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Hossain M, Mannan R, Islam S, Banu LA, Jamee AR, Hassan Z, Elias SM, Das SK, Azad Khan AK. Unveiling the occurrence of COVID-19 in a diverse Bangladeshi population during the pandemic. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1363971. [PMID: 38883197 PMCID: PMC11176491 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1363971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction COVID-19 pandemic hit Bangladesh with relatively low intensity, unlike its neighbors India and European countries and USA. Methods The present report included data of 8,480 individuals tested for COVID-19 RT-PCR of the workers and officials from readymade garments (RMG) industry in Chandra area in Gazipur. The present data looked into the clinic-demographic factors associated with the susceptibility of the condition. Result The data elucidated the susceptibility of the individuals to SARS-CoV-2 based on age, gender, pre-existing health conditions, and the presence of symptoms. It was observed that individuals aged over 60 had the highest rate of COVID-19 positivity, and men exhibited a higher infection rate compared to women. Regardless of age, fever and cough were the most frequently reported symptoms. Two-thirds of the individuals included in this report appeared to be asymptomatic carriers. The prevalence of comorbidities among individuals who tested positive for COVID-19 was notably higher, and this exhibited a gender-specific pattern. Discussion Although our study provides important epidemiological insights into the initial year of the pandemic among Bangladeshi populations, it can also add value for future drug and vaccine development. However, it is essential to acknowledge the limitations like - restriction of public movement, unavailability of vehicle yielding a selection bias, due to the lockdown conditions imposed owing to the pandemic and the diverse characteristics of the participants. The report emphasizes the significance of figuring out how age, gender, and underlying health conditions impact susceptibility to and transmission of COVID-19, thereby providing valuable insights for public health strategies and future research initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmud Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Neuroscience and Neurogenetics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Dr. Farida Haq Memorial Ibrahim General Hospital, COVID-19 Diagnostic Laboratory, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Rezowana Mannan
- Dr. Farida Haq Memorial Ibrahim General Hospital, COVID-19 Diagnostic Laboratory, Gazipur, Bangladesh
- Department of Virology, Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sohidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Laila A Banu
- Department of Anatomy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Zahid Hassan
- Dr. Farida Haq Memorial Ibrahim General Hospital, COVID-19 Diagnostic Laboratory, Gazipur, Bangladesh
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sabrina Moriom Elias
- Dr. Farida Haq Memorial Ibrahim General Hospital, COVID-19 Diagnostic Laboratory, Gazipur, Bangladesh
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Environment and Life Sciences, Independent University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sanjan K Das
- Dr. Farida Haq Memorial Ibrahim General Hospital, COVID-19 Diagnostic Laboratory, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - A K Azad Khan
- Dr. Farida Haq Memorial Ibrahim General Hospital, COVID-19 Diagnostic Laboratory, Gazipur, Bangladesh
- Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- National Professor, Bangladesh
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Jay C, Adland E, Csala A, Dold C, Edmans M, Hackstein CP, Jamsen A, Lim N, Longet S, Ogbe A, Sampson O, Skelly D, Spiller OB, Stafford L, Thompson CP, Turtle L, Barnes E, Dunachie S, Carroll M, Klenerman P, Conlon C, Goulder P, Jones LC. Cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 following intrafamilial exposure in seronegative family members. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1248658. [PMID: 37711627 PMCID: PMC10497976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1248658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Family studies of antiviral immunity provide an opportunity to assess virus-specific immunity in infected and highly exposed individuals, as well as to examine the dynamics of viral infection within families. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between family members represented a major route for viral spread during the early stages of the pandemic, due to the nature of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through close contacts. Methods Here, humoral and cellular immunity is explored in 264 SARS-CoV-2 infected, exposed or unexposed individuals from 81 families in the United Kingdom sampled in the winter of 2020 before widespread vaccination and infection. Results We describe robust cellular and humoral immunity into COVID-19 convalescence, albeit with marked heterogeneity between families and between individuals. T-cell response magnitude is associated with male sex and older age by multiple linear regression. SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses in seronegative individuals are widespread, particularly in adults and in individuals exposed to SARS-CoV-2 through an infected family member. The magnitude of this response is associated with the number of seropositive family members, with a greater number of seropositive individuals within a family leading to stronger T-cell immunity in seronegative individuals. Discussion These results support a model whereby exposure to SARS-CoV-2 promotes T-cell immunity in the absence of an antibody response. The source of these seronegative T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 has been suggested as cross-reactive immunity to endemic coronaviruses that is expanded upon SARS-CoV-2 exposure. However, in this study, no association between HCoV-specific immunity and seronegative T-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is identified, suggesting that de novo T-cell immunity may be generated in seronegative SARS-CoV-2 exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Jay
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Adland
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Csala
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Dold
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Edmans
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anni Jamsen
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Lim
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ane Ogbe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Sampson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Donal Skelly
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Hospitals, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Owen B. Spiller
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lizzie Stafford
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Craig P. Thompson
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lance Turtle
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ellie Barnes
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Miles Carroll
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Conlon
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy C. Jones
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Zhang C, Zhou C, Xu W, Zheng S, Gao Y, Li P, Deng L, Zhang X, Jiang Q, Qian F, Li X, Wang H, Zou H, Xia Y, Wang T, Lu H, Qian HZ. Transmission risk of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. INFECTIOUS MEDICINE 2023; 2:11-18. [PMID: 38013777 PMCID: PMC9757919 DOI: 10.1016/j.imj.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Global evidence on the transmission of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection needs to be synthesized. Methods A search of 4 electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases) as of January 24, 2021 was performed. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Studies which reported the transmission rate among close contacts with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 cases were included, and transmission activities occurred were considered. The transmission rates were pooled by zero-inflated beta distribution. The risk ratios (RRs) were calculated using random-effects models. Results Of 4923 records retrieved and reviewed, 15 studies including 3917 close contacts with asymptomatic indexes were eligible. The pooled transmission rates were 1.79 per 100 person-days (or 1.79%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.41%-3.16%) by asymptomatic index, which is significantly lower than by presymptomatic (5.02%, 95% CI 2.37%-7.66%; p<0.001), and by symptomatic (5.27%, 95% CI 2.40%-8.15%; p<0.001). Subgroup analyses showed that the household transmission rate of asymptomatic index was (4.22%, 95% CI 0.91%-7.52%), four times significantly higher than non-household transmission (1.03%, 95% CI 0.73%-1.33%; p=0.03), and the asymptomatic transmission rate in China (1.82%, 95% CI 0.11%-3.53%) was lower than in other countries (2.22%, 95% CI 0.67%-3.77%; p=0.01). Conclusions People with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection are at risk of transmitting the virus to their close contacts, particularly in household settings. The transmission potential of asymptomatic infection is lower than symptomatic and presymptomatic infections. This meta-analysis provides evidence for predicting the epidemic trend and promulgating vaccination and other control measures. Registered with PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews, CRD42021269446; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=269446.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ci Zhang
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya Center for Evidence-Based Nursing Practice & Healthcare Innovation (A JBI Affiliated Group), Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanqing Xu
- T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shimin Zheng
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Yanxiao Gao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peiqi Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Luojia Deng
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Qianxue Jiang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Frank Qian
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xianhong Li
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya Center for Evidence-Based Nursing Practice & Healthcare Innovation (A JBI Affiliated Group), Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Honghong Wang
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya Center for Evidence-Based Nursing Practice & Healthcare Innovation (A JBI Affiliated Group), Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Huachun Zou
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yinglin Xia
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han-Zhu Qian
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Albavera-Hernández C, Rodríguez-Hernández JM, Piñeros-Garzón FS, Montoya-Sanabria SM. The challenge of asymptomatic carriers of COVID-19: A rapid review of literature. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) 2023; 22:649-657. [PMID: 36753084 DOI: 10.15446/rsap.v22n6.91181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the epidemiological and sociodemographic characteristics of asymptomatic carriers reported in the literature, and to review the strategies used for diagnosis and control. METHODS Systematic literature review approach. As inclusion criteria, all studies published between January 1 and June 26, 2020, conducted in humans, that reported people who remained asymptomatic of COVID-19. Descriptors were adapted to the interfaces of eight bibliographic databases were configured: PubMed, Ovid, SciELO, Ebsco, Scopus, LILACS, Epistemonikos and Embase. RESULTS About 45% of the articles reported adult population, thirteen reported mixed population (adult and pediatric). 3 525 asymptomatic people were reported, with an average of 37,1 years [0.5-82 years]. Although the effectiveness of the control and prevention measures was not reported, the identification, isolation and follow-up of contacts stands out as a potential effective mechanism to prevent the transmission. CONCLUSIONS The use of this information could be relevant to guide evidence-based public health policies and the protection of populations and the improvement of health care that contributes to stopping this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cidronio Albavera-Hernández
- CA: MD. Family Medicine Specialist. M.Sc.; D.Sc. Epidemiology. Mexican Institute of Social Security. Regional General Hospital with Family Medicine No.1. Cuernavaca, Mexico.
| | - Jorge M Rodríguez-Hernández
- JR: MD. M.Sc.; D.Sc. Epidemiology. Institute of Public Health. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Bogotá, Colombia.
| | | | - Sandra M Montoya-Sanabria
- SM: RN. M.Sc.; Ph.D.(c). Public Health. Institute of Public Health. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Bogotá, Colombia.
