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Zhou S, Zeng Z, Chen M, Zou L, Shao S. Incidence and influencing factors of olfactory dysfunction in patients 1 week after endoscopic transsphenoidal resection of pituitary tumor: a cross-sectional study of 158 patients. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1402626. [PMID: 39087015 PMCID: PMC11289771 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1402626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the current situation of olfactory dysfunction in patients after endoscopic transsphenoidal resection of pituitary tumors, and analyze its influencing factors, to provide references for clinical nursing and rehabilitation. Methods A cross-sectional study design and convenience sampling method were used to investigate 158 patients with pituitary tumors treated by endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary tumor resection in the Department of Neurosurgery of three Grade-A general hospitals in Sichuan Province from January 2022 and June 2023. The olfactory function of patients was evaluated 1 week after surgery, and the general clinical data and olfactory related data of patients were collected, and the influencing factors of olfactory disorder were analyzed by logistic regression. Results The incidence of olfactory dysfunction was 73.42%. analysis revealed that the formation of blood scabs, nasal cavity adhesion, cerebrospinal fluid leakage and operation time were independent risk factors for olfactory dysfunction in patients after transsphenoidal pituitary tumor resection (p < 0.05). Conclusion The incidence of olfactory dysfunction is high in patients after endoscopic transsphenoidal resection of pituitary tumors, suggesting that medical staff should pay close attention to and identify patients with olfactory dysfunction based on the guidance of disease knowledge and skills, develop targeted nursing interventions, and promote the improvement of patients' olfactory function and quality of life.
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Frasnelli J, Tognetti A, Winter AL, Thunell E, Olsson MJ, Greilert N, Olofsson JK, Havervall S, Thålin C, Lundström JN. High prevalence of long-term olfactory disorders in healthcare workers after COVID-19: A case-control study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306290. [PMID: 38950019 PMCID: PMC11216562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than a year after recovering from COVID-19, a large proportion of individuals, many of whom work in the healthcare sector, still report olfactory dysfunctions. However, olfactory dysfunction was common already before the COVID-19 pandemic, making it necessary to also consider the existing baseline prevalence of olfactory dysfunction. To establish the adjusted prevalence of COVID-19 related olfactory dysfunction, we assessed smell function in healthcare workers who had contracted COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic using psychophysical testing. METHODS Participants were continuously tested for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies since the beginning of the pandemic. To assess the baseline rate of olfactory dysfunction in the population and to control for the possibility of skewed recruitment of individuals with prior olfactory dysfunction, consistent SARS-CoV-2 IgG naïve individuals were tested as a control group. RESULTS Fifteen months after contracting COVID-19, 37% of healthcare workers demonstrated a quantitative reduction in their sense of smell, compared to only 20% of the individuals in the control group. Fifty-one percent of COVID-19-recovered individuals reported qualitative symptoms, compared to only 5% in the control group. In a follow-up study 2.6 years after COVID-19 diagnosis, 24% of all tested recovered individuals still experienced parosmia. CONCLUSIONS In summary, 65% of healthcare workers experienced parosmia/hyposmia 15 months after contracting COVID-19. When compared to a control group, the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in the population increased by 41 percentage points. Parosmia symptoms were still lingering two-and-a half years later in 24% of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. Given the amount of time between infection and testing, it is possible that the olfactory problems may not be fully reversible in a plurality of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Frasnelli
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivieres, QC, Canada
| | - Arnaud Tognetti
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- CEE-M, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anja L. Winter
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evelina Thunell
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats J. Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nina Greilert
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sebastian Havervall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Thålin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan N. Lundström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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Sabiniewicz A, Pieniak M, Hummel T. Pregnant women exhibit decreased trigeminal sensitivity. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3597. [PMID: 38956811 PMCID: PMC11219288 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemosensory function in pregnant women is far from being fully understood due to the lack of data and inconsistencies between the results of self-reports and objective studies. METHODS In the present study in pregnant and non-pregnant women (npregnant = 14, nnon-pregnant = 13), we measured EEG-derived electrophysiological response measures supported by psychophysical olfactory and trigeminal tests. RESULTS Results indicate that the olfactory event-related potential amplitudes or latencies of the P1, N1, and P2 components remain unchanged in pregnant women. In accordance with these findings, no difference was observed between pregnant and non-pregnant women in psychophysical olfactory tests. However, pregnant women displayed a lower degree of sensitivity to trigeminal stimuli compared to non-pregnant controls, which was also reflected in the electrophysiological responses to trigeminal stimuli. CONCLUSION Counterintuitive as they may seem, our findings demonstrate a "flattening" of chemosomatosensory responses. Psychological processes occurring during pregnancy, such as changes in socioemotional perception of odors resulting from the diminished stress response, may provide a background to these results. Overall, the present results indicate the absence of major differences between non-pregnant and pregnant women in terms of measured olfactory function though chemosomatosensory function of the pregnant women appears to be decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sabiniewicz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell & Taste ClinicTU DresdenDresdenGermany
- Department of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences, Institute of PsychologyUniversity of WroclawWroclawPoland
| | - Michał Pieniak
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell & Taste ClinicTU DresdenDresdenGermany
- Department of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences, Institute of PsychologyUniversity of WroclawWroclawPoland
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell & Taste ClinicTU DresdenDresdenGermany
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Gunder N, Hummel T. Parosmia in patients with post-infectious olfactory dysfunction in the era of COVID-19-associated olfactory impairment. HNO 2024:10.1007/s00106-024-01470-7. [PMID: 38935276 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-024-01470-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A large number of patients with olfactory impairment are affected by parosmia or phantosmia. This study aimed to examine the demographic and clinical characteristics of parosmia. METHODS We performed a retrospective data analysis of patients consulting at our Smell and Taste Outpatient Clinic. A total of 297 patients were included (203 women, mean age 44.4 ± 13.7 years). Olfactory function was quantified using the "Sniffin' Sticks" composite TDI (odor threshold, determination, and identification) score. The presence of qualitative olfactory impairment was assessed trough medical history and a parosmia questionnaire. RESULTS Most of the patients showed olfactory impairment after an infection with SARS-CoV‑2 (84%) and were diagnosed with parosmia (49%). Patients with parosmia (PAR) (n = 201) were significantly younger compared to the group without parosmia (noPAR; n = 92) (PAR 43.2 ± 13 years vs. noPAR 47 ± 15.1 years, p = 0.03) and had a slightly shorter duration of disease, without reaching statistical significance (PAR 10.3 ± 4.9 months, noPAR 13.6 ± 37.6 months, p = 0.23). They also had higher TDI scores (PAR 24.3 ± 7 points, noPAR 21.4 ± 8.2 points, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Patients affected by parosmia were younger and had a better olfactory function compared to patients without parosmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Gunder
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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Cameron EL, Follett SR, Rajcevich Schwer AS. How well can young adults and children discriminate between odors? PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024:10.1007/s00426-024-01981-6. [PMID: 38896309 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-024-01981-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
It is widely believed that people can distinguish between many odors although there is limited empirical evidence. Odor discrimination tasks are employed much less often than other measures of olfaction, but, interestingly, performance is typically ~ 75% correct. This less-than-perfect performance is rarely highlighted, although it suggests that people may not be as good at discriminating odors as is commonly believed. Odor discrimination is understudied in children, and although available evidence suggests that it improves with age, children perform better when the task is simpler. In the present study, we explored odor discrimination in children and young adults with a relatively simple same-different task using common and uncommon odors. We found that children perform as well as young adults, but that overall performance was less than perfect and depended on the odors to be discriminated. We found evidence that ability to discriminate between odors improves as the difference in pleasantness of the odors increases. In a second experiment, we tested this directly by exploring whether odors that differ in pleasantness and edibility, two dimensions that appear to be important in olfactory perception, are easier to discriminate than odors that are the same on those dimensions. We found further evidence that odors that differ in pleasantness are easier to discriminate.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Leslie Cameron
- Department of Psychological Science, Carthage College, 2001 Alford Park Drive, Kenosha, WI, 53140, USA.
| | - Sierra R Follett
- Department of Psychological Science, Carthage College, 2001 Alford Park Drive, Kenosha, WI, 53140, USA
| | - Autumn S Rajcevich Schwer
- Department of Psychological Science, Carthage College, 2001 Alford Park Drive, Kenosha, WI, 53140, USA
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Lötsch J, Brosig O, Slobodova J, Kringel D, Haehner A, Hummel T. Diagnosed and subjectively perceived long-term effects of COVID-19 infection on olfactory function assessed by supervised machine learning. Chem Senses 2024; 49:bjad051. [PMID: 38213039 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Loss of olfactory function is a typical acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptom, at least in early variants of SARS-CoV2. The time that has elapsed since the emergence of COVID-19 now allows for assessing the long-term prognosis of its olfactory impact. Participants (n = 722) of whom n = 464 reported having had COVID-19 dating back with a mode of 174 days were approached in a museum as a relatively unbiased environment. Olfactory function was diagnosed by assessing odor threshold and odor identification performance. Subjects also rated their actual olfactory function on an 11-point numerical scale [0,…10]. Neither the frequency of olfactory diagnostic categories nor olfactory test scores showed any COVID-19-related effects. Olfactory diagnostic categories (anosmia, hyposmia, or normosmia) were similarly distributed among former patients and controls (0.86%, 18.97%, and 80.17% for former patients and 1.17%, 17.51%, and 81.32% for controls). Former COVID-19 patients, however, showed differences in their subjective perception of their own olfactory function. The impact of this effect was substantial enough that supervised machine learning algorithms detected past COVID-19 infections in new subjects, based on reduced self-awareness of olfactory performance and parosmia, while the diagnosed olfactory function did not contribute any relevant information in this context. Based on diagnosed olfactory function, results suggest a positive prognosis for COVID-19-related olfactory loss in the long term. Traces of former infection are found in self-perceptions of olfaction, highlighting the importance of investigating the long-term effects of COVID-19 using reliable and validated diagnostic measures in olfactory testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Lötsch
- Goethe-University, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Oskar Brosig
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jana Slobodova
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pardubice, Faculty of Health Studies, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Dario Kringel
- Goethe-University, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Antje Haehner
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Shih MC, Edwards TS, Snyder J, Germroth M, Nguyen SA, Schlosser RJ. Impact of Nasal Cavity CT Opacification Upon Sinonasal Quality of Life. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2023; 132:1590-1599. [PMID: 37246346 DOI: 10.1177/00034894231176329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current methods of quantifying inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) on computed tomography (CT) imaging focus on opacification of the paranasal sinuses and show limited correlation with patient-reported outcome measures. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine if quantifying CT opacification of the nasal cavity correlated with Sino-Nasal Outcomes Test scores (SNOT-22). METHODS Thirty patients with CRS were enrolled. Lund-Mackay and SNOT-22 scores were measured. Nasal cavity regions of interest (ROIs) were measured by 2 independent raters using ImageJ at 3 points on coronal CT scans: anteriorly at the lacrimal duct, at the approximate midpoint demarcated by the posterior aspect of the globe, and posteriorly at the transition from the hard to soft palate. Superior and inferior regions were defined based upon the root of the inferior turbinate. Percent opacification was calculated for each ROI. Analyses were conducted bilaterally and for the side with greater opacification (worse side). RESULTS Interrater reliability was strong for all ROIs. Lund-Mackay scores correlated with nasal blockage only (r = .495, P = .01) and did not correlate with nasal cavity ROI opacification. Inferior nasal cavity opacification for worse-sided anterior ROI and middle ROI correlated with SNOT-22 scores for nasal blockage (anterior r = .41, P = .03) (middle r = .42, P = .023) and runny nose (anterior r = .44, P = .02) (middle r = .38, P = .04). Posterior ROIs did not correlate with SNOT-22. CONCLUSIONS Traditional CT scoring of sinus opacification does not correlate well with nasal cavity opacification or SNOT-22. Inferior nasal cavity inflammation provides unique correlations with SNOT-22 nasal questions and may guide targeted interventions in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Shih
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Thomas S Edwards
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jacob Snyder
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Matthew Germroth
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Shaun A Nguyen
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rodney J Schlosser
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Hintschich CA, Wege-Lüssen A, Göktas Ö, Stuck BA, Müller CA, Hummel T. [Persistent olfactory impairment after COVID-19-recommendations of the Working Group on Olfactology and Gustology of the German Society of Oto-rhino-laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery]. HNO 2023; 71:739-743. [PMID: 37801102 PMCID: PMC10589143 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-023-01368-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
This article does not intend to comprehensively review the existing literature on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated smell disorders, but aims to summarize scientific evidence for otorhinolaryngological practice and provide recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of persistent smell disorders following COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin A Hintschich
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Deutschland.
