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McKay L, Petrelli B, Pind M, Reynolds JN, Wintle RF, Chudley AE, Drögemöller B, Fainsod A, Scherer SW, Hanlon-Dearman A, Hicks GG. Risk and Resilience Variants in the Retinoic Acid Metabolic and Developmental Pathways Associated with Risk of FASD Outcomes. Biomolecules 2024; 14:569. [PMID: 38785976 PMCID: PMC11117505 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an estimated 2-5% of North Americans. FASD is induced by prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) during pregnancy and while there is a clear genetic contribution, few genetic factors are currently identified or understood. In this study, using a candidate gene approach, we performed a genetic variant analysis of retinoic acid (RA) metabolic and developmental signaling pathway genes on whole exome sequencing data of 23 FASD-diagnosed individuals. We found risk and resilience alleles in ADH and ALDH genes known to normally be involved in alcohol detoxification at the expense of RA production, causing RA deficiency, following PAE. Risk and resilience variants were also identified in RA-regulated developmental pathway genes, especially in SHH and WNT pathways. Notably, we also identified significant variants in the causative genes of rare neurodevelopmental disorders sharing comorbidities with FASD, including STRA6 (Matthew-Wood), SOX9 (Campomelic Dysplasia), FDG1 (Aarskog), and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (TBX1). Although this is a small exploratory study, the findings support PAE-induced RA deficiency as a major etiology underlying FASD and suggest risk and resilience variants may be suitable biomarkers to determine the risk of FASD outcomes following PAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo McKay
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Berardino Petrelli
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Molly Pind
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - James N. Reynolds
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Richard F. Wintle
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Albert E. Chudley
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1S1, Canada
| | - Britt Drögemöller
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Abraham Fainsod
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12271, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Stephen W. Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Ana Hanlon-Dearman
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1S1, Canada
| | - Geoffrey G. Hicks
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
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Jelenkovic A, Ibáñez-Zamacona ME, Rebato E. Human adaptations to diet: Biological and cultural coevolution. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2024; 111:117-147. [PMID: 38908898 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Modern humans evolved in Africa some 200,000 years ago, and since then, human populations have expanded and diversified to occupy a broad range of habitats and use different subsistence modes. This has resulted in different adaptations, such as differential responses to diseases and different abilities to digest or tolerate certain foods. The shift from a subsistence strategy based on hunting and gathering during the Palaeolithic to a lifestyle based on the consumption of domesticated animals and plants in the Neolithic can be considered one of the most important dietary transitions of Homo sapiens. In this text, we review four examples of gene-culture coevolution: (i) the persistence of the enzyme lactase after weaning, which allows the digestion of milk in adulthood, related to the emergence of dairy farming during the Neolithic; (ii) the population differences in alcohol susceptibility, in particular the ethanol intolerance of Asian populations due to the increased accumulation of the toxic acetaldehyde, related to the spread of rice domestication; (iii) the maintenance of gluten intolerance (celiac disease) with the subsequent reduced fitness of its sufferers, related to the emergence of agriculture and (iv) the considerable variation in the biosynthetic pathway of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in native populations with extreme diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Jelenkovic
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain.
| | - María Eugenia Ibáñez-Zamacona
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Esther Rebato
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
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Johnson EC, Salvatore JE, Lai D, Merikangas AK, Nurnberger JI, Tischfield JA, Xuei X, Kamarajan C, Wetherill L, Rice JP, Kramer JR, Kuperman S, Foroud T, Slesinger PA, Goate AM, Porjesz B, Dick DM, Edenberg HJ, Agrawal A. The collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism: Genetics. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 22:e12856. [PMID: 37387240 PMCID: PMC10550788 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the genetic approaches and results from the family-based Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). COGA was designed during the linkage era to identify genes affecting the risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD) and related problems, and was among the first AUD-focused studies to subsequently adopt a genome-wide association (GWAS) approach. COGA's family-based structure, multimodal assessment with gold-standard clinical and neurophysiological data, and the availability of prospective longitudinal phenotyping continues to provide insights into the etiology of AUD and related disorders. These include investigations of genetic risk and trajectories of substance use and use disorders, phenome-wide association studies of loci of interest, and investigations of pleiotropy, social genomics, genetic nurture, and within-family comparisons. COGA is one of the few AUD genetics projects that includes a substantial number of participants of African ancestry. The sharing of data and biospecimens has been a cornerstone of the COGA project, and COGA is a key contributor to large-scale GWAS consortia. COGA's wealth of publicly available genetic and extensive phenotyping data continues to provide a unique and adaptable resource for our understanding of the genetic etiology of AUD and related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Johnson
- Department of PsychiatryWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Jessica E. Salvatore
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
| | - Dongbing Lai
- Department of Medical & Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Alison K. Merikangas
- Department of Biomedical and Health InformaticsChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - John I. Nurnberger
- Department of Medical & Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Department of PsychiatryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | | | - Xiaoling Xuei
- Department of Medical & Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Chella Kamarajan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesState University of New York Health Sciences UniversityBrooklynNew YorkUSA
| | - Leah Wetherill
- Department of Medical & Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | | | - John P. Rice
- Department of PsychiatryWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - John R. Kramer
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Samuel Kuperman
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical & Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Paul A. Slesinger
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacological SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Alison M. Goate
- Departments of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Neuroscience, and NeurologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Bernice Porjesz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesState University of New York Health Sciences UniversityBrooklynNew YorkUSA
| | - Danielle M. Dick
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
| | - Howard J. Edenberg
- Department of Medical & Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyIndiana UniversityIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of PsychiatryWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
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Gameiro‐Ros I, Popova D, Prytkova I, Pang ZP, Liu Y, Dick D, Bucholz KK, Agrawal A, Porjesz B, Goate AM, Xuei X, Kamarajan C, Tischfield JA, Edenberg HJ, Slesinger PA, Hart RP. 5. Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism: Functional genomics. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 22:e12855. [PMID: 37533187 PMCID: PMC10550792 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol Use Disorder is a complex genetic disorder, involving genetic, neural, and environmental factors, and their interactions. The Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) has been investigating these factors and identified putative alcohol use disorder risk genes through genome-wide association studies. In this review, we describe advances made by COGA in elucidating the functional changes induced by alcohol use disorder risk genes using multimodal approaches with human cell lines and brain tissue. These studies involve investigating gene regulation in lymphoblastoid cells from COGA participants and in post-mortem brain tissues. High throughput reporter assays are being used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms in which alternate alleles differ in driving gene expression. Specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (both coding or noncoding) have been modeled using induced pluripotent stem cells derived from COGA participants to evaluate the effects of genetic variants on transcriptomics, neuronal excitability, synaptic physiology, and the response to ethanol in human neurons from individuals with and without alcohol use disorder. We provide a perspective on future studies, such as using polygenic risk scores and populations of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons to identify signaling pathways related with responses to alcohol. Starting with genes or loci associated with alcohol use disorder, COGA has demonstrated that integration of multimodal data within COGA participants and functional studies can reveal mechanisms linking genomic variants with alcohol use disorder, and potential targets for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gameiro‐Ros
- Nash Family Department of NeuroscienceIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Dina Popova
- Human Genetics Institute of New JerseyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
| | - Iya Prytkova
- Nash Family Department of NeuroscienceIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Zhiping P. Pang
- Human Genetics Institute of New JerseyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolRutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Danielle Dick
- Rutgers Addiction Research Center, Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
| | - Kathleen K. Bucholz
- Department of PsychiatryWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of PsychiatryWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Bernice Porjesz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesSUNY Downstate Health Sciences UniversityBrooklynNew YorkUSA
| | - Alison M. Goate
- Nash Family Department of NeuroscienceIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Xiaoling Xuei
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Chella Kamarajan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesSUNY Downstate Health Sciences UniversityBrooklynNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Jay A. Tischfield
- Human Genetics Institute of New JerseyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
- Department of GeneticsRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
| | - Howard J. Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana UniversityIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Paul A. Slesinger
- Nash Family Department of NeuroscienceIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Ronald P. Hart
- Human Genetics Institute of New JerseyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
- Department of Cell Biology and NeuroscienceRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
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5
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Kukowka A, Brzuchalski B, Kurzawski M, Malinowski D, Białecka MA. ADH1B, ADH1B/C and CYP2E1 Gene Polymorphism and the Risk of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1392. [PMID: 37510297 PMCID: PMC10379323 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing alcohol consumption by women of childbearing age contributes to more frequent cases of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. The cause of the syndrome is fetal alcohol exposure, particularly what is referred to as high prenatal alcohol exposure. Low metabolic activity of fetal enzymes shifts the burden of ethanol removal to maternal metabolism. One of the factors influencing the pathogenesis of FASD is the genetic background. It can determine the rate of elimination of ethanol, thus increasing or decreasing the time of fetal exposure to ethanol and also decreasing its concentration. Genetic polymorphisms could potentially play a significant role in these processes. In the present study, we considered three polymorphisms of genes implicated in the synthesis of enzymes involved in ethanol metabolism, i.e., ADH1b (rs1229984), ADH1b/c (rs1789891), and CYP2E1 (rs3813867). The studied group consisted of 303 children and 251 mothers. Both mothers' and children's genotypes were considered in our analysis. There were no statistically significant differences between the respective groups of genotypes of the studied polymorphisms. However, the genetic background of FASD is still elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Kukowka
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Pomeranian Medical University, Aleja Powstanców Wielkopolskich 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland (D.M.)
| | - Bogusław Brzuchalski
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Pomeranian Medical University, Aleja Powstanców Wielkopolskich 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland (D.M.)
| | - Mateusz Kurzawski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Aleja Powstanców Wielkopolskich 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Damian Malinowski
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Pomeranian Medical University, Aleja Powstanców Wielkopolskich 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland (D.M.)
| | - Monika Anna Białecka
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Pomeranian Medical University, Aleja Powstanców Wielkopolskich 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland (D.M.)