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Valenzuela-Fernández A, Cabrera-Rodriguez R, Ciuffreda L, Perez-Yanes S, Estevez-Herrera J, González-Montelongo R, Alcoba-Florez J, Trujillo-González R, García-Martínez de Artola D, Gil-Campesino H, Díez-Gil O, Lorenzo-Salazar JM, Flores C, Garcia-Luis J. Nanomaterials to combat SARS-CoV-2: Strategies to prevent, diagnose and treat COVID-19. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1052436. [PMID: 36507266 PMCID: PMC9732709 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1052436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which severely affect the respiratory system and several organs and tissues, and may lead to death, have shown how science can respond when challenged by a global emergency, offering as a response a myriad of rapid technological developments. Development of vaccines at lightning speed is one of them. SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks have stressed healthcare systems, questioning patients care by using standard non-adapted therapies and diagnostic tools. In this scenario, nanotechnology has offered new tools, techniques and opportunities for prevention, for rapid, accurate and sensitive diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. In this review, we focus on the nanotechnological applications and nano-based materials (i.e., personal protective equipment) to combat SARS-CoV-2 transmission, infection, organ damage and for the development of new tools for virosurveillance, diagnose and immune protection by mRNA and other nano-based vaccines. All the nano-based developed tools have allowed a historical, unprecedented, real time epidemiological surveillance and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, at community and international levels. The nano-based technology has help to predict and detect how this Sarbecovirus is mutating and the severity of the associated COVID-19 disease, thereby assisting the administration and public health services to make decisions and measures for preparedness against the emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 and severe or lethal COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Romina Cabrera-Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Laura Ciuffreda
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Silvia Perez-Yanes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Judith Estevez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | | | - Julia Alcoba-Florez
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Trujillo-González
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Departamento de Análisis Matemático, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Helena Gil-Campesino
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Oscar Díez-Gil
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - José M. Lorenzo-Salazar
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carlos Flores
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jonay Garcia-Luis
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
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Folayan MO, Arije O, Enemo A, Sunday A, Muhammad A, Nyako HY, Abdullah RM, Okiwu H, Lamontagne E. Associations between COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and the experience of violence among women and girls living with and at risk of HIV in Nigeria. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF AIDS RESEARCH 2022; 21:306-316. [DOI: 10.2989/16085906.2022.2118615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan
- Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Nigeria
- Community Oral Health Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Olujide Arije
- Institute of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria
| | - Amaka Enemo
- Nigeria Sex Workers Association, Kubwa, Nigeria
| | - Aaron Sunday
- African Network of Adolescent and Young Persons Development, Barnawa, Nigeria
| | - Amira Muhammad
- Northern Nigerian Transgender Initiative, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Erik Lamontagne
- Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, Strategic Information, Geneva, Switzerland
- Aix-Marseille University, School of Economics, Marseille, France
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Evans S, Stimson J, Pople D, Bhattacharya A, Hope R, White PJ, Robotham JV. Quantifying the contribution of pathways of nosocomial acquisition of COVID-19 in English hospitals. Int J Epidemiol 2022; 51:393-403. [PMID: 34865043 PMCID: PMC8690325 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyab241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite evidence of the nosocomial transmission of novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in hospitals worldwide, the contributions of the pathways of transmission are poorly quantified. METHODS We analysed national records of hospital admissions and discharges, linked to data on SARS-CoV-2 testing, using an individual-based model that considers patient-to-patient, patient-to-healthcare worker (HCW), HCW-to-patient and HCW-to-HCW transmission. RESULTS Between 1 March 2020 and 31 December 2020, SARS-CoV-2 infections that were classified as nosocomial were identified in 0.5% (0.34-0.74) of patients admitted to an acute National Health Service trust. We found that the most likely route of nosocomial transmission to patients was indirect transmission from other infected patients, e.g. through HCWs acting as vectors or contaminated fomites, followed by direct transmission between patients in the same bay. The risk of transmission to patients from HCWs over this time period is low, but can contribute significantly when the number of infected inpatients is low. Further, the risk of a HCW acquiring SARS-CoV-2 in hospital is approximately equal to that in the community, thereby doubling their overall risk of infection. The most likely route of transmission to HCWs is transmission from other infected HCWs. CONCLUSIONS Current control strategies have successfully reduced the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between patients and HCWs. In order to reduce the burden of nosocomial COVID-19 infections on health services, stricter measures should be enforced that would inhibit the spread of the virus between bays or wards in the hospital. There should also be a focus on inhibiting the spread of SARS-CoV-2 between HCWs. The findings have important implications for infection-control procedures in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Evans
- HCAI, Fungal, AMR, AMU & Sepsis Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - James Stimson
- HCAI, Fungal, AMR, AMU & Sepsis Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Diane Pople
- HCAI, Fungal, AMR, AMU & Sepsis Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | | | - Russell Hope
- HCAI, Fungal, AMR, AMU & Sepsis Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Peter J White
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling and Health Economics, London, UK
| | - Julie V Robotham
- HCAI, Fungal, AMR, AMU & Sepsis Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at University of Oxford in partnership with the UK Health Security Agency, Oxford, UK
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8
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Card L, Litwin CM, Curry S, Mack EH, Nietert PJ, Meissner EG. Self-Administered, Remote Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in Health Care Workers. Am J Med Sci 2022; 364:281-288. [PMID: 35278364 PMCID: PMC8906004 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2022.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Our objective was to safely and remotely assess longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in at-risk health care workers at the onset of the epidemic. Methods Self-administered serologic testing was performed every 30 days up to 5 times using a point-of-care, lateral flow SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG immunoassay in a cohort of at-risk health care workers (n = 339) and lower-risk controls (n = 100). Results Subjects were enrolled between 4/14/20–5/6/20 and most were clinicians (41%) or nurses (27%). Of 20 subjects who reported confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to (n = 5, 1%) or during the study (n = 15, 3%), half (10/20) were seropositive. Five additional subjects were seropositive and did not report documented infection. Estimated infection rates in health care workers did not differ from concurrent community rates. Conclusions This remotely conducted, contact-free study did not identify serologic evidence of widespread occupational SARS-CoV-2 infection in health care workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Card
- South Carolina Clinical & Translational Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Christine M Litwin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Scott Curry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Mack
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Paul J Nietert
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Eric G Meissner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Systematic Screening for SARS-CoV-2 to Detect Asymptomatic Infections: An Epitome of Taiwan’s Outbreak. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 2022:6441339. [PMID: 35178135 PMCID: PMC8847028 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6441339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Increased studies have revealed that asymptomatic carriers substantially impact the epidemic and that asymptomatic transmission is very common. Therefore, the asymptomatic transmission threat to the spread of the pandemic should not be neglected. Methods The local outbreak in Taiwan, especially in Taipei City, is unprecedented and paramount and has claimed hundreds of lives, tens of thousands of cases, and enormous economic costs. As care providers and gatekeepers of infectious diseases, Taipei City Hospital has to perform regular polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results of admitted patients and healthcare workers (HCWs) to achieve these goals. Results In this study, the results revealed a low positive rate of less than 1%, but the asymptomatic proportions could range from 42% to 46%, which bolsters that systematic screening was effective in controlling coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) of Novel Coronavirus or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and might be an exemplar to other similar scenarios. Universal screening of admitted patients may be important and necessary, especially in asymptomatic patients. Conclusions Regular screening for healthcare providers is also important during this pandemic, and it is recommended that admitted patients and healthcare providers undergo systemic PCR testing.
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Tharayil A, Rajakumari R, Mozetic M, Primc G, Thomas S. Contact transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on fomite surfaces: surface survival and risk reduction. Interface Focus 2022; 12:20210042. [PMID: 34956610 PMCID: PMC8662391 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2021.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an unprecedented concern regarding the viral strain SARS-CoV-2 and especially its respiratory disease more commonly known as COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 virus has the ability to survive on different surfaces for extended periods, ranging from days up to months. The new infectious properties of SARS-CoV-2 vary depending on the properties of fomite surfaces. In this review, we summarize the risk factors involved in the indirect transmission pathways of SARS-CoV-2 strains on fomite surfaces. The main mode of indirect transmission is the contamination of porous and non-porous inanimate surfaces such as textile surfaces that include clothes and most importantly personal protective equipment like personal protective equipment kits, masks, etc. In the second part of the review, we highlight materials and processes that can actively reduce the SARS-CoV-2 surface contamination pattern and the associated transmission routes. The review also focuses on some general methodologies for designing advanced and effective antiviral surfaces by physical and chemical modifications, viral inhibitors, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhimanyu Tharayil
- School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala 686560, India
| | - R. Rajakumari
- International and Inter-University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala 686560, India
| | - Miran Mozetic
- Department of Surface Engineering, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Primc
- Department of Surface Engineering, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala 686560, India
- International and Inter-University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala 686560, India
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11
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Reukers DFM, van Boven M, Meijer A, Rots N, Reusken C, Roof I, van Gageldonk-Lafeber AB, van der Hoek W, van den Hof S. High Infection Secondary Attack Rates of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Dutch Households Revealed by Dense Sampling. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 74:52-58. [PMID: 33822007 PMCID: PMC8083540 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoor environments are considered one of the main settings for transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Households in particular represent a close-contact environment with high probability of transmission between persons of different ages and roles in society. METHODS Households with a laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive case in the Netherlands (March-May 2020) were included. At least 3 home visits were performed during 4-6 weeks of follow-up, collecting naso- and oropharyngeal swabs, oral fluid, feces and blood samples from all household members for molecular and serological analyses. Symptoms were recorded from 2 weeks before the first visit through to the final visit. Infection secondary attack rates (SAR) were estimated with logistic regression. A transmission model was used to assess household transmission routes. RESULTS A total of 55 households with 187 household contacts were included. In 17 households no transmission took place; in 11 households all persons were infected. Estimated infection SARs were high, ranging from 35% (95% confidence interval [CI], 24%-46%) in children to 51% (95% CI, 39%-63%) in adults. Estimated transmission rates in the household were high, with reduced susceptibility of children compared with adolescents and adults (0.67; 95% CI, .40-1.1). CONCLUSION Estimated infection SARs were higher than reported in earlier household studies, presumably owing to our dense sampling protocol. Children were shown to be less susceptible than adults, but the estimated infection SAR in children was still high. Our results reinforce the role of households as one of the main multipliers of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne F M Reukers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel van Boven
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Adam Meijer
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke Rots
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Reusken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Roof
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wim van der Hoek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Susan van den Hof
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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12