| | | | | | - Boris A Stuck
- Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Deutschland
| | - Christian A Müller
- Universitätsklinik für Hals‑, Nasen- und Ohrenkrankheiten, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Riechen und Schmecken, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Deutschland
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Oda T, Iwamoto H, Takeno S, Kawasumi T, Takemoto K, Nishida M, Chikuie N, Horibe Y, Yamaguchi K, Sakamoto S, Higaki N, Taruya T, Horimasu Y, Masuda T, Hamamoto T, Nakashima T, Ishino T, Ueda T, Fujitaka K, Hamada H, Hattori N. Exhaled Nitric Oxide and Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients with Asthma: Association with Chronic Rhinosinusitis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1776. [PMID: 37893494 PMCID: PMC10608782 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59101776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Olfactory dysfunction is a clinical sign that is important to detect with coexistent upper airway comorbidities in patients with asthma. This study aimed to investigate the etiology of olfactory dysfunction in patients with asthma and the relationship between fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels. Materials and Methods: This study included 47 asthma patients who were evaluated for olfactory dysfunction at Hiroshima University Hospital between 2012 and 2020. The etiologies of olfactory dysfunction were evaluated, and they were classified according to the FeNO levels of patients with asthma. Results: Olfactory dysfunction was observed in 30 patients with asthma, with chronic rhinosinusitis (77%) being the most prevalent etiology. Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) was the most prevalent etiology of olfactory dysfunction in asthma patients with high FeNO levels (≥25 ppb), while non-eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (NCRS) was the most prevalent etiology in asthma patients with low FeNO levels (<25 ppb). Additionally, the prevalence of ECRS was significantly higher in asthma patients with olfactory dysfunction and high FeNO levels (74%) than in those with either high FeNO levels or olfactory dysfunction and those with low FeNO levels and no olfactory dysfunction (12% and 9%, respectively). Conclusions: We found that ECRS was the predominant cause of olfactory dysfunction in patients with high FeNO levels, while NCRS was more common in those with low FeNO levels. The present study showed that both ECRS and NCRS are common etiologies of olfactory dysfunction in patients with asthma. Additionally, this study supports the link between upper and lower airway inflammation in patients with asthma complicated with olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Oda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (T.O.); (T.K.); (K.T.); (M.N.); (N.C.); (Y.H.); (T.T.); (T.H.); (T.I.); (T.U.)
| | - Hiroshi Iwamoto
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (H.I.); (K.Y.); (S.S.); (N.H.); (Y.H.); (T.M.); (T.N.); (K.F.); (N.H.)
| | - Sachio Takeno
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (T.O.); (T.K.); (K.T.); (M.N.); (N.C.); (Y.H.); (T.T.); (T.H.); (T.I.); (T.U.)
| | - Tomohiro Kawasumi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (T.O.); (T.K.); (K.T.); (M.N.); (N.C.); (Y.H.); (T.T.); (T.H.); (T.I.); (T.U.)
| | - Kota Takemoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (T.O.); (T.K.); (K.T.); (M.N.); (N.C.); (Y.H.); (T.T.); (T.H.); (T.I.); (T.U.)
| | - Manabu Nishida
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (T.O.); (T.K.); (K.T.); (M.N.); (N.C.); (Y.H.); (T.T.); (T.H.); (T.I.); (T.U.)
| | - Nobuyuki Chikuie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (T.O.); (T.K.); (K.T.); (M.N.); (N.C.); (Y.H.); (T.T.); (T.H.); (T.I.); (T.U.)
| | - Yuichiro Horibe
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (T.O.); (T.K.); (K.T.); (M.N.); (N.C.); (Y.H.); (T.T.); (T.H.); (T.I.); (T.U.)
| | - Kakuhiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (H.I.); (K.Y.); (S.S.); (N.H.); (Y.H.); (T.M.); (T.N.); (K.F.); (N.H.)
| | - Shinjiro Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (H.I.); (K.Y.); (S.S.); (N.H.); (Y.H.); (T.M.); (T.N.); (K.F.); (N.H.)
| | - Naoko Higaki
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (H.I.); (K.Y.); (S.S.); (N.H.); (Y.H.); (T.M.); (T.N.); (K.F.); (N.H.)
| | - Takayuki Taruya
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (T.O.); (T.K.); (K.T.); (M.N.); (N.C.); (Y.H.); (T.T.); (T.H.); (T.I.); (T.U.)
| | - Yasushi Horimasu
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (H.I.); (K.Y.); (S.S.); (N.H.); (Y.H.); (T.M.); (T.N.); (K.F.); (N.H.)
| | - Takeshi Masuda
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (H.I.); (K.Y.); (S.S.); (N.H.); (Y.H.); (T.M.); (T.N.); (K.F.); (N.H.)
| | - Takao Hamamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (T.O.); (T.K.); (K.T.); (M.N.); (N.C.); (Y.H.); (T.T.); (T.H.); (T.I.); (T.U.)
| | - Taku Nakashima
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (H.I.); (K.Y.); (S.S.); (N.H.); (Y.H.); (T.M.); (T.N.); (K.F.); (N.H.)
| | - Takashi Ishino
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (T.O.); (T.K.); (K.T.); (M.N.); (N.C.); (Y.H.); (T.T.); (T.H.); (T.I.); (T.U.)
| | - Tsutomu Ueda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (T.O.); (T.K.); (K.T.); (M.N.); (N.C.); (Y.H.); (T.T.); (T.H.); (T.I.); (T.U.)
| | - Kazunori Fujitaka
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (H.I.); (K.Y.); (S.S.); (N.H.); (Y.H.); (T.M.); (T.N.); (K.F.); (N.H.)
| | - Hironobu Hamada
- Department of Physical Analysis and Therapeutic Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan;
| | - Noboru Hattori
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (H.I.); (K.Y.); (S.S.); (N.H.); (Y.H.); (T.M.); (T.N.); (K.F.); (N.H.)
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10
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Hummel T, T. Liu D, A. Müller C, A. Stuck B, Welge-Lüssen A, Hähner A. Olfactory Dysfunction: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 120:146-154. [PMID: 36647581 PMCID: PMC10198165 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disorders of the sense of smell have received greater attention because of the frequency with which they occur as a symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Olfactory dysfunction can lead to profound reduction in quality of life and may arise from many different causes. METHODS A selective literature review was conducted with consideration of the current version of the guideline issued by the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany. RESULTS The cornerstones of diagnosis are the relevant medical history and psychophysical testing of olfactory function using standardized validated tests. Modern treatment strategies are oriented on the cause of the dysfunction. While treatment of the underlying inflammation takes precedence in patients with sinunasal dysosmia, olfactory training is the primary treatment option for other forms of the disorder. The prognosis is determined not only by the cause of the olfactory dysfunction and the patient's age, but also by the olfactory performance as measured at the time of diagnosis. CONCLUSION Options for the treatment of olfactory dysfunction are available but limited, depending on the cause. It is therefore important to carry out a detailed diagnostic work-up and keep the patient informed of the expected course and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hummel
- Interdisciplinary Center for Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden
| | - David T. Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Austria
| | - Christian A. Müller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Austria
| | - Boris A. Stuck
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Giessen and Marburg University Hospital Ltd., Marburg
| | - Antje Welge-Lüssen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden
| | - Antje Hähner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Basel University Hospital, Switzerland
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11
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Chen T, Chidarala S, Young G, Jeong SS, Nguyen SA, Edwards TS, Schlosser RJ. Association of computed tomography scores to psychophysical measures of olfaction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2023; 13:151-159. [PMID: 35771157 DOI: 10.1002/alr.23053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While various sinus computed tomography (CT) scoring systems have been proposed and used in the literature, no single system has been identified as superior. The strength of associations between CT scoring systems and measures of olfaction also remains unclear. METHODS A systematic review of PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Studies that reported both CT scores and measures of olfaction in a cross-sectional manner were included. RESULTS A total of 37 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. Of 8035 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, 55.6% were male patients and 53.2% had chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Analysis by meta-regression was performed of Lund-Mackay (LM) versus Smell Identification Test-40 (SIT-40; 12 studies), Brief Smell Identification Test (BSIT; 10 studies), Sniffin' Sticks (SS; 10 studies), and Toyota & Takagi (T&T) olfactometry (four studies). A significant moderate association was found between LM and SIT-40 (R2 = 0.612, p < 0.001) and LM and SS (R2 = 0.612, p < 0.001). An association between LM and BSIT approached significance (R2 = 0.461, p = 0.054). No significant associations were noted between LM and T&T olfactometry and between LM and SS when stratified by nasal polyp status. CONCLUSION There is a significant moderate association of current CT scoring systems to SIT-40 and SS. Further research should focus on associations of objective measures of olfaction to CT scores of the nasal cavity, sinuses, and olfactory cleft, as well as other disease markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Chen
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Shreya Chidarala
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Gabrielle Young
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Seth S Jeong
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Shaun A Nguyen
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas S Edwards
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Rodney J Schlosser
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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12
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N Al‐Rasheedi A, D Alotaibi A, Alshalan A, Muteb Alshalan K, Muharib R Alruwaili K, Hamdan R Alruwaili A, Talal Alruwaili A, Abdulhamid Alanazi A, Khalid Alshalan M, Fahid ALtimani A. Epidemiological Characteristics, Pathogenesis and Clinical Implications of Sinusitis in the Era of COVID-19: A Narrative Review. J Asthma Allergy 2023; 16:201-211. [PMID: 36733455 PMCID: PMC9888400 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s398686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sinusitis is a common condition with various forms and different etiologies. In the era of COVID-19, a large number of studies covered the association between sinusitis and COVID-19, while others reported the impact of COVID-19 on the development of acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (AIFR), together with the most commonly associated predisposing factors. Fungal sinusitis, particularly AIFR, can be life-threatening. It is important to dissect this association and improve current evidence and management. Therefore, we conducted this literature review to highlight the association between COVID-19 and sinusitis based on evidence from the available studies in the literature. Evidence shows that chronic sinusitis might have a negative impact on COVID-19 outcomes. However, current results are conflicting, and further studies are needed. On the other hand, COVID-19 can also cause olfactory dysfunction, which is usually temporary. In addition, we found several studies that indicated the association between COVID-19 and AIFR. The condition is usually associated with severe morbidities, as affected patients are usually immunocompromised, including those with uncontrolled diabetes, malignancy, immunosuppression, AIDS, the administration of chemotherapy and other immunosuppressive drugs, and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah N Al‐Rasheedi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia,Correspondence: Abdullah N Al‐Rasheedi, Saudi Board (Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery), College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, 72388, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966591009005, Email
