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Picciotto S, Eisen EA, Rehkopf DH, Byers AL. Contribution of Involuntary Job Loss to the Burden of Depressive Symptoms Over Two Decades in a National Study of Aging Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2024; 79:gbae135. [PMID: 39110128 PMCID: PMC11439990 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbae135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In recent decades, risk of job loss in America after age 50 has been high, potentially causing significant stress during the period preceding retirement. Yet no study has quantified the burden of clinically relevant depressive symptoms attributable to job loss in this age group over this period or identified the most vulnerable populations. METHODS Participants aged 50+ in the Health and Retirement Study (recruited 1992-2016) who were employed and scored <5 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression 8-item scale (CESD-8) at baseline (N = 18,571) were followed for depressive symptoms until they first had CESD-8 ≥5 or died, or through the 2018 survey. Parametric g-formula analyses examined the difference in cumulative risk of having CESD-8 ≥5 if there had been no involuntary job loss compared to the observed scenario, adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity, age, and dynamic measures of recent marriage end (divorce or widowhood), having a working spouse, assets/debt, and health changes. RESULTS We estimated that risk of CESD-8 ≥5 would have been 1.1% (95% confidence interval [0.55, 1.37]) lower if no involuntary job loss had occurred; job loss accounted for 11% of the total burden among those who lost a job. Stronger associations were observed for women (1.2% [0.7, 1.8] vs men 0.5% [0.2, 1.1]), White respondents (1.0% [0.6, 1.5] vs Black respondents 0.5% [-0.1, 1.4]), and those in the lowest quartile of baseline assets (1.1% [0.4, 1.9] vs wealthiest quartile 0.5% [-0.4, 0.9]). DISCUSSION Involuntary job loss is associated with high depressive symptom burden in older persons, suggesting that screening and intervention soon after job loss may help mitigate depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Picciotto
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ellen A Eisen
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - David H Rehkopf
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Amy L Byers
- Department of Psychiatric and Behavioral Sciences; Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Research and Mental Health Services, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA
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Guimarães RM, Meira KC, da Silva Vicente CT, de Araújo Caribé SS, da Silva Neves LB, Vardiero NA. The Role of Race in Deaths of Despair in Brazil: Is it a White People Problem? J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024:10.1007/s40615-024-02134-6. [PMID: 39160434 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-024-02134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new paradigm has been discussed regarding the impact of economic cycles on the mortality pattern from specific causes. These causes are called deaths of despair, and they selectively impact specific demographic groups. Also, low- and middle-income countries are most affected due to their economic and social instability. In this sense, the objective of study was to compare the magnitude of disparity in deaths from despair according to sex, age, and race in Brazil. METHODS We performed Poisson regression modeling to estimate the magnitude of the association between sex, age group, race, and deaths from despair. Also, we estimated the relationship of time as a proxy of economic crisis phase and deaths of despair. RESULTS We found an association between mortality from despair and male sex (PR = 6.15, 95%CI 6.09-6.22); emphasis on the age groups from 40 to 49 years old (PR = 2.45, 95% CI 2.41-2.48) and 50 to 59 years old (PR = 2.39, 95% CI 2.36-2.43); and brown (PR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.20-1.22) and black race (PR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.34-1.37). CONCLUSIONS The present study preliminarily presents the effect of the economic crisis and mortality in the population, with demographic differences. Association with race was opposite to that verified in the original study in the USA, which suggests that this variable should be analyzed in the light of structural context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Mendonça Guimarães
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, National School of Public Health, Graduate Program in Public Health, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480 - ENSP, Suite #916, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-210, Brazil.
- School of Medicine, IDOMED - Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Cristiane Teixeira da Silva Vicente
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, National School of Public Health, Graduate Program in Public Health, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480 - ENSP, Suite #916, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-210, Brazil
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Mojica MG, Sjoberg-Varney TL, Rodriguez-Fernandez R, Renshaw A, Ebringer A, Kalia N. It Is Time for Employers to Recognize and Address Political Anxiety in the Workplace. J Occup Environ Med 2024; 66:e379-e381. [PMID: 38834936 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000003156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
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Talamonti D, Schneider J, Gibson B, Forshaw M. The impact of national and international financial crises on mental health and well-being: a systematic review. J Ment Health 2024; 33:522-559. [PMID: 37934869 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2023.2278104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that financial crises and poor mental health are reciprocally related, but no systematic review has been conducted to synthesise the existing literature on the impact of national and international financial crises on population-level mental health and well-being. AIMS The aim of this study was to systematically review the available literature on the global impact of financial crises on mental health and well-being outcomes. METHODS After registration on PROSPERO, a systematic search was conducted in PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Wiley, and Web of Science for papers published until 21 November 2022. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement, 98 papers were identified as meeting eligibility criteria. Included studies were assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) and results were presented in a formal narrative synthesis. RESULTS Our findings show that financial crises are significantly associated with well-being and occurrence of psychological conditions. Several socio-demographic, cultural, and country-specific characteristics played a crucial role in the prevention of population mental health decline in periods of financial crises. CONCLUSIONS Based on the findings of this review, evidence-based recommendations were developed to guide the design of policy actions that protect population mental health during and after financial crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Talamonti
- AXDEV Group Inc, Québec, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jekaterina Schneider
- Centre for Appearance Research, School of Social Sciences, College of Health, Science and Society, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Benjamin Gibson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Mark Forshaw
- Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
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Yang J, Lee SG. Association between retirement age and depressive symptoms among Korean retirees: Results from Korean Retirement and Income Panel Study. J Affect Disord 2024; 352:454-459. [PMID: 38403136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effective age of retirement in South Korea is higher than the average of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Early retirement in Asia may affect mental health differently compared to western countries. Thus, we examined the association between retirement age and depressive symptoms among South Korean retirees. METHODS We used data from the 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, and 2019 Korean Retirement and Income Panel Study, including a total of 2998, 3152, 3203, 3154, and 3055 participants, respectively. We excluded those younger than 50 years, non-retirees, those without information on the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale, and those with other missing values. We used a generalized estimating equation model to identify the association between retirement age and depressive symptoms measured using the CES-D. RESULTS Participants who retired at age < 50 years had significantly higher CES-D scores (β = 1.764, P = 0.0003) compared to those who retired at age ≥ 70 years. The negative effects of early retirement on depressive symptoms were greater among male participants, heads of households, young involuntary retirees, those who retired within the past 20 years, and those who had no difficulties in activities of daily living. LIMITATIONS Since we evaluated the association between retirement age and depressive symptoms in one direction, there is a possibility of reverse causality. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the importance of managing depressive symptoms in early retirees, especially young involuntary retirees and those burdened with family care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Yang
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Division of New Health Technology Assessment, National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency, Seoul 04933, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gyu Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Nehme A, Moussa S, Fekih-Romdhane F, Hallit S, Obeid S, Haddad G. The mediating role of depression in the association between perceived financial wellbeing and somatization: a study in the context of Lebanon's financial crisis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38598249 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2341132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to examine the association between financial wellbeing and somatization, in addition to the mediating effect of anxiety, depression and stress. To test such hypotheses, a cross-sectional study was carried out between September and October 2021; 403 participants (264 females; age = 32.76 ± 13.24 years) were recruited. Depression mediated the association between financial wellbeing and somatization. A worse financial wellbeing was significantly associated with more depression, which was associated with more somatization. Moreover, a worse financial wellbeing was significantly and directly associated with more somatization. Our study adds to the narrow body of research revolving around the relationship between financial wellbeing and somatization in Lebanese adults. Understanding that the effects of, depression are aggravated in a country such as Lebanon would help establish more preventative guidelines and mental health awareness campaigns. Identifying the correlates of somatization can also be translated into improved interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Nehme
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Sara Moussa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, Koura, Lebanon
| | - Feten Fekih-Romdhane
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
- The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry "Ibn Omrane", Razi Hospital, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
| | - Georges Haddad
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
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Xu J, Luo L, Gamaldo A, Verdery A, Hardy M, Buxton OM, Xiao Q. Trends in sleep duration in the U.S. from 2004 to 2018: A decomposition analysis. SSM Popul Health 2024; 25:101562. [PMID: 38077245 PMCID: PMC10698270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Average sleep duration in the United States declined in recent years, and the decline may be linked with many biopsychosocial factors. We examine how a set of biopsychosocial factors have differentially contributed to the temporal trends in self-reported sleep duration across racial groups between 2004-2005 and 2017-2018. Using repeated nationally representative cross-sections from the National Health Interview Survey, we decompose the influence of biopsychosocial factors on sleep duration trends into two components. One component corresponds to coefficient changes (i.e., changes in the associations between behaviors or exposures and sleep duration) of key biopsychosocial factors, and the other part accounts for the compositional changes (i.e., changes in the distributions of exposures) in these biopsychosocial factors during the study period. We reveal that changes in the coefficients of some biopsychosocial factors are more important than compositional changes in explaining the decline in sleep duration within each racial/ethnic group. Our findings highlight racial differences manifest across multiple biopsychosocial domains that are shifting in terms of association and composition. Methodologically, we note that the standard regression approach for analyzing temporal trends neglects the role of coefficient changes over time and is thus insufficient for fully capturing how biopsychosocial factors may have influenced the temporal patterns in sleep duration and related health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Xu
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Liying Luo
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Ashton Verdery
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Melissa Hardy
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Qian Xiao
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Hernández-Teixidó C, López-Simarro F, Arranz Martínez E, Escobar Lavado FJ, Miravet Jiménez S. [Vulnerability and social determinants in diabetes]. Semergen 2023; 49:102044. [PMID: 37481793 DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2023.102044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Social determinants of health significantly influence the development and progression of chronic diseases such as type2 diabetes (T2DM). This article examines key social determinants including education, economic stability, neighborhood, and factors such as ethnicity, race, or religion that impact individuals with T2DM. The role of gender as a social determinant is also explored, emphasizing the need for gender-specific considerations in T2DM management and research. Additionally, the impact of poverty on health outcomes is analyzed, highlighting the bidirectional relationship between poverty and disease. Comprehensive measures addressing these determinants are crucial to improving the health and well-being of individuals with T2DM. Addressing social inequalities through targeted interventions can contribute to better treatment outcomes and equitable healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hernández-Teixidó
- Medicina de Familia, Centro de Salud de Alconchel, Alconchel, Badajoz, España; Miembro del grupo de trabajo de diabetes. Semergen.
