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Pavlou A, Mulenge F, Gern OL, Busker LM, Greimel E, Waltl I, Kalinke U. Orchestration of antiviral responses within the infected central nervous system. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:943-958. [PMID: 38997413 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Many newly emerging and re-emerging viruses have neuroinvasive potential, underscoring viral encephalitis as a global research priority. Upon entry of the virus into the CNS, severe neurological life-threatening conditions may manifest that are associated with high morbidity and mortality. The currently available therapeutic arsenal against viral encephalitis is rather limited, emphasizing the need to better understand the conditions of local antiviral immunity within the infected CNS. In this review, we discuss new insights into the pathophysiology of viral encephalitis, with a focus on myeloid cells and CD8+ T cells, which critically contribute to protection against viral CNS infection. By illuminating the prerequisites of myeloid and T cell activation, discussing new discoveries regarding their transcriptional signatures, and dissecting the mechanisms of their recruitment to sites of viral replication within the CNS, we aim to further delineate the complexity of antiviral responses within the infected CNS. Moreover, we summarize the current knowledge in the field of virus infection and neurodegeneration and discuss the potential links of some neurotropic viruses with certain pathological hallmarks observed in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Pavlou
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Mulenge
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olivia Luise Gern
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lena Mareike Busker
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Greimel
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Inken Waltl
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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2
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Cleaver J, Jeffery K, Klenerman P, Lim M, Handunnetthi L, Irani SR, Handel A. The immunobiology of herpes simplex virus encephalitis and post-viral autoimmunity. Brain 2024; 147:1130-1148. [PMID: 38092513 PMCID: PMC10994539 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) is the leading cause of non-epidemic encephalitis in the developed world and, despite antiviral therapy, mortality and morbidity is high. The emergence of post-HSE autoimmune encephalitis reveals a new immunological paradigm in autoantibody-mediated disease. A reductionist evaluation of the immunobiological mechanisms in HSE is crucial to dissect the origins of post-viral autoimmunity and supply rational approaches to the selection of immunotherapeutics. Herein, we review the latest evidence behind the phenotypic progression and underlying immunobiology of HSE including the cytokine/chemokine environment, the role of pathogen-recognition receptors, T- and B-cell immunity and relevant inborn errors of immunity. Second, we provide a contemporary review of published patients with post-HSE autoimmune encephalitis from a combined cohort of 110 patients. Third, we integrate novel mechanisms of autoimmunization in deep cervical lymph nodes to explore hypotheses around post-HSE autoimmune encephalitis and challenge these against mechanisms of molecular mimicry and others. Finally, we explore translational concepts where neuroglial surface autoantibodies have been observed with other neuroinfectious diseases and those that generate brain damage including traumatic brain injury, ischaemic stroke and neurodegenerative disease. Overall, the clinical and immunological landscape of HSE is an important and evolving field, from which precision immunotherapeutics could soon emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cleaver
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Katie Jeffery
- Department of Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Ming Lim
- Children’s Neurosciences, Evelina London Children’s Hospital at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- Department Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Lahiru Handunnetthi
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sarosh R Irani
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Adam Handel
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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3
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Costa B, Vale N. Virus-Induced Epilepsy vs. Epilepsy Patients Acquiring Viral Infection: Unravelling the Complex Relationship for Precision Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3730. [PMID: 38612542 PMCID: PMC11011490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The intricate relationship between viruses and epilepsy involves a bidirectional interaction. Certain viruses can induce epilepsy by infecting the brain, leading to inflammation, damage, or abnormal electrical activity. Conversely, epilepsy patients may be more susceptible to viral infections due to factors, such as compromised immune systems, anticonvulsant drugs, or surgical interventions. Neuroinflammation, a common factor in both scenarios, exhibits onset, duration, intensity, and consequence variations. It can modulate epileptogenesis, increase seizure susceptibility, and impact anticonvulsant drug pharmacokinetics, immune system function, and brain physiology. Viral infections significantly impact the clinical management of epilepsy patients, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach encompassing diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of both conditions. We delved into the dual dynamics of viruses inducing epilepsy and epilepsy patients acquiring viruses, examining the unique features of each case. For virus-induced epilepsy, we specify virus types, elucidate mechanisms of epilepsy induction, emphasize neuroinflammation's impact, and analyze its effects on anticonvulsant drug pharmacokinetics. Conversely, in epilepsy patients acquiring viruses, we detail the acquired virus, its interaction with existing epilepsy, neuroinflammation effects, and changes in anticonvulsant drug pharmacokinetics. Understanding this interplay advances precision therapies for epilepsy during viral infections, providing mechanistic insights, identifying biomarkers and therapeutic targets, and supporting optimized dosing regimens. However, further studies are crucial to validate tools, discover new biomarkers and therapeutic targets, and evaluate targeted therapy safety and efficacy in diverse epilepsy and viral infection scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Costa
- PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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4
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Valdes Angues R, Perea Bustos Y. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and the Multi-Hit Hypothesis of Oncogenesis. Cureus 2023; 15:e50703. [PMID: 38234925 PMCID: PMC10792266 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex and dynamic disease. The "hallmarks of cancer" were proposed by Hanahan and Weinberg (2000) as a group of biological competencies that human cells attain as they progress from normalcy to neoplastic transformation. These competencies include self-sufficiency in proliferative signaling, insensitivity to growth-suppressive signals and immune surveillance, the ability to evade cell death, enabling replicative immortality, reprogramming energy metabolism, inducing angiogenesis, and activating tissue invasion and metastasis. Underlying these competencies are genome instability, which expedites their acquisition, and inflammation, which fosters their function(s). Additionally, cancer exhibits another dimension of complexity: a heterogeneous repertoire of infiltrating and resident host cells, secreted factors, and extracellular matrix, known as the tumor microenvironment, that through a dynamic and reciprocal relationship with cancer cells supports immortality, local invasion, and metastatic dissemination. This staggering intricacy calls for caution when advising all people with cancer (or a previous history of cancer) to receive the COVID-19 primary vaccine series plus additional booster doses. Moreover, because these patients were not included in the pivotal clinical trials, considerable uncertainty remains regarding vaccine efficacy, safety, and the risk of interactions with anticancer therapies, which could reduce the value and innocuity of either medical treatment. After reviewing the available literature, we are particularly concerned that certain COVID-19 vaccines may generate a pro-tumorigenic milieu (i.e., a specific environment that could lead to neoplastic transformation) that predisposes some (stable) oncologic patients and survivors to cancer progression, recurrence, and/or metastasis. This hypothesis is based on biological plausibility and fulfillment of the multi-hit hypothesis of oncogenesis (i.e., induction of lymphopenia and inflammation, downregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression, activation of oncogenic cascades, sequestration of tumor suppressor proteins, dysregulation of the RNA-G quadruplex-protein binding system, alteration of type I interferon responses, unsilencing of retrotransposable elements, etc.) together with growing evidence and safety reports filed to Vaccine Adverse Effects Report System (VAERS) suggesting that some cancer patients experienced disease exacerbation or recurrence following COVID-19 vaccination. In light of the above and because some of these concerns (i.e., alteration of oncogenic pathways, promotion of inflammatory cascades, and dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system) also apply to cancer patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, we encourage the scientific and medical community to urgently evaluate the impact of both COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccination on cancer biology and tumor registries, adjusting public health recommendations accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Valdes Angues
- Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland, USA
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Bucciol G, Moens L, Ogishi M, Rinchai D, Matuozzo D, Momenilandi M, Kerrouche N, Cale CM, Treffeisen ER, Al Salamah M, Al-Saud BK, Lachaux A, Duclaux-Loras R, Meignien M, Bousfiha A, Benhsaien I, Shcherbina A, Roppelt A, Gothe F, Houhou-Fidouh N, Hackett SJ, Bartnikas LM, Maciag MC, Alosaimi MF, Chou J, Mohammed RW, Freij BJ, Jouanguy E, Zhang SY, Boisson-Dupuis S, Béziat V, Zhang Q, Duncan CJ, Hambleton S, Casanova JL, Meyts I. Human inherited complete STAT2 deficiency underlies inflammatory viral diseases. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e168321. [PMID: 36976641 PMCID: PMC10266780 DOI: 10.1172/jci168321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
STAT2 is a transcription factor activated by type I and III IFNs. We report 23 patients with loss-of-function variants causing autosomal recessive (AR) complete STAT2 deficiency. Both cells transfected with mutant STAT2 alleles and the patients' cells displayed impaired expression of IFN-stimulated genes and impaired control of in vitro viral infections. Clinical manifestations from early childhood onward included severe adverse reaction to live attenuated viral vaccines (LAV) and severe viral infections, particularly critical influenza pneumonia, critical COVID-19 pneumonia, and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis. The patients displayed various types of hyperinflammation, often triggered by viral infection or after LAV administration, which probably attested to unresolved viral infection in the absence of STAT2-dependent types I and III IFN immunity. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that circulating monocytes, neutrophils, and CD8+ memory T cells contributed to this inflammation. Several patients died from viral infection or heart failure during a febrile illness with no identified etiology. Notably, the highest mortality occurred during early childhood. These findings show that AR complete STAT2 deficiency underlay severe viral diseases and substantially impacts survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Bucciol
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, Leuven University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Moens
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Masato Ogishi
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Darawan Rinchai
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniela Matuozzo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Mana Momenilandi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Nacim Kerrouche
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Catherine M. Cale
- Department of Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elsa R. Treffeisen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mohammad Al Salamah
- King Abdullah Specialist Children’s Hospital and International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Ministry of the National Guard–Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar K. Al-Saud
- Pediatric Department, Section of Immunology and Allergy, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alain Lachaux
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Unit, University and Pediatric Hospital of Lyon, and Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Autophagy, Infection and Immunity, Lyon, France
| | - Remi Duclaux-Loras
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Unit, University and Pediatric Hospital of Lyon, and Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Autophagy, Infection and Immunity, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Meignien
- Internal Medicine and Vascular Pathology Service, University Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Aziz Bousfiha
- Clinical Immunology, Inflammation and Allergy Laboratory (LICIA), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, King Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Pediatric Infectious Disease Department Children’s Hospital, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Ibtihal Benhsaien
- Clinical Immunology, Inflammation and Allergy Laboratory (LICIA), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, King Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Pediatric Infectious Disease Department Children’s Hospital, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Anna Shcherbina
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Roppelt
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Florian Gothe
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nadhira Houhou-Fidouh
- Department of Virology, INSERM, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution, UMR 1137, Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital, University of Paris, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Scott J. Hackett
- Department of Paediatrics, Birmingham Chest Clinic and Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa M. Bartnikas
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michelle C. Maciag
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mohammed F. Alosaimi
- Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Janet Chou
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Reem W. Mohammed
- Pediatric Department, Section of Immunology and Allergy, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bishara J. Freij
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Section, Beaumont Children’s Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Stephanie Boisson-Dupuis
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Vivien Béziat
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Qian Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Christopher J.A. Duncan
- The COVID Human Genetic Effort is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments
- Department of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, The Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom, and
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Great North Children’s Hospital, The Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, Leuven University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
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6
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Caro-Consuegra R, Lucas-Sánchez M, Comas D, Bosch E. Identifying signatures of positive selection in human populations from North Africa. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8166. [PMID: 37210386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of its location, North Africa (NA) has witnessed continuous demographic movements with an impact on the genomes of present-day human populations. Genomic data describe a complex scenario with varying proportions of at least four main ancestry components: Maghrebi, Middle Eastern-, European-, and West-and-East-African-like. However, the footprint of positive selection in NA has not been studied. Here, we compile genome-wide genotyping data from 190 North Africans and individuals from surrounding populations, investigate for signatures of positive selection using allele frequencies and linkage disequilibrium-based methods and infer ancestry proportions to discern adaptive admixture from post-admixture selection events. Our results show private candidate genes for selection in NA involved in insulin processing (KIF5A), immune function (KIF5A, IL1RN, TLR3), and haemoglobin phenotypes (BCL11A). We also detect signatures of positive selection related to skin pigmentation (SLC24A5, KITLG), and immunity function (IL1R1, CD44, JAK1) shared with European populations and candidate genes associated with haemoglobin phenotypes (HPSE2, HBE1, HBG2), other immune-related (DOCK2) traits, and insulin processing (GLIS3) traits shared with West and East African populations. Finally, the SLC8A1 gene, which codifies for a sodium-calcium exchanger, was the only candidate identified under post-admixture selection in Western NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Caro-Consuegra
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcel Lucas-Sánchez
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Comas
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Bosch
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Hawtin S, André C, Collignon-Zipfel G, Appenzeller S, Bannert B, Baumgartner L, Beck D, Betschart C, Boulay T, Brunner HI, Ceci M, Deane J, Feifel R, Ferrero E, Kyburz D, Lafossas F, Loetscher P, Merz-Stoeckle C, Michellys P, Nuesslein-Hildesheim B, Raulf F, Rush JS, Ruzzante G, Stein T, Zaharevitz S, Wieczorek G, Siegel R, Gergely P, Shisha T, Junt T. Preclinical characterization of the Toll-like receptor 7/8 antagonist MHV370 for lupus therapy. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101036. [PMID: 37196635 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and in vivo evidence suggests that aberrant recognition of RNA-containing autoantigens by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7 and 8 drives autoimmune diseases. Here we report on the preclinical characterization of MHV370, a selective oral TLR7/8 inhibitor. In vitro, MHV370 inhibits TLR7/8-dependent production of cytokines in human and mouse cells, notably interferon-α, a clinically validated driver of autoimmune diseases. Moreover, MHV370 abrogates B cell, plasmacytoid dendritic cell, monocyte, and neutrophil responses downstream of TLR7/8. In vivo, prophylactic or therapeutic administration of MHV370 blocks secretion of TLR7 responses, including cytokine secretion, B cell activation, and gene expression of, e.g., interferon-stimulated genes. In the NZB/W F1 mouse model of lupus, MHV370 halts disease. Unlike hydroxychloroquine, MHV370 potently blocks interferon responses triggered by specific immune complexes from systemic lupus erythematosus patient sera, suggesting differentiation from clinical standard of care. These data support advancement of MHV370 to an ongoing phase 2 clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Hawtin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cédric André