| | - Abdullah D Alotaibi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afrah Alshalan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Drnovsek E, Rommel M, Bierling AL, Croy A, Croy I, Hummel T. An olfactory perceptual fingerprint in people with olfactory dysfunction due to COVID-19. Chem Senses 2023; 48:bjad050. [PMID: 38098233 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The sense of smell is based on sensory detection of the molecule(s), which is then further perceptually interpreted. A possible measure of olfactory perception is an odor-independent olfactory perceptual fingerprint (OPF) defined by Snitz et al. We aimed to investigate whether OPF can distinguish patients with olfactory dysfunction (OD) due to coronavirus disease (COVID-19) from controls and which perceptual descriptors are important for that separation. Our study included 99 healthy controls and 41 patients. They rated 10 odors using 8 descriptors such as "pleasant," "intense," "familiar," "warm," "cold," "irritating," "edible," and "disgusting." An unsupervised machine learning method, hierarchical cluster analysis, showed that OPF can distinguish patients from controls with an accuracy of 83%, a sensitivity of 51%, and a specificity of 96%. Furthermore, a supervised machine learning method, random forest classifier, showed that OPF can distinguish patients and controls in the testing dataset with an accuracy of 86%, a sensitivity of 64%, and a specificity of 96%. Principal component analysis and random forest classifier showed that familiarity and intensity were the key qualities to explain the variance of the data. In conclusion, people with COVID-19-related OD have a fundamentally different olfactory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Drnovsek
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria Rommel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Antonie Louise Bierling
- Institute for Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Croy
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ilona Croy
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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14
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Zawawi F, Dell S, Wolter NE, Papsin BC, Propst EJ. Olfaction and Gustation in Children With Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. OTO Open 2023; 7:e28. [PMID: 36998551 PMCID: PMC10046730 DOI: 10.1002/oto2.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder whereby abnormal cilia cause a wide array of respiratory tract manifestations including chronic rhinosinusitis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether olfaction and gustation are impaired in children with PCD. Study Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Tertiary pediatric academic hospital. Methods Children with confirmed PCD based on having at least 1 of 3 approved diagnostic criteria as per The American Thoracic Society guidelines were recruited from The PCD Clinic in our tertiary care pediatric hospital. Odor identification ability was tested using the Universal Sniff (U-Sniff) test and taste threshold was measured using an electrogustometer. The main outcome of this study is to determine the incidence of olfactory dysfunction in children with PCD and investigate if there is an associated gustatory dysfunction. Results Twenty-five children participated (14 male, 11 female), The median age was 10.8 years (range: 4.1-17.9 years). Only 4/25 (16%) complained of olfactory dysfunction prior to testing. None of the patients complained of dysgeusia. However, 48% (12/25) scored less than 7 on the U-Sniff, signifying hyposmia or anosmia. In contrast, scores obtained by electrogustometry were in the normal range. There was no correlation between performance on the U-Sniff and electrogustometry testing. Conclusion Olfactory impairment in children with PCD is common but underrecognized by patients. This is not associated with abnormal gustation. Among other, this places children with PCD at an increased risk with respect to smelling a fire or detecting spoiled or poisonous food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Zawawi
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Sharon Dell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, BC Children's Hospital University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Nikolaus E. Wolter
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Blake C. Papsin
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Evan J. Propst
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada
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15
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Nguyen H, Albayay J, Höchenberger R, Bhutani S, Boesveldt S, Busch NA, Croijmans I, Cooper KW, de Groot JHB, Farruggia MC, Fjaeldstad AW, Hayes JE, Hummel T, Joseph PV, Laktionova TK, Thomas-Danguin T, Veldhuizen MG, Voznessenskaya VV, Parma V, Pepino MY, Ohla K. Covid-19 affects taste independent of taste-smell confusions: results from a combined chemosensory home test and online survey from a large global cohort. Chem Senses 2023; 48:bjad020. [PMID: 37350646 PMCID: PMC10396355 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
People often confuse smell loss with taste loss, so it is unclear how much gustatory function is reduced in patients self-reporting taste loss. Our pre-registered cross-sectional study design included an online survey in 12 languages with instructions for self-administering chemosensory tests with 10 household items. Between June 2020 and March 2021, 10,953 individuals participated. Of these, 5,225 self-reported a respiratory illness and were grouped based on their reported COVID test results: COVID-positive (COVID+, N = 3,356), COVID-negative (COVID-, N = 602), and COVID unknown for those waiting for a test result (COVID?, N = 1,267). The participants who reported no respiratory illness were grouped by symptoms: sudden smell/taste changes (STC, N = 4,445), other symptoms excluding smell or taste changes (OthS, N = 832), and no symptoms (NoS, N = 416). Taste, smell, and oral irritation intensities and self-assessed abilities were rated on visual analog scales. Compared to the NoS group, COVID+ was associated with a 21% reduction in taste (95% confidence interval (CI): 15-28%), 47% in smell (95% CI: 37-56%), and 17% in oral irritation (95% CI: 10-25%) intensity. There were medium to strong correlations between perceived intensities and self-reported abilities (r = 0.84 for smell, r = 0.68 for taste, and r = 0.37 for oral irritation). Our study demonstrates that COVID-19-positive individuals report taste dysfunction when self-tested with stimuli that have little to none olfactory components. Assessing the smell and taste intensity of household items is a promising, cost-effective screening tool that complements self-reports and may help to disentangle taste loss from smell loss. However, it does not replace standardized validated psychophysical tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Nguyen
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Javier Albayay
- Centro Interdipartimentale Mente/Cervello, Università degli Studi di Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | | | - Surabhi Bhutani
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sanne Boesveldt
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Niko A Busch
- Institute for Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ilja Croijmans
- Department of Language and Communication, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Keiland W Cooper
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael C Farruggia
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alexander W Fjaeldstad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Flavour Clinic, University Clinic for Flavour, Balance and Sleep, Gødstrup Regional Hospital, Herning, Denmark
| | - John E Hayes
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Smell & Taste Clinic, Dresden, Germany
| | - Paule V Joseph
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, DIBCR, Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - M Yanina Pepino
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kathrin Ohla
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Experimental Psychology Unit, Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Science & Research, dsm-firmenich, Satigny, Switzerland
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16
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Retronasal olfaction is relatively less affected in older individuals with subjectively normal olfactory function. Food Qual Prefer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Chemosensory Dysfunction in Long-Term COVID-19 Assessed by Self-Reported and Direct Psychophysical Methods. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12101487. [PMID: 36294922 PMCID: PMC9604579 DOI: 10.3390/life12101487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory dysfunction is a frequent postacute sequela of COVID-19. Depending on the type of test used to measure it (self-report vs. direct test), the degree of chemosensory dysfunction in long-term COVID-19 has been found to be highly variable. In this manuscript, we report the cross-sectional data (first assessment) of a longitudinal study (6-month follow-up) examining smell, taste, and chemesthesis in participants affected by long-term COVID-19 (COVID+) and participants without COVID-19 (COVID−) by means of both self-reported and direct psychophysical methods. In total, 208 Italian participants (COVID+ n = 133; COVID− n = 75) completed the Smell and Taste Check developed by the Global Consortium for Chemosensory Research (GCCR), which includes self-reports on smell, taste, and chemesthetic abilities as well as direct intensity ratings of unstandardized smell, taste, and chemesthetic household items. Furthermore, all participants completed SCENTinel, a validated direct smell test. We found a positive association between the self-reported, unstandardized direct test and the validated direct test for smell, indicating moderate to large agreement across measures. Furthermore, the performance on SCENTinel was significantly associated with self-reported smell loss. A positive association between the self-reports and the intensity of household items was also retrieved for taste and chemesthesis. The time relative to COVID-19 onset (267.3 ± 113.9 days) did not modulate the chemosensory performance of self-reported abilities, intensity ratings, and SCENTinel. All in all, we confirm the impairment of three chemical senses (smell, taste, and chemesthesis) in an independent sample of Italian participants affected by long-term COVID-19 by using and comparing self-reported and direct psychophysical methods. We contribute to the discussion on best practices to monitor chemosensory dysfunction in individuals affected by long-term COVID-19.