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Singh R, Hemati H, Bajpai M, Yadav P, Maheshwari A, Kumar S, Agrawal S, Sevak JK, Islam M, Mars JS, Sarin SK, Trehanpati N. Sustained expression of inflammatory monocytes and activated T cells in COVID-19 patients and recovered convalescent plasma donors. Immun Inflamm Dis 2021; 9:1279-1290. [PMID: 34363351 PMCID: PMC8427128 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intense monocyte activation and infiltration into the target tissues are the main mechanisms of lung injury in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. A reduction in the degree and nature of such cellular responses is expected following recovery. We aimed to investigate the immune responses in moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and recovered patients. METHODS Moderate COVID-19 patients (n = 34) at Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, and COVID-19 recovered patients (n = 15) from the mild disease who were considered for convalescent plasma (COPLA) donation at the Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi and healthy individuals (n = 10), were recruited. We have assessed 21 plasma cytokines using cytokine bead array, performed proteomics on serum proteins, and analyzed immune cells using a detailed multicolor flow cytometry. RESULTS A significant increase in inflammatory markers such as macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)1-α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, and Leptin was observed in the moderate patients. Nonsurvivors additionally showed increased interleukin (IL)-6 levels. Consistently, the proteomics analysis showed the signatures of cytokine production and interferon-γ response, and increased level of acute-phase protein SAA1 in the serum of COVID-19 patients. Despite the sustained expression of MIPs, the recovered COPLA donors showed a surge in MCSF and IL-18 levels. Both the groups had increased CCR2, CX3CR1 positive monocytes, low CD8+ T cells, A proliferation-inducing ligand, and B-cell activating factor receptor+ B cells compared with healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS Patients who have recovered and considered for COPLA donations still have compromised immunity with sustained expression of inflammatory monocytes and activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Hamed Hemati
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Meenu Bajpai
- Department of Transfusion MedicineInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Pushpa Yadav
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Ashish Maheshwari
- Department of Transfusion MedicineInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of MedicineLok Nayak Jai Prakash HospitalNew DelhiIndia
| | - Sonal Agrawal
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Jayesh Kumar Sevak
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Mojahidul Islam
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Jaswinder Singh Mars
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Shiv K Sarin
- Department of HepatologyInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Nirupama Trehanpati
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
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13
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Maltezou HC, Krumbholz B, Mavrouli M, Tseroni M, Gamaletsou MN, Botsa E, Anastassopoulou C, Gikas A, Fournarakou E, Kavieri M, Koureli A, Mandilara D, Marinopoulou A, Theodorikakou A, Tsiahris P, Zarzali A, Pournaras S, Lourida A, Elefsiniotis I, Vrioni G, Sipsas NV, Tsakris A. A study of the evolution of the third COVID-19 pandemic wave in the Athens metropolitan area, Greece, through two cross-sectional seroepidemiological surveys: March, June 2021. J Med Virol 2021; 94:1465-1472. [PMID: 34812522 PMCID: PMC9011894 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We studied the third coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic wave in Athens metropolitan area (3 738 901 inhabitants) through two seroepidemiological surveys. Persons presenting in 12 healthcare facilities across Athens in March and June 2021 were studied (764 and 901, respectively). Immunoglobulin G antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) spike protein were measured by a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. In March the seroprevalence rate was 11.6%, meaning that 435 208 residents of Athens had evidence of immunity. The respective values in June were 55.7% and 2 082 568 residents. The highest seroprevalence rates attributed to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection were recorded in persons <18 years (16.3% in March and 31.6% in June), while immunity was mainly vaccine‐induced in persons 18–64 years and >65 years. Infection‐attributed immunity also increased in older‐age groups. Wide ranges in seroprevalence rates were noted across areas in March and June. The highest seroprevalence rates were recorded in Piraeus (47.2%) and West Attica (37.5%). However, the highest increase (>5 times) occurred in Piraeus and the South Section of Athens, which are among the most densely populated areas in Athens. In both study periods, history of COVID‐19 or febrile episode, and having a cohabitant with COVID‐19 were associated with increased risk for seropositivity among unvaccinated persons (p values <0.001 for all). Residing in Piraeus, the South Section or West Attica was associated with increased risk for seropositivity in June (p values <0.001). Wide heterogeneity in seroprevalence rates was found across areas in Athens, which is mainly attributed to population density. The impact of population mobility and socioeconomic status should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena C Maltezou
- Directorate of Research, Studies, and Documentation, National Public Health Organization, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Maria Mavrouli
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Tseroni
- Directorate of Epidemiological Surveillance of Infectious Diseases, National Public Health Organization, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria N Gamaletsou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and General Hospital of Athens Laiko, Athens, Greece
| | - Evanthia Botsa
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Cleo Anastassopoulou
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | - Dionysia Mandilara
- Academic Department of Internal Medicine, General Oncology Hospital of Kifisia "Agioi Anargyroi", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | - Spyridon Pournaras
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasia Lourida
- Infection Control Committee, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Elefsiniotis
- Academic Department of Internal Medicine, General Oncology Hospital of Kifisia "Agioi Anargyroi", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Vrioni
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos V Sipsas
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and General Hospital of Athens Laiko, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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14
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Predictive usefulness of RT-PCR testing in different patterns of Covid-19 symptomatology: analysis of a French cohort of 12,810 outpatients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21233. [PMID: 34707198 PMCID: PMC8551264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99991-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a key tool to diagnose Covid-19. Yet it may not be the most efficient test in all patients. In this paper, we develop a clinical strategy for prescribing RT-PCR to patients based on data from COVIDOM, a French cohort of 54,000 patients with clinically suspected Covid-19, including 12,810 patients tested by RT-PCR. We use a machine-learning algorithm (decision tree) in order to predict RT-PCR results based on the clinical presentation. We show that symptoms alone are sufficient to predict RT-PCR outcome with a mean average precision of 86%. We identify combinations of symptoms that are predictive of RT-PCR positivity (90% for anosmia/ageusia) or negativity (only 30% of RT-PCR+ for a subgroup with cardiopulmonary symptoms): in both cases, RT-PCR provides little added diagnostic value. We propose a prescribing strategy based on clinical presentation that can improve the global efficiency of RT-PCR testing.
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15
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Campione E, Lanna C, Cosio T, Rosa L, Conte MP, Iacovelli F, Romeo A, Falconi M, Del Vecchio C, Franchin E, Lia MS, Minieri M, Chiaramonte C, Ciotti M, Nuccetelli M, Terrinoni A, Iannuzzi I, Coppeta L, Magrini A, Bernardini S, Sabatini S, Rosapepe F, Bartoletti PL, Moricca N, Di Lorenzo A, Andreoni M, Sarmati L, Miani A, Piscitelli P, Squillaci E, Valenti P, Bianchi L. Lactoferrin as Antiviral Treatment in COVID-19 Management: Preliminary Evidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010985. [PMID: 34682731 PMCID: PMC8535893 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf), a multifunctional cationic glycoprotein synthesized by exocrine glands and neutrophils, possesses an in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. Thus, we conducted an in vivo preliminary study to investigate the antiviral effect of oral and intranasal liposomal bovine Lf (bLf) in asymptomatic and mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients. From April 2020 to June 2020, a total of 92 mild-to-moderate (67/92) and asymptomatic (25/92) COVID-19 patients were recruited and divided into three groups. Thirty-two patients (14 hospitalized and 18 in home-based isolation) received only oral and intranasal liposomal bLf; 32 hospitalized patients were treated only with standard of care (SOC) treatment; and 28, in home-based isolation, did not take any medication. Furthermore, 32 COVID-19 negative, untreated, healthy subjects were added for ancillary analysis. Liposomal bLf-treated COVID-19 patients obtained an earlier and significant (p < 0.0001) SARS-CoV-2 RNA negative conversion compared to the SOC-treated and untreated COVID-19 patients (14.25 vs. 27.13 vs. 32.61 days, respectively). Liposomal bLf-treated COVID-19 patients showed fast clinical symptoms recovery compared to the SOC-treated COVID-19 patients. In bLf-treated patients, a significant decrease in serum ferritin, IL-6, and D-dimers levels was observed. No adverse events were reported. These observations led us to speculate a potential role of bLf in the management of mild-to-moderate and asymptomatic COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Campione
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (T.C.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Caterina Lanna
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (T.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Terenzio Cosio
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (T.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (M.P.C.); (P.V.)
| | - Maria Pia Conte
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (M.P.C.); (P.V.)
| | - Federico Iacovelli
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (A.R.); (M.F.)
| | - Alice Romeo
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (A.R.); (M.F.)
| | - Mattia Falconi
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (A.R.); (M.F.)
| | - Claudia Del Vecchio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (C.D.V.); (E.F.)
| | - Elisa Franchin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (C.D.V.); (E.F.)
| | - Maria Stella Lia
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.S.L.); (M.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Marilena Minieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.S.L.); (M.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Carlo Chiaramonte
- Department of Statistics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Ciotti
- Virology Unit, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marzia Nuccetelli
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (S.B.)
| | - Alessandro Terrinoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.S.L.); (M.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Ilaria Iannuzzi
- Occupational Medicine Department, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (I.I.); (L.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Luca Coppeta
- Occupational Medicine Department, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (I.I.); (L.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Magrini
- Occupational Medicine Department, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (I.I.); (L.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (S.B.)
| | | | | | | | - Nicola Moricca
- Villa dei Pini Hospital, 00042 Anzio, Italy; (S.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Andrea Di Lorenzo
- Infectious Disease Unit, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.D.L.); (M.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Massimo Andreoni
- Infectious Disease Unit, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.D.L.); (M.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Loredana Sarmati
- Infectious Disease Unit, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.D.L.); (M.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Alessandro Miani
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Prisco Piscitelli
- UNESCO Chair on Health Education and Sustainable Development, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Ettore Squillaci
- Department of Diagnostic and Molecular Imaging, Radiation Therapy and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (M.P.C.); (P.V.)
| | - Luca Bianchi
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (T.C.); (L.B.)
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Abstract
Limiting exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus has been the major principle guiding public health measures. Masking, social distancing, as well as frequent hand hygiene have been the chief nonpharmaceutical interventions as preventive strategies for all age groups. Advancement in vaccine development and vaccination of large populations offer a glimmer of hope for containing and ending this pandemic. However, until immunization is widespread in the community, masking, social distancing, and frequent handwashing, as well as early detection and isolation of infected persons, should be continued to curb the spread of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Gupta
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, HSC 9214, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Layne Smith
- West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Adriana Diakiw
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, HSC 9214, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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17
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Adelodun B, Ajibade FO, Tiamiyu AO, Nwogwu NA, Ibrahim RG, Kumar P, Kumar V, Odey G, Yadav KK, Khan AH, Cabral-Pinto MMS, Kareem KY, Bakare HO, Ajibade TF, Naveed QN, Islam S, Fadare OO, Choi KS. Monitoring the presence and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in water-food-environmental compartments: State of the knowledge and research needs. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111373. [PMID: 34033834 PMCID: PMC8142028 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SAR-CoV-2) and the accompanied coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has continued ceaselessly despite the implementations of popular measures, which include social distancing and outdoor face masking as recommended by the World Health Organization. Due to the unstable nature of the virus, leading to the emergence of new variants that are claimed to be more and rapidly transmissible, there is a need for further consideration of the alternative potential pathways of the virus transmissions to provide the needed and effective control measures. This review aims to address this important issue by examining the transmission pathways of SARS-CoV-2 via indirect contacts such as fomites and aerosols, extending to water, food, and other environmental compartments. This is essentially required to shed more light regarding the speculation of the virus spread through these media as the available information regarding this is fragmented in the literature. The existing state of the information on the presence and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in water-food-environmental compartments is essential for cause-and-effect relationships of human interactions and environmental samples to safeguard the possible transmission and associated risks through these media. Furthermore, the integration of effective remedial measures previously used to tackle the viral outbreaks and pandemics, and the development of new sustainable measures targeting at monitoring and curbing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 were emphasized. This study concluded that alternative transmission pathways via human interactions with environmental samples should not be ignored due to the evolving of more infectious and transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Adelodun
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea; Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, 240103, Nigeria.