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Simone Appenzeller
- Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology, and Traumatology, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, 13083-887 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bettina Bannert
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lea Baumgartner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Damian Beck
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Betschart
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Boulay
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hermine I Brunner
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Melanie Ceci
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Deane
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, La Jolla, CA 92121, USA
| | - Roland Feifel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Ferrero
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Diego Kyburz
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frederique Lafossas
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pius Loetscher
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Pierre Michellys
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, La Jolla, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Friedrich Raulf
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - James S Rush
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Ruzzante
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Stein
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samantha Zaharevitz
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, La Jolla, CA 92121, USA
| | - Grazyna Wieczorek
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard Siegel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Gergely
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tamas Shisha
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Junt
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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8
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Activation of Interferon-Stimulated Genes following Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection in a Human iPSC-Derived Neuronal In Vitro Model Depends on Exogenous Interferon-α. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112517. [PMID: 36423126 PMCID: PMC9693540 DOI: 10.3390/v14112517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection of neuronal cells and the activation of cell-intrinsic antiviral responses upon infection are still poorly understood mainly due to the scarcity of suitable human in vitro models that are available to study VZV. We developed a compartmentalized human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neuronal culture model that allows axonal VZV infection of the neurons, thereby mimicking the natural route of infection. Using this model, we showed that hiPSC-neurons do not mount an effective interferon-mediated antiviral response following VZV infection. Indeed, in contrast to infection with Sendai virus, VZV infection of the hiPSC-neurons does not result in the upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that have direct antiviral functions. Furthermore, the hiPSC-neurons do not produce interferon-α (IFNα), a major cytokine that is involved in the innate antiviral response, even upon its stimulation with strong synthetic inducers. In contrast, we showed that exogenous IFNα effectively limits VZV spread in the neuronal cell body compartment and demonstrated that ISGs are efficiently upregulated in these VZV-infected neuronal cultures that are treated with IFNα. Thus, whereas the cultured hiPSC neurons seem to be poor IFNα producers, they are good IFNα responders. This could suggest an important role for other cells such as satellite glial cells or macrophages to produce IFNα for VZV infection control.
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9
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Redondo N, Rodríguez-Goncer I, Parra P, Ruiz-Merlo T, López-Medrano F, González E, Polanco N, Trujillo H, Hernández A, San Juan R, Andrés A, Aguado JM, Fernández-Ruiz M. Influence of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in TLR3 (rs3775291) and TLR9 (rs352139) on the risk of CMV infection in kidney transplant recipients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:929995. [PMID: 35967300 PMCID: PMC9374175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.929995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk stratification for cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection after kidney transplantation (KT) remains to be determined. Since endosomal toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in viral sensing, we investigated the impact of common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within TLR3 and TLR9 genes on the occurrence of overall and high-level (≥1,000 IU/ml) CMV infection in a cohort of 197 KT recipients. Homozygous carriers of the minor allele of TLR3 (rs3775291) had higher infection-free survival compared with reference allele carriers (60.0% for TT versus 42.3% for CC/CT genotypes; P-value = 0.050). Decreased infection-free survival was observed with the minor allele of TLR9 (rs352139) (38.2% for TC/CC versus 59.3% for TT genotypes; P-value = 0.004). After multivariable adjustment, the recessive protective effect of the TLR3 (rs3775291) TT genotype was confirmed (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 0.327; 95% CI: 0.167–0.642; P-value = 0.001), as was the dominant risk-conferring effect of TLR9 (rs352139) TC/CC genotypes (aHR: 1.865; 95% CI: 1.170–2.972; P-value = 0.009). Carriers of the TLR9 (rs352139) TC/CC genotypes showed lower CMV-specific interferon-γ-producing CD4+ T-cell counts measured by intracellular cytokine staining compared with the TT genotype (median of 0.2 versus 0.7 cells/μl; P-value = 0.003). In conclusion, TLR3/TLR9 genotyping may inform CMV infection risk after KT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Redondo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario “12 de Octubre”, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital “12 de Octubre” (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Natalia Redondo,
| | - Isabel Rodríguez-Goncer
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario “12 de Octubre”, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital “12 de Octubre” (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Parra
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario “12 de Octubre”, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital “12 de Octubre” (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Ruiz-Merlo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario “12 de Octubre”, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital “12 de Octubre” (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco López-Medrano
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario “12 de Octubre”, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital “12 de Octubre” (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther González
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario “12 de Octubre”, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital “12 de Octubre” (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Polanco
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario “12 de Octubre”, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital “12 de Octubre” (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hernando Trujillo
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario “12 de Octubre”, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital “12 de Octubre” (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Hernández
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario “12 de Octubre”, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital “12 de Octubre” (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael San Juan
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario “12 de Octubre”, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital “12 de Octubre” (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amado Andrés
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario “12 de Octubre”, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital “12 de Octubre” (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Aguado
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario “12 de Octubre”, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital “12 de Octubre” (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Fernández-Ruiz