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Young KL, Olshan AF, Lunetta K, Graff M, Williams LA, Yao S, Zirpoli GR, Troester M, Palmer JR. Influence of alcohol consumption and alcohol metabolism variants on breast cancer risk among Black women: results from the AMBER consortium. Breast Cancer Res 2023; 25:66. [PMID: 37308906 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-023-01660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moderate to heavy alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. The etiologic role of genetic variation in genes involved in ethanol metabolism has not been established, with little information available among women of African ancestry. METHODS Our analysis from the African American Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Risk (AMBER) Consortium included 2889 U.S. Black women who were current drinkers at the time of breast cancer diagnosis (N cases = 715) and had available genetic data for four ethanol metabolism genomic regions (ADH, ALDH, CYP2E1, and ALDH2). We used generalized estimating equations to calculate genetic effects, gene* alcohol consumption (≥ 7drinks/week vs. < 7/week) interactions, and joint main plus interaction effects of up to 23,247 variants in ethanol metabolism genomic regions on odds of breast cancer. RESULTS Among current drinkers, 21% of cases and 14% of controls reported consuming ≥ 7 drinks per week. We identified statistically significant genetic effects for rs79865122-C in CYP2E1 with odds of ER- breast cancer and odds of triple negative breast cancer, as well as a significant joint effect with odds of ER- breast cancer (≥ 7drinks per week OR = 3.92, < 7 drinks per week OR = 0.24, pjoint = 3.74 × 10-6). In addition, there was a statistically significant interaction of rs3858704-A in ALDH2 with consumption of ≥ 7 drinks/week on odds of triple negative breast cancer (≥ 7drinks per week OR = 4.41, < 7 drinks per week OR = 0.57, pint = 8.97 × 10-5). CONCLUSIONS There is a paucity of information on the impact of genetic variation in alcohol metabolism genes on odds of breast cancer among Black women. Our analysis of variants in four genomic regions harboring ethanol metabolism genes in a large consortium of U.S. Black women identified significant associations between rs79865122-C in CYP2E1 and odds of ER- and triple negative breast cancer. Replication of these findings is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Young
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA.
| | - Andrew F Olshan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| | - Kathryn Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| | - Lindsay A Williams
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Song Yao
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Gary R Zirpoli
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Melissa Troester
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| | - Julie R Palmer
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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Całka P, Ciesielka M, Teresiński G. Analysis of polymorphic variants in the ADH7 gene in alcohol abusers and addicts. ARCHIVES OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND CRIMINOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.4467/16891716amsik.22.014.17392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental and genetic (in approximately 50%) factors are responsible for the development of alcohol abuse and dependence. The main genes responsible for the risk of harmful alcohol consumption are the genes encoding the enzymes of ethanol metabolism in the human body. Ethyl alcohol is oxidized to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenases found in the liver (ADH1B, ADH1C and ADH4) and stomach (ADH7). Gastric metabolism of ethanol is able to reduce the amount of alcohol reaching the bloodstream by up to 10% of the dose taken. ADH7 gene variations could be associated as the risk of developing alcohol abuse and dependence.
Aim of the study: Analysis of tag SNPs in the ADH7 gene and determination of the relationship between those variants and the risk of developing alcohol abuse and dependence in the Polish population.
Materials and methods: Blood samples from 159 autopsies from alcohol abusers and/or addicts and 201 buccal swabs taken from controls. Genotyping was performed using the Real Time PCR method with TaqMan probes on 3 tag SNPs: rs284786, rs1154470 (within the ADH7 gene) and rs7690269 (from the intergenic region). The obtained genotypes were randomly verified by Sanger sequencing.
Results and conclusions: The results of the performed statistical analyses of the obtained genotypes did not confirm the relationship between the above-mentioned variants and a risk of developing problems with alcohol consumption, based on samples from the Polish population.
Key words: alcohol addiction, alcohol abuse, alcohol dehydrogenases, gastric dehydrogenase, ADH7
Analiza wariantów polimorficznych w genie ADH7 u osób nadużywających i uzależnionych od alkoholu
Nadużywanie i uzależnienie od alkoholu zależy zarówno od czynników środowiskowych, jak i w około 50% czynników genetycznych. Głównymi genami, które są odpowiedzialne za zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju szkodliwego spożywania alkoholu są geny kodujące enzymy rozkładu etanolu w organizmie ludzkim. Alkohol etylowy jest utleniany do aldehydu octowego przez dehydrogenazy alkoholowe występujące w wątrobie (ADH1B, ADH1C i ADH4) oraz żołądku (ADH7). Metabolizm żołądkowy etanolu jest w stanie obniżyć jego ilość trafiającą do krwiobiegu nawet do 10% przyjętej dawki. Zmiany występujące w genie ADH7 wykazują związek z ilością spożywanego alkoholu, a także ryzykiem rozwoju nadużywania i uzależnienia od tej substancji.
Cel pracy: Analiza zmian znacznikowych w genie ADH7 i określenie związku wariantów badanego genu z ryzykiem rozwoju nadużywania i uzależnienia od alkoholu w populacji polskiej.
Materiały i metody: Materiał do badań stanowiła krew pobrana od 159 denatów, którzy nadużywali i/lub byli uzależnieni od alkoholu oraz 201 wymazów policzkowych od osób kontrolnych z populacji polskiej. Wykorzystując metodę Real Time PCR z sondami TaqMan wykonano genotypowanie w zakresie 3 zmian znacznikowych: rs284786, rs1154470 (w obrębie genu ADH7) i rs7690269 (z regionu międzygenowego). Otrzymane genotypy losowo weryfikowano sekwencjonowaniem metodą Sangera.
Wyniki i wnioski: Analiza statystyczna otrzymanych wyników nie potwierdziła związku wybranych wariantów z ryzykiem nadużywania i uzależnienia od alkoholu.
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8
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Clites BL, Hofmann HA, Pierce JT. The Promise of an Evolutionary Perspective of Alcohol Consumption. Neurosci Insights 2023; 18:26331055231163589. [PMID: 37051560 PMCID: PMC10084549 DOI: 10.1177/26331055231163589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The urgent need for medical treatments of alcohol use disorders has motivated the search for novel molecular targets of alcohol response. Most studies exploit the strengths of lab animals without considering how these and other species may have adapted to respond to alcohol in an ecological context. Here, we provide an evolutionary perspective on the molecular and genetic underpinnings of alcohol consumption by reviewing evidence that alcohol metabolic enzymes have undergone adaptive evolution at 2 evolutionary junctures: first, to enable alcohol consumption accompanying the advent of a frugivorous diet in a primate ancestor, and second, to decrease the likelihood of excessive alcohol consumption concurrent with the spread of agriculture and fermentation in East Asia. By similarly considering how diverse vertebrate and invertebrate species have undergone natural selection for alcohol responses, novel conserved molecular targets of alcohol are likely be discovered that may represent promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Clites
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Institute for Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hans A Hofmann
- Institute for Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan T Pierce
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Institute for Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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9
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Alcohol-Induced Oxidative Stress and the Role of Antioxidants in Alcohol Use Disorder: A Systematic Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071374. [PMID: 35883865 PMCID: PMC9311529 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a highly prevalent, comorbid, and disabling disorder. The underlying mechanism of ethanol neurotoxicity and the involvement of oxidative stress is still not fully elucidated. However, ethanol metabolism has been associated with increased oxidative stress through alcohol dehydrogenase, the microsomal ethanol oxidation system, and catalase metabolic pathways. We searched the PubMed and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) catalog databases to review the literature systematically and summarized the findings focusing on AUD and alcohol abstinence in relation to oxidative stress. In addition, we reviewed the ClinicalTrials.gov resource of the US National Library of Medicine to identify all ongoing and completed clinical trials that include therapeutic interventions based on antioxidants. The retrieved clinical and preclinical studies show that oxidative stress impacts AUD through genetics, alcohol metabolism, inflammation, and neurodegeneration.
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Veerappa A, Pendyala G, Guda C. A systems omics-based approach to decode substance use disorders and neuroadaptations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:61-80. [PMID: 34411560 PMCID: PMC8511293 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are a group of neuropsychiatric conditions manifesting due to excessive dependence on potential drugs of abuse such as psychostimulants, opioids including prescription opioids, alcohol, inhalants, etc. Experimental studies have generated enormous data in the area of SUDs, but outcomes from such data have remained largely fragmented. In this review, we attempt to coalesce these data points providing an important first step towards our understanding of the etiology of SUDs. We propose and describe a 'core addictome' pathway that behaves central to all SUDs. Besides, we also have made some notable observations paving way for several hypotheses; MECP2 behaves as a master switch during substance use; five distinct gene clusters were identified based on respective substance addiction; a central cluster of genes serves as a hub of the addiction pathway connecting all other substance addiction clusters. In addition to describing these findings, we have emphasized the importance of some candidate genes that are of substantial interest for further investigation and serve as high-value targets for translational efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Veerappa
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Gurudutt Pendyala
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Child Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Chittibabu Guda
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Center for Biomedical Informatics Research and Innovation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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Stoychev K, Dilkov D, Naghavi E, Kamburova Z. Genetic Basis of Dual Diagnosis: A Review of Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) Focusing on Patients with Mood or Anxiety Disorders and Co-Occurring Alcohol-Use Disorders. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11061055. [PMID: 34201295 PMCID: PMC8228390 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11061055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Comorbidity between Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD), mood, and anxiety disorders represents a significant health burden, yet its neurobiological underpinnings are elusive. The current paper reviews all genome-wide association studies conducted in the past ten years, sampling patients with AUD and co-occurring mood or anxiety disorder(s). (2) Methods: In keeping with PRISMA guidelines, we searched EMBASE, Medline/PUBMED, and PsycINFO databases (January 2010 to December 2020), including references of enrolled studies. Study selection was based on predefined criteria and data underwent a multistep revision process. (3) Results: 15 studies were included. Some of them explored dual diagnoses phenotypes directly while others employed correlational analysis based on polygenic risk score approach. Their results support the significant overlap of genetic factors involved in AUDs and mood and anxiety disorders. Comorbidity risk seems to be conveyed by genes engaged in neuronal development, connectivity, and signaling although the precise neuronal pathways and mechanisms remain unclear. (4) Conclusion: given that genes associated with complex traits including comorbid clinical presentations are of small effect, and individually responsible for a very low proportion of the total variance, larger samples consisting of multiple refined comorbid combinations and confirmed by re-sequencing approaches will be necessary to disentangle the genetic architecture of dual diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaloyan Stoychev
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University Pleven, 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +359-64-886-867
| | - Dancho Dilkov
- Department of Psychiatry, Military Medical Academy Sofia, 1606 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | | | - Zornitsa Kamburova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University Pleven, 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria;
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Mathkar PP, Chen X, Sulovari A, Li D. Characterization of Hepatitis B Virus Integrations Identified in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Genomes. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020245. [PMID: 33557409 PMCID: PMC7915589 DOI: 10.3390/v13020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Almost half of HCC cases are associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections, which often lead to HBV sequence integrations in the human genome. Accurate identification of HBV integration sites at a single nucleotide resolution is critical for developing a better understanding of the cancer genome landscape and of the disease itself. Here, we performed further analyses and characterization of HBV integrations identified by our recently reported VIcaller platform in recurrent or known HCC genes (such as TERT, MLL4, and CCNE1) as well as non-recurrent cancer-related genes (such as CSMD2, NKD2, and RHOU). Our pathway enrichment analysis revealed multiple pathways involving the alcohol dehydrogenase 4 gene, such as the metabolism pathways of retinol, tyrosine, and fatty acid. Further analysis of the HBV integration sites revealed distinct patterns involving the integration upper breakpoints, integrated genome lengths, and integration allele fractions between tumor and normal tissues. Our analysis also implies that the VIcaller method has diagnostic potential through discovering novel clonal integrations in cancer-related genes. In conclusion, although VIcaller is a hypothesis free virome-wide approach, it can still be applied to accurately identify genome-wide integration events of a specific candidate virus and their integration allele fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav P. Mathkar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (P.P.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Xun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (P.P.M.); (A.S.)