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18
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Luong T, Jang SS, Said M, DeConde AS, Yan CH. Impact of COVID-19 versus chronic rhinosinusitis/rhinitis associated olfactory dysfunction on health utility and quality of life. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2022; 7:LIO2921. [PMID: 36249088 PMCID: PMC9538416 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is associated with both post-viral and inflammatory etiologies such as COVID-19 and chronic rhinosinusitis/rhinitis (CRS/R) respectively, to result in reduced quality of life (QoL). However, the former typically induces a sudden-onset OD while the latter has a gradual presentation. This study aims to establish and compare health utility values (HUVs) and olfactory-specific QoL measurements between patients with COVID-19 and CRS/R related OD. Methods This prospective study surveyed COVID-19 and CRS/R patients with self-reported OD using HUV assessments (EuroQol-visual analog scale [EQ-VAS], EuroQol-5 dimension [EQ-5D], time trade-off [TTO]) and olfactory and sinonasal QoL measures (questionnaire of olfactory disorders -negative and positive statements [QOD-NS + PS] and sino-nasal outcome test [SNOT-22]). A subgroup of subjects completed objective olfactory testing. Intergroup mean scores were compared using Mann-Whitney U tests. Results One hundred eleven subjects were enrolled: mean age ± SD (43.0 ± 15.4 years), 55.9% female. CRS/R was associated with lower HUVs as measured by EQ-VAS (CRS/R: 0.67 ± 0.18 vs. COVID-19: 0.74 ± 0.19, p = .03) and worse SNOT-22 scores in both overall (CRS/R: 49.03 ± 21.04 vs. COVID-19: 27.58 ± 18.45, p < .001) and subgroup analysis of objectively confirmed OD subjects (CRS/R: 52.40 ± 22.78 vs. COVID-19: 29.84 ± 21.10, p = .01). On the other hand, COVID-19 has greater burden on olfactory-specific QoL (QOD-NS + PS, COVID-19: 23.19 ± 13.73 vs. CRS/R: 17.25 ± 11.38, p = .04). Both groups demonstrated a similar decrease in health using the EQ-5D assessment. Conclusion CRS/R associated OD has a more severe impact on general health and sinonasal specific QoL outcomes, while COVID-19 associated OD has a greater burden on olfactory-specific QoL. Level of evidence Level 2c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Luong
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sophie S. Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mena Said
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Adam S. DeConde
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Carol H. Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
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19
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Hintschich CA, Dietz M, Haehner A, Hummel T. Topical Administration of Mometasone Is Not Helpful in Post-COVID-19 Olfactory Dysfunction. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12101483. [PMID: 36294918 PMCID: PMC9605508 DOI: 10.3390/life12101483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent olfactory dysfunction is a major concern post-COVID-19, affecting up to 5% of all patients. Different therapeutic options, including mometasone nasal spray, have been recommended, only some of which have been validated for post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction. In this study we psychophysically assessed the effect of intranasally applied mometasone furoate on the recovery of olfaction. The spray was applied with a long applicator so that the olfactory cleft could be reached effectively. After olfactory dysfunction had been confirmed psychophysically using Sniffin’ Sticks, patients were randomly assigned to two different treatment arms: the study group (n = 40) underwent olfactory training and intranasal administration of mometasone furoate twice daily, whereas the control group (n = 46) performed olfactory training only. After a study duration of three months, psychophysical testing of olfaction was repeated using Sniffin’ Sticks. We found no benefit of an additional topical administration of mometasone furoate compared to olfactory training alone. These results psychophysically confirm two previous studies which were based on patients’ subjective self-ratings. Our findings are in contrast to current recommendations for the management of olfactory dysfunction post-COVID-19, which might have to be adapted accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin A. Hintschich
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-941-944-9401
| | - Melanie Dietz
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Antje Haehner
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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20
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Fahmy M, Whitcroft K. Psychophysical Testing in Chemosensory Disorders. CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 10:393-404. [PMID: 36120187 PMCID: PMC9468236 DOI: 10.1007/s40136-022-00429-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review To provide an overview of psychophysical testing in olfaction and gustation. Recent Findings Subjective patient report correlates poorly with objective assessment of olfaction and gustation. It is therefore important that clinicians and researchers perform psychophysical testing during chemosensory assessment. There are several validated psychophysical tests of olfaction and gustation, with ongoing developments accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. These tests have been culturally and linguistically adapted globally. Screening tests have been developed with careful consideration to distinguish normosmics from those with olfactory dysfunction. Summary Validated chemosensory tools are available for use by the clinician to support screening, diagnosis, or monitoring. There are promising advances in self-assessment and screening that provide avenues for the development of a standardised pathway for identification and formal assessment of patients with smell and taste disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Fahmy
- ENT Department, Pinderfields Hospital, Mid Yorkshire Hospital NHS Trust, Wakefield, UK
- Wrexham, UK
| | - Katherine Whitcroft
- ENT Department, Pinderfields Hospital, Mid Yorkshire Hospital NHS Trust, Wakefield, UK
- UCL Ear Institute, London, UK
- Centre for Olfactory Research Applications, Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, London, UK
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Techniche Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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21
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O'Byrne L, Webster KE, MacKeith S, Philpott C, Hopkins C, Burton MJ. Interventions for the treatment of persistent post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 9:CD013876. [PMID: 36062970 PMCID: PMC9443431 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013876.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory dysfunction is a common consequence of COVID-19 infection and persistent symptoms can have a profound impact on quality of life. At present there is little guidance on how best to treat this condition. A variety of interventions have been suggested to promote recovery, including medication and olfactory training. However, it is uncertain whether any intervention is of benefit. This is an update of the 2021 review with one additional study added. OBJECTIVES: 1) To evaluate the benefits and harms of any intervention versus no treatment for people with persisting olfactory dysfunction due to COVID-19 infection. 2) To keep the evidence up-to-date, using a living systematic review approach. SEARCH METHODS: The Cochrane ENT Information Specialist searched the Cochrane ENT Register; Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); Ovid MEDLINE; Ovid Embase; Web of Science; ClinicalTrials.gov; ICTRP and additional sources for published and unpublished trials. The date of the latest search was 20 October 2021. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in people with COVID-19 related olfactory disturbance that had persisted for at least four weeks. We included any intervention compared to no treatment or placebo. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcomes were the recovery of sense of smell, disease-related quality of life and serious adverse effects. Secondary outcomes were the change in sense of smell, general quality of life, prevalence of parosmia and other adverse effects (including nosebleeds/bloody discharge). We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence for each outcome. MAIN RESULTS We included two studies with 30 participants. The studies evaluated the following interventions: systemic corticosteroids plus intranasal corticosteroid/mucolytic/decongestant and palmitoylethanolamide plus luteolin. Systemic corticosteroids plus intranasal corticosteroid/mucolytic/decongestant compared to no intervention We included a single RCT with 18 participants who had anosmia for at least 30 days following COVID-19 infection. Participants received a 15-day course of oral corticosteroids combined with nasal irrigation (consisting of an intranasal corticosteroid/mucolytic/decongestant solution) or no intervention. Psychophysical testing was used to assess olfactory function at 40 days. This is a single, small study and for all outcomes the certainty of evidence was very low. We are unable to draw meaningful conclusions from the numerical results. Palmitoylethanolamide plus luteolin compared to no intervention We included a single RCT with 12 participants who had anosmia or hyposmia for at least 90 days following COVID-19 infection. Participants received a 30-day course of palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin or no intervention. Psychophysical testing was used to assess olfactory function at 30 days. This is a single, small study and for all outcomes the certainty of evidence was very low. We are unable to draw meaningful conclusions from the numerical results. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is very limited evidence available on the efficacy and harms of treatments for persistent olfactory dysfunction following COVID-19 infection. However, we have identified a number of ongoing trials in this area. As this is a living systematic review we will update the data regularly, as new results become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa O'Byrne
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Katie E Webster
- Cochrane ENT, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Samuel MacKeith
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Carl Philpott
- Department of Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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22
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Webster KE, O'Byrne L, MacKeith S, Philpott C, Hopkins C, Burton MJ. Interventions for the prevention of persistent post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 9:CD013877. [PMID: 36063364 PMCID: PMC9443936 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013877.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of olfactory function is well recognised as a symptom of COVID-19 infection, and the pandemic has resulted in a large number of individuals with abnormalities in their sense of smell. For many, the condition is temporary and resolves within two to four weeks. However, in a significant minority the symptoms persist. At present, it is not known whether early intervention with any form of treatment (such as medication or olfactory training) can promote recovery and prevent persisting olfactory disturbance. This is an update of the 2021 review with four studies added. OBJECTIVES 1) To evaluate the benefits and harms of any intervention versus no treatment for people with acute olfactory dysfunction due to COVID-19 infection. 2) To keep the evidence up-to-date, using a living systematic review approach. SEARCH METHODS: The Cochrane ENT Information Specialist searched the Cochrane ENT Register; Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); Ovid MEDLINE; Ovid Embase; Web of Science; ClinicalTrials.gov; ICTRP and additional sources for published and unpublished trials. The date of the latest search was 20 October 2021. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in people with COVID-19 related olfactory disturbance, which had been present for less than four weeks. We included any intervention compared to no treatment or placebo. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcomes were the presence of normal olfactory function, serious adverse effects and change in sense of smell. Secondary outcomes were the prevalence of parosmia, change in sense of taste, disease-related quality of life and other adverse effects (including nosebleeds/bloody discharge). We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence for each outcome. MAIN RESULTS: We included five studies with 691 participants. The studies evaluated the following interventions: intranasal corticosteroid sprays, intranasal corticosteroid drops, intranasal hypertonic saline and zinc sulphate. Intranasal corticosteroid spray compared to no intervention/placebo We included three studies with 288 participants who had olfactory dysfunction for less than four weeks following COVID-19. Presence of normal olfactory function The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of intranasal corticosteroid spray on both self-rated recovery of olfactory function and recovery of olfactory function using psychophysical tests at up to four weeks follow-up (self-rated: risk ratio (RR) 1.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85 to 1.68; 1 study; 100 participants; psychophysical testing: RR 2.3, 95% CI 1.16 to 4.63; 1 study; 77 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Change in sense of smell The evidence is also very uncertain about the effect of intranasal corticosteroid spray on self-rated change in the sense of smell (at less than 4 weeks: mean difference (MD) 0.5 points lower, 95% CI 1.38 lower to 0.38 higher; 1 study; 77 participants; at > 4 weeks to 3 months: MD 2.4 points higher, 95% CI 1.32 higher to 3.48 higher; 1 study; 100 participants; very low-certainty evidence, rated on a scale of 1 to 10, higher scores mean better olfactory function). Intranasal corticosteroids may make little or no difference to the change in sense of smell when assessed with psychophysical testing (MD 0.2 points, 95% CI 2.06 points lower to 2.06 points higher; 1 study; 77 participants; low-certainty evidence, 0- to 24-point scale, higher scores mean better olfactory function). Serious adverse effects The authors of one study reported no adverse effects, but their intention to collect these data was not pre-specified so we are uncertain if these were systematically sought and identified. The remaining two studies did not report on adverse effects. Intranasal corticosteroid drops compared to no intervention/placebo We included one study with 248 participants who had olfactory dysfunction for ≤ 15 days following COVID-19. Presence of normal olfactory function Intranasal corticosteroid drops may make little or no difference to self-rated recovery at > 4 weeks to 3 months (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.11; 1 study; 248 participants; low-certainty evidence). No other outcomes were assessed by this study. Data on the use of hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and the use of zinc sulphate to prevent persistent olfactory dysfunction are included in the full text of the review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is very limited evidence available on the efficacy and harms of treatments for preventing persistent olfactory dysfunction following COVID-19 infection. However, we have identified a number of ongoing trials in this area. As this is a living systematic review we will update the data regularly, as new results become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Webster
- Cochrane ENT, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa O'Byrne
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Samuel MacKeith
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Carl Philpott
- Department of Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Kim HS, Lee C, Han SS, Choi J, Kim EK, Han WJ. Comparison of the clinical usefulness of structured and free-text reports for interpretation of jaw lesions on cone beam computed tomography images. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2022; 135:147-153. [PMID: 36243673 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study compared the clinical usefulness of structured reports (SRs) and free-text reports (FTRs) of lesions depicted on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images from the perspectives of report providers and receivers. STUDY DESIGN In total, 36 CBCT images of jaw lesions obtained between February 2020 and August 2020 were evaluated. A working group of 3 oral and maxillofacial radiologists (OMRs) established a reporting system and prepared reports. Evaluation group I (2 OMRs) wrote SRs and FTRs for each case and assessed the reporting process for the criteria of convenience and organization. Evaluation group II (3 general practitioners [GPs] and 3 oral and maxillofacial surgeons [OMSs]) assessed the reports for the criteria of productivity, consistency, and organization. A 5-point Likert scale was used to assess the usefulness of each report. Scores were statistically compared according to report type with the paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS The SRs scored significantly higher for all criteria as assessed by evaluation group I and the GPs of group II (P < .001). The FTRs scored significantly higher for productivity and organization as assessed by the OMSs of group II (P = .005 for both criteria). CONCLUSIONS The clinical usefulness of reports may differ according to roles of the report recipients in diagnosis and treatment.