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario “12 de Octubre”, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital “12 de Octubre” (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Doratt BM, Vance E, Malherbe DC, Ebbert MT, Messaoudi I. Transcriptional response to VZV infection is modulated by RNA polymerase III in lung epithelial cell lines. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:943587. [PMID: 35959363 PMCID: PMC9359802 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.943587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancestral RNA polymerase III (Pol III) is a multi-subunit polymerase responsible for transcription of short non-coding RNA, such as double-stranded short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs). Although SINE ncRNAs are generally transcriptionally repressed, they can be induced in response to viral infections and can stimulate immune signaling pathways. Indeed, mutations in RNA Pol III have been associated with poor antiviral interferon response following infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV). In this study, we probed the role of Pol III transcripts in the detection and initial immune response to VZV by characterizing the transcriptional response following VZV infection of wild type A549 lung epithelial cells as well as A549 cells lacking specific RNA sensors MAVS and TLR3, or interferon-stimulated genes RNase L and PKR in presence or absence of functional RNA Pol III. Multiple components of the antiviral sensing and interferon signaling pathways were involved in restricting VZV replication in lung epithelial cells thus suggesting an innate defense system with built-in redundancy. In addition, RNA Pol III silencing altered the antiviral transcriptional program indicating that it plays an essential role in the sensing of VZV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M. Doratt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Elizabeth Vance
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Delphine C. Malherbe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Mark T.W. Ebbert
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Ilhem Messaoudi,
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11
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Mirouse A, Sonneville R, Razazi K, Merceron S, Argaud L, Bigé N, Faguer S, Perez P, Géri G, Guérin C, Moreau AS, Papazian L, Robert R, Barbier F, Ganster F, Mayaux J, Azoulay E, Canet E. Neurologic outcome of VZV encephalitis one year after ICU admission: a multicenter cohort study. Ann Intensive Care 2022; 12:32. [PMID: 35380296 PMCID: PMC8982685 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-022-01002-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is one of the main viruses responsible of acute encephalitis. However, data on the prognosis and neurologic outcome of critically ill patients with VZV encephalitis are limited. We aimed to describe the clinical features of VZV encephalitis in the ICU and to identify factors associated with a favorable neurologic outcome. We performed a multicenter cohort study of patients with VZV encephalitis admitted in 18 ICUs in France between 2000 and 2017. Factors associated with a favorable neurologic outcome, defined by a modified Rankin Score (mRS) of 0-2 1 year after ICU admission, were identified by multivariable regression analysis. RESULTS Fifty-five patients (29 (53%) men, median age 53 (interquartile range 36-66)) were included, of whom 43 (78%) were immunocompromised. ICU admission occurred 1 (0-3) day after the onset of neurological symptoms. Median Glasgow Coma Score at ICU admission was 12 (7-14). Cerebrospinal fluid examination displayed a median leukocyte count of 68 (13-129)/mm3, and a median protein level of 1.37 (0.77-3.67) g/L. CT scan and MRI revealed brain lesions in 30% and 66% of the cases, respectively. Invasive mechanical ventilation was implemented in 46 (84%) patients for a median duration of 13 (3-30) days. Fourteen (25%) patients died in the ICU. One year after ICU admission, 20 (36%) patients had a favorable neurologic outcome (mRS 0-2), 12 (22%) had significant disability (mRS 3-5), and 18 (33%) were deceased (lost to follow-up n = 5, 9%). On multivariable analysis, age (OR 0.92 per year, (0.88-0.97), p = 0.01), and invasive mechanical ventilation (OR 0.09 CI 95% (0.01-0.84), p = 0.03) reduced the likelihood of favorable neurologic outcome. CONCLUSION One in every three critically ill patients with VZV encephalitis had a favorable neurologic outcome 1 year after ICU admission. Older age and invasive mechanical ventilation were associated with a higher risk of disability and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Mirouse
- Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Paris, France. .,Université de Paris, Paris, France. .,Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, 83 boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Romain Sonneville
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Hôpital Bichat, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Keyvan Razazi
- Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Sybille Merceron
- Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital André Mignot, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Laurent Argaud
- Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Hôpital E. Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Naïke Bigé
- Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Stanislas Faguer
- Département de Néphrologie et Transplantation d'organes - Unité de Réanimation, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Perez
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Brabois, Nancy, France
| | - Guillaume Géri
- Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Claude Guérin
- Service de médecine intensive et réanimation, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, INSERM 955, Créteil, France.,Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation Groupement Hospitalier Centre, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Moreau
- Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, CHRU de Lille - Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille, France
| | - Laurent Papazian
- Service de Réanimation des Détresses Respiratoires et Infections Sévères, Hôpital Nord, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - René Robert
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - François Barbier
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital la Source, Orléans, France
| | | | - Julien Mayaux
- Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Elie Azoulay
- Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Canet
- Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
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12
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Rahangdale RR, Tender T, Balireddy S, Pasupuleti M, Hariharapura RC. The Interplay Between Stress and Immunity Triggers Herpes Zoster Infection in COVID-19 Patients: A Review. Can J Microbiol 2022; 68:303-314. [PMID: 35167378 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2021-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a potential health threat in the highly mobile society of the world. Also, there are concerns regarding the co-infections occurring in COVID-19 patients. Herpes zoster (HZ) is now being reported as a co-infection in COVID-19 patients. It is a varicella-zoster virus induced viral infection affecting older people and immunocompromised individuals. Reactivation of HZ infection in COVID-19 patients are emerging and the mechanism of reactivation is still unknown. A most convincing argument would be, increased psychological and immunological stress leading to HZ in COVID-19 patients, and this review justifies this argument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Ravishankar Rahangdale
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, 76793, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal, India;
| | - Tenzin Tender
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, 76793, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal, India;
| | - Sridevi Balireddy
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, 76793, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal, India;
| | - Mukesh Pasupuleti
- Central Drug Research Institute, 30082, Microbiology Division, Lucknow, India;
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13
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Kuo CY, Ku CL, Lim HK, Hsia SH, Lin JJ, Lo CC, Ding JY, Kuo RL, Casanova JL, Zhang SY, Chang LY, Lin TY. Life-Threatening Enterovirus 71 Encephalitis in Unrelated Children with Autosomal Dominant TLR3 Deficiency. J Clin Immunol 2022; 42:606-617. [PMID: 35040013 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Enterovirus A71 (EV71) causes a broad spectrum of childhood diseases, ranging from asymptomatic infection or self-limited hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) to life-threatening encephalitis. The molecular mechanisms underlying these different clinical presentations remain unknown. We hypothesized that EV71 encephalitis in children might reflect an intrinsic host single-gene defect of antiviral immunity. We searched for mutations in the toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) gene. Such mutations have already been identified in children with herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE). METHODS We sequenced TLR3 and assessed the impact of the mutations identified. We tested dermal fibroblasts from a patient with EV71 encephalitis and a TLR3 mutation and other patients with known genetic defects of TLR3 or related genes, assessing the response of these cells to TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) stimulation and EV71 infection. RESULTS Three children with EV71 encephalitis were heterozygous for rare mutations-TLR3 W769X, E211K, and R867Q-all of which were shown to affect TLR3 function. Furthermore, fibroblasts from the patient heterozygous for the W769X mutation displayed an impaired, but not abolished, response to poly(I:C). We found that TLR3-deficient and TLR3-heterozygous W769X fibroblasts were highly susceptible to EV71 infection. CONCLUSIONS Autosomal dominant TLR3 deficiency may underlie severe EV71 infection with encephalitis. Human TLR3 immunity is essential to protect the central nervous system against HSV-1 and EV71. Children with severe EV71 infections, such as encephalitis in particular, should be tested for inborn errors of TLR3 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yen Kuo