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Arvis Sulovari
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (P.P.M.); (A.S.)
- Cajal Neuroscience Inc., Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (P.P.M.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (D.L.)
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13
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Alcohol. Alcohol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816793-9.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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14
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Mackus M, van de Loo AJAE, Garssen J, Kraneveld AD, Scholey A, Verster JC. The Role of Alcohol Metabolism in the Pathology of Alcohol Hangover. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3421. [PMID: 33113870 PMCID: PMC7692803 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited number of available studies that examined the pathology of alcohol hangover focused on biomarkers of alcohol metabolism, oxidative stress and the inflammatory response to alcohol as potentially important determinants of hangover severity. The available literature on alcohol metabolism and oxidative stress is reviewed in this article. The current body of evidence suggests a direct relationship between blood ethanol concentration and hangover severity, whereas this association is not significant for acetaldehyde. The rate of alcohol metabolism seems to be an important determinant of hangover severity. That is, fast elimination of ethanol is associated with experiencing less severe hangovers. An explanation for this observation may be the fact that ethanol-in contrast to acetaldehyde-is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier. With slower ethanol metabolism, more ethanol is able to reach the brain and elicit hangover symptoms. Hangover severity was also significantly associated with biomarkers of oxidative stress. More oxidative stress in the first hours after alcohol consumption was associated with less severe next-day hangovers (i.e., a significant negative correlation was found between hangover severity and malondialdehyde). On the contrary, more oxidative stress at a later stage after alcohol consumption was associated with having more severe next-day hangovers (i.e., a significant positive correlation was found between hangover severity and 8-isoprostane). In conclusion, assessment of biomarkers of alcohol metabolism suggests that fast elimination of ethanol is associated with experiencing less severe hangovers. More research is needed to further examine the complex interrelationship between alcohol metabolism, the role of acetaldehyde and oxidative stress and antioxidants, and the pathology of the alcohol hangover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlou Mackus
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (A.J.v.d.L.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Aurora JAE van de Loo
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (A.J.v.d.L.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (A.J.v.d.L.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
- Global Centre of Excellence Immunology, Nutricia Danone Research, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aletta D. Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (A.J.v.d.L.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia;
| | - Joris C. Verster
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (A.J.v.d.L.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia;
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Kitakaze T, Yuan S, Inoue M, Yoshioka Y, Yamashita Y, Ashida H. 6-(Methylsulfinyl)hexyl isothiocyanate protects acetaldehyde-caused cytotoxicity through the induction of aldehyde dehydrogenase in hepatocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 686:108329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Association of ADH7 Gene Polymorphism with Schizophrenia in the Han Population of Northern China: a Case-Control Study. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:1851-1857. [PMID: 32388801 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder. Genetics is an important factor leading to schizophrenia, but its exact role is still unclear. Many studies have focused on neurotransmitters and regulators that participate in the processes mediated by these neurotransmitters. Alcohol dehydrogenase may not only catalyze the oxidation of retinol and ethanol but also be involved in a variety of neurotransmitter metabolic pathways. Therefore, our study investigated whether ADH7 gene variations in the Chinese Han population were associated with schizophrenia. Genomic DNA was extracted from a cohort of 275 schizophrenic patients (136 men and 139 women) and 313 healthy controls (160 men and 153 women) from the Northern Han Chinese population. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test and linkage disequilibrium analysis were performed. Differences in genotypes, alleles, and haplotypes between the schizophrenic and control groups were determined using the chi-square test and correlation analysis. The distribution of the CC + TT genotype of rs284787 was statistically different between the case and control groups (p = 0.026, OR = 1.448); however, the difference disappeared after Bonferroni correction. Linkage analysis indicated that rs739147, rs284787, rs3805329, rs894369, rs3805331, and rs284786 were closely linked in one block. The haplotype analysis found no association between the composed haplotypes and the occurrence of schizophrenia. Our study showed that the ADH7 gene was not associated with the risk of schizophrenia. Additional studies with larger cohorts of different ethnicities are needed to validate our findings.
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Saloner R, Paolillo EW, Kohli M, Murray SS, Moore DJ, Grant I, Cherner M. Genetic variation in alcohol dehydrogenase is associated with neurocognition in men with HIV and history of alcohol use disorder: preliminary findings. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:214-225. [PMID: 31933193 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00825-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The co-occurrence of HIV and alcohol use disorder (AUD) amplifies risk for neural injury and neurocognitive deficits. However, the substantial neurocognitive heterogeneity across HIV+/AUD+ individuals suggests inter-individual differences in vulnerability to the neurotoxicity of comorbid HIV/AUD. Genetic variation in alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), which metabolizes ethanol, may contribute to inter-individual neurocognitive variability. We evaluated associations between five ADH single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and neurocognition in men stratified by HIV and lifetime AUD status. Neurobehavioral assessments were administered to 153 men. Three-way ANOVAs examined the interaction of HIV, AUD, and ADH SNPs on global and domain-specific demographically corrected T scores. Follow-up ANCOVAs adjusted for age, estimated verbal IQ, depression, and remote non-alcohol substance use disorders. HIV/AUD groups differed globally and for verbal fluency, working memory, executive function, and processing speed T scores specifically, with HIV+/AUD+ exhibiting the poorest performance. ADH4 (rs1126671) was associated with large effects on working memory (d = - 1.16, p = .001) and executive function (d = - 0.77, p = .028) selectively in HIV+/AUD+, which remained significant in ANCOVA models. ADH1A (rs3819197) moderated the deleterious effects of HIV+/AUD+ on processing speed such that HIV+/AUD+ related to slower information processing in A allele carriers but not GG homozygotes (ps < 0.03). Preliminary findings suggest genetic variation in the ADH pathway moderates the deleterious neurocognitive effects of comorbid HIV/AUD. Differential metabolism of heavy ethanol exposure may compromise neurocognition under conditions of neurobiological stress, such as in HIV infection. The functional effects on ethanol metabolism of ADH SNPs examined in this study remain poorly understood, warranting further examination of pharmacokinetic mechanisms mediating ADH gene-neurobehavior relationships in HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan Saloner
- Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Emily W Paolillo
- Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Maulika Kohli
- Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sarah S Murray
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David J Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mariana Cherner
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Hari Dass SA, McCracken K, Pokhvisneva I, Chen LM, Garg E, Nguyen TTT, Wang Z, Barth B, Yaqubi M, McEwen LM, MacIsaac JL, Diorio J, Kobor MS, O'Donnell KJ, Meaney MJ, Silveira PP. A biologically-informed polygenic score identifies endophenotypes and clinical conditions associated with the insulin receptor function on specific brain regions. EBioMedicine 2019; 42:188-202. [PMID: 30922963 PMCID: PMC6491717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of brain insulin receptors modulates reward sensitivity, inhibitory control and memory. Variations in the functioning of this mechanism likely associate with individual differences in the risk for related mental disorders (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD, addiction, dementia), in agreement with the high co-morbidity between insulin resistance and psychopathology. These neurobiological mechanisms can be explored using genetic studies. We propose a novel, biologically informed genetic score reflecting the mesocorticolimbic and hippocampal insulin receptor-related gene networks, and investigate if it predicts endophenotypes (impulsivity, cognitive ability) in community samples of children, and psychopathology (addiction, dementia) in adults. Methods Lists of genes co-expressed with the insulin receptor in the mesocorticolimbic system or hippocampus were created. SNPs from these genes (post-clumping) were compiled in a polygenic score using the association betas described in a conventional GWAS (ADHD in the mesocorticolimbic score and Alzheimer in the hippocampal score). Across multiple samples (n = 4502), the biologically informed, mesocorticolimbic or hippocampal specific insulin receptor polygenic scores were calculated, and their ability to predict impulsivity, risk for addiction, cognitive performance and presence of Alzheimer's disease was investigated. Findings The biologically-informed ePRS-IR score showed better prediction of child impulsivity and cognitive performance, as well as risk for addiction and Alzheimer's disease in comparison to conventional polygenic scores for ADHD, addiction and dementia. Interpretation This novel, biologically-informed approach enables the use of genomic datasets to probe relevant biological processes involved in neural function and disorders. Fund Toxic Stress Research network of the JPB Foundation, Jacobs Foundation (Switzerland), Sackler Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantala A Hari Dass
- Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Kathryn McCracken
- John Abbott College, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada; McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Irina Pokhvisneva
- Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Lawrence M Chen
- Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Elika Garg
- Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Thao T T Nguyen
- Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Zihan Wang
- Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Barbara Barth
- McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Moein Yaqubi
- McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Lisa M McEwen
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Julie L MacIsaac
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Josie Diorio
- Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Michael S Kobor
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Kieran J O'Donnell
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada; Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada; Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 30 Medical Drive, 117609, Singapore
| | - Patricia P Silveira
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada; Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada.