| | - Fidelis Odedishemi Ajibade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | | | - Nathaniel Azubuike Nwogwu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Federal University of Technology Owerri, PMB 1526, Nigeria; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | | | - Pankaj Kumar
- Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar, 249404, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar, 249404, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Golden Odey
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad, Bhopal, 462044, India
| | - Afzal Husain Khan
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Jazan University, 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marina M S Cabral-Pinto
- Geobiotec Research Centre, Department of Geoscience, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Kola Yusuff Kareem
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, 240103, Nigeria
| | | | - Temitope Fausat Ajibade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | | | - Saiful Islam
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Asir, Saudi Arabia
| | - Oluniyi Olatunji Fadare
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Division of Environmental and Earth Sciences, Centre for Energy Research and Development, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, 220001, Nigeria
| | - Kyung Sook Choi
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea; Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology, Kyungpook, National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
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18
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Sobolik JS, Sajewski ET, Jaykus LA, Cooper DK, Lopman BA, Kraay ANM, Ryan PB, Guest JL, Webb-Girard A, Leon JS. Low risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via fomite, even in cold-chain. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.08.23.21262477. [PMID: 34462753 PMCID: PMC8404890 DOI: 10.1101/2021.08.23.21262477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Countries continue to debate the need for decontamination of cold-chain food packaging to reduce possible SARS-CoV-2 fomite transmission among workers. While laboratory-based studies demonstrate persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces, the likelihood of fomite-mediated transmission under real-life conditions is uncertain. METHODS Using a quantitative risk assessment model, we simulated in a frozen food packaging facility 1) SARS-CoV-2 fomite-mediated infection risks following worker exposure to contaminated plastic packaging; and 2) reductions in these risks attributed to masking, handwashing, and vaccination. FINDINGS In a representative facility with no specific interventions, SARS-CoV-2 infection risk to a susceptible worker from contact with contaminated packaging was 2·8 × 10 -3 per 1h-period (95%CI: 6·9 × 10 -6 , 2·4 × 10 -2 ). Implementation of standard infection control measures, handwashing and masks (9·4 × 10 -6 risk per 1h-period, 95%CI: 2·3 × 10 -8 , 8·1 × 10 -5 ), substantially reduced risk (99·7%). Vaccination of the susceptible worker (two doses Pfizer/Moderna, vaccine effectiveness: 86-99%) combined with handwashing and masking reduced risk to less than 1·0 × 10 -6 . Simulating increased infectiousness/transmissibility of new variants (2-, 10-fold viral shedding) among a fully vaccinated workforce, handwashing and masks continued to mitigate risk (2·0 × 10 -6 -1·1 × 10 -5 risk per 1h-period). Decontamination of packaging in addition to these interventions reduced infection risks to below the 1·0 × 10 -6 risk threshold. INTERPRETATION Fomite-mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection risks were very low under cold-chain conditions. Handwashing and masking provide significant protection to workers, especially when paired with vaccination. FUNDING U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S. Sobolik
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
| | | | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA, 27695
| | - D. Kane Cooper
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
| | - Ben A. Lopman
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
| | - Alicia NM. Kraay
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
| | - P. Barry Ryan
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
| | - Jodie L. Guest
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
| | - Amy Webb-Girard
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
| | - Juan S. Leon
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
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19
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Molecular epidemiology of a familial cluster of SARS-CoV-2 infection during lockdown period in Sant Kabir Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India. Epidemiol Infect 2021. [PMCID: PMC8438426 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268821001989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a familial cluster of 24 individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The index case had a travel history and spent 24 days in the house before being tested and was asymptomatic. Physical overcrowding in the house provided a favourable environment for intra-cluster infection transmission. Restriction of movement of family members due to countrywide lockdown limited the spread in community. Among the infected, only four individuals developed symptoms. The complete genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 was retrieved using next-generation sequencing from eight clinical samples which demonstrated a 99.99% similarity with reference to Wuhan strain and the phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a distinct cluster, lying in the B.6.6 pangolin lineage.
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20
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Sah P, Fitzpatrick MC, Zimmer CF, Abdollahi E, Juden-Kelly L, Moghadas SM, Singer BH, Galvani AP. Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2109229118. [PMID: 34376550 PMCID: PMC8403749 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109229118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantification of asymptomatic infections is fundamental for effective public health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Discrepancies regarding the extent of asymptomaticity have arisen from inconsistent terminology as well as conflation of index and secondary cases which biases toward lower asymptomaticity. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and World Health Organization Global Research Database on COVID-19 between January 1, 2020 and April 2, 2021 to identify studies that reported silent infections at the time of testing, whether presymptomatic or asymptomatic. Index cases were removed to minimize representational bias that would result in overestimation of symptomaticity. By analyzing over 350 studies, we estimate that the percentage of infections that never developed clinical symptoms, and thus were truly asymptomatic, was 35.1% (95% CI: 30.7 to 39.9%). At the time of testing, 42.8% (95% prediction interval: 5.2 to 91.1%) of cases exhibited no symptoms, a group comprising both asymptomatic and presymptomatic infections. Asymptomaticity was significantly lower among the elderly, at 19.7% (95% CI: 12.7 to 29.4%) compared with children at 46.7% (95% CI: 32.0 to 62.0%). We also found that cases with comorbidities had significantly lower asymptomaticity compared to cases with no underlying medical conditions. Without proactive policies to detect asymptomatic infections, such as rapid contact tracing, prolonged efforts for pandemic control may be needed even in the presence of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratha Sah
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Meagan C Fitzpatrick
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Charlotte F Zimmer
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Elaheh Abdollahi
- Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Lyndon Juden-Kelly
- Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Seyed M Moghadas
- Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Burton H Singer
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Alison P Galvani
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
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21
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Thompson HA, Mousa A, Dighe A, Fu H, Arnedo-Pena A, Barrett P, Bellido-Blasco J, Bi Q, Caputi A, Chaw L, De Maria L, Hoffmann M, Mahapure K, Ng K, Raghuram J, Singh G, Soman B, Soriano V, Valent F, Vimercati L, Wee LE, Wong J, Ghani AC, Ferguson NM. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Setting-specific Transmission Rates: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e754-e764. [PMID: 33560412 PMCID: PMC7929012 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the drivers of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission is crucial for control policies, but evidence of transmission rates in different settings remains limited. METHODS We conducted a systematic review to estimate secondary attack rates (SARs) and observed reproduction numbers (Robs) in different settings exploring differences by age, symptom status, and duration of exposure. To account for additional study heterogeneity, we employed a beta-binomial model to pool SARs across studies and a negative-binomial model to estimate Robs. RESULTS Households showed the highest transmission rates, with a pooled SAR of 21.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]:17.4-24.8). SARs were significantly higher where the duration of household exposure exceeded 5 days compared with exposure of ≤5 days. SARs related to contacts at social events with family and friends were higher than those for low-risk casual contacts (5.9% vs 1.2%). Estimates of SARs and Robs for asymptomatic index cases were approximately one-seventh, and for presymptomatic two-thirds of those for symptomatic index cases. We found some evidence for reduced transmission potential both from and to individuals younger than 20 years of age in the household context, which is more limited when examining all settings. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that exposure in settings with familiar contacts increases SARS-CoV-2 transmission potential. Additionally, the differences observed in transmissibility by index case symptom status and duration of exposure have important implications for control strategies, such as contact tracing, testing, and rapid isolation of cases. There were limited data to explore transmission patterns in workplaces, schools, and care homes, highlighting the need for further research in such settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley A Thompson
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis & World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andria Mousa
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis & World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Amy Dighe
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis & World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Han Fu
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis & World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alberto Arnedo-Pena
- Sección de Epidemiología, Centro de Salud Pública de Castellón, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Valencia, Spain
| | - Peter Barrett
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Irish Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research (INFANT), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Juan Bellido-Blasco
- Sección de Epidemiología, Centro de Salud Pública de Castellón, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Valencia, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universitat Jaime I (UJI), Castelló, Spain
| | - Qifang Bi
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Antonio Caputi
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, Unit of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Liling Chaw
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Brunei
| | - Luigi De Maria
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, Unit of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Matthias Hoffmann
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital Olten, Olten, Switzerland
| | - Kiran Mahapure
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Dr Prabhakar Kore Hospital and MRC, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - Gurpreet Singh
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Biju Soman
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | | | - Francesca Valent
- SOC Istituto di Igiene ed Epidemiologia Clinica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy
| | - Luigi Vimercati
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, Unit of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Liang En Wee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Wong
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Brunei
- Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Brunei
| | - Azra C Ghani
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis & World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Neil M Ferguson
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis & World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
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22
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Bak A, Mugglestone MA, Ratnaraja NV, Wilson JA, Rivett L, Stoneham SM, Bostock J, Moses SE, Price JR, Weinbren M, Loveday HP, Islam J, Wilson APR. SARS-CoV-2 routes of transmission and recommendations for preventing acquisition: joint British Infection Association (BIA), Healthcare Infection Society (HIS), Infection Prevention Society (IPS) and Royal College of Pathologists (RCPath) guidance. J Hosp Infect 2021; 114:79-103. [PMID: 33940093 PMCID: PMC8087584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Bak
- Healthcare Infection Society, UK.