| | - F López-Simarro
- Medicina de Familia, Barcelona, España; Miembro del grupo de trabajo de diabetes. Semergen
| | - E Arranz Martínez
- Medicina de Familia, Centro de Salud San Blas, Parla, Madrid, España; Miembro del grupo de trabajo de diabetes. Semergen
| | - F J Escobar Lavado
- Medicina de Familia, Centro de Salud Valsequillo, Valsequillo, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, España; Miembro del grupo de trabajo de diabetes. Semergen
| | - S Miravet Jiménez
- Medicina de Familia, SAP Alt Penedès-Garraf-Baix Llobregat Nord, Institut Català de la Salut, Vilanova i la Geltrú, Barcelona, España; Miembro del grupo de trabajo de diabetes. Semergen
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9
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Luo Y, Wang Y, Hong C, He P, Zheng X. The shattered "Iron Rice Bowl": effects of Chinese state-owned enterprise reform on depressive symptoms in later life. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2023; 58:1193-1200. [PMID: 36973356 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The SOE reform was the first time that economic insecurity was introduced since 1949 in China, with hundreds of million employees affected by the laid off. This study took the State-Owned Enterprises (SOE) reform in China as a natural experiment to explore the impact of economic insecurity on depressive symptoms in later life. METHODS Data were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS), 2014 and 2015. CHARLS is a nationally representative survey covering 28 provinces in China. CHARLS used the probabilities proportional to size (PPS) sampling method and involved 450 villages/resident committees, 150 counties/districts and 12,400 households. A total of 5113 urban dwellers born earlier than 1971 (aged 25 years old and above at the start of the SOE reform, 1995) were involved. Using the province-level economic loss from the layoffs, we examined the impact of economic insecurity exposure on the score of depressive symptoms using a difference-in-differences model (DID). RESULTS Individuals with economic insecurity exposure had a significantly increased risk of higher depressive symptoms scores, in which a 1 percentage point increase in expected economic loss would increase the CESD-10 score by 0.10. For an individual at the median distribution (CESD-10 = 5), this implies a shift to the 58th percentile (CESD-10 = 6). Given that the average intensity of expected economic loss is 10.22% and the mean CESD-10 is 6.92, exposure to the SOE reform led to an average increase in the CESD-10 score by 1.02 and by at least 14.74%. The heterogeneity analyses showed that the role of SOE reform in depressive symptoms scores was robust in both female and male groups and groups with different educational attainment. CONCLUSIONS Economic insecurity exposure increased the depressive symptoms score later in life in the context of China. Programs, such as adequate unemployment insurance benefits, can protect individuals against the risk of financial loss, thereby reducing their negative impact on depressive symptoms. Providing mental symptoms surveillance and psychological counseling to those experienced at a time of great uncertainty is important for preventing depression in times of economic insecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Luo
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiran Wang
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, No. 31, Road 3Rd, Bei-Ji-Ge, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Chenlu Hong
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping He
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Xiaoying Zheng
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, No. 31, Road 3Rd, Bei-Ji-Ge, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
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Kawachi I, Kyriopoulos I, Vandoros S. Economic uncertainty and cardiovascular disease mortality. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2023; 32:1550-1560. [PMID: 36952311 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have found a link between economic conditions, such as recessions and unemployment, and cardiovascular disease as well as other health outcomes. More recent research argues that economic uncertainty-independently of unemployment-can affect health outcomes. Using data from England and Wales, we study the association between fluctuations in economic uncertainty and cardiovascular disease mortality in the short term for the period 2001-2019. Controlling for several economic indicators (including unemployment), we find that economic uncertainty alone is strongly associated with deaths attributed to diseases of the circulatory system, ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. Our findings highlight the short-term link between economic conditions and cardiovascular health and reveal yet another health outcome that is associated with uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kawachi
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ilias Kyriopoulos
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Sotiris Vandoros
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Economics, King's Business School, King's College London, London, UK
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Dorn F, Lange B, Braml M, Gstrein D, Nyirenda JLZ, Vanella P, Winter J, Fuest C, Krause G. The challenge of estimating the direct and indirect effects of COVID-19 interventions - Toward an integrated economic and epidemiological approach. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2023; 49:101198. [PMID: 36630757 PMCID: PMC9642024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2022.101198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Decisions on public health measures to contain a pandemic are often based on parameters such as expected disease burden and additional mortality due to the pandemic. Both pandemics and non-pharmaceutical interventions to fight pandemics, however, produce economic, social, and medical costs. The costs are, for example, caused by changes in access to healthcare, social distancing, and restrictions on economic activity. These factors indirectly influence health outcomes in the short- and long-term perspective. In a narrative review based on targeted literature searches, we develop a comprehensive perspective on the concepts available as well as the challenges of estimating the overall disease burden and the direct and indirect effects of COVID-19 interventions from both epidemiological and economic perspectives, particularly during the early part of a pandemic. We review the literature and discuss relevant components that need to be included when estimating the direct and indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The review presents data sources and different forms of death counts, and discusses empirical findings on direct and indirect effects of the pandemic and interventions on disease burden as well as the distribution of health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Dorn
- ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research, Munich, Germany; Department of Economics, University of Munich (LMU), Germany; CESifo Munich, Germany.