- Laboratory of Human Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, No. 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 5, Fu-Shin St, Kwei-Shan 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Lung Ku
- Laboratory of Human Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, No. 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Department of Nephrology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Hye-Kyung Lim
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Shao-Hsuan Hsia
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jainn-Jim Lin
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Lo
- Laboratory of Human Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, No. 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ya Ding
- Laboratory of Human Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, No. 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rei-Lin Kuo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Pediatric Immuno-Hematology Unit, Necker Hospital, AP-HP, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Luan-Yin Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
| | - Tzou-Yien Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 5, Fu-Shin St, Kwei-Shan 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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14
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Yadav R, Gohel A, Vengalil S, Mundlamuri R, Nalini A, Kulanthaivelu K. Ramsay hunt syndrome leading to the brainstem and cerebellar involvement: A case report of a rare co-occurrence. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2022; 25:159-161. [PMID: 35342241 PMCID: PMC8954324 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_48_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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15
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Redondo N, Navarro D, Aguado JM, Fernández-Ruiz M. Human genetic polymorphisms and risk of viral infection after solid organ transplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2021; 36:100669. [PMID: 34688126 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2021.100669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The immune system plays a key role in the host defense against viral pathogens. A signaling cascade is activated upon infection involving a variety of molecules such as pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), interleukins or antiviral interferons. Long-term immunosuppression after solid organ transplantation (SOT) mainly abrogates adaptive T-cell-mediated responses, thus highlighting the relative contribution of innate immunity. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within genes coding for PRRs or soluble mediators have been associated with differential susceptibility to viral infections among SOT recipients. A protective effect against cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection or disease has been attributed to certain SNPs in TLR9 or IFNL3 genes, whereas the opposite effect has been attributed to genetic polymorphisms in TLR2, MBL2, DC-SIGN, IL10 or IFNG. The presence of SNPs in other molecules not directly involved in innate or adaptive immune responses such as aquaporins or pregnane X appear to modulate the risk of CMV or BK polyomavirus infection, respectively. Little information is available on the genetic determinants of the post-transplant susceptibility to herpesviruses causing clinical infection (herpes simplex virus or varicella zoster virus) or the replication kinetics of components of the human blood virome used as immune surrogates (Torque teno virus). The present review critically summarizes the current knowledge on how SNP genotyping would be useful to stratify SOT recipients according to the individual risk of viral infection and proposes next research steps. Genetic susceptibility testing may improve personalized medicine and contribute to minimize the risk of viral infection after SOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Redondo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
| | - David Navarro
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José María Aguado
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Fernández-Ruiz
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Gern OL, Mulenge F, Pavlou A, Ghita L, Steffen I, Stangel M, Kalinke U. Toll-like Receptors in Viral Encephalitis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102065. [PMID: 34696494 PMCID: PMC8540543 DOI: 10.3390/v13102065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral encephalitis is a rare but serious syndrome. In addition to DNA-encoded herpes viruses, such as herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus, RNA-encoded viruses from the families of Flaviviridae, Rhabdoviridae and Paramyxoviridae are important neurotropic viruses. Whereas in the periphery, the role of Toll-like receptors (TLR) during immune stimulation is well understood, TLR functions within the CNS are less clear. On one hand, TLRs can affect the physiology of neurons during neuronal progenitor cell differentiation and neurite outgrowth, whereas under conditions of infection, the complex interplay between TLR stimulated neurons, astrocytes and microglia is just on the verge of being understood. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about which TLRs are expressed by cell subsets of the CNS. Furthermore, we specifically highlight functional implications of TLR stimulation in neurons, astrocytes and microglia. After briefly illuminating some examples of viral evasion strategies from TLR signaling, we report on the current knowledge of primary immunodeficiencies in TLR signaling and their consequences for viral encephalitis. Finally, we provide an outlook with examples of TLR agonist mediated intervention strategies and potentiation of vaccine responses against neurotropic virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Luise Gern
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.M.); (A.P.); (L.G.); (U.K.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Felix Mulenge
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.M.); (A.P.); (L.G.); (U.K.)
| | - Andreas Pavlou
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.M.); (A.P.); (L.G.); (U.K.)
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Luca Ghita
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.M.); (A.P.); (L.G.); (U.K.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Imke Steffen
- Department of Biochemistry and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Martin Stangel
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research (NIBR), 4056 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.M.); (A.P.); (L.G.); (U.K.)
- Cluster of Excellence—Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST, EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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17
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Zhang SY, Harschnitz O, Studer L, Casanova JL. Neuron-intrinsic immunity to viruses in mice and humans. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 72:309-317. [PMID: 34425410 PMCID: PMC8578315 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Viral encephalitis is a major neglected medical problem. Host defense mechanisms against viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) have long remained unclear. The few previous studies of CNS-specific immunity to viruses in mice in vivo and humans in vitro have focused on the contributions of circulating leukocytes, resident microglial cells and astrocytes, with neurons long considered passive victims of viral infection requiring protection from extrinsic antiviral mechanisms. The last decade has witnessed the gradual emergence of the notion that neurons also combat viruses through cell-intrinsic mechanisms. Forward genetic approaches in humans have shown that monogenic inborn errors of TLR3, IFN-α/β, or snoRNA31 immunity confer susceptibility to herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection of the forebrain, whereas inborn errors of DBR1 underlie brainstem infections due to various viruses, including HSV-1. The study of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived CNS-resident cells has unraveled known (i.e. TLR3-dependent IFN-α/β immunity) and new (i.e. snoRNA31-dependent or DBR1-dependent immunity) cell-intrinsic antiviral mechanisms operating in neurons. Reverse genetic approaches in mice have confirmed that some known antiviral mechanisms also operate in mouse neurons (e.g. TLR3 and IFN-α/β immunity). The search for human inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) underlying various forms of viral encephalitis, coupled with mouse models in vivo, and hPSC-based culture models of CNS and peripheral nervous system cells and organoids in vitro, should shed further light on the cell-specific and tissue-specific mechanisms of host defense against viruses in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Ying Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France; University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.