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Wang X, Liao X, Yang C, Huang K, Yu T, Yu L, Han C, Zhu G, Zeng X, Liu Z, Zhou X, Qin W, Su H, Ye X, Peng T. Identification of prognostic biomarkers for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy. Oncol Rep 2019; 41:1586-1602. [PMID: 30628708 PMCID: PMC6365689 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.6953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a lethal malignancy with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. The identification of prognosis-associated biomarkers is crucial to improve HCC patient survival. The present study aimed to explore potential predictive biomarkers for HCC. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed in the GSE36376 dataset using GEO2R. Hub genes were identified and further investigated for prognostic value in HCC patients. A risk score model and nomogram were constructed to predict HCC prognosis using the prognosis-associated genes and clinical factors. Pearson's correlation was employed to show interactions among hub genes. Gene enrichment analysis was performed to identify detailed biological processes and pathways. A total of 71 DEGs were obtained and seven (ADH4, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP8B1, SLC22A1, TAT and HSD17B13, all adjusted P≤0.05) of the 10 hub genes were identified as prognosis-related genes for survival analysis in HCC patients, including alcohol dehydrogenase 4 (class II), pi polypeptide (ADH4), cytochrome p450 family 2 subfamily C member 8 (CYP2C8), cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily C member 9 (CYP2C9), cytochrome P450 family 8 subfamily B member 1 (CYP8B1), solute carrier family 22 member 1 (SLC22A1), tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) and hydroxysteroid 17-β dehydrogenase 13 (HSD17B13). The risk score model could predict HCC prognosis and the nomogram visualized gene expression and clinical factors of probability for HCC prognosis. The majority of genes showed significant Pearson's correlations with others (41 Pearson correlations P≤0.01, four Pearson correlations P>0.05). GO analysis revealed that terms such as ‘chemical carcinogenesis’ and ‘drug metabolism-cytochrome P450’ were enriched and may prove helpful to elucidate the mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis. Hub genes ADH4, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP8B1, SLC22A1, TAT and HSD17B13 may be useful as predictive biomarkers for HCC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Chengkun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Ketuan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Tingdong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Long Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Chuangye Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Guangzhi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xianmin Zeng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhengqian Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xinping Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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20
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Xiang B, Yang BZ, Zhou H, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J. GWAS and network analysis of co-occurring nicotine and alcohol dependence identifies significantly associated alleles and network. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:3-11. [PMID: 30488612 PMCID: PMC6918694 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dependence (AD) and nicotine dependence (ND) co-occur frequently (AD+ND). We integrated SNP-based, gene-based, and protein-protein interaction network analyses to identify shared risk genes or gene subnetworks for AD+ND in African Americans (AAs, N = 2,094) and European Americans (EAs, N = 1,207). The DSM-IV criterion counts for AD and ND were modeled as two dependent variables in a multivariate linear mixed model, and analyzed separately for the two populations. The most significant SNP was rs6579845 in EAs (p < 1.29 × 10-8 ) in GM2A, which encodes GM2 ganglioside activator, and is a cis-expression quantitative locus that affects GM2A expression in blood and brain tissues. However, this SNP was not replicated in our another small sample (N = 678). We identified a subnetwork of 24 genes that contributed to the AD+ND criterion counts. In the gene-set analysis for the subnetwork in an independent sample, the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment project (predominately EAs), these 24 genes as a set differed in AD+ND versus control subjects in EAs (p = .041). Functional enrichment analysis for this subnetwork revealed that the gene enrichment involved primarily nerve growth factor pathways, and cocaine and amphetamine addiction. In conclusion, we identified a genome-wide significant variant at GM2A and a gene subnetwork underlying the genetic trait of shared AD+ND. These results increase our understanding of the shared (pleiotropic) genetic risk that underlies AD+ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bao-Zhu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Studies of Addiction, University of Pennsylvania and VISN 4 MIRECC, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA,Departments of Genetics and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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21
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Kim JW, Choe YM, Shin JG, Park BL, Shin HD, Choi IG, Lee BC. Associations of BRAP polymorphisms with the risk of alcohol dependence and scores on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:83-94. [PMID: 30636874 PMCID: PMC6309135 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s184067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol dependence (AD) is a common disorder that is influenced by genetic as well as environmental factors. A previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) of the Korean population performed by our research group identified a number of genes, including BRCA1-associated protein (BRAP) and protein arginine methyltransferase 8 (PRMT8), as novel genetic markers of AD. METHODS The present investigation was a fine-mapping follow-up study of 459 AD and 455 non-AD subjects of Korean descent to determine the associations between BRAP and PRMT8 polymorphisms and AD. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was administered to screen for the degree of AD risk in the subjects and 58 genetic variants, 5 for BRAP and 53 for PRMT8, were genotyped for subsequent association analyses. RESULTS In the present case-control analysis, BRAP rs3782886 showed the most significant association signal with a risk of AD (P=1.29×10-16, Pcorr =7.74×10-16, OR =0.19). There were also significant differences in the overall and subcategory scores for the BRAP genetic variants, including rs3782886 (P=9.94×10-31, Pcorr =5.96×10-30 at rs3782886 for the overall AUDIT score). However, the genetic effects of PRMT8 polymorphisms observed in our previous GWAS were not replicated in the present study (minimum P=0.0005, Pcorr >0.05, OR =0.30 at rs4766139 in the recessive model). Furthermore, the single-nucleotide polymorphisms of PRMT8 were not associated with the overall and subcategory AUDIT scores. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that the genetic variants of BRAP may contribute to a predisposition for an alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Wook Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea,
| | - Young Min Choe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea,
| | - Joong-Gon Shin
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Lae Park
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Doo Shin
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ihn-Geun Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea, .,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Boung Chul Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea, .,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hallym University Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea,
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22
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Edenberg HJ, McClintick JN. Alcohol Dehydrogenases, Aldehyde Dehydrogenases, and Alcohol Use Disorders: A Critical Review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:2281-2297. [PMID: 30320893 PMCID: PMC6286250 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are complex traits, meaning that variations in many genes contribute to the risk, as does the environment. Although the total genetic contribution to risk is substantial, most individual variations make only very small contributions. By far the strongest contributors are functional variations in 2 genes involved in alcohol (ethanol [EtOH]) metabolism. A functional variant in alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) is protective in people of European and Asian descent, and a different functional variant in the same gene is protective in those of African descent. A strongly protective variant in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is essentially only found in Asians. This highlights the need to study a wide range of populations. The likely mechanism of protection against heavy drinking and AUDs in both cases is alteration in the rate of metabolism of EtOH that at least transiently elevates acetaldehyde. Other ADH and ALDH variants, including functional variations in ADH1C, have also been implicated in affecting drinking behavior and risk for alcoholism. The pattern of linkage disequilibrium in the ADH region and the differences among populations complicate analyses, particularly of regulatory variants. This critical review focuses upon the ADH and ALDH genes as they affect AUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J. Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Jeanette N. McClintick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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23
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Prytkova I, Goate A, Hart RP, Slesinger PA. Genetics of Alcohol Use Disorder: A Role for Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:1572-1590. [PMID: 29897633 PMCID: PMC6120805 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) affects millions of people and costs nearly 250 billion dollars annually. Few effective FDA-approved treatments exist, and more are needed. AUDs have a strong heritability, but only a few genes have been identified with a large effect size on disease phenotype. Genomewide association studies (GWASs) have identified common variants with low effect sizes, most of which are in noncoding regions of the genome. Animal models frequently fail to recapitulate key molecular features of neuropsychiatric disease due to the polygenic nature of the disease, partial conservation of coding regions, and significant disparity in noncoding regions. By contrast, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived from patients provide a powerful platform for evaluating genes identified by GWAS and modeling complex interactions in the human genome. hiPSCs can be differentiated into a wide variety of human cells, including neurons, glia, and hepatic cells, which are compatible with numerous functional assays and genome editing techniques. In this review, we focus on current applications and future directions of patient hiPSC-derived central nervous system cells for modeling AUDs in addition to highlighting successful applications of hiPSCs in polygenic neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iya Prytkova
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Alison Goate
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ronald P. Hart
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Paul A. Slesinger
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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24
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Deak JD, Miller AP, Gizer IR. Genetics of alcohol use disorder: a review. Curr Opin Psychol 2018; 27:56-61. [PMID: 30170251 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) represents a significant and ongoing public health concern with 12-month prevalence estimates of ∼5.6%. Quantitative genetic studies suggest a heritability of approximately 50% for AUD, and as a result, significant efforts have been made to identify specific variation within the genome related to the etiology of AUD. Given the limited number of replicable findings that have emerged from genome-wide linkage and candidate gene association studies, more recent efforts have focused on the use of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). These studies have suggested that hundreds of variants across the genome, most of small effect (R2 < 0.002), contribute to the genetic etiology of AUD. The present review describes the initial, though limited, successes of GWAS to identify loci related to risk for AUD as well as other etiologically relevant traits (e.g. alcohol consumption). In addition, 'Post-GWAS' approaches that rely on GWAS data to estimate the heritability and co-heritability of traits, test causal relations between traits, and aid in gene discovery are described. Together, the described research findings illustrate the importance of molecular genetic research on AUD as we seek to better understand the mechanisms through which genetic variation leads to increased risk for AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Deak
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Alex P Miller
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Ian R Gizer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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25
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Chi YC, Lee SL, Lee YP, Lai CL, Yin SJ. Modeling of Human Hepatic and Gastrointestinal Ethanol Metabolism with Kinetic-Mechanism-Based Full-Rate Equations of the Component Alcohol Dehydrogenase Isozymes and Allozymes. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:556-569. [PMID: 29847918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism of ethanol. Human ADH constitutes a complex family of isozymes and allozymes with striking variation in kinetic properties and tissue distribution. The liver and the gastrointestinal tract are the major sites for first-pass metabolism (FPM). The quantitative contributions of ADH isozymes and ethnically distinct allozymes to cellular ethanol metabolism remain poorly understood. To address this issue, kinetic mechanism and the steady-state full-rate equations for recombinant human class I ADH1A, ADH1B (including allozymes ADH1B1, ADH1B2, and ADH1B3), ADH1C (including allozymes ADH1C1 and ADH1C2), class II ADH2, and class IV ADH4 were determined by initial velocity, product inhibition, and dead-end inhibition experiments in 0.1 M sodium phosphate at pH 7.5 and 25 °C. Models of the hepatic and gastrointestinal metabolisms of ethanol were constructed by linear combination of the numerical full-rate equations of the component isozymes and allozymes in target organs. The organ simulations indicate that in homozygous ADH1B*1/*1 livers, a representative genotype among ethnically distinct populations due to high prevalence of the allele, major contributors at 1 to 10 mM ethanol are ADH1B1 (45% to 24%) and the ADH1C allozymes (54% to 40%). The simulated activities at 1 to 50 mM ethanol for the gastrointestinal tract (total mucosae of ADH1C*1/*1-ADH4 stomach and the ADH1C*1/*1-ADH2 duodenum and jejunum) account for 0.68%-0.76% of that for the ADH1B*1/*1-ADH1C*1/*1 liver, suggesting gastrointestinal tract plays a relatively minor role in the human FPM of ethanol. Based on the flow-limited sinusoidal perfusion model, the simulated hepatic Kmapp, Vmaxapp, and Ci at a 95% clearance of ethanol for ADH1B*1/*1-ADH1C*1/*1 livers are compatible to that documented in hepatic vein catheterization and pharmacokinetic studies with humans that controlled for the genotypes. The model simulations suggest that slightly higher or similar ethanol elimination rates for ADH1B*2/*2 and ADH1B*3/*3 individuals compared with those for ADH1B*1/*1 individuals may result from higher hepatocellular acetaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chou Chi
- Department of Biochemistry , National Defense Medical Center , 161 Minchuan East Road Section 6 , Taipei 11490 , Taiwan
| | - Shou-Lun Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Technology , China Medical University , 91 Hsueh-Shih Road , Taichung 40402 , Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ping Lee
- Department of Biochemistry , National Defense Medical Center , 161 Minchuan East Road Section 6 , Taipei 11490 , Taiwan