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24
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Jaramillo L, van Egmond-Froehlich A, Liu DT, Prem B, Renner B, Mueller CA, Besser G. Pediatric olfactory home testing using regular household items: A cross-over validation study. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 158:111173. [PMID: 35561440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2022.111173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an olfactory test that can be conducted by an untrained person using common household items and to introduce a German version of the Chemosensory Pleasure Scale for Children (CPS-C(de)). METHODOLOGY This olfactory home test was developed in phases including evaluation of odors for suitability in a home setting. Parents of 50 children (ages 6-17) were then equipped with instruction manuals and participants were tested twice in a cross-over design. A validated pediatric olfactory test (the Universal Sniff test (U-Sniff)) served as the comparative gold standard. Additionally, a Chinese-English-German "back-and-forth" translation was conducted to establish the CPS-C(de) and was tested for empirical validity. RESULTS Fourteen items were tested for feasibility, and all were identified on a sufficient rate (≥66%, mean ± SD of 93.3% ± 9.5%). Bland Altman Plot analysis between home testing and the U-Sniff test was nearly identical (bias = 0.04). CPS-C(de) showed similar results to the original Chinese version and a moderate correlation was found between CPS-C(de) scores and Body Mass Index of children (r30 = -0.527, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Remote olfactory testing in children using household items is feasible. The CPS-C(de) may be of value for future olfactory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Jaramillo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - David T Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Prem
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Bertold Renner
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erlangen- Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian A Mueller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gerold Besser
- ENT Consultant, Villach, Austria; Private Hospital Maria Hilf, Klagenfurt, Austria
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25
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Chronic Rhinosinusitis and COVID-19. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:1423-1432. [PMID: 35307579 PMCID: PMC8926942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has raised awareness about olfactory dysfunction, although a loss of smell was present in the general population before COVID-19. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common upper airway chronic inflammatory disease that is also one of the most common causes of olfactory dysfunction. It can be classified into different phenotypes (ie, with and without nasal polyps) and endotypes (ie, type 2 and non-type 2 inflammation). However, scientific information regarding CRS within the context of COVID-19 is still scarce. This review focuses on (1) the potential effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection on CRS symptoms, including a loss of smell, and comorbidities; (2) the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in the olfactory dysfunction; (3) CRS diagnosis in the context of COVID-19, including telemedicine; (4) the protective hypothesis of CRS in COVID-19; and (5) the efficacy and safety of therapeutic options for CRS within the context of COVID-19.
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26
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Changes in smell and taste perception related to COVID-19 infection: a case-control study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8192. [PMID: 35581235 PMCID: PMC9112641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The main aim of the present study was to psychophysically evaluate smell and taste functions in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and to compare those results with a group of healthy subjects. Another aim of the study was to assess the relationship of changes in patients’ smell and taste functions with a number of clinical parameters, symptoms, and other physiological signs as well as with severity of disease. Olfactory and gustatory functions were tested in 61 hospitalized patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection and in a control group of 54 healthy individuals. Overall, we found a significant impairment of olfactory and gustatory functions in COVID-19 patients compared with the control group. Indeed, about 45% of patients self-reported complaints about or loss of either olfactory or gustatory functions. These results were confirmed by psychophysical testing, which showed a significantly reduced performance in terms of intensity perception and identification ability for both taste and smell functions in COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, gustatory and olfactory impairments tended to be more evident in male patients suffering from more severe respiratory failure (i.e., pneumonia with need of respiratory support need during hospitalization).
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27
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Riech- und Schmeckstörungen. DGNEUROLOGIE 2022. [PMCID: PMC9007254 DOI: 10.1007/s42451-022-00434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ziel der vorliegenden Übersicht ist es, einen Überblick über die Ätiologie und Diagnostik von Riech- und Schmeckstörungen zu geben. Da etwa 5 % der Allgemeinbevölkerung betroffen sind, ist es ein häufiges Krankheitsbild. Riechen und Schmecken erhielten v. a. zuletzt Aufmerksamkeit während des Aufkommens der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie, wobei eine plötzlich aufgetretene Riech- und/oder Schmeckstörung zu den typischen Symptomen zählt. Daneben sind Riechstörungen in der Frühdiagnostik neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen von Bedeutung. Häufig zeigen Patienten mit Riechstörungen Zeichen einer Depression. Die Auswirkungen von Riech‑/Schmeckstörungen sind also umfangreich, die Therapiemöglichkeiten aktuell begrenzt. Nach einem Einblick in die Ätiologie werden Diagnostik und Therapiemöglichkeiten auf dem aktuellen Stand der Literatur erörtert. Auch zukunftsweisende Behandlungsvorstellungen, wie z. B. autologe Schleimhauttransplantationen oder olfaktorische Implantate, werden angesprochen.
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28
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Kim DH, Kim SW, Basurrah MA, Hwang SH. Clinical and laboratory features for various criteria of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 15:230-246. [PMID: 35413170 PMCID: PMC9441508 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2022.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the differences in clinical and laboratory features between eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) and non-ECRS and to compare the diagnostic criteria for ECRS.Methods: We compared clinical features and/or laboratory findings classified as ECRS and non-ECRS according to various diagnostic criteria (histological and clinical criteria). In addition, we analyzed studies to compare endoscopic findings, symptom scores, laboratory findings, and computed tomography (CT) findings between ECRS and non-ECRS. Results: Our search included 55 studies with 6,143 patients. As a result of comparing clinical features and/or laboratory criteria with histological criteria, there were no significant differences regarding nasal symptom scores and CT scores according to criteria. Serum eosinophil levels showed differences according to criteria, however, ECRS were higher serum eosinophil levels than non-ECRS in all criteria. In the case of olfactory dysfunction, JESREC and tissue eosinophilia (
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29
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Trecca EM, Cassano M, Longo F, Petrone P, Miani C, Hummel T, Gelardi M. Results from psychophysical tests of smell and taste during the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a review. ACTA OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGICA ITALICA 2022; 42:S20-S35. [PMID: 35763272 PMCID: PMC9137382 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-suppl.1-42-2022-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Only a few studies have assessed smell and taste in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with psychophysical tests, while the majority performed self-rating evaluations. Given the heterogeneity of the published literature, the aim of this review was to systematically analyse the articles on this topic with a focus on psychophysical testing. A search on PubMed and Web of Science from December 2019, to November 2021, with cross-references, was executed. The main eligibility criteria were English-language articles, investigating the clinical features of olfaction and gustation in COVID-19 patients using self-rating assessment, psychophysical testing and imaging techniques. A total of 638 articles were identified and 66 were included. Self-rating assessment was performed in 31 studies, while psychophysical testing in 30 and imaging techniques in 5. The prevalence of chemosensory dysfunction was the most investigated topic, followed by the recovery time. About the psychophysical assessment, the extended version of the Sniffin’ Sticks was used in 11 articles and the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center test in another 11. The olfactory threshold performance was the most impacted compared to the discrimination and identification capacities in accordance with the hypothesis of a tropism of SARS-CoV-2 for the olfactory mucosa. The timing significantly influenced the results of the psychophysical testing with 20% of patients presenting olfactory dysfunction at one month after infection.
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30
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Heian IT, Helvik AS, Hummel T, Øie MR, Nordgård S, Bratt M, Thorstensen WM. Measured and self-reported olfactory function in voluntary Norwegian adults. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 279:4925-4933. [PMID: 35195760 PMCID: PMC9474335 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-022-07298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The lack of epidemiological data on the proportion of olfactory dysfunction (OD) using comprehensive olfactory assessment in healthy adults in Scandinavia motivated to the present study which aimed to explore the proportion of OD in voluntary healthy Norwegian adults, assessed by Sniffin’ Sticks, and its correlation to self-reported olfactory function. Furthermore, sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with olfactory function were analysed. Methods The sample included 405 Norwegian participants, aged 18–78 years, 273 women and 132 men, who underwent olfactory testing with extensive Sniffin’ Sticks test, allergy testing, clinical examination with nasal endoscopy and completed a self-administered questionnaire, including self-evaluation of olfactory function on a 100 mm Visual Analogue Scale. Results We found that 37% had OD, of which 1.2% had anosmia assessed with extensive Sniffin’ Sticks test. The proportion of hyposmia and anosmia increased with age. Men and participants with low education had poorer olfactory function scores. Allergy, smoking status, general health and endoscopic findings were not associated with measured olfactory function. We found no correlation between self-reported and measured olfactory function. Conclusions This study has identified that a large proportion of our sample of voluntary healthy Norwegian adults have OD, considerably more common in older adults and somewhat more common in men and individuals with low education. The lack of correlation between self-reported and measured olfactory function highlights the importance of using validated tests for a reliable olfactory evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Torvik Heian
- Institute of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (INB), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway. .,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Molde Sjukehus, Helse Møre og Romsdal, 6412, Molde, Norway.
| | - Anne-Sofie Helvik
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold Health Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otolaryngology Smell and Taste Clinic, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marte Rystad Øie
- Institute of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (INB), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ståle Nordgård
- Institute of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (INB), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mette Bratt
- Institute of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (INB), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Wenche Moe Thorstensen
- Institute of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (INB), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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31
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Lee SH, Yeoh ZX, Sachlin IS, Gazali N, Soelar SA, Foo CY, Low LL, Syed Alwi SB, Tengku Kamalden TMI, Shanmuganathan J, Zaid M, Wong CY, Chua HH, Yusuf S, Muhamad D, Devesahayam PR, Ker HB, Salahuddin Z, Mustafa M, Sawali H, Lee HG, Din S, Misnan NA, Mohamad A, Ismail MN, Periasamy C, Chow TS, Krishnan EK, Leong CL, Lim LPF, Zaidan NZ, Ibrahim MZ, Abd Wahab S, Mohd Hashim SS. Self-reported symptom study of COVID-19 chemosensory dysfunction in Malaysia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2111. [PMID: 35136124 PMCID: PMC8826975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the three chemosensory modalities-smell, taste, and chemesthesis-have been implicated in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), yet emerging data suggest a wide geographic and ethnic variation in the prevalence of these symptoms. Studies on chemosensory disorders in COVID-19 have predominantly focused on Caucasian populations whereas Asians remain understudied. We conducted a nationwide, multicentre cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire on a cohort of RT-PCR-confirmed adult COVID-19 patients in Malaysia between 6 June and 30 November 2020. The aim of our study was to investigate their presenting symptoms and assess their chemosensory function using self-ratings of perceived smell, taste, chemesthesis, and nasal blockage. In this cohort of 498 patients, 41.4% reported smell and/or taste loss when diagnosed with COVID-19, which was the commonest symptom. Blocked nose, loss of appetite, and gastrointestinal disturbances were independent predictors of smell and/or taste loss on multivariate analysis. Self-ratings of chemosensory function revealed a reduction in smell, taste, and chemesthesis across the entire cohort of patients that was more profound among those reporting smell and/or taste loss as their presenting symptom. Perceived nasal obstruction accounted for only a small proportion of changes in smell and taste, but not for chemesthesis, supporting viral disruption of sensorineural mechanisms as the dominant aetiology of chemosensory dysfunction. Our study suggests that chemosensory dysfunction in COVID-19 is more widespread than previously reported among Asians and may be related to the infectivity of viral strains.Study Registration: NMRR-20-934-54803 and NCT04390165.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Han Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, KM 6 Jalan Langgar, Alor Setar, 05450, Kedah, Malaysia.