| | | | - N V Ratnaraja
- British Infection Association, UK; University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust, UK
| | - J A Wilson
- Infection Prevention Society, UK; Richard Wells Research Centre, University of West London, UK
| | - L Rivett
- Healthcare Infection Society, UK; Cambridge University NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, UK
| | - S M Stoneham
- Healthcare Infection Society, UK; Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | | | - S E Moses
- British Infection Association, UK; Royal College of Pathologists, UK; East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - J R Price
- Healthcare Infection Society, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, UK
| | - M Weinbren
- Healthcare Infection Society, UK; Sherwood Forest Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - H P Loveday
- Infection Prevention Society, UK; Richard Wells Research Centre, University of West London, UK
| | - J Islam
- Healthcare Infection Society, UK; Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - A P R Wilson
- Healthcare Infection Society, UK; University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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23
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Fung HF, Martinez L, Alarid-Escudero F, Salomon JA, Studdert DM, Andrews JR, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD. The Household Secondary Attack Rate of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): A Rapid Review. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:S138-S145. [PMID: 33045075 PMCID: PMC7665336 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although much of the public health effort to combat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has focused on disease control strategies in public settings, transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) within households remains an important problem. The nature and determinants of household transmission are poorly understood. METHODS To address this gap, we gathered and analyzed data from 22 published and prepublished studies from 10 countries (20 291 household contacts) that were available through 2 September 2020. Our goal was to combine estimates of the SARS-CoV-2 household secondary attack rate (SAR) and to explore variation in estimates of the household SAR. RESULTS The overall pooled random-effects estimate of the household SAR was 17.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 13.7-21.2%). In study-level, random-effects meta-regressions stratified by testing frequency (1 test, 2 tests, >2 tests), SAR estimates were 9.2% (95% CI, 6.7-12.3%), 17.5% (95% CI, 13.9-21.8%), and 21.3% (95% CI, 13.8-31.3%), respectively. Household SARs tended to be higher among older adult contacts and among contacts of symptomatic cases. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that SARs reported using a single follow-up test may be underestimated, and that testing household contacts of COVID-19 cases on multiple occasions may increase the yield for identifying secondary cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah F Fung
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Leonardo Martinez
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Joshua A Salomon
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - David M Studdert
- Stanford Law School and Stanford Health Policy and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jason R Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jeremy D Goldhaber-Fiebert
- Center for Health Policy and the Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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24
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Zhu Y, Bloxham CJ, Hulme KD, Sinclair JE, Tong ZWM, Steele LE, Noye EC, Lu J, Xia Y, Chew KY, Pickering J, Gilks C, Bowen AC, Short KR. A Meta-analysis on the Role of Children in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Household Transmission Clusters. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:e1146-e1153. [PMID: 33283240 PMCID: PMC7799195 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of children in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 remains highly controversial. To address this issue, we performed a meta-analysis of the published literature on household SARS-CoV-2 transmission clusters (n=213 from 12 countries). Only 8 (3.8%) transmission clusters were identified as having a paediatric index case. Asymptomatic index cases were associated with a lower secondary attack in contacts than symptomatic index cases (estimate risk ratio [RR], 0.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.09-0.29). To determine the susceptibility of children to household infections the secondary attack rate (SAR) in paediatric household contacts was assessed. The secondary attack rate in paediatric household contacts was lower than in adult household contacts (RR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.42-0.91). These data have important implications for the ongoing management of the COVID-19 pandemic, including potential vaccine prioritization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Conor J Bloxham
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Katina D Hulme
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jane E Sinclair
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zhen Wei Marcus Tong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lauren E Steele
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ellesandra C Noye
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jiahai Lu
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, Department of epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Xia
- School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Australia; School of Biomedical Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Keng Yih Chew
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Janessa Pickering
- Wesfarmer's Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Charles Gilks
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Asha C Bowen
- Wesfarmer's Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Kirsty R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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25
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Ripabelli G, Sammarco ML, Cannizzaro F, Montanaro C, Ponzio GV, Tamburro M. A Coronavirus Outbreak Linked to a Funeral Among a Romani Community in Central Italy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:617264. [PMID: 34150789 PMCID: PMC8212516 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.617264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The epidemic dynamics of COVID-19 in the Molise region, central Italy, has dramatically changed from the beginning of May 2020, which was when infections were reported amongst Romani people. The aims of this study were to describe the characteristics of an outbreak that occurred in the Romani community and the interventions implemented for control. Methods: A retrospective analysis of outbreak data was performed to describe the SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics. Results: A young Romani woman was the first case reported and epidemiological investigation established a possible link with the funeral of a deceased member of this community. In total, 150 close contacts within 34 family groups in two cities were traced, and 109 (72.7%) Romani individuals were found to be infected by COVID-19. The patient's median age was 31 years, 58% were female, and the highest (20.2%) incidence occurred in the 0–9 years age group. A total of 26 (23.8%) patients developed typical SARS-CoV-2 symptoms, 15 (57.8%) were hospitalized, and 21 (22.1%) had comorbidities [most commonly hypertension (28.6%) and/or coronary heart diseases (23.8%)]. The outbreak was effectively controlled through compulsory quarantine and enhanced active surveillance. Conclusions: This is the first study providing insight into COVID-19 transmission dynamics among a Romani population living in Italy. These findings support general conclusions about the role of crowded social gatherings in SARS-CoV-2 spread, the high communicability among close contacts and household settings, and the impact of asymptomatic carriers. These features are of relevance to certain Romani customs where family gatherings are a fundamental pillar of their lives. Although difficulties emerged in interacting with Romani people related to cultural drivers, beliefs, and lifestyle, the outbreak management was effective and should be considered as a valuable model applicable to similar incidents occurring in minority populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Ripabelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Michela Lucia Sammarco
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Fabio Cannizzaro
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Carmen Montanaro
- Department of Prevention, Molise Regional Health Authority, Campobasso, Italy
| | | | - Manuela Tamburro
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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26
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Global Genomic Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase Evolution and Antiviral Drug Resistance. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051094. [PMID: 34069681 PMCID: PMC8160703 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of antiviral treatments for COVID-19 have been investigated, involving many repurposed drugs. Currently, the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp, encoded by nsp12-nsp7-nsp8) has been targeted by numerous inhibitors, e.g., remdesivir, the only provisionally approved treatment to-date, although the clinical impact of these interventions remains inconclusive. However, the potential emergence of antiviral resistance poses a threat to the efficacy of any successful therapies on a wide scale. Here, we propose a framework to monitor the emergence of antiviral resistance, and as a proof of concept, we address the interaction between RdRp and remdesivir. We show that SARS-CoV-2 RdRp is under purifying selection, that potential escape mutations are rare in circulating lineages, and that those mutations, where present, do not destabilise RdRp. In more than 56,000 viral genomes from 105 countries from the first pandemic wave, we found negative selective pressure affecting nsp12 (Tajima’s D = −2.62), with potential antiviral escape mutations in only 0.3% of sequenced genomes. Potential escape mutations included known key residues, such as Nsp12:Val473 and Nsp12:Arg555. Of the potential escape mutations involved globally, in silico structural models found that they were unlikely to be associated with loss of stability in RdRp. No potential escape mutation was found in a local cohort of remdesivir treated patients. Collectively, these findings indicate that RdRp is a suitable drug target, and that remdesivir does not seem to exert high selective pressure. We anticipate our framework to be the starting point of a larger effort for a global monitoring of drug resistance throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.
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27
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Sharov KS. SARS-CoV-2 spread in different biosocial strata in Russia in 2020: Groups of risk and victimised groups. J Glob Health 2021; 11:03006. [PMID: 33959258 PMCID: PMC8068762 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.11.03066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin S Sharov
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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28
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Xu J, Gao Y, Hu S, Li S, Wang W, Wu Y, Su Z, Zhou X, Cheng X, Zheng Q. A composite risk model predicts disease progression in early stages of COVID-19: A propensity score-matched cohort study. Ann Clin Biochem 2021; 58:434-444. [PMID: 33827266 PMCID: PMC8685757 DOI: 10.1177/00045632211011194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Recently, studies on COVID-19 have focused on the epidemiology of the disease and clinical characteristics of patients, as well as on the risk factors associated with mortality during hospitalization in critical COVID-19 cases. However, few research has been performed on the prediction of disease progression in particular group of patients in the early stages of COVID-19. Methods The study included 338 patients with COVID-19 treated at two hospitals in Wuhan, China, from December 2019 to March 2020. Predictors of the progression of COVID-19 from mild to severe stages were selected by the logistic regression analysis. Results COVID-19 progression to severe and critical stages was confirmed in 78 (23.1%) patients. The average value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was higher in patients in the disease progression group than in the improvement group. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that elevated NLR, LDH and IL-10 were independent predictors of disease progression. The optimal cut-off value of NLR was 3.75. The values of the area under the curve, reflecting the accuracy of predicting COVID-19 progression by NLR was 0.739 (95%CI: 0.605–0.804). The risk model based on NLR, LDH and IL-10 had the highest area under the ROC curve. Conclusions The performed analysis demonstrates that high concentrations of NLR, LDH and IL-10 were independent risk factors for predicting disease progression in patients at the early stage of COVID-19. The risk model combined with NLR, LDH and IL-10 improved the accuracy of the prediction of disease progression in patients in the early stages of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaobo Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of General Surgery, The People's Hospital of Honghu City, Honghu, China
| | - Suzhen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Asia General Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuzhe Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qichang Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Qiu X, Nergiz AI, Maraolo AE, Bogoch II, Low N, Cevik M. The role of asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic infection in SARS-CoV-2 transmission-a living systematic review. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27:511-519. [PMID: 33484843 PMCID: PMC7825872 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports suggest that asymptomatic individuals (those with no symptoms at all throughout infection) with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are infectious, but the extent of transmission based on symptom status requires further study. PURPOSE This living review aims to critically appraise available data about secondary attack rates from people with asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. DATA SOURCES Medline, EMBASE, China Academic Journals full-text database (CNKI), and pre-print servers were searched from 30 December 2019 to 3 July 2020 using relevant MESH terms. STUDY SELECTION Studies that report on contact tracing of index cases with SARS-CoV-2 infection in either English or Chinese were included. DATA EXTRACTION Two authors independently extracted data and assessed study quality and risk of bias. We calculated the secondary attack rate as the number of contacts with SARS-CoV-2, divided by the number of contacts tested. DATA SYNTHESIS Of 927 studies identified, 80 were included. Summary secondary attack rate estimates were 1% (95% CI 0%-2%) with a prediction interval of 0%-10% for asymptomatic index cases in ten studies, 7% (95% CI 3%-11%) with a prediction interval of 1%-40% for pre-symptomatic cases in 11 studies and 6% (95% CI 5%-8%) with a prediction interval of 5%-38% for symptomatic index cases in 40 studies. The highest secondary attack rates were found in contacts who lived in the same household as the index case. Other activities associated with transmission were group activities such as sharing meals or playing board games with the index case, regardless of the disease status of the index case. LIMITATIONS We excluded some studies because the index case or number of contacts were unclear. CONCLUSION Asymptomatic patients can transmit SARS-CoV-2 to others, but our findings indicate that such individuals are responsible for fewer secondary infections than people with symptoms. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42020188168.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Qiu
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Ali Ihsan Nergiz
- Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Isaac I Bogoch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Toronto General Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nicola Low
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Muge Cevik
- Division of Infection and Global Health Research, School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland, UK.