| | - Ching-Long Lai
- Department of Nursing , Chang Gung University of Science and Technology , 261 Wenhwa First Road , Taoyuan City 33303 , Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jiun Yin
- Department of Biochemistry , National Defense Medical Center , 161 Minchuan East Road Section 6 , Taipei 11490 , Taiwan
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26
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Shih S, Huang YT, Yang HI. A multiple mediator analysis approach to quantify the effects of the ADH1B and ALDH2 genes on hepatocellular carcinoma risk. Genet Epidemiol 2018; 42:394-404. [PMID: 29600553 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous work suggested a genetic component affecting the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and mediation analyses have elucidated potential indirect pathways of these genetic effects. Specifically, the effects of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1B) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) genes on HCC risk vary based on alcohol consumption habits. However, alcohol consumption may not be the only mediator in the identified pathway: factors related to alcohol consumption may contribute to the same indirect pathway. Thus, we developed a multimediator model to quantify the genetic effects on HCC risk through sequential dichotomous mediators under the counterfactual framework. Our method provided a closed form formula for the mediation effects through different indirect paths, which requires no assumption for the rarity of outcome. In simulation studies of a finite sample, we presented the utility of the method with the variance of the effects estimated using the delta method and bootstrapping. We applied our method to data from participants in Taiwan (580 cases and 3,207 controls) and quantified the mediation effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ADH1B and ALDH2 genes on HCC through alcohol consumption (yes/no) and high alanine transaminase (ALT) levels (greater than or equal to 45 U/L or below 45 U/L). Assuming a dominant risk model, we identified that the SNPs' effects through alcohol consumption is more significant than through ALT levels on HCC risk. This new method provides insight to the magnitude of various casual mechanisms as a closed form solution and can be readily applied in other genomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephannie Shih
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Yen-Tsung Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America.,Department of Biostatistics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America.,Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwai-I Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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27
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Mandt BH, Larson C, Fay T, Bludeau P, Allen RM, Deitrich RA, Radcliffe RA. Quantitative trait loci for sensitivity to acute ethanol and ethanol consummatory behaviors in rats. Alcohol 2018; 66:55-67. [PMID: 29182922 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with a low initial response to alcohol (i.e., ethanol) are at greater risk of developing alcohol abuse or dependence later in life. Similar to humans, individual differences in ethanol sensitivity also can be seen in rats, and several laboratories have used these individual differences to generate selectively bred rats that differ in acute ethanol sensitivity. We have worked with two sets of such rats (Inbred High or Low Alcohol Sensitivity strains, IHAS or ILAS, respectively; Inbred Alcohol Tolerant or Non-Tolerant strains, IAT and IANT, respectively) and have confirmed previously mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) for these acute differences with the use of recombinant congenic lines; however, the relationship between acute sensitivity and ethanol drinking in these rats has yet to be determined. Thus, here we tested the hypothesis that QTLs underlying variation in initial low sensitivity to ethanol also will modulate variation in ethanol drinking behaviors. Separate groups of selectively inbred parent and congenic rats were tested for the loss of righting response (LORR) and also assessed for ethanol consummatory behavior using either operant self-administration or an intermittent-access two-bottle choice procedure. LORR testing confirmed the presence of a LORR duration QTL in all of the congenics; however, the lack of a corresponding difference in blood ethanol concentration at the regaining of the righting response suggests that these QTLs may be mediating a difference in ethanol metabolism rather than in neuronal sensitivity. IHAS/ILAS-derived congenic rats did not differ from parent rats at any point during operant self-administration. IAT/IANT-derived congenic rats showed small, but significant, increases in ethanol consumption relative to the parent strains only during the initial stages of operant self-administration. In contrast to operant testing, IHAS/ILAS-derived congenic rats showed significantly greater ethanol consumption and preference than parent rats during intermittent-access testing. There were not differences, however, between IAT/IANT congenic and parent rats during intermittent access. These data support the hypothesis that there is a genetic relationship between initial ethanol sensitivity and ethanol consumption, at least for the IHAS/ILAS-derived congenic rats. Our current studies, however, cannot eliminate pharmacokinetic or taste preference factors as contributing to the rats' responses, nor can we eliminate the possibility of a linkage effect because of the fairly large size of the QTL intervals; i.e., distinct genes may be mediating the acute sensitivity and drinking responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce H Mandt
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA
| | - Colin Larson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Tina Fay
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Pequita Bludeau
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Richard M Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA
| | - Richard A Deitrich
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Richard A Radcliffe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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28
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First description and evaluation of SNPs in the ADH and ALDH genes in a population of alcoholics in Central-West Brazil. Alcohol 2017; 65:37-43. [PMID: 29084628 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, different studies have reported an association of alcohol-use disorder (AUD) with different types of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes for aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). In Brazil, there is little information about the occurrence of these SNPs in the AUD population and an absence of studies characterizing the population in the Central-West Region of Brazil. Actually, in Brazil, there are more than 4 million people with AUD. Despite the major health hazards of AUD, information on alcohol consumption and its consequences are not well understood. Therefore, it is extremely important to characterize these SNPs for the better understanding of AUD as a genetic disease in the Brazilian population. The present study, unlike other studies in other countries, is done with a subject population that shows a significant amount of racial homogenization. We evaluated the presence of SNPs in the ADH (ADH1B, ADH1C, and ADH4) and ALDH (ALDH2) genes in alcohol users of Goiânia, State of Goiás - Brazil, and then we established a possible relationship with AUD by allelic and genotypic study. This study was conducted with a population of people with AUD (n = 99) from Goiás Alcohol Dependence Recovery Center (GO CEREA) and Psychosocial Care Center for Alcohol and Drugs (CAPS AD), and with a population of people without AUD as controls (n = 100). DNA was extracted from whole-blood samples and the genotyping was performed using TaqMan® SNP genotyping assays. For characterization and evaluation of SNPs in the population, genotype frequency, allele frequency, haplotype frequency, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and linkage disequilibrium were analyzed. Statistical analyses were calculated by GENEPOP 4.5 and Haploview software. The allele 1 was considered as "wild" (or *1) and allele 2 as mutant (or *2). Significant differences were found for ADH1B*, ADH4*2, and ALDH2*2 SNPs when the genotype and allele frequencies were analyzed. In addition, four haplotypes were observed between ADH1B*2 and ADH1C*2 through linkage disequilibrium analysis. The genetic variants may be associated with protection against AUD in the population studied.
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29
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Wolf JM, Simon D, Béria JU, Tietzmann DC, Stein AT, Lunge VR. Analysis of the Association of Nonsynonymous Polymorphisms in ADH Genes with Hazardous Drinking in HIV-1-Positive Individuals. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:1866-1874. [PMID: 28833276 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hazardous drinking (HD) is a serious health problem in people infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genes have been associated with HD in different populations, but there were no data about this in HIV-1-positive individuals. This study investigated the association of 4 nonsynonymous SNPs in ADH genes (Arg48His and Arg370Cys in ADH1B gene; Arg272Gln and Ile350Val in ADH1C gene) with HD in people living with HIV-1. METHODS This case-control study included 365 HIV-1-positive individuals (121 with HD and 244 without HD). Sociodemographic variables were collected with a standardized individual questionnaire. HD (score ≥8) and binge drinking (BD) (drinks on the same occasion ≥5) were detected with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. The 4 SNPs were genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using logistic regression analysis. The Bonferroni correction was used (considering the 4 SNPs studied). RESULTS There were no significant differences in the frequencies of Arg370Cys, Arg272Gln, and Ile350Val polymorphisms between HD cases and controls. Otherwise, Arg/His genotype (rs1229984) in ADH1B gene showed a protective effect against HD (aOR = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.90) and BD (aOR = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.95). Nevertheless, these differences were no longer significant after Bonferroni correction. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest a possible effect of the Arg48His genotype on the protection against HD in HIV-1-positive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Michel Wolf
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular , Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde , Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
| | - Daniel Simon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde , Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Airton Tetelbom Stein
- Fundação Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA) , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vagner Ricardo Lunge
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular , Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde , Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
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30
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Peng Q, Gizer IR, Wilhelmsen KC, Ehlers CL. Associations Between Genomic Variants in Alcohol Dehydrogenase Genes and Alcohol Symptomatology in American Indians and European Americans: Distinctions and Convergence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:1695-1704. [PMID: 28815635 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher rates of alcohol use disorders (AUD) have been observed in some Native American populations than other ethnic groups such as European Americans (EAs) in the United States. Previous studies have shown that variation in the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genes may affect the risk for development of AUD and that the prevalence of these variants differs depending on the ancestral origins of a population. METHODS In this study, we assessed sequencing variants in the ADH genomic region (ADH1-7) and tested for their associations with AUD phenotypes in 2 independent populations: an American Indian (AI) community sample and an EA cohort from the San Francisco Family Alcohol Study. Association tests were conducted for both common and rare variants using sequencing data for 2 phenotypes: the number of alcohol-related life events and the count of alcohol dependence drinking symptoms. A regularized regression method was used to select the best set of ADH variants associated with phenotypes. Variance component model was incorporated in all analyses to leverage the admixture and relatedness. RESULTS Two variants near ADH4 and 2 near ADH1C exhibited significant associations with AUD in AIs; no variant was significant in EAs. Common risk variants in AIs were either absent from or much less frequent in EAs. The feature selection method selected mostly distinct yet often colocated subsets of ADH variants to be associated with AUD phenotypes between the 2 cohorts. In the rare-variant analyses, the only association was observed between the whole region and the alcohol-related life events in AIs. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that ADH variants, both common and rare, are more likely to impact risk for alcohol-related symptomatology in this AI population than in this EA sample, and ADH variants that might affect AUD are likely different but convergent on similar regions between the 2 populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Peng
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Ian R Gizer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kirk C Wilhelmsen
- Department of Genetics and Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Cindy L Ehlers
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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Relationship of Alcohol Consumption to All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer-Related Mortality in U.S. Adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70:913-922. [PMID: 28818200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have revealed inconsistent findings regarding the association of light to moderate alcohol consumption with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer mortality. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the association between alcohol consumption and risk of mortality from all causes, cancer, and CVD in U.S. adults. METHODS Data were obtained by linking 13 waves of the National Health Interview Surveys (1997 to 2009) to the National Death Index records through December 31, 2011. A total of 333,247 participants ≥18 years of age were included. Self-reported alcohol consumption patterns were categorized into 6 groups: lifetime abstainers; lifetime infrequent drinkers; former drinkers; and current light, moderate, or heavy drinkers. Secondary exposure included participants' binge-drinking status. The main outcome was all-cause, cancer, or CVD mortality. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 8.2 years (2.7 million person-years), 34,754 participants died of all causes (including 8,947 CVD deaths and 8,427 cancer deaths). Compared with lifetime abstainers, those who were light or moderate alcohol consumers were at a reduced risk of mortality for all causes (light-hazard ratio [HR]: 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.76 to 0.82; moderate-HR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.74 to 0.82) and CVD (light-HR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.69 to 0.80; moderate-HR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.64 to 0.78), respectively. In contrast, there was a significantly increased risk of mortality for all causes (HR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.19) and cancer (HR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.13 to 1.42) in adults with heavy alcohol consumption. Binge drinking ≥1 d/week was also associated with an increased risk of mortality for all causes (HR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.23) and cancer (HR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.41). CONCLUSIONS Light and moderate alcohol intake might have a protective effect on all-cause and CVD-specific mortality in U.S. adults. Heavy or binge drinking was associated with increased risk of all-cause and cancer-specific mortality.