| | - Oliver Harschnitz
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY, USA; Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorenz Studer
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY, USA; Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France; University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
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18
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Gao D, Ciancanelli MJ, Zhang P, Harschnitz O, Bondet V, Hasek M, Chen J, Mu X, Itan Y, Cobat A, Sancho-Shimizu V, Bigio B, Lorenzo L, Ciceri G, McAlpine J, Anguiano E, Jouanguy E, Chaussabel D, Meyts I, Diamond MS, Abel L, Hur S, Smith GA, Notarangelo L, Duffy D, Studer L, Casanova JL, Zhang SY. TLR3 controls constitutive IFN-β antiviral immunity in human fibroblasts and cortical neurons. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:134529. [PMID: 33393505 DOI: 10.1172/jci134529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis can be caused by inborn errors of the TLR3 pathway, resulting in impairment of CNS cell-intrinsic antiviral immunity. Deficiencies of the TLR3 pathway impair cell-intrinsic immunity to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and HSV-1 in fibroblasts, and to HSV-1 in cortical but not trigeminal neurons. The underlying molecular mechanism is thought to involve impaired IFN-α/β induction by the TLR3 recognition of dsRNA viral intermediates or by-products. However, we show here that human TLR3 controls constitutive levels of IFNB mRNA and secreted bioactive IFN-β protein, and thereby also controls constitutive mRNA levels for IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in fibroblasts. Tlr3-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts also have lower basal ISG levels. Moreover, human TLR3 controls basal levels of IFN-β secretion and ISG mRNA in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neurons. Consistently, TLR3-deficient human fibroblasts and cortical neurons are vulnerable not only to both VSV and HSV-1, but also to several other families of viruses. The mechanism by which TLR3 restricts viral growth in human fibroblasts and cortical neurons in vitro and, by inference, by which the human CNS prevents infection by HSV-1 in vivo, is therefore based on the control of early viral infection by basal IFN-β immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxing Gao
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, and.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Michael J Ciancanelli
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Turnstone Biologics, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Oliver Harschnitz
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, and.,Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vincent Bondet
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Mary Hasek
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xin Mu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuval Itan
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, and.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, United Kingdom
| | - Benedetta Bigio
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lazaro Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Gabriele Ciceri
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, and.,Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jessica McAlpine
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, and.,Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Esperanza Anguiano
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research/ANRS Center for Human Vaccines, INSERM U899, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research/ANRS Center for Human Vaccines, INSERM U899, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Precision Immunology Institute and Mindich Child Health and Development Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Sun Hur
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory A Smith
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Luigi Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Darragh Duffy
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Lorenz Studer
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, and.,Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
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19
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Kell AM. Innate Immunity to Orthohantaviruses: Could Divergent Immune Interactions Explain Host-specific Disease Outcomes? J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167230. [PMID: 34487792 PMCID: PMC8894506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The genus Orthohantavirus (family Hantaviridae, order Bunyavirales) consists of numerous genetic and pathologically distinct viral species found within rodent and mammalian insectivore populations world-wide. Although reservoir hosts experience persistent asymptomatic infection, numerous rodent-borne orthohantaviruses cause severe disease when transmitted to humans, with case-fatality rates up to 40%. The first isolation of an orthohantavirus occurred in 1976 and, since then, the field has made significant progress in understanding the immune correlates of disease, viral interactions with the human innate immune response, and the immune kinetics of reservoir hosts. Much still remains elusive regarding the molecular mechanisms of orthohantavirus recognition by the innate immune response and viral antagonism within the reservoir host, however. This review provides a summary of the last 45 years of research into orthohantavirus interaction with the host innate immune response. This summary includes discussion of current knowledge involving human, non-reservoir rodent, and reservoir innate immune responses to viruses which cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus cardio-pulmonary syndrome. Review of the literature concludes with a brief proposition for the development of novel tools needed to drive forward investigations into the molecular mechanisms of innate immune activation and consequences for disease outcomes in the various hosts for orthohantaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Kell
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, 915 Camino de Salud, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
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20
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Wijesinghe VN, Farouk IA, Zabidi NZ, Puniyamurti A, Choo WS, Lal SK. Current vaccine approaches and emerging strategies against herpes simplex virus (HSV). Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1077-1096. [PMID: 34296960 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1960162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Vaccine development for the disease caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) has been challenging over the years and is always in dire need of novel approaches for prevention and cure. To date, the HSV disease remains incurable and challenging to prevent. The disease is extremely widespread due to its high infection rate, resulting in millions of infection cases worldwide.Areas covered: This review first explains the diverse forms of HSV-related disease presentations and reports past vaccine history for the disease. Next, this review examines current and novel HSV vaccine approaches being studied and tested for efficacy and safety as well as vaccines in clinical trial phases I to III. Modern approaches to vaccine design using bioinformatics are described. Finally, we discuss measures to enhance new vaccine development pipelines for HSV.Expert opinion: Modernized approaches using in silico analysis and bioinformatics are emerging methods that exhibit potential for producing vaccines with enhanced targets and formulations. Although not yet fully established for HSV disease, we describe current studies using these approaches for HSV vaccine design to shed light on these methods. In addition, we provide up-to-date requirements of immunogenicity, adjuvant selection, and routes of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isra Ahmad Farouk
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sunil Kumar Lal
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.,Tropical Medicine & Biology Platform, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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21
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Aluri J, Cooper MA, Schuettpelz LG. Toll-Like Receptor Signaling in the Establishment and Function of the Immune System. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061374. [PMID: 34199501 PMCID: PMC8228919 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that play a central role in the development and function of the immune system. TLR signaling promotes the earliest emergence of hematopoietic cells during development, and thereafter influences the fate and function of both primitive and effector immune cell types. Aberrant TLR signaling is associated with hematopoietic and immune system dysfunction, and both loss- and gain-of- function variants in TLR signaling-associated genes have been linked to specific infection susceptibilities and immune defects. Herein, we will review the role of TLR signaling in immune system development and the growing number of heritable defects in TLR signaling that lead to inborn errors of immunity.
