long-term olfactory dysfunction. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1165911. [PMID: 37151341 PMCID: PMC10157159 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1165911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Olfactory dysfunction is one of many long-lasting symptoms associated with COVID-19, estimated to affect approximately 60% of individuals and often lasting several months after infection. The associated daily life problems can cause a decreased quality of life. Methods Here, we assessed the association between perceived quality of life and both qualitative and quantitative olfactory function (distorted and weakened sense of smell, respectively) in 58 individuals who had undergone confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and who complained about olfactory dysfunction. Results Participants with large quantitative olfactory dysfunction experienced a greater reduction in their quality of life. Moreover, our participants had a high prevalence of qualitative olfactory dysfunction (81%) with a significant correlation between qualitative olfactory dysfunction and daily life impairment. Strong drivers of low quality of life assessments were lack of enjoyment of food as well as worries related to coping with long-term dysfunctions. Discussion These results stress the clinical importance of assessing qualitative olfactory dysfunction and the need to develop relevant interventions. Given the poor self-rated quality of life observed, healthcare systems should consider developing support structures, dietary advice, and guidelines adapted to individuals experiencing qualitative olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja L. Winter
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Anja L. Winter,
| | - Sofie Henecke
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan N. Lundström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Stockholm University Brain Imaging Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evelina Thunell
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Tsuzuki S. A point of view on human fat olfaction - do fatty derivatives serve as cues for awareness of dietary fats? Biomed Res 2023; 44:127-146. [PMID: 37544735 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.44.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Fat (triglycerides) consumption is critical for the survival of animals, including humans. Being able to smell fat can be advantageous in judging food value. However, fat has poor volatility; thus, olfaction of fat seems impossible. What about fatty acids that comprise fat? Humans smell and discriminate medium-chain fatty acids. However, no conclusive evidence has been provided for the olfactory sense of long-chain fatty acids, including essential acids such as linoleic acid (LA). Instead, humans likely perceive the presence of essential fatty acids through the olfaction of volatile compounds generated by their oxidative breakdown (e.g., hexanal and γ-decalactone). For some people, such scents are pleasing, especially when they come from fruit. Nonetheless, it remains unclear whether the olfaction of these volatiles leads to the recognition of fat per se. Nowadays, people often smell LA-borne aldehydes such as E,E-2,4-decadienal that occur appreciably, for example, from edible oils during deep frying, and are pronely captivated by their characteristic "fatty" note, which can be considered a "pseudo-perception" of fat. However, our preference for such LA-borne aldehyde odors may be a potential cause behind the modern overdose of n-6 fatty acids. This review aims to provide a view of whether and, if any, how we olfactorily perceive dietary fats and raises future purposes related to human fat olfaction, such as investigating sub-olfactory systems for detecting long-chain fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tsuzuki
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
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Zakrzewska M, Liuzza MT, Olofsson JK. Body odor disgust sensitivity (BODS) is related to extreme odor valence perception. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284397. [PMID: 37083734 PMCID: PMC10120931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Odors are important disease cues, and disgust sensitivity to body odors reflects individual differences in disease avoidance. The body odor disgust sensitivity (BODS) scale provides a rapid and valid assessment of individual differences. Nevertheless, little is known about how individual differences in BODS might correlate with overall odor perception or how it is related to other differences in emotional reactivity (e.g., affect intensity). We investigated how BODS relates to perceptual ratings of pleasant and unpleasant odors. We aggregated data from 4 experiments (total N = 190) that were conducted in our laboratory, and where valence and intensity ratings were collected. Unpleasant odors were body-like (e.g., sweat-like valeric acid), which may provide disease cues. The pleasant odors were, in contrast, often found in soap and cleaning products (e.g., lilac, lemon). Across experiments, we show that individuals with higher BODS levels perceived smells as more highly valenced overall: unpleasant smells were rated as more unpleasant, and pleasant smells were rated as more pleasant. These results suggest that body odor disgust sensitivity is associated with a broader pattern of affect intensity which causes stronger emotional responses to both negative and positive odors. In contrast, BODS levels were not associated with odor intensity perception. Furthermore, disgust sensitivity to odors coming from external sources (e.g., someone else's sweat) was the best predictor of odor valence ratings. The effects were modest in size. The results validate the BODS scale as it is explicitly associated with experimental ratings of odor valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zakrzewska
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Marco Tullio Liuzza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Jonas K Olofsson
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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de Groot JHB, Haertl T, Loos HM, Bachmann C, Kontouli A, Smeets MAM. Unraveling the universality of chemical fear communication: evidence from behavioral, genetic, and chemical analyses. Chem Senses 2023; 48:bjad046. [PMID: 37944028 PMCID: PMC10718800 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Abundant evidence indicates that humans can communicate threat-related information to conspecifics through their body odors. However, prior research has been primarily conducted on Western (WEIRD) samples. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether threat-related information can be transmitted by individuals of East Asian descent who carry a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 538G → A in the ABCC11 gene, which significantly reduces (noticeable) body odor. To examine this, we recruited 18 self-identified male East Asian AA-homozygotes and 18 self-identified male Western individuals who were carriers of the functional G-allele. We collected samples of their fear-related and neutral body odors. Subsequently, we conducted a double-blind behavioral experiment in which we presented these samples to 69 self-identified female participants of Western Caucasian and East Asian backgrounds. The participants were asked to rate faces that were morphed between expressions of fear and disgust. Notably, despite the "odorless" phenotypical expression of the ABCC11-mutation in East Asians, their fear odor caused a perceptual fear bias in both East Asian and Caucasian receivers. This finding leaves open the possibility of universal fear chemosignaling. Additionally, we conducted exploratory chemical analysis to gain initial insights into the chemical composition of the body odors presented. In a subsequent pre-registered behavioral study (N = 33), we found that exposure to hexadecanoic acid, an abundant compound in the fear and neutral body odor samples, was sufficient to reproduce the observed behavioral effects. While exploratory, these findings provide insight into how specific chemical components can drive chemical fear communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper H B de Groot
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525 XZ, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias Haertl
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Helene M Loos
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Christin Bachmann
- Department of Social, Health, & Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CS, the Netherlands
| | - Athanasia Kontouli
- Department of Social, Health, & Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CS, the Netherlands
| | - Monique A M Smeets
- Department of Social, Health, & Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CS, the Netherlands
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Perszyk EE, Davis XS, Small DM. Olfactory decoding is positively associated with ad libitum food intake in sated humans. Appetite 2023; 180:106351. [PMID: 36270421 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The role of olfaction in eating behavior and body weight regulation is controversial. Here we reanalyzed data from a previous functional magnetic resonance imaging study to test whether central olfactory coding is associated with hunger/satiety state, food intake, and change in body weight over one year in healthy human adults. Since odor quality and category are coded across distributed neural patterns that are not discernible with traditional univariate analyses, we used multi-voxel pattern analyses to decode patterns of brain activation to food versus nonfood odors. We found that decoding accuracies in the piriform cortex and amygdala were greater in the sated compared to hungry state. Sated decoding accuracies in these and other regions were also associated with post-scan ad libitum food intake, but not with weight change. These findings demonstrate that the fidelity of olfactory decoding is influenced by meal consumption and is associated with immediate food intake, but not longer-term body weight regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Perszyk
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Xue S Davis
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Dana M Small
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Yale University, Department of Psychology, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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