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Chien J, Liu J, Lee MH, Jen CL, Batrla-Utermann R, Lu SN, Wang LY, You SL, Yang HI, Chen CJ. Risk and predictors of hepatocellular carcinoma for chronic hepatitis B patients with newly developed cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:1971-1977. [PMID: 27118149 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Most studies on risk predictors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among cirrhotic chronic hepatitis B patients do not confirm the date at cirrhosis diagnosis. We examined HCC risk and predictors in chronic hepatitis B patients with newly diagnosed cirrhosis. METHODS 4155 HBsAg seropositive participants were followed every 6-12 months with seromarker testing. Cirrhosis was ascertained through abdominal ultrasonography and computerized linkage with national health insurance profiles. Predictors included in Cox proportional hazards models were age, HBeAg serostatus, serum levels of HBsAg, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and ALDH2 rs671 genotypes. RESULTS A total of 301 patients developed cirrhosis, 76 of whom later developed HCC after 2462 person-years, showing an average annual incidence of 3.1%. The 15-year cumulative HCC risk among cirrhotics was 39.8% with a lifetime (30-80 years old) HCC risk of 78.5%. The adjusted HR's (95% CI, P-value) were 14.26 (3.17-64.08, P = 0.0005) for age at cirrhosis diagnosis of ≥60 years (vs 30-39 years), 2.85 (1.49-5.46, P = 0.0015) for HBeAg seropositivity (vs HBeAg seronegativity with HBsAg levels <1000 IU/mL), 0.35 (0.20-0.59, P < 0.0001) for AA/AG genotypes of rs671 (vs GG genotype), 3.68 (1.70-7.99, P = 0.0010) for ALT levels >45 U/L (vs <15 U/L), 3.52 (1.78-6.93, P = 0.0003) for AFP levels >20 ng/mL (vs <10 ng/mL), and 2.64 (1.38-5.07, P = 0.0035) for HBsAg levels ≥1000 IU/mL (vs <1000 IU/mL among HBeAg seronegatives). CONCLUSIONS Older age, GG genotype of ALDH2 rs671, HBeAg seropositivity, and elevated serum levels of ALT, AFP, and HBsAg at cirrhosis diagnosis were HCC risk predictors in cirrhotic chronic hepatitis B patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Chien
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jessica Liu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsuan Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lan Jen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Sheng-Nan Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Wang
- MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - San-Lin You
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Catholic Fu-Jen University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hwai-I Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Jen Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Sookoian S, Flichman D, Castaño GO, Pirola CJ. Mendelian randomisation suggests no beneficial effect of moderate alcohol consumption on the severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 44:1224-1234. [PMID: 27778410 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous epidemiological studies suggest that patients diagnosed with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) who drink light to moderate amounts of alcohol (up to ~30 g per day) have less severe histological lesions compared with nondrinkers. However, while the cross-sectional nature of current evidence precludes assessment of causality, cumulative lifetime-exposure of moderate alcohol consumption on histological outcomes has never been evaluated. AIM To overcome these limitations, a Mendelian randomisation study was performed using a validated genetic variant (rs1229984 A;G) in the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1B) gene as a proxy of long-term alcohol exposure. METHODS We first assessed whether the instrumental variant (rs1229984) was associated with the amount of alcohol consumption in our cohort. We further explored the association between the variant and histological outcomes; a sample of 466 individuals, including 266 patients with NAFLD confirmed by liver biopsy, was studied. RESULTS We found that carriers of the A-allele consumed significantly lower amounts of alcohol compared with noncarriers (2.3 ± 5.3 vs. 8.18 ± 21 g per day, mean ± s.d., P = 0.03). The analysis of association with the disease severity showed that carriers of the A-allele had lower degree of histological steatosis (1.76 ± 0.83 vs. 2.19 ± 0.78, P = 0.03) and lower scores of lobular inflammation (0.54 ± 0.65 vs. 0.95 ± 0.92, P = 0.02) and NAFLD-Activity Score (2.9 ± 1.4 vs. 3.7 ± 1.4, P = 0.015) compared with noncarriers. CONCLUSION Mendelian randomisation analysis suggests no beneficial effect of moderate alcohol consumption on NAFLD disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sookoian
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires-National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D Flichman
- Department of Virology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G O Castaño
- Liver Unit, Medicine and Surgery Department, Hospital Abel Zubizarreta, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C J Pirola
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Complex Diseases, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires-National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Dick DM, Adkins AE, Kuo SIC. Genetic influences on adolescent behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 70:198-205. [PMID: 27422449 PMCID: PMC5074858 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a transitional, developmental phase with marked shifts in behavior, particularly as related to risk-taking and experimentation. Genetic influences on adolescent behavior also show marked changes across this developmental period; in fact, adolescence showcases the dynamic nature of genetic influences on human behavior. Using the twin studies literature on alcohol use and misuse, we highlight several principles of genetic influence on adolescent behavior. We illustrate how genetic influences change (increase) across adolescence, as individuals have more freedom to express their predispositions and to shape their social worlds. We show how there are multiple genetic pathways to risk, and how the environment can moderate the importance of genetic predispositions. Finally, we review the literature aimed at identifying specific genes involved in adolescent behavior and understanding how identified genes impact adolescent outcomes. Ultimately, understanding how genetic predispositions combine with environmental influences to impact pathways of risk and resilience should be translated into improved prevention and intervention efforts; this remains a rich area for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 806 W. Franklin Street, Richmond, VA 23284, United States; Department of African American Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, 816 W. Franklin Street, Richmond, VA 23284, United States; Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E. Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; College Behavioral and Emotional Health Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, 816 W. Franklin Street, Richmond, VA 23284, United States.
| | - Amy E Adkins
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 806 W. Franklin Street, Richmond, VA 23284, United States; College Behavioral and Emotional Health Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, 816 W. Franklin Street, Richmond, VA 23284, United States
| | - Sally I-Chun Kuo
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 806 W. Franklin Street, Richmond, VA 23284, United States
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Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence strongly indicate that genetic factors contribute to the risk for alcohol use disorders (AUD). There is substantial heterogeneity in AUD, which complicates studies seeking to identify specific genetic factors. To identify these genetic effects, several different alcohol-related phenotypes have been analyzed, including diagnosis and quantitative measures related to AUDs. Study designs have used candidate gene analyses, genetic linkage studies, genomewide association studies (GWAS), and analyses of rare variants. Two genes that encode enzymes of alcohol metabolism have the strongest effect on AUD: aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 and alcohol dehydrogenase 1B each has strongly protective variants that reduce risk, with odds ratios approximately 0.2-0.4. A number of other genes important in AUD have been identified and replicated, including GABRA2 and alcohol dehydrogenases 1B and 4. GWAS have identified additional candidates. Rare variants are likely also to play a role; studies of these are just beginning. A multifaceted approach to gene identification, targeting both rare and common variations and assembling much larger datasets for meta-analyses, is critical for identifying the key genes and pathways important in AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Tawa EA, Hall SD, Lohoff FW. Overview of the Genetics of Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Alcohol 2016; 51:507-14. [PMID: 27445363 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agw046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a chronic psychiatric illness characterized by harmful drinking patterns leading to negative emotional, physical, and social ramifications. While the underlying pathophysiology of AUD is poorly understood, there is substantial evidence for a genetic component; however, identification of universal genetic risk variants for AUD has been difficult. Recent efforts in the search for AUD susceptibility genes will be reviewed in this article. METHODS In this review, we provide an overview of genetic studies on AUD, including twin studies, linkage studies, candidate gene studies, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). RESULTS Several potential genetic susceptibility factors for AUD have been identified, but the genes of alcohol metabolism, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), have been found to be protective against the development of AUD. GWAS have also identified a heterogeneous list of SNPs associated with AUD and alcohol-related phenotypes, emphasizing the complexity and heterogeneity of the disorder. In addition, many of these findings have small effect sizes when compared to alcohol metabolism genes, and biological relevance is often unknown. CONCLUSIONS Although studies spanning multiple approaches have suggested a genetic basis for AUD, identification of the genetic risk variants has been challenging. Some promising results are emerging from GWAS studies; however, larger sample sizes are needed to improve GWAS results and resolution. As the field of genetics is rapidly developing, whole genome sequencing could soon become the new standard of interrogation of the genes and neurobiological pathways which contribute to the complex phenotype of AUD. SHORT SUMMARY This review examines the genetic underpinnings of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), with an emphasis on GWAS approaches for identifying genetic risk variants. The most promising results associated with AUD and alcohol-related phenotypes have included SNPs of the alcohol metabolism genes ADH and ALDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A Tawa
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Samuel D Hall
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Falk W Lohoff
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Jurnak F. The Pivotal Role of Aldehyde Toxicity in Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Therapeutic Potential of Micronutrient Supplementation. Nutr Metab Insights 2016; 8:57-77. [PMID: 27330305 PMCID: PMC4910734 DOI: 10.4137/nmi.s29531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by social and communication impairments as well as by restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior and interests. Genomic studies have not revealed dominant genetic errors common to all forms of ASD. So ASD is assumed to be a complex disorder due to mutations in hundreds of common variants. Other theories argue that spontaneous DNA mutations and/or environmental factors contribute to as much as 50% of ASD. In reviewing potential genetic linkages between autism and alcoholism, it became apparent that all theories of ASD are consistent with aldehyde toxicity, in which endogenous and exogenous aldehydes accumulate as a consequence of mutations in key enzymes. Aldehyde toxicity is characterized by cell-localized, micronutrient deficiencies in sulfur-containing antioxidants, thiamine (B1), pyridoxine (B6), folate, Zn2+, possibly Mg2+, and retinoic acid, causing oxidative stress and a cascade of metabolic disturbances. Aldehydes also react with selective cytosolic and membrane proteins in the cell of origin; then some types migrate to damage neighboring cells. Reactive aldehydes also form adducts with DNA, selectively mutating bases and inducing strand breakage. This article reviews the relevant genomic, biochemical, and nutritional literature, which supports the central hypothesis that most ASD symptoms are consistent with symptoms of aldehyde toxicity. The hypothesis represents a paradigm shift in thinking and has profound implications for clinical detection, treatment, and even prevention of ASD. Insight is offered as to which neurologically afflicted children might successfully be treated with micronutrients and which children are unlikely to be helped. The aldehyde toxicity hypothesis likely applies to other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Jurnak