| | - Berit Lange
- Epidemiology Department, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany; Hannover Medical School (MHH), Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Braml
- ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research, Munich, Germany; World Trade Organization, Economic Research and Statistics Division, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Gstrein
- ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research, Munich, Germany; Department of Economics, University of Munich (LMU), Germany
| | - John L Z Nyirenda
- Epidemiology Department, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany; University Hospital Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Patrizio Vanella
- Epidemiology Department, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany; Hannover Medical School (MHH), Germany; Department of Health Reporting & Biometrics, aQua-Institut, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Joachim Winter
- Department of Economics, University of Munich (LMU), Germany; CESifo Munich, Germany
| | - Clemens Fuest
- ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research, Munich, Germany; Department of Economics, University of Munich (LMU), Germany; CESifo Munich, Germany
| | - Gérard Krause
- Epidemiology Department, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany; Hannover Medical School (MHH), Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
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Asper M, Osika W, Dalman C, Pöllänen E, Simonsson O, Flodin P, Sidorchuk A, Marchetti L, Awil F, Castro R, Niemi ME. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and previous pandemics, epidemics and economic crises on mental health: systematic review. BJPsych Open 2022; 8:e181. [PMID: 36214114 PMCID: PMC9551492 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2022.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A rise in mental illness is expected to follow the COVID-19 pandemic, which has also been projected to lead to a deep global economic recession, further adding to risk factors. AIMS The aim of this review was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and previous pandemics, epidemics and economic crises on mental health. METHOD Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO and Sociological Abstracts. We included studies of all populations exposed to the COVID-19 pandemic, and other similar pandemics/epidemics and economic crises, compared with non-exposed time periods or regions. The outcome was mental health. RESULTS The 174 included studies assessed mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic (87 studies), 2008 economic crisis (84 studies) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic (three studies). Outcomes were divided into affective disorders, suicides, mental healthcare utilisation and other mental health. COVID-19 pandemic studies were of lesser quality than those for the economic crisis or SARS epidemic. Most studies for all exposures showed increases in affective disorders and other mental health problems. For economic crisis exposure, increases in mental healthcare utilisation and suicides were also found, but these findings were mixed for COVID-19 pandemic exposure. This is probably because of quarantine measures affecting help-seeking and shorter follow-ups of studies of COVID-19 pandemic exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the importance of available, accessible and sustainable mental health services. Also, socioeconomically disadvantaged populations should be particular targets of policy interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Asper
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Walter Osika
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Dalman
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Elin Pöllänen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Otto Simonsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Pär Flodin
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Anna Sidorchuk
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Rosa Castro
- Federation of European Academies of Medicine, Belgium
| | - Maria E Niemi
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
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Borrescio-Higa F, Droller F, Valenzuela P. Financial Distress and Psychological Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Public Health 2022; 67:1604591. [PMID: 36090842 PMCID: PMC9453756 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: We examine the impact of financial distress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and psychological well-being. Methods: We analyze cross-sectional survey data (n = 2,545) from the Life during Pandemic study in Chile. We estimate linear probability models to analyze the relationship between economic fragility, financial distress, and psychological well-being. Results: Our findings show unemployment and income loss are highly predictive of experiencing a range of financial problems, such as a lack of savings, as well as difficulties paying bills, consumer debt, and mortgage loans. In turn, financial distress leads to a higher prevalence of poor well-being and mental health deterioration, and sleep problems. Conclusion: Expansion of mental health assistance services are needed, as new diagnosis of mental health conditions has increased, but treatment has not, pointing to a barrier in the access to some mental health care services during the pandemic. Policies designed with the objective of improving financial education are necessary to increase precautionary savings and financial resilience, and alleviate the psychological burden of debt in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Borrescio-Higa
- Business School, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Florencia Borrescio-Higa,
| | - Federico Droller
- Departamento de Economía, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Valenzuela
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
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14
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Work and Family Transitions Throughout Adulthood and the Impact on Health: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF POPULATION AGEING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12062-022-09382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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15
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Akel M, Berro J, Rahme C, Haddad C, Obeid S, Hallit S. Violence Against Women During COVID-19 Pandemic. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP12284-NP12309. [PMID: 33685271 DOI: 10.1177/0886260521997953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to correlate several factors - including depression, anxiety, stress and self-esteem levels in both men and women - with the occurrence of domestic violence against women (VAW) during quarantine. This cross-sectional study was carried out in April 2020, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic when lockdown procedures were implemented; 86 married couples participated in this study amounting to 172 responses in total. A different questionnaire was set for women and men; the couple filled out their respective questionnaire simultaneously, but privately where one did not see the answers of the other. Inclusion criteria included married couples of all ages that are living together during the lockdown of COVID-19. The results of this study showed that a higher total abuse score was found in 39 females (45.3%; CI: 0.34 - 0.56). Being a Muslim female (Beta =24.80) and females having higher anxiety (Beta=0.97) were significantly associated with higher total abuse scores, whereas higher stress score in female (Beta=-0.61) was significantly associated with lower total abuse scores. In conclusion, this study focuses on VAW as a serious problem while demonstrating its further emergence during quarantine. This study also focused on the effects brought on by lockdown policies, including social and economic factors, and their implications in the increase of VAW during this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Akel
- Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Marwan Akel and Jana Berro are first coauthors
| | - Jana Berro
- INSPECT-LB: National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology and Toxicology, Beirut, Lebanon
- Marwan Akel and Jana Berro are first coauthors
| | - Clara Rahme
- Faculty of Science, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Chadia Haddad
- Université de Limoges, UMR 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Institut d'Epidémiologie et de Neurologie Tropicale, GEIST, 87000 Limoges, France
- Research and Psychology Departments, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- INSPECT-LB: National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology and Toxicology, Beirut, Lebanon
- Research and Psychology Departments, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
- Sahar Obeid and Souheil Hallit are last coauthors
| | - Souheil Hallit
- INSPECT-LB: National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology and Toxicology, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
- Sahar Obeid and Souheil Hallit are last coauthors
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16
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McGovern ME, Rokicki S, Reichman NE. Maternal depression and economic well-being: A quasi-experimental approach. Soc Sci Med 2022; 305:115017. [PMID: 35605471 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Maternal depression is associated with adverse impacts on the health of women and their children. However, further evidence is needed on the extent to which maternal depression influences women's economic well-being and how unmeasured confounders affect estimates of this relationship. In this study, we aimed to measure the association between maternal depression and economic outcomes (income, employment, and material hardship) over a 15-year time horizon. We conducted longitudinal analyses using the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, an urban birth cohort study in the United States. We assessed the potential contribution of time-invariant unmeasured confounders using a quasi-experimental approach and also investigated the role of persistent versus transient depressive symptoms on economic outcomes up to 15 years after childbirth. In models that adjusted for time-invariant unmeasured confounders, maternal depression was associated with not being employed (an adjusted risk difference of 3 percentage points (95% CI 0.01 to 0.05)) and experiencing any material hardship (an adjusted risk difference of 14 percentage points (95% CI 0.12 to 0.16)), as well as with reductions in the ratio of household income to poverty by 0.10 units (95% CI -0.16 to -0.04) and annual household income by $2114 (95% CI -$3379 to -$850). Impacts at year 15 were strongest for those who experienced persistent depression. Results of our study strengthen the case for viewing mental health support services as interventions that may also foster economic well-being, and highlight the importance of including economic impacts in assessments of the cost-effectiveness of mental health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E McGovern
- Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, USA
| | - Slawa Rokicki
- Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, USA; Geary Institute for Public Policy, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Nancy E Reichman
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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17
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Wang H, Kim K, Burr JA, Fingerman KL. Financial Problems in Established Adulthood: Implications for Depressive Symptoms and Relationship Quality with Parents. JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT 2022; 30:167-177. [PMID: 35729889 PMCID: PMC9187927 DOI: 10.1007/s10804-022-09409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Using two waves of data from the Family Exchanges Study (2008 and 2013), this study examined changes in financial problems before and after the Great Recession and investigated the implications for adults' depressive symptoms and relationship quality with parents. Participants in established adulthood (N = 170, age 30-46 in 2013) provided information about their financial difficulties and depressive symptoms, as well as negative relationship quality with each parent (parent-child tie; N = 316) at baseline and 5 years later. Results showed that a growing number of participants experienced financial problems between the two waves, rising from 16 to 72% of participants. Moreover, 14% of participants indicated continuing financial problems and 33% reported decreased income over the 5 year observation period. Financial problems at baseline, continuing financial problems across the observation period, and decreased income over time were associated with participants' increased depressive symptoms, after controlling for their baseline depressive symptoms. Results from multilevel models also revealed that adult participants had more strained relationships with their parents if they experienced more financial problems at the follow-up interview. The harmful effect of financial problems on relationship quality with parents was partially explained by adult participants' depressive symptoms. Findings of this study highlight the important role of financial hardship for persons in established adulthood and their intergenerational ties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowei Wang
- Population Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, Oswald Tower, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Kyungmin Kim
- Department of Child Development and Family Studies, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeffrey A. Burr
- Department of Gerontology, John W. McCormack Graduate School of Policy and Global Studies, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA 02125-3393 USA
| | - Karen L. Fingerman
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1248 USA
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18
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Anxiety and Depression in a Non-Clinical Sample of Young Polish Adults: Presence of Meaning in Life as a Mediator. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106065. [PMID: 35627602 PMCID: PMC9140330 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Early adulthood, between 18 and 25, is viewed as a decisive period of life for the prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression. Although the topic of their mutual relationship is well-known, little has been uncovered about the mechanism underlying this connection. To understand the indirect pathways between anxiety and depression, we chose the sense of meaning of life as a mediator because people's beliefs that their lives are or can be purposeful may protect against depression. The sample was composed of 277 Polish young adults. A small majority of the participants were women (58.8%). The mean age was M = 22.11 (SD = 1.72). We used in the research the Direct Behavior Rating-Scale Items Scale, the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, and the Brief Screen for Depression. Correlational analysis showed that, consistent with past findings, anxiety correlated positively with depression and searching for meaning. It was also negatively associated with presence of meaning. Moreover, depression was negatively linked to presence of meaning and positively with searching for meaning. Regression-based mediation analyses (PROCESS macro 3.4) proved that the relationship between anxiety and depression was mediated by presence of meaning in life, suggesting that having a sense of meaning may be a pathway by which feelings of tension relative to adverse events protect against depression.
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19
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Bramajo ON. An Age-Period-Cohort Approach to Analyse Late-Life Depression Prevalence in Six European Countries, 2004-2016. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POPULATION = REVUE EUROPEENNE DE DEMOGRAPHIE 2022; 38:223-245. [PMID: 35228766 PMCID: PMC8865500 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-022-09610-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Late-life depression is a condition that affects an ever-growing share of the population in ageing societies. While depression prevalence varies across countries for a myriad of reasons, generational factors, expressed in the shared experience of birth cohorts, may also play a part in such differentials. This paper describes the presence of age, period, and cohort (APC) effects in late-life depression prevalence trends (for adults aged 50 and above) for selected countries in Europe, using the Survey of Health and Ageing and Retirement of Europe (SHARE). We analysed six countries during the 2004-2016 period: Denmark, Sweden, and Germany, with a lower baseline prevalence, and Italy, Spain, and France, with a higher baseline prevalence. By applying a set of APC statistical models to visualise linear and nonlinear effects, we found that all countries followed a J-shaped curve when describing the transversal and longitudinal age trajectories of late-life depression. We also found a combination of nonlinear effects present in Germany, France and Sweden in males, indicating that younger male cohorts had a higher relative risk of depression. In females, we found nonlinear cohort effects, indicating that younger and older cohorts presented a higher risk of depression in Sweden and Germany and a lower risk in Spain. The presence of an increased risk for younger male cohorts may be indicative of a new trend in some countries, which may reduce the sex gap in prevalence. Future analysis should focus on the causes and mechanisms that lead to differential risks across cohorts.