| | - Zhi Xiang Yeoh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, KM 6 Jalan Langgar, Alor Setar, 05450, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Ida Sadja'ah Sachlin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, KM 6 Jalan Langgar, Alor Setar, 05450, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Norzi Gazali
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, KM 6 Jalan Langgar, Alor Setar, 05450, Kedah, Malaysia
| | | | - Chee Yoong Foo
- Real World Insights, IQVIA Asia Pacific, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Lee Lee Low
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Kedah, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | - Masliza Zaid
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Chun Yiing Wong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Umum Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Hock Hin Chua
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Umum Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Suhaimi Yusuf
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Dzawani Muhamad
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | | | - Hong Bee Ker
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Zulkiflee Salahuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mahiran Mustafa
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Halimuddin Sawali
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Queen Elizabeth, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Heng Gee Lee
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Queen Elizabeth, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Sobani Din
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Amran Mohamad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Noor Ismail
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | | | - Ting Soo Chow
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Pulau Pinang, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Chee Loon Leong
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Mohd Zambri Ibrahim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Tuanku Fauziah, Perlis, Malaysia
| | | | - Siti Sabzah Mohd Hashim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, KM 6 Jalan Langgar, Alor Setar, 05450, Kedah, Malaysia
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The Shape of the Olfactory Bulb Predicts Olfactory Function. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020128. [PMID: 35203892 PMCID: PMC8870545 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory bulb (OB) plays a key role in the processing of olfactory information. A large body of research has shown that OB volumes correlate with olfactory function, which provides diagnostic and prognostic information in olfactory dysfunction. Still, the potential value of the OB shape remains unclear. Based on our clinical experience we hypothesized that the shape of the OB predicts olfactory function, and that it is linked to olfactory loss, age, and gender. The aim of this study was to produce a classification of OB shape in the human brain, scalable to clinical and research applications. Results from patients with the five most frequent causes of olfactory dysfunction (n = 192) as well as age/gender-matched healthy controls (n = 77) were included. Olfactory function was examined in great detail using the extended “Sniffin’ Sticks” test. A high-resolution structural T2-weighted MRI scan was obtained for all. The planimetric contours (surface in mm2) of OB were delineated manually, and then all surfaces were added and multiplied to obtain the OB volume in mm3. OB shapes were outlined manually and characterized on a selected slice through the posterior coronal plane tangential to the eyeballs. We looked at OB shapes in terms of convexity and defined two patterns/seven categories based on OB contours: convex (olive, circle, and plano-convex) and non-convex (banana, irregular, plane, and scattered). Categorization of OB shapes is possible with a substantial inter-rater agreement (Cohen’s Kappa = 0.73). Our results suggested that non-convex OB patterns were significantly more often observed in patients than in controls. OB shapes were correlated with olfactory function in the whole group, independent of age, gender, and OB volume. OB shapes seemed to change with age in healthy subjects. Importantly, the results indicated that OB shapes were associated with certain causes of olfactory disorders, i.e., an irregular OB shape was significantly more often observed in post-traumatic olfactory loss. Our study provides evidence that the shape of the OB can be used as a biomarker for olfactory dysfunction.
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Abstract
Ziel der vorliegenden Übersicht ist es, einen Überblick über die Ätiologie und Diagnostik von Riech- und Schmeckstörungen zu geben. Da etwa 5 % der Allgemeinbevölkerung betroffen sind, ist es ein häufiges Krankheitsbild. Riechen und Schmecken erhielten v. a. zuletzt Aufmerksamkeit während des Aufkommens der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie, wobei eine plötzlich aufgetretene Riech- und/oder Schmeckstörung zu den typischen Symptomen zählt. Daneben sind Riechstörungen in der Frühdiagnostik neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen von Bedeutung. Häufig zeigen Patienten mit Riechstörungen Zeichen einer Depression. Die Auswirkungen von Riech‑/Schmeckstörungen sind also umfangreich, die Therapiemöglichkeiten aktuell begrenzt. Nach einem Einblick in die Ätiologie werden Diagnostik und Therapiemöglichkeiten auf dem aktuellen Stand der Literatur erörtert. Auch zukunftsweisende Behandlungsvorstellungen, wie z. B. autologe Schleimhauttransplantationen oder olfaktorische Implantate, werden angesprochen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Speth
- Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen‑, Ohrenkrankheiten, Hals- und Gesichtschirurgie, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Schweiz.
| | - U S Speth
- Klinik für Mund‑, Kiefer-, und Gesichtschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - A R Sedaghat
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
| | - T Hummel
- Universitäts-HNO Klinik, TU Dresden, Dresden, Deutschland
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Deller M, Gellrich J, Lohrer EC, Schriever VA. Genetics of congenital olfactory dysfunction: a systematic review of the literature. Chem Senses 2022; 47:6847567. [PMID: 36433800 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction, as one of our 5 senses, plays an important role in our daily lives. It is connected to proper nutrition, social interaction, and protection mechanisms. Disorders affecting this sense consequently also affect the patients' general quality of life. Because the underlying genetics of congenital olfactory disorders (COD) have not been thoroughly investigated yet, this systematic review aimed at providing information on genes that have previously been reported to be mutated in patients suffering from COD. This was achieved by systematically reviewing existing literature on 3 databases, namely PubMed, Ovid Medline, and ISI Web of Science. Genes and the type of disorder, that is, isolated and/or syndromic COD were included in this study, as were the patients' associated abnormal features, which were categorized according to the affected organ(-system). Our research yielded 82 candidate genes/chromosome loci for isolated and/or syndromic COD. Our results revealed that the majority of these are implicated in syndromic COD, a few accounted for syndromic and isolated COD, and the least underly isolated COD. Most commonly, structures of the central nervous system displayed abnormalities. This study is meant to assist clinicians in determining the type of COD and detecting potentially abnormal features in patients with confirmed genetic variations. Future research will hopefully expand this list and thereby further improve our understanding of COD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Deller
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Gellrich
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth C Lohrer
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Valentin A Schriever
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Berlin, Germany.,Abteilung Neuropädiatrie Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Chronically Sick Children (Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, SPZ), Berlin, Germany
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Kamath V, Del Bene VA, Collette C, Jacob A, Fazeli PL, Vance DE. A Pilot Study of Self-Rated and Psychophysical Olfactory Dysfunction in Men Living with HIV. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2022; 15:175-184. [PMID: 36406043 PMCID: PMC9648461 DOI: 10.1007/s12078-022-09305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Olfactory loss is associated with poor quality of life, malnutrition, and increased risk of depression, yet few studies have examined unawareness of olfactory dysfunction in men living with HIV (MLWH). Method MLWH (n = 51) completed olfaction self-ratings, psychophysical odor identification testing, cognitive measures, and questionnaires assessing smell habits, mood, cognitive failures, and quality of life. The sensitivity and specificity of olfactory self-ratings was calculated, and t-tests were used to examine factors contributing to discordance between self-rated and psychophysical olfaction dysfunction. Results We found that 33.3% (17 of 51 MLWH) of our sample demonstrated discordance between self-reported and psychophysical olfactory scores. Those unaware of olfaction dysfunction reported using less scented products in daily life but showed no other differences across demographic, clinical, or cognitive indices. Conclusions Our results cohere with prior studies of cognitively normal older adults, traumatic brain injury, and Parkinson's disease, which found that olfactory self-ratings may inadequately capture the full range of a person's olfactory status. Our work extends these findings to MLWH, with discordance rates ranging from 35 to 61% for self-rated and psychophysical olfactory dysfunction. Implications Given the differing rates of self-rated and psychophysical olfaction in our sample, psychophysical olfactory measures may be useful to consider in the neuropsychological assessment and clinical care of PLWH. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12078-022-09305-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Victor A. Del Bene
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, USA
- The Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, USA
| | - Christopher Collette
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, USA
| | - Alexandra Jacob
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Pariya L. Fazeli
- The Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, USA
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - David E. Vance
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
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Albaugh SL, Wu LL, Zhang D, Diaz A, Werner DA, Pinto JM, Cameron EL. Olfaction in pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Chem Senses 2022; 47:bjac035. [PMID: 36469055 PMCID: PMC9780746 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Little attention has been paid to olfactory changes during pregnancy with contemporary studies limited in number and sample size. We examined whether pregnancy is associated with differences in olfactory performance and if there were any specific gestational ages at which these differences occur through a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of the current literature. An initial electronic database search identified 234 citations, which were screened at the abstract level. Twenty-three citations were germane for full-text review, and 13 met criteria for inclusion. Our review assessed 5 olfactory measures of interest: odor identification (n = 11 articles), threshold (n = 8), discrimination (n = 5), hedonics (n = 6), and intensity (n = 5). Nine of these 13 studies contained sufficient data for meta-analysis, and these studies included a total of 523 pregnant women and 365 non-pregnant controls. Despite previous subjective and objective reports of odor intolerances and odor hypersensitivity, we did not find any significant differences between pregnant and non-pregnant women in odor discrimination, thresholds, or hedonics. However, meta-analysis of 506 cases and 333 controls showed worse odor identification in pregnant women compared to controls in a random-effects model. Thus, we demonstrate worse performance at odor identification during pregnancy. In this review, we discuss the current evidence (and lack thereof) regarding olfaction in pregnancy as well as highlight current knowledge gaps in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaley L Albaugh
- Pritzker School of Medicine, Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637, USA
| | - Lisa L Wu
- Pritzker School of Medicine, Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637, USA
| | - Douglas Zhang
- Pritzker School of Medicine, Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637, USA
| | - Ashley Diaz
- Pritzker School of Medicine, Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637, USA
| | - Debra A Werner
- Pritzker School of Medicine, Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637, USA
- The John Crerar Library, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jayant M Pinto
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - E Leslie Cameron
- Department of Psychological Science, Carthage College, Kenosha, WI 53140-1994, USA
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Van Regemorter V, Dollase J, Coulie R, Stouffs A, Dieu A, de Saint-Hubert M, Mouraux A, Huart C. Olfactory Dysfunction Predicts Frailty and Poor Postoperative Outcome in Older Patients Scheduled for Elective Non-Cardiac Surgery. J Nutr Health Aging 2022; 26:981-986. [PMID: 36437765 PMCID: PMC9548416 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-022-1851-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Frailty has been suggested to take part in the recently demonstrated link between olfactory dysfunction and overall mortality risk. Preoperative assessment of frailty is essential to detect the most vulnerable patients scheduled for surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether olfactory dysfunction is a reliable predictor of preoperative frailty and postoperative outcome. DESIGN This was a single-center prospective observational study conducted between July and October 2020 in Brussels, Belgium. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS 155 preoperative patients aged from 65 years old and scheduled for elective non-cardiac surgery. MEASUREMENTS Olfactory function was examined using the Sniffin' Sticks 12-item identification test. Frailty was assessed using the Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS) and handgrip strength. The clock drawing test (CDT) from the EFS was also analyzed separately to evaluate cognitive function. Patients were followed for postoperative complications and mortality over one year. RESULTS Olfactory dysfunction was significantly associated with the EFS score, anosmic patients having a higher median EFS score than normosmic patients (6[4-7] vs 4[2-5], p = .025). Anosmic patients had an increased odds of being frail after adjusting for possible confounding factors (OR: 6.19, 95% CI: 1.65-23.20, p = .007) and were more at risk of poor postoperative outcome (including complications and death) (OR: 4.33, 95% CI: 1.28-14.67, p = .018). CONCLUSIONS Olfactory dysfunction is associated with preoperative frailty determined by the EFS and with poor post-surgical outcome at one-year.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Van Regemorter
- Victoria Van Regemorter, Department of Anesthesiology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium,
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High prevalence of long-term olfactory dysfunction confirmed by olfactory testing after a community COVID-19 outbreak. HNO 2021; 70:224-231. [PMID: 34940903 PMCID: PMC8697538 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-021-01129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The prevalence of long-term olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in participants suffering from sudden chemosensory loss due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is unknown. Furthermore, evaluations of the reliability of participants’ self-reporting of olfactory function (SOF) and gustatory function (SGF) using extended objective psychophysical testing are missing. Methods In this population-based cohort study in a PCR-tested community in Thuringia, Germany, olfactory function was extensively examined 4 months after a COVID-19 outbreak using the “Sniffin Sticks” test battery to determine the TDIa score, i.e., the sum of results obtained for threshold, discrimination, and identification scores averaged for both nasal sides. Gustatory function was assessed using the three-drop test resulting in the gustatory composite score (CSg). The data were compared with SOF and SGF. Results Of 43 adult convalescents (median age: 68 years; 58% female) after SARS-CoV‑2 infection, 18 participants (42%) had olfactory complaints due to SOF, one participant (2%) complained of taste disturbance due to SGF. The TDIa was 22.0 ± 5.9. Normosmia, hyposmia, and anosmia were seen in 17, 18, and eight participants, respectively. TDIa correlated with SOF (rs = −0.434, p = 0.004); CSg was 23.5 ± 2.7. Normogeusia and hypogeusia were objectified in 39 and four participants, respectively. The prevalence of long-term olfactory dysfunction and gustatory dysfunction in the study group was 60.5 and 9.3%, respectively. Conclusion The SOF was reliable, especially for participants who felt a sudden chemosensory dysfunction during the outbreak. At 4 months after SARS-CoV‑2 infection, a high proportion of participants were dysosmic, whereas nearly all of them had normal taste function.