- Emerita Professor, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Chartier KG, Dick DM, Almasy L, Chan G, Aliev F, Schuckit MA, Scott DM, Kramer J, Bucholz KK, Bierut LJ, Nurnberger J, Porjesz B, Hesselbrock VM. Interactions Between Alcohol Metabolism Genes and Religious Involvement in Association With Maximum Drinks and Alcohol Dependence Symptoms. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2016; 77:393-404. [PMID: 27172571 PMCID: PMC4869897 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2016.77.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Variations in the genes encoding alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzymes are associated with both alcohol consumption and dependence in multiple populations. Additionally, some environmental factors have been recognized as modifiers of these relationships. This study examined the modifying effect of religious involvement on relationships between ADH gene variants and alcohol consumption-related phenotypes. METHOD Subjects were African American, European American, and Hispanic American adults with lifetime exposure to alcohol (N = 7,716; 53% female) from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. Genetic markers included ADH1Brs1229984, ADH1B-rs2066702, ADH1C-rs698, ADH4-rs1042364, and ADH4-rs1800759. Phenotypes were maximum drinks consumed in a 24-hour period and total number of alcohol dependence symptoms according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Religious involvement was defined by self-reported religious services attendance. RESULTS Both religious involvement and ADH1B-rs1229984 were negatively associated with the number of maximum drinks consumed and the number of lifetime alcohol dependence symptoms endorsed. The interactions of religious involvement with ADH1B-rs2066702, ADH1C-rs698, and ADH4-rs1042364 were significantly associated with maximum drinks and alcohol dependence symptoms. Risk variants had weaker associations with maximum drinks and alcohol dependence symptoms as a function of increasing religious involvement. CONCLUSIONS This study provided initial evidence of a modifying effect for religious involvement on relationships between ADH variants and maximum drinks and alcohol dependence symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen G. Chartier
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Social Work, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Danielle M. Dick
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Laura Almasy
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Grace Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Fazil Aliev
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Faculty of Business, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Marc A. Schuckit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Denise M. Scott
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, Howard University, Washington, DC
| | - John Kramer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kathleen K. Bucholz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Laura J. Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - John Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Bernice Porjesz
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Victor M. Hesselbrock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
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Gepner Y, Henkin Y, Schwarzfuchs D, Golan R, Durst R, Shelef I, Harman-Boehm I, Spitzen S, Witkow S, Novack L, Friger M, Tangi-Rosental O, Sefarty D, Bril N, Rein M, Cohen N, Chassidim Y, Sarusi B, Wolak T, Stampfer MJ, Rudich A, Shai I. Differential Effect of Initiating Moderate Red Wine Consumption on 24-h Blood Pressure by Alcohol Dehydrogenase Genotypes: Randomized Trial in Type 2 Diabetes. Am J Hypertens 2016; 29:476-83. [PMID: 26232779 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpv126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Observational studies report inconsistent associations between moderate alcohol intake and blood pressure (BP). In a sub-study of a larger randomized controlled trial, we assessed the effect of initiating moderate red wine consumption on 24-h BP recordings and the effect of a common genetic variant of alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) among patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS Fifty-four type 2 diabetes, alcohol abstainers were randomized to consume 150 ml/dinner dry red wine or mineral water. Both groups were guided to adhere to a Mediterranean diet, without caloric restriction. We measured 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) at baseline and after 6 months. RESULTS Participants (age = 57 years; 85% men; mean 24-h BP = 129/77 mm Hg) had 92% 6-month retention. After 6 months of intervention, the average 24-h BP did not differ between the wine and water groups. A transient decrease in BP was observed in the red wine group at midnight (3-4 hours after wine intake: systolic BP: red wine = -10.6mm Hg vs. mineral water = +2.3 mm Hg; P = 0.031) and the following morning at 7-9 am (red wine: -6.2mm Hg vs. mineral water: +5.6mm Hg; P = 0.014). In a second post hoc sub-analysis among the red wine consumers, individuals who were homozygous for the gene encoding ADH1B*2 variant (Arg48His; rs1229984, TT, fast ethanol metabolizers), exhibited a reduction in mean 24-h systolic BP (-8.0mm Hg vs. +3.7 mm Hg; P = 0.002) and pulse pressure (-3.8 mm Hg vs. +1.2 mm Hg; P = 0.032) compared to heterozygotes and those homozygous for the ADH1B*1 variant (CC, slow metabolizers). CONCLUSIONS Initiating moderate red wine consumption at dinner among type 2 diabetes patients does not have a discernable effect on mean 24-h BP. Yet, a modest temporal BP reduction could be documented, and a more pronounced BP-lowering effect is suggested among fast ethanol metabolizers. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00784433.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yftach Gepner
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yaakov Henkin
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Rachel Golan
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ronen Durst
- Cardiology Division, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ilan Shelef
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Shosana Spitzen
- Cardiology Division, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shula Witkow
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Lena Novack
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Michael Friger
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Osnat Tangi-Rosental
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Dana Sefarty
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nitzan Bril
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Michal Rein
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Noa Cohen
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | | | - Talia Wolak
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Assaf Rudich
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Iris Shai
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel;
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Wu LSH, Lee CS, Weng TY, Wang KHT, Cheng ATA. Association Study of Gene Polymorphisms in GABA, Serotonin, Dopamine, and Alcohol Metabolism Pathways with Alcohol Dependence in Taiwanese Han Men. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:284-90. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chau-Shoun Lee
- Department of Medicine; MacKay Medical College; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ya Weng
- Department of Computer Sciences and Engineering; Yuan Ze University; Taoyuan Taiwan
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Williams LA, Olshan AF, Tse CK, Bell ME, Troester MA. Alcohol intake and invasive breast cancer risk by molecular subtype and race in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. Cancer Causes Control 2016; 27:259-69. [PMID: 26705260 PMCID: PMC5074055 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alcohol is an established breast cancer risk factor, but there is little evidence on whether the association differs between African Americans and whites. METHODS Invasive breast cancers (n = 1,795; 1,014 white, 781 African American) and age- and race-matched controls (n = 1,558; 844 white, 714 African American) from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (Phases I-II) were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) for pre-diagnosis drinks per week and breast cancer risk. RESULTS African American controls reported lower alcohol intake than white controls across all age groups. Light drinking (0 to ≤2 per week) was more prevalent among African American controls. Moderate-to-heavy drinking was more prevalent in white controls. African Americans who reported drinking >7 drinks per week had an elevated risk compared to light drinkers [adjusted OR, 95% CI 1.62 (1.03-2.54)]. A weaker association was observed among whites [adjusted OR, 95% CI 1.20 (0.87-1.67)]. The association of >7 drinks per week with estrogen receptor-negative [adjusted OR, 95% CI 2.17 (1.25-3.75)] and triple-negative [adjusted OR, 95% CI 2.12 (1.12-4.04)] breast cancers was significant for African American, but not white women. We observed significantly elevated ORs for heavy intake at ages <25 and >50 years of age for African American women only. We found no evidence of statistical interaction between alcohol intake and oral contraceptive use or smoking. CONCLUSIONS Drinking more than seven alcoholic beverages per week increased invasive breast cancer risk among white and African American women, with significant increases only among African American women. Genetic or environmental factors that differ by race may mediate the alcohol-breast cancer risk association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Williams
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Campus Box 7435, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Andrew F Olshan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Campus Box 7435, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 450 West Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Chui Kit Tse
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Campus Box 7435, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Mary Elizabeth Bell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 450 West Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Melissa A Troester
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Campus Box 7435, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 450 West Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.
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Liu J, Yang HI, Lee MH, Jen CL, Hu HH, Lu SN, Wang LY, You SL, Huang YT, Chen CJ. Alcohol Drinking Mediates the Association between Polymorphisms of ADH1B and ALDH2 and Hepatitis B-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 25:693-9. [PMID: 26827895 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of polymorphisms on ADH1B and ALDH2 in patients with chronic hepatitis B is unclear. This study aims to examine whether alcohol drinking mediates the association between two ADH1B and ALDH2 polymorphisms and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among chronic hepatitis B patients. METHODS A total of 3,824 individuals were enrolled in this study. Two SNPs, rs1229984 (ADH1B) and rs671 (ALDH2), were genotyped using the Affymetrix Axiom Genome-Wide CHB1 Array (Affymetrix, Inc). Multivariate unconditional logistic regression and mediation analyses were used, comparing CT or TT with CC for rs1229984 and GA and AA with GG for rs671. RESULTS There were 602 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma and 3,222 controls. Frequencies of the rs1229984 (ADH1B) T allele and rs671 (ALDH2) A allele were 72.9% and 28.8%, respectively. Individuals who carried at least one deficient allele for both SNPs were significantly less likely to become habitual alcohol drinkers, with an OR and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.24 (0.15-0.40). Alleles for rs1229984 (ADH1B) and rs671 (ALDH2) were not associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in multivariate analyses. However, mediation analyses showed that the rs1229984 T allele, rs671 A allele, and two SNPs combined were significantly associated with decreased hepatocellular carcinoma risk, mediated through alcohol drinking, with an OR (95% CI) of 0.87 (0.79-0.96), 0.70 (0.61-0.82), and 0.73 (0.58-0.88), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Polymorphisms on ADH1B and ALDH2 had significant indirect effects on hepatocellular carcinoma risk, mediated through alcohol drinking. IMPACT Future genetic studies of chronic hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma must take mediation effects into consideration. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(4); 693-9. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Liu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwai-I Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsuan Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lan Jen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Han Hu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Nan Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Wang
- MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - San-Lin You
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Catholic Fu Jen University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Tsung Huang
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
| | - Chien-Jen Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Small Heat Shock Proteins Are Novel Common Determinants of Alcohol and Nicotine Sensitivity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2016; 202:1013-27. [PMID: 26773049 PMCID: PMC4788107 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.185025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Addiction to drugs is strongly determined by multiple genetic factors. Alcohol and nicotine produce distinct pharmacological effects within the nervous system through discrete molecular targets; yet, data from family and twin analyses support the existence of common genetic factors for addiction in general. The mechanisms underlying addiction, however, are poorly described and common genetic factors for alcohol and nicotine remain unidentified. We investigated the role that the heat shock transcription factor, HSF-1, and its downstream effectors played as common genetic modulators of sensitivity to addictive substances. Using Caenorhabditis elegans, an exemplary model organism with substance dose-dependent responses similar to mammals, we demonstrate that HSF-1 altered sensitivity to both alcohol and nicotine. Using a combination of a targeted RNAi screen of downstream factors and transgenic approaches we identified that these effects were contingent upon the constitutive neuronal expression of HSP-16.48, a small heat shock protein (HSP) homolog of human α-crystallin. Furthermore we demonstrated that the function of HSP-16.48 in drug sensitivity surprisingly was independent of chaperone activity during the heat shock stress response. Instead we identified a distinct domain within the N-terminal region of the HSP-16.48 protein that specified its function in comparison to related small HSPs. Our findings establish and characterize a novel genetic determinant underlying sensitivity to diverse addictive substances.