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20
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Shin J, Cho E. Trajectories of depressive symptoms among community-dwelling Korean older adults: findings from the Korean longitudinal study of aging (2006-2016). BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:246. [PMID: 35395760 PMCID: PMC8991942 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03905-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression among older adults is an important public health concern associated with increased risk of suicide and decreased physical, cognitive, and social functioning. This study identified trajectories of depressive symptoms and investigated predictive variables of group-based trajectory modeling among Korean community-dwelling older adults. METHODS Participants comprised 2016 community-dwelling Korean adults over 65 years. Data from the years 2006-2016 of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging, a nationally representative panel survey that has been conducted every two years since 2006, were used. We employed a group-based trajectory modeling analysis to identify depressive symptom trajectories. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify predictors of each class of depressive symptoms. RESULTS Five depressive symptom trajectory groups were identified: Group 1, "None" (28.9%); Group 2, "Slowly worsening" (24.3%); Group 3, "Rapidly worsening" (17.5%); Group 4 "Improving" (12.4%); and Group 5, "Persistently severe" (16.9%). Older adults followed five distinct depressive symptom trajectories over 10 years. Mini-Mental State Examination scores, number of chronic diseases, educational level, and social activity were predictors associated with increasing depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that many older adults living in the community have depressive symptoms. To prevent and treat depression and aid successful mental health aging among older adults, the development of interventions should be tailored to target specific needs for each symptom trajectory. It is necessary to develop community-based interventions and strategies to identify and prevent depressive symptom trajectories among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Shin
- Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Nursing, 606 Nursing Education Building, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemoon-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhee Cho
- Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Nursing, 606 Nursing Education Building, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemoon-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Ettman CK, Adam GP, Clark MA, Wilson IB, Vivier PM, Galea S. Wealth and depression: A scoping review. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2486. [PMID: 35134277 PMCID: PMC8933775 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The inverse relation between income and depression is well established. Less is understood about the relation between wealth and depression. We therefore conducted a scoping review to answer the question: What is known from the existing literature about the relation between wealth and depression? METHODS We searched for studies and articles in Medline (via PubMed), Embase, PsycINFO, PsycArticles, EconLit, and SocINDEX from inception through July 19, 2020. Ninety-six articles were included in our review. Key article characteristics were year of publication, sample size, country, study design, definition of depression, definition of wealth, and association between wealth and depression. Thirty-two longitudinal articles were included in a detailed charted review. RESULTS Depression was defined in a relatively standard manner across articles. In contrast, definitions and measurements of wealth varied greatly. The majority of studies in the full review (n = 56, 58%) and half of the studies in the longitudinal charted review (n = 16, 50%) reported an inverse relation between wealth and depression. The longitudinal charted review showed that (1) macro-economic events influenced depression, (2) wealth status influenced depression across the lifecourse, (3) wealth protected against depression in the face of stressors such as job loss, (4) subjective or psychosocial factors such as perception of wealth, relative comparison, and social status modified the relation between wealth and depression, and (5) savings interventions were successful in reducing depression and varied by context. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that wealth should be included in our consideration of the forces that shape mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine K Ettman
- Office of the Dean, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Gaelen P Adam
- Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Melissa A Clark
- Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ira B Wilson
- Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Patrick M Vivier
- Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Hassenfeld Child Health Innovation Institute, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Sandro Galea
- Office of the Dean, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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The Influence of Work-Family Trajectories on Life Satisfaction of Retired Women. JOURNAL OF POPULATION AGEING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12062-021-09355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Aretz B. The short- and long-term effects of the Great Recession on late-life depression in Europe: The role of area deprivation. Soc Sci Med 2022; 294:114697. [PMID: 35030399 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of depression increases in times of economic crises. Less is known about whether people living in advantaged or disadvantaged areas suffer equally from negative effects of crisis. OBJECTIVE To explore the role of area deprivation on the short- and long-term effects of the Great Recession in Europe on late-life depression. METHODS Individual panel data from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland of the SHARE (age 50+, n = 6866) between 2004 and 2017 were used. Late-life depression (LLD) was measured by the EURO-D scale (4+ symptoms). Area deprivation was assessed by a country-specific z-standardized scale measuring perceived access to various services and quality of the social and built environment. Quarterly country-level GDP and yearly unemployment data were explored to define country-specific durations of the Great Recession. Individual fixed effects panel regressions were estimated controlling for time-varying socioeconomic and health-related confounders. RESULTS Prevalence and incidence of late-life depression was generally higher in deprived than in non-deprived areas, and these differences in prevalence and incidence increased during the Great Recession. Regressions showed that the Great Recession was related to a 23% higher long-term risk of late-life depression (OR: 1.23, CI: 1.05-1.44) for all study participants. In the short-term of the Great Recession, people from deprived areas had a 22% higher risk of late-life depression (OR: 1.22, CI: 1.02-1.46) than people from non-deprived areas. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that older adults exposed to adverse area determinants suffer more from the negative short-term effects of a severe economic crisis on depression and mental health inequalities may have increased between people living in deprived versus non-deprived areas. This potential increase in mental health inequalities warrants particular attention for those people living in deprived areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Aretz
- Department of Demography, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Institute of Sociology and Demography, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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24
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Yao R, Wu W. Mental Disorders Associated with COVID-19 Related Unemployment. APPLIED RESEARCH IN QUALITY OF LIFE 2022; 17:949-970. [PMID: 33968280 PMCID: PMC8096626 DOI: 10.1007/s11482-021-09950-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, restrictions on economic activities have resulted in a sharp rise of unemployment. The purpose of this research is to explore mental disorders associated with COVID-19 related unemployment using a large, nationally representative dataset, the 2020 COVID-19 Household Pulse Survey. ANOVA with post hoc tests (Tukey HSD) are utilized to reveal the mean difference of mental disorders between various employment status, as well as between reasons of unemployment. Binary logit model is used to investigate the potential effect of different reasons of unemployment on mental disorders. Individuals who were not working during the pandemic due to involuntary reasons had higher probabilities of mental disorders than those who were working and those who voluntarily separated from work. Among respondents who were not working due to COVID-19 related reasons, respondents whose employer went out of business were the most likely to experience mental disorders. Household job uncertainty in the next four weeks positively contributed to mental disorders. Government should consider measures to contain the spread of virous while keeping as many people employed as possible. Government should also consider providing adequate financial and counseling assistance to individuals who are in the greatest need for such support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yao
- Department of Personal Financial Planning, University of Missouri, 239B Stanley Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Weipeng Wu
- Department of Personal Financial Planning, University of Missouri, 240A Stanley Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
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25
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Bratsberg B, Rogeberg O, Skirbekk V. Technology-induced job loss risk, disability and all-cause mortality in Norway. Occup Environ Med 2021; 79:32-37. [PMID: 34561277 PMCID: PMC8685638 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2021-107598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Ongoing shifts in economic structure from automation and globalisation can affect employment and mortality, yet these relations are not well described. Objective We assess whether long-term employment and health outcomes relate systematically to structural change in the labour market, using the occupational Routine Task Intensity (RTI) score as indicator of exposure is to risks of outsourcing and technology-induced job loss. Methods Using a cohort design and administrative data with national population coverage, we categorise all Norwegian employees in 2003 by the RTI score of their occupation and examine how this score correlates with employment and health outcomes measured in 2018 and 2019. The study sample counts 416 003 men and 376 413 women aged 33–52 in 2003. Results The occupational RTI score at baseline is robustly associated with long-term employment, disability and mortality outcomes. Raw correlations are reduced after adjustment for potential confounders, but associations remain substantial in models controlling for individual covariates and in sibling comparisons. Working in an occupation with RTI score 1 SD above the mean in 2003 is associated with a raised probability of being deceased in 2019 of 0.24 percentage points (95% CI: 0.18 to 0.30) for men and 0.13 percentage points (95% CI: 0.02 to 0.24) for women, corresponding to raised mortality rates of 6.7% and 5.5%. Conclusions Individuals in occupations characterised by high routine intensity are less likely to remain employed in the long term, and have higher rates of disability and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ole Rogeberg