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Rawal S, Duffy VB, Berube L, Hayes JE, Kant AK, Li CM, Graubard BI, Hoffman HJ. Self-Reported Olfactory Dysfunction and Diet Quality: Findings from the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124561. [PMID: 34960113 PMCID: PMC8704378 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified associations between self-reported olfactory dysfunction (OD) and dietary attributes in participants aged ≥40 years (n = 6,356) from the nationally representative 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The chemosensory questionnaire and 24-h dietary recalls were administered by trained interviewers. OD was defined as self-report of either smell problems in the last year, worse smell relative to age 25, or perceiving phantom odors. Dietary outcomes included Healthy Eating Index 2015 score (HEI) with adequacy and moderation components (higher scores indicated higher diet quality), dietary diversity, energy density, and intake of major food groups. Survey-weighted linear regression models estimated OD–diet associations, adjusting for socio-demographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors. Adjusted mean difference (95% CI) between those with versus without OD, showed that adults with OD had significantly lower HEI moderation score (−0.67 (−1.22, −0.11)) and diets higher in energy density (0.06 (0.00, 0.11)), and percent energy from saturated fat (0.47 (0.12, 0.81)), total fat (0.96 (0.22, 1.70)), and added sugar (1.00 (0.33, 1.66)). Age and sex-stratified analyses showed that younger females (40–64 years) primarily accounted for the associations with diet quality and total/saturated fat intake. These findings inform dietary screening and recommendations for adults who report OD, including those experiencing transient or persistent smell loss with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shristi Rawal
- Department of Clinical and Preventive Nutrition Sciences, Rutgers School of Health Professions, 65 Bergen Str., Newark, NJ 07107-1709, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Valerie B. Duffy
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, 358 Mansfield Rd., Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Lauren Berube
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - John E. Hayes
- Sensory Evaluation Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 220 Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 220 Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ashima K. Kant
- Department of Family, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA;
| | - Chuan-Ming Li
- Epidemiology and Statistics Program, Division of Scientific Programs, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.-M.L.); (H.J.H.)
| | - Barry I. Graubard
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Biostatistics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA;
| | - Howard J. Hoffman
- Epidemiology and Statistics Program, Division of Scientific Programs, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.-M.L.); (H.J.H.)
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Eyheramendy S, Saa PA, Undurraga EA, Valencia C, López C, Méndez L, Pizarro-Berdichevsky J, Finkelstein-Kulka A, Solari S, Salas N, Bahamondes P, Ugarte M, Barceló P, Arenas M, Agosin E. Screening of COVID-19 cases through a Bayesian network symptoms model and psychophysical olfactory test. iScience 2021; 24:103419. [PMID: 34786538 PMCID: PMC8580551 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The sudden loss of smell is among the earliest and most prevalent symptoms of COVID-19 when measured with a clinical psychophysical test. Research has shown the potential impact of frequent screening for olfactory dysfunction, but existing tests are expensive and time consuming. We developed a low-cost ($0.50/test) rapid psychophysical olfactory test (KOR) for frequent testing and a model-based COVID-19 screening framework using a Bayes Network symptoms model. We trained and validated the model on two samples: suspected COVID-19 cases in five healthcare centers (n = 926; 33% prevalence, 309 RT-PCR confirmed) and healthy miners (n = 1,365; 1.1% prevalence, 15 RT-PCR confirmed). The model predicted COVID-19 status with 76% and 96% accuracy in the healthcare and miners samples, respectively (healthcare: AUC = 0.79 [0.75-0.82], sensitivity: 59%, specificity: 87%; miners: AUC = 0.71 [0.63-0.79], sensitivity: 40%, specificity: 97%, at 0.50 infection probability threshold). Our results highlight the potential for low-cost, frequent, accessible, routine COVID-19 testing to support society's reopening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Eyheramendy
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Foundational Research on Data (IMFD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro A. Saa
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Institute for Mathematical and Computational Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo A. Undurraga
- School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research in Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
- Research Center for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (CIGIDEN), Santiago, Chile
- CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Carolina López
- Center for Aromas and Flavors, DICTUC SA., Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Méndez
- Endoscopy Unit, Hospital Padre Hurtado, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Pizarro-Berdichevsky
- Center for Innovation in Pelvic Floor, Hospital Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Finkelstein-Kulka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandra Solari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Salas
- Millennium Institute for Foundational Research on Data (IMFD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Bahamondes
- Millennium Institute for Foundational Research on Data (IMFD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Martín Ugarte
- Millennium Institute for Foundational Research on Data (IMFD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Barceló
- Millennium Institute for Foundational Research on Data (IMFD), Santiago, Chile
- Institute for Mathematical and Computational Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Arenas
- Millennium Institute for Foundational Research on Data (IMFD), Santiago, Chile
- Institute for Mathematical and Computational Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Computer Science, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Agosin
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Aromas and Flavors, DICTUC SA., Santiago, Chile
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Recent evidence for the impacts of olfactory disorders on food enjoyment and ingestive behavior. Curr Opin Food Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Prem B, Liu DT, Besser G, Sharma G, Dultinger LE, Hofer SV, Matiasczyk MM, Renner B, Mueller CA. Long-lasting olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 279:3485-3492. [PMID: 34757458 PMCID: PMC8578909 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-021-07153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a common symptom of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although many patients have been reported to regain olfactory function within the first month, long-term observation reports vary. Therefore, we aimed to assess the course of chemosensory function in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 within 3–15 months after the infection. Methods One hundred and two patients (71 females and 31 males; mean age 38.8 years) diagnosed with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and subjective OD participated in this single-center study 111–457 days after onset of OD. Patients first performed chemosensory tests at home, followed by psychophysical testing (Sniffin’ Sticks (TDI), 27-item Candy Smell Test (CST), Taste Strips Test (TST)) in the clinic. Questionnaires regarding importance of olfaction (IOQ) and olfactory-specific quality of life (QOD) were applied at both timepoints. Results After a mean 216 days (SD 73; range 111–457) between OD onset and follow-up testing, the mean Sniffin’ Sticks (TDI) score was 27.1 points (SD 5.8; range 4.25–38.5): 4.0% were anosmic, 72.5% hyposmic, and 23.5% normosmic. At follow-up testing, 73.5% of patients reported improvement, 5.9% deterioration, and 20.6% no change in OD. Moreover, full recovery of self-perceived smell, flavor, and taste was not observed. According to questionnaires, the individual importance of smell did not change, but participants showed improvement in OD-related quality of life (p < 0.001) and had increased parosmia scores (p = 0.014) at follow-up. Conclusion Our results show that long-lasting OD after SARS-CoV-2 infection is a common symptom. The majority of patients had OD in the range of hyposmia, which was confirmed by comprehensive smell tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Prem
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - David T Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerold Besser
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gunjan Sharma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura E Dultinger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sissy V Hofer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina M Matiasczyk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bertold Renner
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian A Mueller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Nørgaard HJ, Fjaeldstad AW. Differences in Correlation between Subjective and Measured Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunctions after Initial Ear, Nose and Throat Evaluation. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 25:e563-e569. [PMID: 34737828 PMCID: PMC8558951 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1722249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
Subjective chemosensory function can differ from measured function. Previous studies on olfactory assessment have found a positive correlation between subjective and measured scores. However, information on gustatory correlation between measured and subjective functions is sparse in patients who have undergone an initial ear, nose and throat (ENT) evaluation.
Objectives
To evaluate the correlation between subjective and measured olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in a population complaining of taste and/or smell dysfunction after an initial ENT evaluation without chemosensory testing. Furthermore, we aimed to assess the need for chemosensory testing depending on the type of subjective chemosensory dysfunction.
Methods
A case series in which subjective chemosensory function was assessed through a questionnaire and measured chemosensory function was assessed by validated clinical tests.
Results
In total, 602 patients with complaints of olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction were included. We found that 50% of the patients with normal gustatory function and an olfactory impairment classified their olfactory impairment as a subjective taste disorder. Furthermore, 98% of the patients who rated their olfactory function as absent did have a measurable olfactory impairment, but only 64% were anosmic.