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30
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Verberk JDM, Anthierens SA, Tonkin-Crine S, Goossens H, Kinsman J, de Hoog MLA, Bielicki JA, Bruijning-Verhagen PCJL, Gobat NH. Experiences and needs of persons living with a household member infected with SARS-CoV-2: A mixed method study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249391. [PMID: 33788890 PMCID: PMC8011759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Households are important sites for transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and preventive measures are recommended. This study aimed to 1) investigate the impact of living with a person infected with SARS-CoV-2; 2) understand how household members implemented infection control recommendations in their home; and 3) identify the information and support needs of household members. METHODS For this observational mixed-methods study, households with a person with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were recruited via drive-through testing sites of Municipal Health Services, healthcare worker screening or hospital emergency visits in the University Medical Centre Utrecht, the Netherlands and via primary care physicians, hospital emergency visits or preoperative screening in the University Hospital of Antwerp, Belgium. We recorded household characteristics, including characteristics of all household members, together with their views on prevention measures. In a subset of households one adult household member was asked to participate in an interview investigating their views on preventive measures. Survey data were analysed using descriptive statistics and interview data by rapid framework analysis. A triangulation protocol was used to integrate findings. RESULTS Thirty-four households (120 household members) were included in the quantitative survey. Twenty-two households were invited to be interviewed, of which 18 completed an interview (response 81.8%). Survey data showed that almost all households implemented some preventive measures, the use of face masks being least frequently reported. Measures taken depended on what was physically possible, the perceived severity of illness of the index patient and to what extent household members were willing to limit social interaction. Respondents did not believe in the effectiveness of wearing face masks within the house, and from the interviews this was explained by media coverage of face masks, impracticality and the stigma associated with wearing masks. Interviewees reported that quarantine had a high emotional burden and wished to have more information about the exact duration of quarantine, their own COVID-19 status, symptoms and when to seek medical help. CONCLUSION People were willing to implement prevention measures, however actual adherence depended on perceived severity of illness and the perceived risk of becoming infected. Homes are social environments and recommendations for infection prevention should account for this context. Incorporating our findings into policy making could provide households with more relevant and actionable advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke D. M. Verberk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sibyl A. Anthierens
- Family Medicine and Population Health (FAMPOP), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sarah Tonkin-Crine
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Health Protection Research Unit in Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - John Kinsman
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Marieke L. A. de Hoog
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Julia A. Bielicki
- Infection Prevention and Control, University of Basel Children’s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nina H. Gobat
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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31
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Zhang J, Ding N, Song Y, Song R, Pan Y, Wang L, Yan S, Wang Q, Ma S, Wei L, Yu F, Lu L, Zhang F, Chen C, Zeng H. Phylogenomic tracing of asymptomatic transmission in a COVID-19 outbreak. Innovation (N Y) 2021; 2:100099. [PMID: 33778799 PMCID: PMC7982642 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has caused over 100 million deaths and continues to spread rapidly around the world. Asymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is the Achilles' heel of COVID-19 public health control measures. Phylogenomic data on SARS-CoV-2 could provide more direct information about asymptomatic transmission. In this study, using a novel MINERVA sequencing technology, we traced asymptomatic transmission of COVID-19 patients in Beijing, China. One hundred and seventy-eight close contacts were quarantined, and 14 COVID-19 patients were laboratory confirmed by RT-PCR. We provide direct phylogenomic evidence of asymptomatic transmission by constructing the median joining network in the cluster. These data could help us to determine whether the current symptom-based screening should cover asymptomatic persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Zhang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Nan Ding
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yangzi Song
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Rui Song
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yang Pan
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Linghang Wang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Shuo Yan
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Shanfang Ma
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Lirong Wei
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Fengting Yu
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Lianhe Lu
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Fujie Zhang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
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32
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Kwon T, Gaudreault NN, Richt JA. Environmental Stability of SARS-CoV-2 on Different Types of Surfaces under Indoor and Seasonal Climate Conditions. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020227. [PMID: 33670736 PMCID: PMC7922895 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mainly occurs through direct contact with an infected person via droplets. A potential role of contaminated surfaces in SARS-CoV-2 transmission has been suggested since the virus has been extensively detected on environmental surfaces. These findings have driven the investigation of virus stability on surfaces under several conditions. However, it remains unclear how long the infectious virus survives on surfaces under different climate conditions, which could play a role in predicting the seasonality of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the virus stability and its biological half-life on various types of surfaces under indoor and seasonal climate conditions. This study revealed that SARS-CoV-2 survived the longest on surfaces under winter conditions, with a survival post-contamination on most surfaces up to 21 days, followed by spring/fall conditions, with a survival up to 7 days. Infectious virus was isolated up to 4 days post-contamination under indoor conditions, whereas no infectious virus was found at 3 days post-contamination under summer conditions. Our study demonstrates the remarkable persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on many different common surfaces, especially under winter conditions, and raises awareness to the potential risk of contaminated surfaces to spread the virus.
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33
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Kwon T, Gaudreault NN, Richt JA. Environmental Stability of SARS-CoV-2 on Different Types of Surfaces under Indoor and Seasonal Climate Conditions. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020227. [PMID: 33670736 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.30.274241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mainly occurs through direct contact with an infected person via droplets. A potential role of contaminated surfaces in SARS-CoV-2 transmission has been suggested since the virus has been extensively detected on environmental surfaces. These findings have driven the investigation of virus stability on surfaces under several conditions. However, it remains unclear how long the infectious virus survives on surfaces under different climate conditions, which could play a role in predicting the seasonality of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the virus stability and its biological half-life on various types of surfaces under indoor and seasonal climate conditions. This study revealed that SARS-CoV-2 survived the longest on surfaces under winter conditions, with a survival post-contamination on most surfaces up to 21 days, followed by spring/fall conditions, with a survival up to 7 days. Infectious virus was isolated up to 4 days post-contamination under indoor conditions, whereas no infectious virus was found at 3 days post-contamination under summer conditions. Our study demonstrates the remarkable persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on many different common surfaces, especially under winter conditions, and raises awareness to the potential risk of contaminated surfaces to spread the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyong Kwon
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Natasha N Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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34
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Marcus JE, Frankel DN, Pawlak MT, Casey TM, Cybulski RJ, Enriquez E, Okulicz JF, Yun HC. Risk Factors Associated With COVID-19 Transmission Among US Air Force Trainees in a Congregant Setting. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e210202. [PMID: 33630090 PMCID: PMC7907953 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Owing to concerns of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks, many congregant settings are forced to close when cases are detected because there are few data on the risk of different markers of transmission within groups. OBJECTIVE To determine whether symptoms and laboratory results on the first day of COVID-19 diagnosis are associated with development of a case cluster in a congregant setting. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study of trainees with COVID-19 from May 11 through August 24, 2020, was conducted at Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, the primary site of entry for enlistment in the US Air Force. Symptoms and duration, known contacts, and cycle threshold for trainees diagnosed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were collected. A cycle threshold value represents the number of nucleic acid amplification cycles that occur before a specimen containing the target material generates a signal greater than the predetermined threshold that defines positivity. Cohorts with 5 or more individuals with COVID-19 infection were defined as clusters. Participants included 10 613 trainees divided into 263 parallel cohorts of 30 to 50 people arriving weekly for 7 weeks of training. EXPOSURES All trainees were quarantined for 14 days on arrival. Testing was performed on arrival, on day 14, and anytime during training when indicated. Protective measures included universal masking, physical distancing, and rapid isolation of trainees with COVID-19. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Association between days of symptoms, specific symptoms, number of symptoms, or cycle threshold values of individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and subsequent transmission within cohorts. RESULTS In this cohort study of 10 613 US Air Force basic trainees in 263 cohorts, 403 trainees (3%) received a diagnosis of COVID-19 in 129 cohorts (49%). Among trainees with COVID-19 infection, 318 (79%) were men, and the median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 20 (19-23) years; 204 (51%) were symptomatic, and 199 (49%) were asymptomatic. Median (IQR) cycle threshold values were lower in symptomatic trainees compared with asymptomatic trainees (21.2 [18.4-27.60] vs 34.8 [29.3-37.4]; P < .001). Cohorts with clusters of individuals with COVID-19 infection were predominantly men (204 cohorts [89%] vs 114 cohorts [64%]; P < .001), had more symptomatic trainees (146 cohorts [64%] vs 53 cohorts [30%]; P < .001), and had more median (IQR) symptoms per patient (3 [2-5] vs 1 [1-2]; P < .001) compared with cohorts without clusters. Within cohorts, subsequent development of clusters of 5 or more individuals with COVID-19 infection compared with those that did not develop clusters was associated with cohorts that had more symptomatic trainees (31 of 58 trainees [53%] vs 43 of 151 trainees [28%]; P = .001) and lower median (IQR) cycle threshold values (22.3 [18.4-27.3] vs 35.3 [26.5-37.8]; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cohort study of US Air Force trainees living in a congregant setting during the COVID-19 pandemic, higher numbers of symptoms and lower cycle threshold values were associated with subsequent development of clusters of individuals with COVID-19 infection. These values may be useful if validated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Marcus
- Infectious Diseases Service, Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio, Texas
| | - Dianne N. Frankel
- Trainee Health Surveillance, 559th Medical Group, Joint Base San Antonio–Lackland, Texas
| | - Mary T. Pawlak
- Trainee Health Surveillance, 559th Medical Group, Joint Base San Antonio–Lackland, Texas
| | - Theresa M. Casey
- Trainee Health Surveillance, 559th Medical Group, Joint Base San Antonio–Lackland, Texas
| | - Robert J. Cybulski
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Area Laboratory Services, Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio, Texas
| | - Erin Enriquez
- Trainee Health Surveillance, 559th Medical Group, Joint Base San Antonio–Lackland, Texas
| | - Jason F. Okulicz
- Infectious Diseases Service, Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio, Texas
| | - Heather C. Yun
- Infectious Diseases Service, Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio, Texas
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35
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Singh G, Priya H, Mishra D, Kumar H, Monga N, Kumari K. Oral manifestations and dental practice recommendations during COVID-19 pandemic. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:102-109. [PMID: 34017710 PMCID: PMC8132769 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1605_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral health is a pivotal sign of overall health, well-being, and quality of life. With the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), insights into the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and oral diseases are urgently needed to elucidate the oral manifestations of SARS-CoV-2. The current review aims at analyzing various reports available on oral symptoms along with possible causation, their relationship to the time of occurrence of clinical symptoms, and to shape guidelines for dental practices that could help in combating this global pandemic. The common symptoms that patients report to the dental office even at the presymptomatic stage are ageusia (loss of taste), non-specific anosmia (loss of smell—not associated with rhinitis), and hyposalivation. Few studies also report unexplained ulcers in the oral cavity, desquamative gingivitis, herpetiform ulcers on attached gingiva, blisters/irregular ulcers on the tongue's dorsal surface enlargement of submandibular glands, and cervical lymph node enlargement. Dental surgeons should abide by the prevalent precautionary guidelines. They are at very high risk due to their close contact with patients and exposure to saliva and blood during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Singh
- The Family Dental Center, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Harsh Priya
- Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepika Mishra
- Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Nitika Monga
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Kiran Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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36
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Pierce KA, Ho E, Wang X, Pasco R, Du Z, Zynda G, Song J, Wells G, Fox SJ, Ancel Meyers L. Early COVID-19 Pandemic Modeling: Three Compartmental Model Case Studies From Texas, USA. Comput Sci Eng 2021; 23:25-34. [PMID: 35414796 PMCID: PMC9000209 DOI: 10.1109/mcse.2020.3037033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in late 2019 and spread globally in early 2020. Initial reports suggested the associated disease, COVID-19, produced rapid epidemic growth and caused high mortality. As the virus sparked local epidemics in new communities, health systems and policy makers were forced to make decisions with limited information about the spread of the disease. We developed a compartmental model to project COVID-19 healthcare demands that combined information regarding SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics from international reports with local COVID-19 hospital census data to support response efforts in three metropolitan statistical areas in Texas, USA: Austin-Round Rock, Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, and Beaumont-Port Arthur. Our model projects that strict stay-home orders and other social distancing measures could suppress the spread of the pandemic. Our capacity to provide rapid decision-support in response to emerging threats depends on access to data, validated modeling approaches, careful uncertainty quantification, and adequate computational resources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ethan Ho
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Xutong Wang
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Remy Pasco
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Zhanwei Du
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Greg Zynda
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jawon Song
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Gordon Wells
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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37
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Cloutier L, Merindol N, Pépin G, Marcoux-Huard C, Vasil PA, Houle C, Todkar S, Lehoux MC, Houle N, Germain H, Danylo A. Asymptomatic carriers of COVID-19 in a confined adult community population in Quebec: A cross-sectional study. Am J Infect Control 2021; 49:120-122. [PMID: 32835745 PMCID: PMC7441982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several countries have undertaken social distancing measures to stop SARS-CoV-2 spread. Asymptomatic carriers' prevalence is unknown and would provide essential information on hidden viral circulation. In our cross-sectional study, 1.82% of 330 asymptomatic confined individuals living in the community carried SARS-CoV-2 despite no contact with declared cases, raising concerns about unnoticed transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyne Cloutier
- Département des sciences infirmières, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada.