- Frisch Centre for Economic Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vegard Skirbekk
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway .,Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway.,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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26
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Guerra O, Eboreime E. The Impact of Economic Recessions on Depression, Anxiety, and Trauma-Related Disorders and Illness Outcomes-A Scoping Review. Behav Sci (Basel) 2021; 11:119. [PMID: 34562956 PMCID: PMC8464685 DOI: 10.3390/bs11090119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the wake of a global economic recession secondary to the COVID-19 pandemic, this scoping review seeks to summarize the current quantitative research on the impact of economic recessions on depression, anxiety, traumatic disorders, self-harm, and suicide. Seven research databases (PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science: Core Collection, National Library of Medicine PubMed, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar) were searched for keywords returning 3412 preliminary results published since 2008 in Organisation for Economic Coordination and Development (OECD)nations. These were screened by both authors for inclusion/exclusion criteria resulting in 127 included articles. Articles included were quantitative studies in OECD countries assessing select mental disorders (depression, anxiety, and trauma-/stress-related disorders) and illness outcomes (self-harm and suicide) during periods of economic recession. Articles were limited to publication from 2008 to 2020, available online in English, and utilizing outcome measures specific to the disorders and outcomes specified above. A significant relationship was found between periods of economic recession and increased depressive symptoms, self-harming behaviour, and suicide during and following periods of recession. Results suggest that existing models for mental health support and strategies for suicide prevention may be less effective than they are in non-recession times. It may be prudent to focus public education and medical treatments on raising awareness and access to supports for populations at higher risk, including those vulnerable to the impacts of job or income loss due to low socioeconomic status preceding the recession or high levels of financial strain, those supporting others financially, approaching retirement, and those in countries with limited social safety nets. Policy makers should be aware of the potential protective nature of unemployment safeguards and labour program investment in mitigating these negative impacts. Limited or inconclusive data were found on the relationship with traumatic disorders and symptoms of anxiety. In addition, research has focused primarily on the working-age adult population with limited data available on children, adolescents, and older adults, leaving room for further research in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Guerra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
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27
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Jónsdóttir U, Þórðardóttir EB, Aspelund T, Jónmundsson Þ, Einarsdóttir K. The effect of the 2008 recession on well-being and employment status of people with and without mental health problems. Eur J Public Health 2021; 30:761-766. [PMID: 31800030 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckz192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The world was hit hard by the 2008 recession which led to increased unemployment and financial strain. However, how the recession affected people with pre-existing mental health problems has been understudied. This study investigates the effect of the 2008 recession in Iceland on stress, well-being and employment status of people with regard to whether they are suffering from mental health problems. METHODS The study cohort included participants (18-69 years old) of the 'Health and Wellbeing of Icelanders', a 3-wave survey conducted before (in 2007) and after (in 2009 and 2012) the recession in 2008. Self-assessed well-being was measured with the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale and the 4-item Perceived Stress Scale. Logistic regression was used to assess the effect of the 2008 recession on self-assessed well-being and employment status in 2009 and 2012, using 2007 as a reference year. RESULTS Participants with no pre-recession mental health problems were at increased risk of both poor well-being, (with adjusted odds ratio at 1.66, in 2009 and 1.64 in 2012) and higher perceived stress, (with adjusted odds ratio at 1.48 in 2009 and 1.53 in 2012), after the recession. Interestingly, no significant change in well-being and perceived stress was observed among participants suffering from pre-recession mental health problems. Both groups had increased risk of unemployment after the recession. CONCLUSION Results indicate that after recessions, the risk of stress and poor well-being increases only among those who do not suffer from pre-recession mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unnur Jónsdóttir
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Edda Björk Þórðardóttir
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thor Aspelund
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Þórarinn Jónmundsson
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kristjana Einarsdóttir
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Vandoros S, Kawachi I. Economic uncertainty and suicide in the United States. Eur J Epidemiol 2021; 36:641-647. [PMID: 34114185 PMCID: PMC8191707 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-021-00770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have found an association between recessions and increased rates of suicide. In the present study we widened the focus to examine the association between economic uncertainty and suicides. We used monthly suicide data from the US at the State level from 2000 to 2017 and combined them with the monthly economic uncertainty index. We followed a panel data econometric approach to study the association between economic uncertainty and suicide, controlling for unemployment and other indicators. Economic uncertainty is positively associated with suicide when controlling for unemployment [coeff: 8.026; 95% CI: 3.692-12.360] or for a wider range of economic and demographic characteristics [coeff: 7.478; 95% CI: 3.333-11.623]. An increase in the uncertainty index by one percent is associated with an additional 11-24.4 additional monthly suicides in the US. Economic uncertainty is likely to act as a trigger, which underlines the impulsive nature of some suicides. This highlights the importance of providing access to suicide prevention interventions (e.g. hotlines) during periods of economic uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiris Vandoros
- King's College London, Bush House, 30 Aldwych, London, WC2B 4BG, UK. .,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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29
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Matsuyama Y, Aida J, Takeuchi K, Koyama S, Tabuchi T. Dental Pain and Worsened Socioeconomic Conditions Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Dent Res 2021; 100:591-598. [PMID: 33792422 PMCID: PMC8138328 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211005782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to economic contraction and significant restrictions on society. The shock to the economy could lead to a deterioration of physical health outcomes, including dental health. The present study investigated the association between worsened socioeconomic conditions due to the COVID-19 pandemic and dental pain in Japan. The mediating effects of psychological distress and oral health-related behaviors were also evaluated. Cross-sectional data from the Japan COVID-19 and Society Internet Survey conducted from August to September 2020 (n = 25,482; age range, 15-79 y) were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to evaluate the independent associations of household income reduction, work reduction, and job loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic with dental pain within a month. Dental pain was reported by 9.8%. Household income reduction, work reduction, and job loss were independently associated with dental pain after adjusting for confounders (odds ratios: 1.42 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.28-1.57], 1.58 [95% CI, 1.41-1.76], 2.17 [95% CI, 1.64-2.88], respectively). The association related to household income reduction was mediated by psychological distress, postponing dental visits, toothbrushing behavior, and between-meals eating behavior by 21.3% (95% CI, 14.0-31.6), 12.4% (95% CI, 7.2-19.6), 1.5% (95% CI, -0.01 to 4.5), and 9.3% (95% CI, 5.4-15.2), respectively. Our findings showed that worsened socioeconomic conditions due to the COVID-19 pandemic deteriorated dental health. Policies that protect income and job loss may reduce dental health problems after the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Matsuyama
- Department of Global Health Promotion,
Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J. Aida
- Department of Oral Health Promotion,
Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University,
Tokyo, Japan
- Division for Regional Community
Development, Liaison Center for Innovative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry,
Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - K. Takeuchi
- Department of Preventive Medicine,
Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - S. Koyama
- Cancer Control Center, Osaka
International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - T. Tabuchi
- Cancer Control Center, Osaka
International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
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Dennis AC. THOSE LEFT BEHIND: Socioeconomic Predictors and Social Mediators of Psychological Distress among Working-age African Americans in a Post-industrial City. DU BOIS REVIEW : SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH ON RACE 2021; 18:119-151. [PMID: 34712354 PMCID: PMC8550544 DOI: 10.1017/s1742058x21000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
While the socioeconomic status (SES)-psychological distress gradient is well-documented in the social science literature, less attention has been devoted to how this relationship varies within sociodemographic subgroups. I contribute to this small but growing literature by first examining the relationship between multiple dimensions of SES and two measures of psychological distress (depression and anxiety) among working-aged African Americans. I then test whether three social mediators explain the SES-psychological distress relationship, and whether gender modifies these associations and/or the social mediators that shape them. To address these aims, I analyze two waves of population-representative data from the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study (N=685). Data were collected between 2008 and 2010 in the wake of the Great Recession. I utilize structural equation modeling with latent variables to assess these relationships, and test indirect and conditional effects to detect the presence of mediation and/or moderation, respectively. Findings revealed associations between higher total household income and lower levels of depression/anxiety, as well as unemployment and increased depression/anxiety among working age African Americans. Furthermore, higher educational attainment was associated with reduced anxiety, but not depression, in this population. Gender moderated these findings such that unemployment was associated with higher levels of depression/anxiety among women but not men. I also found that trauma mediated the relationship between unemployment and depression/anxiety as well as educational attainment and anxiety. Gender, however, moderated the association between unemployment and depression/anxiety via traumatic events such that the relationship was stronger among women than men. Collectively, these findings contribute to our limited understanding of African Americans' mental health and underscore the importance of how both socioeconomic forces and life course experiences with traumatic events contribute to poor mental health among this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C Dennis