Conclusion
Subjective gustatory dysfunction was poorly correlated with measured gustatory dysfunction, and was often found to reflect olfactory dysfunction. Contrarily, subjective olfactory dysfunction was positively correlated with measurable olfactory dysfunction. Although subjective anosmia was a strong indicator of measured anosmia or hyposmia, the existence of remaining olfactory function was frequently found in these patients. Validated chemosensory testing should be performed in patients with perceived olfactory or gustatory deficits, as this could help ensure increased diagnostic precision and a relevant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jacob Nørgaard
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Flavour Clinic, West Hospital Unit, Central Denmark Region, Holstebro, Denmark.,Flavour Institute, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Alexander Wieck Fjaeldstad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Flavour Clinic, West Hospital Unit, Central Denmark Region, Holstebro, Denmark.,Flavour Institute, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Psychiatry, Center for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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The Link between Attachment Style and Self-Reported Olfactory Ability: A Preliminary Investigation. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101367. [PMID: 34679431 PMCID: PMC8533800 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals in healthy romantic relationships gain significant benefits to their psychological wellbeing and physiological health. Notably, the majority of relationship research has focused on how adult attachment influences these relationship outcomes while the role of olfaction remains an emerging research focus. The aim of the current study was to bring together these seemingly unrelated factors–attachment and olfaction–in an online quasi-experimental design. The participants were 401 undergraduate students, predominantly females, ranging in age from 17 to 70 years. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires that evaluated their attachment tendencies, olfactory ability and experiences in romantic relationships. Results indicated that attachment insecurity, across both attachment anxiety and avoidance, was associated with decreased olfactory functioning for females. These findings provide preliminary evidence that olfaction is related to romantic relationship maintenance and suggests that body odors could be fundamental for evoking the attachment system. These findings also elicit enticing new avenues of research which can assist psychologists to provide targeted treatments to individuals with olfactory deficits and insecure attachment tendencies.
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46
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Olfactory hallucinations in a population-based sample. Psychiatry Res 2021; 304:114117. [PMID: 34391204 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory hallucinations referring to olfactory perceptions in the absence of chemical stimuli, occur in non-clinical and clinical populations. Few studies have investigated their prevalence in the general population and little is known about factors triggering and maintaining them such as substance use, severe life events, and mood. We analyzed self-report data from 2500 community dwelling Norwegians, aged 18-96 years, for occurrence of olfactory hallucinations and co-occurring hallucinations in other modalities (auditory, visual, tactile). Analyses included age, sex, self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety, mental health status, and experience of severe life-events. The results show that 4.2% (95% CI 3.5-5.1%) reported having experienced olfactory hallucinations, and 56% of individuals experiencing olfactory hallucinations also reported these in combination with hallucinations in other modalities. Prevalence varied significantly in terms of age and sex, in that olfactory hallucinations were most frequently reported by young individuals and females. Self-reported symptoms of anxiety and experience of stressful life events were significantly associated with olfactory hallucinations, suggesting that experiencing olfactory hallucinations may negatively affect functioning and may increase the likelihood of developing psychopathology. Findings underline the need to continue to examine olfactory hallucinations albeit with a more comprehensive assessment in order to increase knowledge on this experience.
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Lötsch J, Hintschich CA, Petridis P, Pade J, Hummel T. Machine-Learning Points at Endoscopic, Quality of Life, and Olfactory Parameters as Outcome Criteria for Endoscopic Paranasal Sinus Surgery in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:4245. [PMID: 34575356 PMCID: PMC8465949 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is often treated by functional endoscopic paranasal sinus surgery, which improves endoscopic parameters and quality of life, while olfactory function was suggested as a further criterion of treatment success. In a prospective cohort study, 37 parameters from four categories were recorded from 60 men and 98 women before and four months after endoscopic sinus surgery, including endoscopic measures of nasal anatomy/pathology, assessments of olfactory function, quality of life, and socio-demographic or concomitant conditions. Parameters containing relevant information about changes associated with surgery were examined using unsupervised and supervised methods, including machine-learning techniques for feature selection. The analyzed cohort included 52 men and 38 women. Changes in the endoscopic Lildholdt score allowed separation of baseline from postoperative data with a cross-validated accuracy of 85%. Further relevant information included primary nasal symptoms from SNOT-20 assessments, and self-assessments of olfactory function. Overall improvement in these relevant parameters was observed in 95% of patients. A ranked list of criteria was developed as a proposal to assess the outcome of functional endoscopic sinus surgery in CRS patients with nasal polyposis. Three different facets were captured, including the Lildholdt score as an endoscopic measure and, in addition, disease-specific quality of life and subjectively perceived olfactory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Lötsch
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Constantin A. Hintschich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Petros Petridis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, St. Johannes Municipal Hospital, Johannesstraße 9-17, 44137 Dortmund, Germany; (P.P.); (J.P.)
| | - Jürgen Pade
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, St. Johannes Municipal Hospital, Johannesstraße 9-17, 44137 Dortmund, Germany; (P.P.); (J.P.)
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
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Liu DT, Besser G, Bayer K, Prem B, Mueller CA, Renner B. Bitter Taste Disrupts Spatial Discrimination of Piperine-Evoked Burning Sensations: A Pilot Study. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10090886. [PMID: 34571763 PMCID: PMC8469466 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The chemical senses smell, taste, and trigeminal sense enable us to interact with the environment and play an essential role in protecting us from hazardous events. It is theorized that capsaicin and piperine not only elicit burning, but also bitter sensations through bitter taste-responding gustatory receptor cells that possess special channels. Similar psychophysiological responses to capsaicin and piperine suggest that bitter taste might also disrupt the spatial discrimination to piperine-induced burning sensations. Results showed that bitter taste disrupted the spatial discrimination of piperine-evoked burning sensations, providing further evidence for a qualitative similarity between burning and bitter sensations and the usefulness of chemical irritants in spatial discrimination tasks. Abstract This study aimed to investigate the perceptual similarity between piperine-induced burning sensations and bitter taste using piperine-impregnated taste strips (PTS). This pilot study included 42 healthy participants. PTS of six ascending concentrations (1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, and 25 mg piperine/dL 96% ethanol) were presented at the anterior tongue, and participants rated perceived intensity and duration. Then, participants performed a spatial discrimination task in which they had to report which of the two strips presented to the anterior tongue contained an irritating stimulus when one strip was always a PTS while the other strip was impregnated with either a single taste quality (sweet or bitter) or a blank strip. Repeated measures one-way ANOVA revealed that burning sensations of higher concentrated PTS were perceived more intense and more prolonged compared to lower concentrated PTS. McNemar’s test showed that PTS were identified correctly significantly less often when presented with bitter strips compared to when presented with blank (p = 0.002) or sweet strips (p = 0.017). Our results showed that bitter taste disrupts the spatial discrimination of piperine-evoked burning sensations. PTS might serve as a basis for further studies on disease-specific patterns in chemosensory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T. Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.T.L.); (G.B.); (K.B.); (B.P.)
| | - Gerold Besser
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.T.L.); (G.B.); (K.B.); (B.P.)
| | - Karina Bayer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.T.L.); (G.B.); (K.B.); (B.P.)
| | - Bernhard Prem
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.T.L.); (G.B.); (K.B.); (B.P.)
| | - Christian A. Mueller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.T.L.); (G.B.); (K.B.); (B.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Bertold Renner
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Cecchetto C, Di Pizio A, Genovese F, Calcinoni O, Macchi A, Dunkel A, Ohla K, Spinelli S, Farruggia MC, Joseph PV, Menini A, Cantone E, Dinnella C, Cecchini MP, D’Errico A, Mucignat-Caretta C, Parma V, Dibattista M. Assessing the extent and timing of chemosensory impairments during COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17504. [PMID: 34471196 PMCID: PMC8410776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96987-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory impairments have been established as a specific indicator of COVID-19. They affect most patients and may persist long past the resolution of respiratory symptoms, representing an unprecedented medical challenge. Since the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic started, we now know much more about smell, taste, and chemesthesis loss associated with COVID-19. However, the temporal dynamics and characteristics of recovery are still unknown. Here, capitalizing on data from the Global Consortium for Chemosensory Research (GCCR) crowdsourced survey, we assessed chemosensory abilities after the resolution of respiratory symptoms in participants diagnosed with COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic in Italy. This analysis led to the identification of two patterns of chemosensory recovery, partial and substantial, which were found to be associated with differential age, degrees of chemosensory loss, and regional patterns. Uncovering the self-reported phenomenology of recovery from smell, taste, and chemesthetic disorders is the first, yet essential step, to provide healthcare professionals with the tools to take purposeful and targeted action to address chemosensory disorders and their severe discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Cecchetto
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonella Di Pizio
- grid.506467.6Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Federica Genovese
- grid.250221.60000 0000 9142 2735Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Alberto Macchi
- ENT Department, Italian Academy of Rhinology-ASST sette laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Andreas Dunkel
- grid.506467.6Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Ohla
- grid.49096.320000 0001 2238 0831Experimental Psychology Unit, Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sara Spinelli
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Michael C. Farruggia
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Paule V. Joseph
- National Institutes of Nursing Research, Bethesda, USA ,grid.420085.b0000 0004 0481 4802National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, USA ,grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Anna Menini
- grid.5970.b0000 0004 1762 9868Neurobiology Section, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
| | - Elena Cantone
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) Section, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Dinnella
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Cecchini
- grid.5611.30000 0004 1763 1124Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna D’Errico
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Department of Neurobiology, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carla Mucignat-Caretta
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Parma
- grid.250221.60000 0000 9142 2735Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, USA ,grid.264727.20000 0001 2248 3398Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Michele Dibattista
- grid.7644.10000 0001 0120 3326Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari A. Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare n.11, 70124 Bari, Italy
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50
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Liu X, Huang J, Tian P, Hu J, Zou L. Development of a Self-reported Olfactory Dysfunction Questionnaire (SODQ) to screen olfactory disorders in China. Rhinology 2021; 59:393-397. [PMID: 34129661 DOI: 10.4193/rhin21.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of olfactory dysfunction is challenging given the negligence during routine physical examination, inconvenience of diagnosis in clinical practice, and the inattention to cross-cultural adaptability. The study aimed to develop and validate a simple and effective self-reported olfactory dysfunction questionnaire (SODQ) for the initial screening of clinical olfactory disorders in China. METHODS A total of 121 subjects participated in the study; of these, 96 subjects completed the T&T olfactometer test and 12-item questionnaire, and 25 participants were retested using the SODQ after one week. The T&T olfactometer test examined the olfactory function and the questionnaire measured the ability to perceive common odors in daily life. We evaluated the factor structure, reliability, validity, and discriminative ability of the SODQ. RESULTS The final version of the SODQ consisted of 10 items with one factor. Test-retest and internal consistency were excellent. Convergent validity of the questionnaire with the T&T olfactory test was high. Furthermore, the discrimination ability was high for the questionnaire with an area under the curve of 0.95 and a cut-off point of 22. CONCLUSIONS The SODQ is a brief, valid, and repeatable tool that has the potential to effectively screen for clinical olfactory disorders from a subjective perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - J Huang
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - P Tian
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - J Hu
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - L Zou
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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