| | - Natacha Merindol
- Département de chimie, biochimie et physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada; Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de la Mauricie-et-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Pépin
- Département de biologie médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Caroline Marcoux-Huard
- Direction de santé publique et responsabilité populationnelle, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Pier-Alexandre Vasil
- Direction de santé publique et responsabilité populationnelle, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Claudia Houle
- Département de biologie médicale, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et des Services Sociaux de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada; Département de microbiologie infectiologie et immunologie, faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Shweta Todkar
- Département des sciences infirmières, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Lehoux
- Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de la Mauricie-et-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Houle
- Département des sciences infirmières, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Hugo Germain
- Département de chimie, biochimie et physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada; Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de la Mauricie-et-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexis Danylo
- Département de biologie médicale, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et des Services Sociaux de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada; Département de microbiologie infectiologie et immunologie, faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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38
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Centeno‐Tablante E, Medina‐Rivera M, Finkelstein JL, Rayco‐Solon P, Garcia‐Casal MN, Rogers L, Ghezzi‐Kopel K, Ridwan P, Peña‐Rosas JP, Mehta S. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through breast milk and breastfeeding: a living systematic review. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1484:32-54. [PMID: 32860259 PMCID: PMC7970667 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by infection with a novel coronavirus strain, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). At present, there is limited information on potential transmission of the infection from mother to child, particularly through breast milk and breastfeeding. Here, we provide a living systematic review to capture information that might necessitate changes in the guidance on breast milk and breastfeeding given the uncertainty in this area. Our search retrieved 19,414 total records; 605 were considered for full-text eligibility and no ongoing trials were identified. Our review includes 340 records, 37 with breast milk samples and 303 without. The 37 articles with analyzed breast milk samples reported on 77 mothers who were breastfeeding their children; among them, 19 of 77 children were confirmed COVID-19 cases based on RT-PCR assays, including 14 neonates and five older infants. Nine of the 68 analyzed breast milk samples from mothers with COVID-19 were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA; of the exposed infants, four were positive and two were negative for COVID-19. Currently, there is no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through breast milk. Studies are needed with longer follow-up periods that collect data on infant feeding practices and on viral presence in breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pura Rayco‐Solon
- Department of Maternal, Newborn,
Child and Adolescent Health and AgeingWorld Health OrganizationGenevaSwitzerland
| | | | - Lisa Rogers
- Department of Nutrition and Food
SafetyWorld Health OrganizationGenevaSwitzerland
| | | | - Pratiwi Ridwan
- Division of Nutritional
SciencesCornell UniversityIthacaNew York
| | | | - Saurabh Mehta
- Division of Nutritional
SciencesCornell UniversityIthacaNew York
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Samaddar A, Gadepalli R, Nag VL, Misra S, Bhardwaj P, Singh P, Meena M, Sharma PP, Grover M, Kumar Garg M, Chauhan NK, Dutt N, Niwas R, Kumar D, Sharma P, Goel AD, Kumar Gupta M, Saurabh S, Rai S, Lawdiya C, Saini J, Singh D. Viral Ribonucleic Acid Shedding and Transmission Potential of Asymptomatic and Paucisymptomatic Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofaa599. [PMID: 33506066 PMCID: PMC7798607 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the pattern and duration of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) shedding in 32 asymptomatic and 11 paucisymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 cases. Viral RNA shedding in exhaled breath progressively diminished and became negative after 6 days of a positive reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction test. Therefore, the duration of isolation can be minimized to 6 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghadip Samaddar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ravisekhar Gadepalli
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijaya Lakshmi Nag
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sanjeev Misra
- Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pankaj Bhardwaj
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pankaj Singh
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mahadev Meena
- Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Prem Prakash Sharma
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Malika Grover
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mahendra Kumar Garg
- Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nishant Kumar Chauhan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Naveen Dutt
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ram Niwas
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Akhil Dhanesh Goel
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Suman Saurabh
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shubham Rai
- Master of Public Health Scholars, School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Chunnilal Lawdiya
- Master of Public Health Scholars, School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jinesh Saini
- Master of Public Health Scholars, School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepak Singh
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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40
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Lu K, Yu M, Chen Y. Non-coding RNAs regulating androgen receptor signaling pathways in prostate cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 513:57-63. [PMID: 33309734 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignancies for men worldwide, and abnormal activation of the androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays an important role in the progression of PCa. However, in the androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), AR signaling inevitably recovered, as a result, exploring novel regulating mechanisms is of great importance. Recently, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs, could be involved in the progression of PCa, and participate in the regulatory network of AR signaling in a variety of ways. This will help to identify novel molecular mechanisms to promote the development of PCa and find new potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we provide a synopsis of the latest research relating to ncRNAs and associated AR signaling in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lu
- Department of Urology, Changshu Second People's Hospital, Yangzhou University Fifth Clinical Medical College, Changshu, China
| | - Muyuan Yu
- Department of Urology, Changshu Second People's Hospital, Yangzhou University Fifth Clinical Medical College, Changshu, China
| | - Yongchang Chen
- Department of Urology, Changshu Second People's Hospital, Yangzhou University Fifth Clinical Medical College, Changshu, China.
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Children and Adolescents With SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Epidemiology, Clinical Course and Viral Loads. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2020; 39:e388-e392. [PMID: 33031141 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited information on severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children. METHODS We retrieved data from the national database on SARS-CoV-2 infections. We studied in-family transmission. The level of viral load was categorized as high, moderate, or low based on the cycle threshold values. RESULTS We studied 203 SARS-CoV-2-infected children (median age: 11 years; range: 6 days to 18.4 years); 111 (54.7%) had an asymptomatic infection. Among the 92 children (45.3%) with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), 24 (26.1%) were hospitalized. Infants <1 year were more likely to develop COVID-19 (19.5% of all COVID-19 cases) (P-value = 0.001). There was no significant difference between viral load and age, sex, underlying condition, fever and hospitalization, as well as between type of SARS-CoV-2 infection and age, sex, underlying condition and viral load. Transmission from a household member accounted for 132 of 178 (74.2%) children for whom the source of infection was identified. An adult member with COVID-19 was the first case in 125 (66.8%) family clusters. Child-to-adult transmission was found in one occasion only. CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 infection is mainly asymptomatic or mild during childhood. Adults appear to play a key role in spread of the virus in families. Most children have moderate or high viral loads regardless of age, symptoms or severity of infection. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of children in the ongoing pandemic and particularly in light of schools reopening and the need to prioritize groups for vaccination, when COVID-19 vaccines will be available.