- Department of Sociology and Carolina Population Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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31
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Ettman CK, Abdalla SM, Cohen GH, Sampson L, Vivier PM, Galea S. Low assets and financial stressors associated with higher depression during COVID-19 in a nationally representative sample of US adults. J Epidemiol Community Health 2020; 75:jech-2020-215213. [PMID: 33277339 PMCID: PMC7722349 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2020-215213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 and related containment policies have caused or heightened financial stressors for many in the USA. We assessed the relation between assets, financial stressors and probable depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Between 31 March 2020 and 13 April 2020, we surveyed a probability-based, nationally representative sample of US adults ages 18 and older using the COVID-19 and Life stressors Impact on Mental Health and Well-being survey (n=1441). We calculated the prevalence of probable depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (cut-off ≥10) and exposure to financial stressors by financial, physical and social assets categories (household income, household savings, home ownership, educational attainment and marital status). We estimated adjusted ORs and predicted probabilities of probable depression across assets categories and COVID-19 financial stressor exposure groups. RESULTS We found that (1) 40% of US adults experienced COVID-19-related financial stressors during this time period; (2) low assets (OR: 3.0, 95% CI 2.1 to 4.2) and COVID-19 financial stressor exposure (OR: 2.8, 95% CI 2.1 to 3.9) were each associated with higher odds of probable depression; and (3) among persons with low assets and high COVID-19 financial stressors, 42.7% had probable depression; and among persons with high assets and low COVID-19 financial stressors, 11.1% had probable depression. Persons with high assets and high COVID-19 financial stressors had a similar prevalence of probable depression (33.5%) as persons with low assets and low COVID-19 financial stressors (33.5%). The more assets a person had, the lower the level of probable depression. CONCLUSION Populations with low assets are bearing a greater burden of mental illness during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine K Ettman
- Office of the Dean, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Salma M Abdalla
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory H Cohen
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Laura Sampson
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrick M Vivier
- Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Hassenfeld Child Health Innovation Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Sandro Galea
- Office of the Dean, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Seltzer N. The economic underpinnings of the drug epidemic. SSM Popul Health 2020; 12:100679. [PMID: 33319025 PMCID: PMC7725949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
U.S. labor markets have experienced transformative change over the past half century. Spurred on by global economic change, robotization, and the decline of labor unions, state labor markets have shifted away from an occupational regime dominated by the production of goods to one characterized by the provision of services. Prior studies have proposed that the deterioration of employment opportunities may be associated with the rise of substance use disorders and drug overdose deaths, yet no clear link between changes in labor market dynamics in the U.S. manufacturing sector and drug overdose deaths has been established. Using restricted-use vital registration records between 1999 and 2017 that comprise over 700,000 drug deaths, I test two questions: First, what is the association between manufacturing decline and drug and opioid overdose mortality rates? Second, how much of the increase in these drug-related outcomes can be predicted by manufacturing decline? The findings provide strong evidence that the restructuring of the U.S. labor market has played an important upstream role in the current drug crisis. Up to 92,000 overdose deaths for men and up to 44,000 overdose deaths for women are predicted by the decline of state-level manufacturing over this nearly two-decade period. These results persist in models that adjust for other social, economic, and policy trends changing at the same time. Critically, the findings signal the value of policy interventions that aim to reduce persistent economic precarity experienced by individuals and communities, especially the economic strain placed upon the middle class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Seltzer
- Department of Demography, Berkeley Population Center, University of California, Berkeley, USA
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Vandoros S, Gong X, Kawachi I. The link between unemployment and opioid prescribing. An instrumental variable approach using evidence from England. J Epidemiol Community Health 2020; 75:jech-2020-213897. [PMID: 33093186 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2020-213897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unemployment has been associated with chronic pain, which is often treated with prescription opioids. Opioid mortality has been included in the so-called category of 'deaths of despair' due to the role of lack of opportunity. While previous studies have found an association between unemployment and opioids, the relationship is endogenous and examining any effect is challenging. OBJECTIVE The objective of this paper is to study the association between unemployment and opioid prescribing in England. DATA AND METHODS We used data from the GP prescribing database in England for the period 2011-2017 and followed ordinary least squares (OLS) and Instrumental Variable econometric approaches, controlling for other confounders. We used the number of foreign direct investment projects and the number of registered companies as instruments for unemployment, taking population size into account. RESULTS The OLS model suggests that an increase in the unemployment rate by 1 percentage point is associated with 0.017 additional opioid defined daily doses per capita-a 0.9% increase compared with the mean of 1.745. According to the instrumental variable model, an increase in unemployment by 1 percentage point leads to an increase in the number of opioid doses prescribed per capita by between 0.315 and 0.437, which constitutes a 18-25% increase compared with the mean of 1.745. CONCLUSIONS Unemployment appears to have an impact on opioid prescribing volume in England. This reveals yet another negative effect of unemployment on health. Relevant labour market policies may play a protective role with regards to opioid use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiris Vandoros
- King's College London, London, UK
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Oshio T. Lingering Impact of Starting Working Life During a Recession: Health Outcomes of Survivors of the "Employment Ice Age" (1993-2004) in Japan. J Epidemiol 2020; 30:412-419. [PMID: 31406050 PMCID: PMC7429149 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20190121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A growing amount of evidence demonstrates the adverse impacts of economic downturns on population health. However, the extent to which the macroeconomic conditions at labor market entry affect health outcomes in later life remains relatively understudied. This study focused on the health outcomes of the cohort who entered the labor market during the “employment ice age” (EIA; 1993–2004) in Japan, when young people had difficulty finding jobs after graduating from college or high school. Methods We used repeated cross-sectional data (N = 3,054,782; 1,500,618 men and 1,554,164 women) obtained from an 11-wave population-based nationwide survey conducted every 3 years from 1986 through 2016. We considered three health outcomes: being in hospital, subjective symptoms, and self-rated health (SRH). We employed two types of statistical analyses: an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis, which controlled for age and period (wave) effects, and a difference-in-differences (DiD) analysis, in which the EIA experience was regarded as a treatment. Results The APC analysis confirmed the relative disadvantage of the EIA cohort for all three outcomes; for instance, the odds ratio of poor SRH for the EIA cohort was 1.29 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21–1.38) for men and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.17–1.34) for women. The DiD analysis confirmed the robustness of these results, especially for men. Conclusions The results underscored the lingering impact of the macroeconomic conditions at labor market entry on health outcomes in later life in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Oshio
- Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University
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35
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Vandoros S. Invited Commentary: The Association Between Florida's Opioid Crackdown and Opioid-Related Mortality-The Roles of Economic Factors and Mortality Misclassification. Am J Epidemiol 2020; 189:894-897. [PMID: 32077473 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid overdose mortality has been increasing in the United States, and other types of mortality, such as motor vehicle crash deaths, may also be linked to opioid use. In this issue of the Journal, Feder et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2020;189(9):885-893) examine the association between Florida's opioid crackdown laws, implemented in 2010-2011, and opioid-related mortality. They found a decrease in numbers of opioid-overdose and car-crash deaths compared with what would have been expected in the absence of such policies. They also found no evidence of any unintended increase in suicides due to poor pain management. The results were robust to alternative methodological approaches. Florida's opioid policy reforms coincided with the state's convergence towards national unemployment rates, as well as a new state law prohibiting texting while driving. Because opioid overdose mortality is often associated with economic conditions and because car crashes and suicides may also be linked to the macroeconomic environment, future research should take such factors into account when studying the outcomes of opioid prescribing laws. Another data-related aspect to consider is the misclassification of suicides as car crashes or opioid overdoses. Overall, the findings by Feder et al. are encouraging and can inform policy in other countries facing increasing numbers of opioid overdose deaths.