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22
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Liang F, Glans H, Enoksson SL, Kolios AGA, Loré K, Nilsson J. Recurrent Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus in a Patient With a Novel Toll-Like Receptor 3 Variant Linked to Compromised Activation Capacity in Fibroblasts. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:1295-1303. [PMID: 31268141 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes zoster ophthalmicus occurs primarily in elderly or immunocompromised individuals after reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV). Recurrences of zoster ophthalmicus are uncommon because the reactivation efficiently boosts anti-VZV immunity. A 28-year-old female presented to our clinic with a history of multiple recurrences of zoster ophthalmicus. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing (WES), analyses of VZV T-cell immunity, and pathogen recognition receptor function in primary antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and fibroblasts were performed. RESULTS Normal VZV-specific T-cell immunity and antibody response were detected. Whole-exome sequencing identified a heterozygous nonsynonymous variant (c.2324C > T) in the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) gene resulting in formation of a premature stop-codon. This alteration could potentially undermine TLR3 signaling in a dominant-negative fashion. Therefore, we investigated TLR3 signaling responses in APCs and fibroblasts from the patient. The APCs responded efficiently to stimulation with TLR3 ligands, whereas the responses from the fibroblasts were compromised. CONCLUSIONS We report a novel TLR3 variant associated with recurrent zoster ophthalmicus. Toll-like receptor 3 responses that were unaffected in APCs but diminished in fibroblasts are in line with previous reports linking TLR3 deficiency with herpes simplex virus encephalitis. Mechanisms involving compromised viral sensing in infected cells may thus be central to the described immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Liang
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna.,Center for Molecular Medicine
| | - Hedvig Glans
- Division of Dermatology and Venerology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Lind Enoksson
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Karin Loré
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna.,Center for Molecular Medicine
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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DeKosky ST, Kochanek PM, Valadka AB, Clark RS, Chou SHY, Au AK, Horvat C, Jha RM, Mannix R, Wisniewski SR, Wintermark M, Rowell SE, Welch RD, Lewis L, House S, Tanzi RE, Smith DR, Vittor AY, Denslow ND, Davis MD, Glushakova OY, Hayes RL. Blood Biomarkers for Detection of Brain Injury in COVID-19 Patients. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1-43. [PMID: 33115334 PMCID: PMC7757533 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus attacks multiple organs of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, including the brain. There are worldwide descriptions of neurological deficits in COVID-19 patients. Central nervous system (CNS) symptoms can be present early in the course of the disease. As many as 55% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients have been reported to have neurological disturbances three months after infection by SARS-CoV-2. The mutability of the SARS-COV-2 virus and its potential to directly affect the CNS highlight the urgency of developing technology to diagnose, manage, and treat brain injury in COVID-19 patients. The pathobiology of CNS infection by SARS-CoV-2 and the associated neurological sequelae of this infection remain poorly understood. In this review, we outline the rationale for the use of blood biomarkers (BBs) for diagnosis of brain injury in COVID-19 patients, the research needed to incorporate their use into clinical practice, and the improvements in patient management and outcomes that can result. BBs of brain injury could potentially provide tools for detection of brain injury in COVID-19 patients. Elevations of BBs have been reported in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood of COVID-19 patients. BB proteins have been analyzed in CSF to detect CNS involvement in patients with infectious diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculous meningitis. BBs are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for diagnosis of mild versus moderate traumatic brain injury and have identified brain injury after stroke, cardiac arrest, hypoxia, and epilepsy. BBs, integrated with other diagnostic tools, could enhance understanding of viral mechanisms of brain injury, predict severity of neurological deficits, guide triage of patients and assignment to appropriate medical pathways, and assess efficacy of therapeutic interventions in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T. DeKosky
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Patrick M. Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Pediatrics, Bioengineering, and Clinical and Translational Science, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alex B. Valadka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Robert S.B. Clark
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sherry H.-Y. Chou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alicia K. Au
- University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher Horvat
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ruchira M. Jha
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, Neurological Surgery, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rebekah Mannix
- Department of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Max Wintermark
- Department of Neuroradiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Susan E. Rowell
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert D. Welch
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit Receiving Hospital/University Health Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Lawrence Lewis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Stacey House
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rudolph E. Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology (Research), Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Darci R. Smith
- Immunodiagnostics Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy Y. Vittor
- Division of Infectious Disease and Global Medicine, University of Florida, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nancy D. Denslow
- Departments of Physiological Sciences and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michael D. Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research/Pulmonology, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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24
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Zheng W, Xu Q, Zhang Y, E X, Gao W, Zhang M, Zhai W, Rajkumar RS, Liu Z. Toll-like receptor-mediated innate immunity against herpesviridae infection: a current perspective on viral infection signaling pathways. Virol J 2020; 17:192. [PMID: 33298111 PMCID: PMC7726878 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the past decades, researchers have demonstrated the critical role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the innate immune system. They recognize viral components and trigger immune signal cascades to subsequently promote the activation of the immune system. Main body Herpesviridae family members trigger TLRs to elicit cytokines in the process of infection to activate antiviral innate immune responses in host cells. This review aims to clarify the role of TLRs in the innate immunity defense against herpesviridae, and systematically describes the processes of TLR actions and herpesviridae recognition as well as the signal transduction pathways involved. Conclusions Future studies of the interactions between TLRs and herpesviridae infections, especially the subsequent signaling pathways, will not only contribute to the planning of effective antiviral therapies but also provide new molecular targets for the development of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Qing Xu
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Yiyuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Xiaofei E
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Mogen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Weijie Zhai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | | | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
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25
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Mielcarska MB, Gregorczyk-Zboroch KP, Szulc-Da̧browska L, Bossowska-Nowicka M, Wyżewski Z, Cymerys J, Chodkowski M, Kiełbik P, Godlewski MM, Gieryńska M, Toka FN. Participation of Endosomes in Toll-Like Receptor 3 Transportation Pathway in Murine Astrocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:544612. [PMID: 33281554 PMCID: PMC7705377 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.544612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR3 provides immediate type I IFN response following entry of stimulatory PAMPs into the CNS, as it is in HSV infection. The receptor plays a vital role in astrocytes, contributing to rapid infection sensing and suppression of viral replication, precluding the spread of virus beyond neurons. The route of TLR3 mobilization culminating in the receptor activation remains unexplained. In this research, we investigated the involvement of various types of endosomes in the regulation of the TLR3 mobility in C8-D1A murine astrocyte cell line. TLR3 was transported rapidly to early EEA1-positive endosomes as well as LAMP1-lysosomes following stimulation with the poly(I:C). Later, TLR3 largely associated with late Rab7-positive endosomes. Twenty-four hours after stimulation, TLR3 co-localized with LAMP1 abundantly in lysosomes of astrocytes. TLR3 interacted with poly(I:C) intracellularly from 1 min to 8 h following cell stimulation. We detected TLR3 on the surface of astrocytes indicating constitutive expression, which increased after poly(I:C) stimulation. Our findings contribute to the understanding of cellular modulation of TLR3 trafficking. Detailed analysis of the TLR3 transportation pathway is an important component in disclosing the fate of the receptor in HSV-infected CNS and may help in the search for rationale therapeutics to control the replication of neuropathic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matylda B Mielcarska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina P Gregorczyk-Zboroch