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42
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Yanes-Lane M, Winters N, Fregonese F, Bastos M, Perlman-Arrow S, Campbell JR, Menzies D. Proportion of asymptomatic infection among COVID-19 positive persons and their transmission potential: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241536. [PMID: 33141862 PMCID: PMC7608887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the proportion of asymptomatic infection among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) positive persons and their transmission potential. METHODS We searched Embase, Medline, bioRxiv, and medRxiv up to 22 June 2020. We included cohorts or cross-sectional studies which systematically tested populations regardless of symptoms for COVID-19, or case series of any size reporting contact investigations of asymptomatic index patients. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed quality using pre-specified criteria. Only moderate/high quality studies were included. The main outcomes were proportion of asymptomatic infection among COVID-19 positive persons at testing and through follow-up, and secondary attack rate among close contacts of asymptomatic index patients. A qualitative synthesis was performed. Where appropriate, data were pooled using random effects meta-analysis to estimate proportions and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS Of 6,137 identified studies, 71 underwent quality assessment after full text review, and 28 were high/moderate quality and were included. In two general population studies, the proportion of asymptomatic COVID-19 infection at time of testing was 20% and 75%, respectively; among three studies in contacts it was 8.2% to 50%. In meta-analysis, the proportion (95% CI) of asymptomatic COVID-19 infection in obstetric patients was 95% (45% to 100%) of which 59% (49% to 68%) remained asymptomatic through follow-up; among nursing home residents, the proportion was 54% (42% to 65%) of which 28% (13% to 50%) remained asymptomatic through follow-up. Transmission studies were too heterogenous to meta-analyse. Among five transmission studies, 18 of 96 (18.8%) close contacts exposed to asymptomatic index patients were COVID-19 positive. CONCLUSIONS Despite study heterogeneity, the proportion of asymptomatic infection among COVID-19 positive persons appears high and transmission potential seems substantial. To further our understanding, high quality studies in representative general population samples are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Yanes-Lane
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicholas Winters
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Federica Fregonese
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mayara Bastos
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sara Perlman-Arrow
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathon R. Campbell
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dick Menzies
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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43
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Sugano N, Ando W, Fukushima W. Cluster of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections Linked to Music Clubs in Osaka, Japan. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:1635-1640. [PMID: 32840606 PMCID: PMC7499593 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is important to understand the mode of transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) for disease control. We aimed to clarify how soon SARS-CoV-2 transmission can occur after infection by asymptomatically infected individuals. METHODS We analyzed the publicly available epidemiological information for a cluster of 108 cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in Osaka, Japan. RESULTS Among cases, 51 cases attended a live music club only once and were considered to have a single visit. Ten remained asymptomatic at the time of COVID-19 diagnosis by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, which was on average 20 days after exposure. Three routes of secondary transmission were identified, with 2-4 days from infection to transmission. All index cases for secondary transmission were asymptomatic at the time of contact with other people. Based on the date of symptom onset in the remaining 41 cases, the period from exposure to illness ranged from 2 to 17 days. CONCLUSIONS Seemingly healthy people could spread SARS-CoV-2 during intense activities in enclosed environments without sufficient ventilation. Asymptomatically infected persons can transmit the virus as soon as 2 days after infection. Continuous efforts to avoid crowding and to maintain personal hygiene are needed for effective control of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Sugano
- Department of Orthopaedic Medical Engineering, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
| | - Wataru Ando
- Department of Orthopaedic Medical Engineering, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
| | - Wakaba Fukushima
- Department of Public Health, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan.,Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
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44
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Wang L, Zhang Y, Cheng Y, Li C, Wang Y, Yan X, Xu X. Serum triglyceride level and hypertension are highly associated with the recovery of COVID-19 patients. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:6646-6654. [PMID: 33194061 PMCID: PMC7653618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has been a global pandemic and caused thousands of deaths worldwide. So far, although some studies suggested some medications may be helpful, there is no effective treatment for COVID-19. It is critical to find important risk factors that affects the recovery or severity of COVID-19 and guide the treatment for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In this study, we recruited these discharged patients with COVID-19 from hospitals. We collected clinical data and analyzed the time from disease onset to the positive-to-negative transmission (TPNT) of nucleic acid tests and its related clinical variables. TPNT was considered as an important indicator for the recovery of COVID-19 patients from SARS-CoV-2 infection. COVID-19 patients were divided into short TPNT group and long TPNT group. There were significant differences on hypertension, abidol treatment, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lymphocyte counts, and serum triglyceride (TG) between two groups (P<0.05). Patients in low TPNT group had higher serum triglyceride and less proportion of hypertension. Further logistic regression analysis showed that TPNT was highly associated with serum TG level and hypertension that were related to the expression of ACE2, the targeting protein for the invasion of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that serum triglyceride level and hypertension were important influencing factors for the recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, diet changes and antihypertensive medications can be translational to the treatment of COVID-19 and promote the recovery of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou 221600, China
| | - Yifa Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fourth People’s Hospital of LianyungangLianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanbo Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou 221600, China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou 221600, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People’s HospitalYangzhou 225001, China
| | - Xuebing Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou 221600, China
| | - Xingshun Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215000, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
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45
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Implementation of infection control measures to prevent healthcare-associated transmission of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020; 42:229-232. [PMID: 33040753 PMCID: PMC7591740 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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46
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Fernandez-Montero JV, Soriano V, Barreiro P, de Mendoza C, Artacho MÁ. Coronavirus and other airborne agents with pandemic potential. CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & HEALTH 2020; 17:41-48. [PMID: 32995685 PMCID: PMC7513873 DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of a novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) has caused a pandemic, which is the most severe infectious disease outbreak in many decades. Other infective agents such as influenza as well as other neglected viruses such as Lassa virus, Nipah virus or poxviruses are also a cause for concern owing to their attack rate and potential for global spread. Drug-resistant bacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are already a significant public health issue in many countries, and it is expected that they will be expanding in the near future. Finally, airborne bioterrorism agents have high morbidity and mortality rates and should be looked with concern in the current international unrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Vicente Fernandez-Montero
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock, Scotland, United Kingdom
- University of Glasgow School of Medicine, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Vicente Soriano
- UNIR Health Sciences School and Medical Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Barreiro
- Internal Medicine Laboratory Puerta de Hierro Research Institute, University Hospital Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Zhao D, Wang M, Wang M, Zhao Y, Zheng Z, Li X, Zhang Y, Wang T, Zeng S, Hu W, Yu W, Hu K. Asymptomatic infection by SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers: A study in a large teaching hospital in Wuhan, China. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 99:219-225. [PMID: 32758693 PMCID: PMC7836921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the proportion and characteristics of asymptomatic infection among healthcare workers (HCWs). METHODS This study retrospectively investigated 1407 HCWs who were screened for COVID-19 by chest computed tomography (CT) scans and nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid. Demographics, CT features, nasopharyngeal swabs, baseline symptoms, and laboratory data were collected. RESULTS Of 1407 HCWs, 235 had symptoms and 1172 were asymptomatic close contacts, of which, 107 were symptomatic cases and 84 were close contacts who had abnormal CT findings. Of 152 symptomatic individuals and 908 close contacts tested for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, 122 symptomatic cases and 38 close contacts had positive reverse-transcriptase real-time polymerase chain (RT-PCR) test results. The rate of confirmed asymptomatic infections was 4.2% (38/908). Both symptomatic and asymptomatic infected cases had high titrations of specific IgG or had ≥four-fold increase in IgG during convalescence compared with the acute phase. Combining the RT-PCR tests and serological findings, the rate of asymptomatic infections was 9.7% (88/908). In terms of the duration of viral shedding, there was no significant difference between symptomatic mild/moderate participants and asymptomatic infections. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrated that a high rate of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers existed among healthcare worker close contacts during the outbreak of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengmei Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhishui Zheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaochen Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaolin Zeng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weihua Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenzhen Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Liu T, Gong D, Xiao J, Hu J, He G, Rong Z, Ma W. Cluster infections play important roles in the rapid evolution of COVID-19 transmission: A systematic review. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 99:374-380. [PMID: 32768702 PMCID: PMC7405860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarise the major types of SARS-CoV-2 cluster infections worldwide through a comprehensive systematic review. METHODS All studies published between 01 January-15 June 2020 on COVID-19 cluster infections in English electronic databases were searched, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Knowledge, and Scopus. All included studies were independently screened and evaluated by two authors, and information from each study was extracted using a standard form. RESULTS Sixty-five studies were included, which involved 108 cluster infections from 13 countries, areas or territories. Seventy-two (66.7%) of the cluster infections were reported in China. The major types of cluster infections were families, community transmission, nosocomial infection, gatherings, transportation, shopping malls, conferences, tourists, religious organisations, workers, prisons, offices, and nursing homes. CONCLUSIONS The SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted in various circumstances, and cluster infections play an important role in the rapid evolution of COVID-19 transmission. Prevention and control measures such as social distancing must be strictly implemented to contain these cluster infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Dexin Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Jianpeng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Jianxiong Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Guanhao He
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Zuhua Rong
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
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Safety considerations during return to work in the context of stable COVID-19 epidemic control: an analysis of health screening results of all returned staff from a hospital. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 148:e214. [PMID: 32943130 PMCID: PMC7520648 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268820002150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In March 2020, China had periodically controlled the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) epidemic. We reported the results of health screening for COVID-19 among returned staff of a hospital and conducted a summary analysis to provide valuable experience for curbing the COVID-19 epidemic and rebound. In total, 4729 returned staff from Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China were examined for COVID-19, and the basic information, radiology and laboratory test results were obtained and systematically analysed. Among the 4729 employees, medical staff (62.93%) and rear-service personnel (30.73%) were the majority. The results of the first physical examination showed that 4557 (96.36%) were normal, 172 (3.64%) had abnormal radiological or laboratory test results. After reexamination and evaluation, four were at high risk (asymptomatic infections) and were scheduled to transfer to a designated hospital, and three were at low risk (infectivity could not be determined) and were scheduled for home isolation observation. Close contacts were tracked and managed by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in China. Asymptomatic infections are a major risk factor for returning to work. Extensive health screening combined with multiple detection methods helps to identify asymptomatic infections early, which is an important guarantee in the process of returning to work.
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50
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Reiss AB, De Leon J, Dapkins IP, Shahin G, Peltier MR, Goldberg ER. A Telemedicine Approach to Covid-19 Assessment and Triage. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2020; 56:E461. [PMID: 32927589 PMCID: PMC7559216 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56090461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Covid-19 is a new highly contagious RNA viral disease that has caused a global pandemic. Human-to-human transmission occurs primarily through oral and nasal droplets and possibly through the airborne route. The disease may be asymptomatic or the course may be mild with upper respiratory symptoms, moderate with non-life-threatening pneumonia, or severe with pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The severe form is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. While patients who are unstable and in acute distress need immediate in-person attention, many patients can be evaluated at home by telemedicine or videoconferencing. The more benign manifestations of Covid-19 may be managed from home to maintain quarantine, thus avoiding spread to other patients and health care workers. This document provides an overview of the clinical presentation of Covid-19, emphasizing telemedicine strategies for assessment and triage of patients. Advantages of the virtual visit during this time of social distancing are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B Reiss
- Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Joshua De Leon
- Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Isaac P Dapkins
- Department of Population Health and Department of Internal Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - George Shahin
- Department of Internal Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Morgan R Peltier
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Eric R Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
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