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Bühler KM, Giné E, Echeverry-Alzate V, Calleja-Conde J, de Fonseca FR, López-Moreno JA. Common single nucleotide variants underlying drug addiction: more than a decade of research. Addict Biol 2015; 20:845-71. [PMID: 25603899 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Drug-related phenotypes are common complex and highly heritable traits. In the last few years, candidate gene (CGAS) and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a huge number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with drug use, abuse or dependence, mainly related to alcohol or nicotine. Nevertheless, few of these associations have been replicated in independent studies. The aim of this study was to provide a review of the SNPs that have been most significantly associated with alcohol-, nicotine-, cannabis- and cocaine-related phenotypes in humans between the years of 2000 and 2012. To this end, we selected CGAS, GWAS, family-based association and case-only studies published in peer-reviewed international scientific journals (using the PubMed/MEDLINE and Addiction GWAS Resource databases) in which a significant association was reported. A total of 371 studies fit the search criteria. We then filtered SNPs with at least one replication study and performed meta-analysis of the significance of the associations. SNPs in the alcohol metabolizing genes, in the cholinergic gene cluster CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4, and in the DRD2 and ANNK1 genes, are, to date, the most replicated and significant gene variants associated with alcohol- and nicotine-related phenotypes. In the case of cannabis and cocaine, a far fewer number of studies and replications have been reported, indicating either a need for further investigation or that the genetics of cannabis/cocaine addiction are more elusive. This review brings a global state-of-the-art vision of the behavioral genetics of addiction and collaborates on formulation of new hypothesis to guide future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kora-Mareen Bühler
- Department of Psychobiology; School of Psychology; Complutense University of Madrid; Málaga Spain
| | - Elena Giné
- Department of Cellular Biology; School of Medicine; Complutense University of Madrid; Málaga Spain
| | - Victor Echeverry-Alzate
- Department of Psychobiology; School of Psychology; Complutense University of Madrid; Málaga Spain
| | - Javier Calleja-Conde
- Department of Psychobiology; School of Psychology; Complutense University of Madrid; Málaga Spain
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Xu K, Kranzler HR, Sherva R, Sartor CE, Almasy L, Koesterer R, Zhao H, Farrer LA, Gelernter J. Genomewide Association Study for Maximum Number of Alcoholic Drinks in European Americans and African Americans. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1137-47. [PMID: 26036284 PMCID: PMC4706077 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted a genomewide association study (GWAS) for maximum number of alcoholic drinks consumed in a 24-hour period ("MaxDrinks"), in 2 independent samples comprised of over 9,500 subjects, following up on our GWAS for alcohol dependence (AD) in European Americans (EAs) and African Americans (AAs). METHODS The samples included our GWAS samples (Yale-UPenn) recruited for studies of the genetics of drug or AD, and a publicly available sample: the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment (SAGE). Genomewide association analysis was performed for ~890,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using linear association random effects models. EAs and AAs were separately analyzed. RESULTS The results confirmed significant associations of the well-known functional loci at ADH1B with MaxDrinks in EAs (rs1229984 Arg48His p = 5.96 × 10(-15) ) and AAs (rs2066702 Arg370Cys, p = 2.50 × 10(-10) ). The region of significant association on chromosome 4 was extended to LOC100507053 in AAs but not EAs. We also identified potentially novel significant common SNPs for MaxDrinks in EAs in the Yale-UPenn sample: rs1799876 at SERPINC1 on chromosome 1 (4.00 × 10(-8) ) and rs2309169 close to ANKRD36 on chromosome 2 (p = 5.58 × 10(-9) ). After adjusting for the peak SNP rs1229984 on ADH1B, rs1799876 was nearly significant (p = 1.99 × 10(-7) ) and rs2309169 remained highly significant (2.12 × 10(-9) ). CONCLUSIONS The results provide further support that ADH1B modulates alcohol consumption. Future replications of potential novel loci are warranted. This is the largest MaxDrinks GWAS to date, the first in AAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA 06516
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and VISN 4 MIRECC, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard Sherva
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carolyn E. Sartor
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA 06516
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ryan Koesterer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA 06516
- Department of genetics and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, USA 06516
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Dorokhov YL, Shindyapina AV, Sheshukova EV, Komarova TV. Metabolic methanol: molecular pathways and physiological roles. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:603-44. [PMID: 25834233 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methanol has been historically considered an exogenous product that leads only to pathological changes in the human body when consumed. However, in normal, healthy individuals, methanol and its short-lived oxidized product, formaldehyde, are naturally occurring compounds whose functions and origins have received limited attention. There are several sources of human physiological methanol. Fruits, vegetables, and alcoholic beverages are likely the main sources of exogenous methanol in the healthy human body. Metabolic methanol may occur as a result of fermentation by gut bacteria and metabolic processes involving S-adenosyl methionine. Regardless of its source, low levels of methanol in the body are maintained by physiological and metabolic clearance mechanisms. Although human blood contains small amounts of methanol and formaldehyde, the content of these molecules increases sharply after receiving even methanol-free ethanol, indicating an endogenous source of the metabolic methanol present at low levels in the blood regulated by a cluster of genes. Recent studies of the pathogenesis of neurological disorders indicate metabolic formaldehyde as a putative causative agent. The detection of increased formaldehyde content in the blood of both neurological patients and the elderly indicates the important role of genetic and biochemical mechanisms of maintaining low levels of methanol and formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri L Dorokhov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Shindyapina
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Sheshukova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Komarova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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Manzardo AM, McGuire A, Butler MG. Clinically relevant genetic biomarkers from the brain in alcoholism with representation on high resolution chromosome ideograms. Gene 2015; 560:184-94. [PMID: 25655461 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcoholism arises from combined effects of multiple biological factors including genetic and non-genetic causes with gene/environmental interaction. Intensive research and advanced genetic technology has generated a long list of genes and biomarkers involved in alcoholism neuropathology. These markers reflect complex overlapping and competing effects of possibly hundreds of genes which impact brain structure, function, biochemical alcohol processing, sensitivity and risk for dependence. METHOD We compiled a tabular list of clinically relevant genetic biomarkers for alcoholism targeting expression disturbances in the human brain through an extensive search of keywords related to alcoholism, alcohol abuse, and genetics from peer reviewed medical research articles and related nationally sponsored websites. Gene symbols were then placed on high resolution human chromosome ideograms with gene descriptions in tabular form. RESULTS We identified 337 clinically relevant genetic biomarkers and candidate genes for alcoholism and alcohol-responsiveness from human brain research. Genetic biomarkers included neurotransmitter pathways associated with brain reward processes for dopaminergic (e.g., DRD2, MAOA, and COMT), serotoninergic (e.g., HTR3A, HTR1B, HTR3B, and SLC6A4), GABAergic (e.g., GABRA1, GABRA2, and GABRG1), glutaminergic (GAD1, GRIK3, and GRIN2C) and opioid (e.g., OPRM1, OPRD1, and OPRK1) pathways which presumably impact reinforcing properties of alcohol. Gene level disturbances in cellular and molecular networks impacted by alcohol and alcoholism pathology include transketolase (TKT), transferrin (TF), and myelin (e.g., MBP, MOBP, and MOG). CONCLUSIONS High resolution chromosome ideograms provide investigators, physicians, geneticists and counselors a convenient visual image of the distribution of alcoholism genetic biomarkers from brain research with alphabetical listing of genes in tabular form allowing comparison between alcoholism-related phenotypes, and clinically-relevant alcoholism gene(s) at the chromosome band level to guide research, diagnosis, and treatment. Chromosome ideograms may facilitate gene-based personalized counseling of alcohol dependent individuals and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Manzardo
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Austen McGuire
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Merlin G Butler
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Norden-Krichmar TM, Gizer IR, Wilhelmsen KC, Schork NJ, Ehlers CL. Protective variant associated with alcohol dependence in a Mexican American cohort. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2014; 15:136. [PMID: 25527893 PMCID: PMC4337107 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-014-0136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Mexican Americans, particularly those born in the United States, are at greater risk for alcohol associated morbidity and mortality. The present study sought to investigate whether specific genetic variants may be associated with alcohol use disorder phenotypes in a select population of Mexican American young adults. Methods The study evaluated a cohort of 427 (age 18 – 30 years) Mexican American men (n = 171) and women (n = 256). Information on alcohol dependence was obtained through interview using the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA). For all subjects, DNA was extracted from blood samples, followed by genotyping using an Affymetrix Axiom Exome1A chip. Results A protective variant (rs991316) located downstream from the ADH7 (alcohol dehydrogenase 7) gene showed suggestive significance in association with alcohol dependence symptom counts derived from DSM-III-R and DSM-IV criteria, as well as to clustered alcohol dependence symptoms. Additional linkage analysis suggested that nearby variants in linkage disequilibrium with rs991316 were not responsible for the observed association with the alcohol dependence phenotypes in this study. Conclusions ADH7 has been shown to have a protective role against alcohol dependence in previous studies involving other ethnicities, but has not been reported for Mexican Americans. These results suggest that variants near ADH7 may play a role in protection from alcohol dependence in this Mexican American cohort.
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Peng Q, Gizer IR, Libiger O, Bizon C, Wilhelmsen KC, Schork NJ, Ehlers CL. Association and ancestry analysis of sequence variants in ADH and ALDH using alcohol-related phenotypes in a Native American community sample. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2014; 165B:673-83. [PMID: 25270064 PMCID: PMC4364382 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Higher rates of alcohol use and other drug-dependence have been observed in some Native American (NA) populations relative to other ethnic groups in the US. Previous studies have shown that alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genes and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) genes may affect the risk of development of alcohol dependence, and that polymorphisms within these genes may differentially affect risk for the disorder depending on the ethnic group evaluated. We evaluated variations in the ADH and ALDH genes in a large study investigating risk factors for substance use in a NA population. We assessed ancestry admixture and tested for associations between alcohol-related phenotypes in the genomic regions around the ADH1-7 and ALDH2 and ALDH1A1 genes. Seventy-two ADH variants showed significant evidence of association with a severity level of alcohol drinking-related dependence symptoms phenotype. These significant variants spanned across the entire 7 ADH gene cluster regions. Two significant associations, one in ADH and one in ALDH2, were observed with alcohol dependence diagnosis. Seventeen variants showed significant association with the largest number of alcohol drinks ingested during any 24-hour period. Variants in or near ADH7 were significantly negatively associated with alcohol-related phenotypes, suggesting a potential protective effect of this gene. In addition, our results suggested that a higher degree of NA ancestry is associated with higher frequencies of potential risk variants and lower frequencies of potential protective variants for alcohol dependence phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Peng
- Department of Human Biology, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, Scripps Translational Science Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037,Corresponding author: 4120 Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 Tel (858) 200-1888; Corresponding author: 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, Mail SP30-1501 Tel (858) 784-7058; Fax (858) 784-7409
| | - Ian R. Gizer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Ondrej Libiger
- Scripps Translational Science Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Chris Bizon
- Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517
| | - Kirk C. Wilhelmsen
- Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, Department of Genetics and Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Nicholas J. Schork
- Department of Human Biology, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Cindy L. Ehlers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037,Corresponding author: 4120 Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 Tel (858) 200-1888; Corresponding author: 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, Mail SP30-1501 Tel (858) 784-7058; Fax (858) 784-7409
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Yang JY, Xue X, Tian H, Wang XX, Dong YX, Wang F, Zhao YN, Yao XC, Cui W, Wu CF. Role of microglia in ethanol-induced neurodegenerative disease: Pathological and behavioral dysfunction at different developmental stages. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:321-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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