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Swift SL, Elfassy T, Bailey Z, Florez H, Feaster DJ, Calonico S, Sidney S, Kiefe CI, Zeki Al Hazzouri A. Association of negative financial shocks during the Great Recession with depressive symptoms and substance use in the USA: the CARDIA study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2020; 74:995-1001. [PMID: 32788306 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2020-213917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Great Recession of 2008 was marked by large increases in unemployment and decreases in the household wealth of many Americans. In the 21st century, there have also been increases in depressive symptoms, alcohol use and drug use among some groups in the USA. The objective of this analysis is to evaluate the influence of negative financial shocks incurred during the Great Recession on depressive symptoms, alcohol and drug use. METHODS We employed a quasi-experimental fixed-effects design, using data from adults enrolled in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Our financial shock predictors were within-person change in employment status, income and debt to asset ratio between 2005 and 2010. Our outcomes were within-person change in depressive symptoms score, alcohol use and past 30-day drug use. RESULTS In adjusted models, we found that becoming unemployed and experiencing a drop in income and were associated with an increase in depressive symptoms. Incurring more debts than assets was also associated with an increase in depressive symptoms and a slight decrease in daily alcohol consumption (mL). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that multiple types of financial shocks incurred during an economic recession negatively influence depressive symptoms among black and white adults in the USA, and highlight the need for future research on how economic recessions are associated with health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Longworth Swift
- Center for Healthcare Equity in Kidney Disease, University of New Mexico, New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
| | - Tali Elfassy
- Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Zinzi Bailey
- Sylvester Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Hermes Florez
- Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel J Feaster
- Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Steve Sidney
- Kaiser Permanente Norther California Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Catarina I Kiefe
- Quantitative Health Sciences, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Bergmans RS, Wegryn-Jones R. Examining associations of food insecurity with major depression among older adults in the wake of the Great Recession. Soc Sci Med 2020; 258:113033. [PMID: 32535473 PMCID: PMC7363549 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As a psychosocial stressor, the degree to which food insecurity impacts major depression may be dependent on macro-level context, which can be examined in the wake of the Great Recession. The objective of this study was to determine (1) whether food insecurity transition status (i.e. initially food insecure, becoming food insecure, and remaining food insecure vs. not food insecure) was associated with major depression in older adults and; (2) whether this association was moderated by macro-level context. Data came from the United States Health and Retirement Study, 2008-2016. Multivariable logistic regression across all years revealed that major depression was associated with any exposure to food insecurity, however; this association was moderated by time period. Remaining food insecure was associated with major depression during all time periods. In contrast, becoming food insecure was associated with major depression in the years during and immediately following the Recession, but not in later time periods. Findings suggest that associations of food insecurity with major depression among older adults are moderated by macro-level context, consistent with theories of social comparison and relative disadvantage. Food insecurity may represent an important risk factor for major depression and mental health disparities across socioeconomic strata in old age. Thus, policies that increase access to food assistance programs or improve the quality of local food environments may buffer against the impact of food insecurity on depression and associated complications among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Riley Wegryn-Jones
- University of Michigan, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, USA
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Hummel K, van den Putte B, Mons U, Willemsen MC, Fong GT, Andler R, de Vries H, Nagelhout GE. The role of income and psychological distress in the relationship between work loss and smoking cessation: Findings from three International Tobacco Control (ITC) Europe countries. Tob Prev Cessat 2020; 5:42. [PMID: 32411904 PMCID: PMC7205135 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/113092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The relationship between work loss and smoking has not been studied extensively, and underlying factors are often not examined. The aim of this study was to test two hypotheses. First, work loss is associated with greater intention to quit and more likelihood of smoking cessation, and this relationship is moderated by a decrease in income. Second, work loss is associated with lower quit intention and lower rates of smoking cessation, and this relationship is moderated by an increase in psychological distress. METHODS We used pooled data from three countries participating in the ITC Project: France, Germany and the Netherlands (n=2712). We measured unemployment, income and psychological distress at two consecutive survey waves, and calculated changes between survey waves. We first conducted multiple logistic regression analyses to examine the association between work loss and smoking cessation behavior. Next, we added income decrease and psychological distress increase to the models. Finally, we added interaction terms of work loss by income decrease and work loss by distress increase to the model. RESULTS Work loss was not associated with quit intention, quit attempts, and quit success. When income decrease and psychological distress increase were added to the model, we found a positive association between distress increase and quit attempts. The interactions, however, were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that smokers who become unemployed and face a decrease in income are not less likely to quit smoking than smokers who are employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hummel
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University (CAPHRI), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bas van den Putte
- Department of Communication, University of Amsterdam (ASCoR), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ute Mons
- Cancer Prevention Unit & WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc C Willemsen
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University (CAPHRI), Maastricht, Netherlands.,Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute for Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Geoffrey T Fong
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Raphaël Andler
- Santé Publique France, the National Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Hein de Vries
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University (CAPHRI), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Gera E Nagelhout
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University (CAPHRI), Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Family Medicine, Maastricht University (CAPHRI), Maastricht, Netherlands.,IVO Research Institute, The Hague, Netherlands
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Abstract
Development is a cumulative, lifelong process, but strikingly little is known about development in midlife. As a consequence, many misconceptions exist about the nature of midlife and the developmental milestones and challenges faced by middle-aged adults. We first review dominant views and empirical research that has debunked false narratives. Next, we discuss major opportunities and challenges of midlife. This includes the unique constellation of roles and life transitions that are distinct from earlier and later life phases as well as shifting trends in mental and physical health and in family composition. We additionally highlight the importance of (historical shifts in) intergenerational dynamics of middle-aged adults with their aging parents, adult children, and grandchildren; financial vulnerabilities that emerge and often accrue from economic failures and labor market volatility; the shrinking social and health care safety net; and the rising costs of raising children. In doing so, we discuss issues of diversity and note similarities and differences in midlife experiences across race or ethnicity, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status. We consider midlife as a pivotal period that includes a focus on balancing gains and losses, linking earlier and later life periods, and bridging generations. Finally, we propose possibilities for promoting reversibility and resilience with interventions and policy changes. The suggested agenda for future research promises to reconceptualize midlife as a key period of life, with a concerted effort to focus on the diversity of midlife experiences in order to meet the unprecedented challenges and opportunities in the 2020s and beyond. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Gerstorf
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany
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Stoyanova A, Pinilla J. The Evolution of Mental Health in the Context of Transitory Economic Changes. APPLIED HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH POLICY 2020; 18:203-221. [PMID: 31761976 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-019-00537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health disorders are highly prevalent across countries. They increase over time and impose a severe burden on individuals and societies. OBJECTIVE This paper examines the evolution of mental health over a period of 15 years, paying special attention on the impact of the most recent economic downturn and subsequent recovery, in Spain. METHOD We use data coming from the National Health Surveys of 2006/2007, 2011/2012 and 2016/2017. Mental health is proxied by two measures, doctor-diagnosed mental disorder and psychological distress (based on the 12-item General Health Questionnaire). To account for the relationship between the two mental health indicators, we estimate a bivariate probit model. The potential endogeneity of unemployment status is considered. RESULTS We observe different patterns of the two mental health indicators over time. Psychological distress in men increased during recession years, but slightly decreased among women. Diagnosed mental disorders declined during the peak years of the crisis. Unemployment is a major risk factor for mental distress. Irrespective of the economic conditions, belonging to a higher social class acts as a buffer against psychological distress for women, but not for men. The remaining determinants acted as expected. Women declared worse psychological health than men, and were also more often diagnosed with mental disorders. Having a partner had a protective impact, while providing intensive care to a dependent relative exerted the opposite effect. Education acted as buffer against the onset of psychological distress in women. CONCLUSION Even though the need for mental healthcare increased during the recession, the fact that fewer people were diagnosed suggests that barriers to accessing mental healthcare may be aggravated during the crisis. Policies aiming to tackle the challenges posed by the high prevalence of mental disorders have to be particularly attentive to changes in individuals' socioeconomic situation, including education, unemployment and social class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandrina Stoyanova
- Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Universitat de Barcelona, BEAT and CAEPS, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jaime Pinilla
- Department of Quantitative Methods in Economics, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Patel N, Kalra R, Bhargava A, Arora G, Arora P. Ideal Cardiovascular Health Among American Adults After the Economic Recession of 2008-2009: Insights from NHANES. Am J Med 2019; 132:1182-1190.e5. [PMID: 31278932 PMCID: PMC7048007 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The economic recession of 2008-2009 resulted in unprecedented employment and economic losses leading to deterioration of cardiovascular health. We examined the trends in ideal cardiovascular health as measured by the American Heart Association's (AHA's) Life's Simple 7 metric during the periods of economic recession and subsequent economic recovery. METHODS Data on adults ages ≥20 years from the NHANES from economic-recession (2007-2010) and post-recession (2011-2016) periods was analyzed. The AHA's Life's Simple 7 score of 10-14 was used to classify ideal cardiovascular health status. Socioeconomic status was divided into 3 categories: high, middle, and low based on education and income status. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models including demographics, insurance status, health care access, and adjustment for multiple testing were used to analyze the trends in prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health across socioeconomic strata. RESULTS We observed a decline in the multivariable-adjusted mean cardiovascular health score from 8.18 in 2007-2010 to 7.94 in 2015-2016 (Plinear = 0.02). This was primarily driven by the increasing prevalence of obesity (34% in 2007-2010 vs 41% in 2015-2016, Plinear = 0.005) and poor fasting glucose (8% in 2007-2010 vs 12% in 2015-2016, Plinear = 0.003). In multivariable-adjusted models, we observed the decreasing prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health with a nonlinear trend in the participants in the highest (51% in 2007-2010 vs 42% in 2015-2016, Pquadratic = 0.01) and lowest socioeconomic strata (16% in 2007-2010 vs 13% in 2015-2016, Pquadratic = 0.02). The prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health was higher in participants with high-socioeconomic status compared with other socioeconomic status participants. CONCLUSIONS Despite economic recovery, ideal cardiovascular health metrics have not yet recovered. Cardiovascular health appears to be further deteriorating for US adults, particularly those in high- and lower-socioeconomic strata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirav Patel
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Rajat Kalra
- Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | | | - Garima Arora
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Pankaj Arora
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Section of Cardiology, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Ala.
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Abstract
The full scope of the impact of The Great Recession on individuals' mental health has not been quantified to date. This study aimed to determine whether financial, job-related, and housing impacts experienced by individuals during the recession predicted changes in the occurrence of symptoms of depression, generalized anxiety, panic attacks, and problematic alcohol or other substance use. Longitudinal survey data (n = 2,530 to n = 3,293) were analyzed from the national Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study collected before (2003-2004) and after (2012-2013) The Great Recession. The population-level trend was towards improvements in mental health over time. However, for individuals each recession impact experienced was associated with long-lasting and transdiagnostic declines in mental health. These relationships were stronger for some sociodemographic groups, suggesting the need for additional support for people who suffer marked losses during recessions and for those without a strong safety net.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam K Forbes
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Minnesota, USA, 55454 Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Australia, 2109
| | - Robert F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, USA, 55455
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Arias-de la Torre J, Molina AJ, Fernández-Villa T, Artazcoz L, Martín V. Mental health, family roles and employment status inside and outside the household in Spain. GACETA SANITARIA 2019; 33:235-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sheehan CM, Frochen SE, Walsemann KM, Ailshire JA. Are U.S. adults reporting less sleep?: Findings from sleep duration trends in the National Health Interview Survey, 2004-2017. Sleep 2019; 42:5185637. [PMID: 30452725 PMCID: PMC6941709 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives To document trends in self-reported sleep duration for the noninstitutionalized U.S. civilian population from 2004 to 2017 and examine how sleep trends vary by race/ethnicity. Methods We use data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for U.S. noninstitutionalized adults aged 18-84 from 2004 to 2017 (N = 398 382). NHIS respondents were asked how much they slept in a 24-hour period on average, which we categorized as ≤6 hr (short sleep), 7-8 hr (adequate sleep), and ≥9 hr (long sleep). We used multinomial logistic regression models to examine trends in self-reported sleep duration and assess race/ethnic differences in these trends. Our models statistically adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, familial, behavioral, and health covariates. Results The prevalence of short sleep duration was relatively stable from 2004 to 2012. However, results from multinomial logistic regression models indicated that there was an increasing trend toward short sleep beginning in 2013 (b: 0.09, 95% CI: 0.05-0.14) that continued through 2017 (b: 0.18, 95% CI: 0.13-0.23). This trend was significantly more pronounced among Hispanics and non-Hispanic blacks, which resulted in widening racial/ethnic differences in reports of short sleep. Conclusions Recent increases in reports of short sleep are concerning as short sleep has been linked with a number of adverse health outcomes in the population. Moreover, growing race/ethnic disparities in short sleep may have consequences for racial and ethnic health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor M Sheehan
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Stephen E Frochen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Jennifer A Ailshire
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Brzezinski M. What accounts for the rise of low self-rated health during the recent economic crisis in Europe? Int J Equity Health 2019; 18:21. [PMID: 30691481 PMCID: PMC6350338 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-019-0926-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A growing literature investigates health effects of the recent economic crisis. This study examines how different economic mechanisms affected low self-rated health (SRH) in Europe over the crisis period (2008–2011). We measure changes in low SRH over 2008–2011 and analyze how they are accounted for by changes in household income levels and income distribution (income poverty, income inequality), labour market developments (increasing unemployment, falling employment, changes in labour market inactivity), and non-income poverty (material deprivation). Methods We use balanced panel data for 2008–2011 covering 26 European countries and 43,456 participants. The data come from longitudinal 2011 European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) database. Increases in low SRH incidence over time are decomposed into the contributions of changes in the distribution of covariates and changes in returns to the covariates. Main covariates include household income and its distribution, labour market developments, and non-income poverty (material deprivation). The decompositions are performed using a detailed non-linear multivariate regression-based decomposition methodology. Results Low SRH incidence increased in Europe during the crisis by almost 2 percentage points, and by 3.7 percentage points in case of the Baltic countries. Decomposition analysis shows that: 1) decreasing household incomes and changing income distribution had no impact on low SRH incidence, 2) rise of material deprivation accounts for a significant portion (12%) of the overall growth in low SRH rates (27% for the Baltic countries), 3) decreasing levels of full-time and part-time employment as well as transitions to unemployment, economic inactivity, disability, or retirement account jointly for about 21% of the rise in low SRH in Europe (73% for Baltic countries). Conclusion Together, the recession-related economic factors account for about 33% of the increase in low SRH incidence in Europe during the crisis, and for about 100% of the increase in the Baltic countries. Public health policy during recessions should focus also on reducing material deprivation through free or subsidized access to public services, public housing, and other means. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12939-019-0926-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Brzezinski
- Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw, Dluga 44/50, 00-241, Warsaw, Poland.
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Bukowski M, Lemus S, Rodríguez‐Bailón R, Willis GB, Alburquerque A. When lack of control enhances closeness to others: The case of unemployment and economic threat. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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47
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The association between economic uncertainty and suicide in the short-run. Soc Sci Med 2019; 220:403-410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dong W, Gao J, Zhou Z, Bai R, Wu Y, Su M, Shen C, Lan X, Wang X. Effects of China's urban basic health insurance on preventive care service utilization and health behaviors: Evidence from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209890. [PMID: 30596751 PMCID: PMC6312240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lifestyle choices are important determinants of individual health. Few studies have investigated changes in health behaviors and preventive activities brought about by the 2007 implementation of Urban Resident Basic Health Insurance (URBMI) in China. This study, therefore, aimed to explore whether URBMI has reduced individuals’ incentives to adopt healthy behaviors and utilize preventive care services. Methods Data were drawn from two waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Respondents were categorized according to their insurance situation before and after the URBMI reform in 2006 and 2011. Propensity score matching and difference-in-differences methods were used to measure levels of preventive care and behavior changes over time. Estimations were also made based on gender, self-reported health, and income. Results We found that URBMI implementation did not change residents’ utilization of preventive care services or their smoking habits, drinking habits, or other risky behaviors overall. However, the likelihood of sedentariness did increase by five percentage points. Females tended to be more sedentary while males were less likely to drink soft drinks. Residents with poor self-reported health exercised less while those who reported good health were more likely to be sedentary. Low- and middle-income residents were likely to be sedentary while middle-income people tended to smoke after becoming insured. Conclusion Since URBMI implementation, some unhealthy behaviors like sedentariness have increased among those who were newly insured, and different subgroups have reacted differently. This suggests that the insurance design needs to be optimized and effective measures need to be adopted to help improve people’s lifestyle choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyue Dong
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Gao
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhongliang Zhou
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Global Health Institute, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruhai Bai
- Global Health Institute, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Wu
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Su
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chi Shen
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Lan
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Wang
- International Business School Suzhou, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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Vahid Shahidi F, Muntaner C, Shankardass K, Quiñonez C, Siddiqi A. Widening health inequalities between the employed and the unemployed: A decomposition of trends in Canada (2000-2014). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208444. [PMID: 30496288 PMCID: PMC6264881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in the social epidemiological literature indicate that health inequalities between the employed and the unemployed are widening in many advanced capitalist countries. At present, we know relatively little about why these inequalities are worsening. Drawing on nationally-representative data from the largest health survey in Canada, we explored this question by analyzing changes in self-rated health inequalities between employed and unemployed Canadians from 2000 to 2014. Using a regression-based method that decomposes a given inequality into its component sources, we investigated the extent to which risk factors that account for unemployment-related health inequalities at a single point in time can also explain the extent and direction of change in these unemployment-related health inequalities over time. Our results indicate that relative and absolute health inequalities between employed and unemployed Canadians widened over the study period. Between 2000 and 2014, the prevalence of poor self-rated health among unemployed Canadians increased from 10.8% to 14.6%, while rates among employed Canadians were stable at around 6%. Our findings suggest that the demographic, socioeconomic, and proximal risk factors that are routinely used to explain unemployment-related health inequalities may not be as powerful for explaining how and why these inequalities change over time. In the case of unemployment-related health inequalities in Canada, these risk factors explain neither the increasing prevalence of poor self-rated health among the unemployed nor the growing gap between the unemployed and their employed counterparts. We provide several possible explanations for these puzzling findings. We conclude by suggesting that widening health inequalities may be driven by macrosocial trends (e.g. widening income inequality and declining social safety nets) which have changed the meaning and context of unemployment, as well as its associated risk factors, in ways that are not easy to capture using routinely available survey data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Vahid Shahidi
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carles Muntaner
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Bloomberg School of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ketan Shankardass
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carlos Quiñonez
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arjumand Siddiqi
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Gillings School of Public Health, University of Northern Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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50
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Lee JO, Jones TM, Yoon Y, Hackman DA, Yoo JP, Kosterman R. Young Adult Unemployment and Later Depression and Anxiety: Does Childhood Neighborhood Matter? J Youth Adolesc 2018; 48:30-42. [PMID: 30478821 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-018-0957-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Young adulthood represents a developmental period with disproportionately heightened risk of losing a job. Young adult unemployment has been linked to increased mental health problems, at least in the short term. However, their possible long-term impacts, often referred as "scarring effects," have been understudied, possibly underestimating the magnitude of mental health burden that young adult unemployment generates. This longitudinal study examined whether duration of unemployment during young adulthood is associated with later mental health disorders, after accounting for mental and behavioral health problems in childhood. Furthermore, the current study investigated whether childhood neighborhood characteristics affect this association and if so, in what specific functional ways. Data were drawn from a longitudinal study of developmental outcomes in a community sample in Seattle. Data collection began in 1985 when study participants were elementary students and involved yearly assessments in childhood and adolescence (ages 10-16) and then biennial or triennial assessments (ages 18-39; N = 677 at age 39; 47% European American, 26% African American, 22% Asian American, and 5% Native American; 49% female). The current study findings suggest that duration of unemployment across young adulthood increased mental health problems at age 39, regardless of gender. Childhood neighborhood characteristics, particularly their positive aspect, exerted independent impacts on adult mental health problems beyond unemployment experiences across young adulthood. The current findings indicate a needed shift in service profiles for unemployed young adults-a comprehensive approach that not only facilitates reemployment but also addresses mental health needs to help them to cope with job loss. Further, the present study findings suggest that childhood neighborhoods, particularly positive features such as positive neighborhood involvement, may represent concrete and malleable prevention targets that can curb mental health problems early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungeun Olivia Lee
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Las Angeles, USA.
| | - Tiffany M Jones
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Yoewon Yoon
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Las Angeles, USA
| | - Daniel A Hackman
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Las Angeles, USA
| | - Joan P Yoo
- Department of Social Welfare, College of Social Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Rick Kosterman
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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