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Szulc-Da̧browska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bossowska-Nowicka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Wyżewski
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Cymerys
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Chodkowski
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paula Kiełbik
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał M Godlewski
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gieryńska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Felix N Toka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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26
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Carty M, Guy C, Bowie AG. Detection of Viral Infections by Innate Immunity. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 183:114316. [PMID: 33152343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and inflammasomes are a key part of the anti-viral innate immune system as they detect conserved viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). A successful host response to viral infections critically depend on the initial activation of PRRs by viruses, mainly by viral DNA and RNA. The signalling pathways activated by PRRs leads to the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, to recruit immune cells, and type I and type III interferons which leads to the induction of interferon stimulated genes (ISG), powerful virus restriction factors that establish the "antiviral state". Inflammasomes contribute to anti-viral responses through the maturation of interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-18 and through triggering pyroptotic cell death. The activity of the innate immune system along with the adaptive immune response normally leads to successful virus elimination, although disproportionate innate responses contribute to viral pathology. In this review we will discuss recent insights into the influence of PRR activation and inflammasomes on viral infections and what this means for the mammalian host. We will also comment on how specific PRRs and inflammasomes may be relevant to how SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic, interacts with host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Carty
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Coralie Guy
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew G Bowie
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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27
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Heterozygous TLR3 Mutation in Patients with Hantavirus Encephalitis. J Clin Immunol 2020; 40:1156-1162. [PMID: 32936395 PMCID: PMC7567724 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00834-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is common in Northern Europe; this infection is usually self-limited and severe complications are uncommon. PUUV and other hantaviruses, however, can rarely cause encephalitis. The pathogenesis of these rare and severe events is unknown. In this study, we explored the possibility that genetic defects in innate anti-viral immunity, as analogous to Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) mutations seen in HSV-1 encephalitis, may explain PUUV encephalitis. We completed exome sequencing of seven adult patients with encephalitis or encephalomyelitis during acute PUUV infection. We found heterozygosity for the TLR3 p.L742F novel variant in two of the seven unrelated patients (29%, p = 0.0195). TLR3-deficient P2.1 fibrosarcoma cell line and SV40-immortalized fibroblasts (SV40-fibroblasts) from patient skin expressing mutant or wild-type TLR3 were tested functionally. The TLR3 p.L742F allele displayed low poly(I:C)-stimulated cytokine induction when expressed in P2.1 cells. SV40-fibroblasts from three healthy controls produced increasing levels of IFN-λ and IL-6 after 24 h of stimulation with increasing concentrations of poly(I:C), whereas the production of the cytokines was impaired in TLR3 L742F/WT patient SV40-fibroblasts. Heterozygous TLR3 mutation may underlie not only HSV-1 encephalitis but also PUUV hantavirus encephalitis. Such possibility should be further explored in encephalitis caused by these and other hantaviruses.
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28
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Ansari R, Rosen LB, Lisco A, Gilden D, Holland SM, Zerbe CS, Bonomo RA, Cohen JI. Primary and Acquired Immunodeficiencies Associated with Severe Varicella-Zoster Infections. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e2705-e2712. [PMID: 32856043 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While most cases of varicella or zoster are self-limited, patients with certain immune deficiencies may develop severe or life-threatening disease. METHODS We studied a patient with varicella-zoster virus (VZV) CNS vasculopathy and as part of the evaluation, tested his plasma for antibodies to cytokines. We reviewed the literature for cases of varicella or zoster associated with primary and acquired immunodeficiencies. RESULTS We found that a patient with VZV CNS vasculopathy had antibody that neutralized interferon (IFN)-α, but not IFN-γ. The patient's plasma blocked phosphorylation in response to stimulation with IFN-α in healthy control peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In addition to acquired immunodeficiencies like HIV or autoantibodies to IFN, variants in specific genes have been associated with severe varicella and/or zoster. While these genes encode proteins with very different activities, many affect IFN signaling pathways, either those that sense double-stranded RNA or cytoplasmic DNA that trigger IFN production, or those involved in activation of IFN stimulated genes in response to binding of IFN with its receptor. CONCLUSIONS Immune deficiencies highlight the critical role of IFN in control of VZV infections and suggest new approaches for treatment of VZV infection in patients with certain immune deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahila Ansari
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Lindsey B Rosen
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Andrea Lisco
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Don Gilden
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Steven M Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christa S Zerbe
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert A Bonomo
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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29
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Liu W, Zhao WJ, Wu YH. Study on the differentially expressed genes and signaling pathways in dermatomyositis using integrated bioinformatics method. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e21863. [PMID: 32846838 PMCID: PMC7447406 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000021863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatomyositis is a common connective tissue disease. The occurrence and development of dermatomyositis is a result of multiple factors, but its exact pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Here, we used biological information method to explore and predict the major disease related genes of dermatomyositis and to find the underlying pathogenic molecular mechanism.The gene expression data of GDS1956, GDS2153, GDS2855, and GDS3417 including 94 specimens, 66 cases of dermatomyositis specimens and 28 cases of normal specimens, were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The 4 microarray gene data groups were combined to get differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichments of DEGs were operated by the database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery and KEGG orthology based annotation system databases, separately. The protein-protein interaction networks of the DEGs were built from the STRING website. A total of 4097 DEGs were extracted from the 4 Gene Expression Omnibus datasets, of which 2213 genes were upregulated, and 1884 genes were downregulated. Gene ontology analysis indicated that the biological functions of DEGs focused primarily on response to virus, type I interferon signaling pathway and negative regulation of viral genome replication. The main cellular components include extracellular space, cytoplasm, and blood microparticle. The molecular functions include protein binding, double-stranded RNA binding and MHC class I protein binding. KEGG pathway analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly involved in the toll-like receptor signaling pathway, cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway, RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, complement and coagulation cascades, arginine and proline metabolism, phagosome signaling pathway. The following 13 closely related genes, XAF1, NT5E, UGCG, GBP2, TLR3, DDX58, STAT1, GBP1, PLSCR1, OAS3, SP100, IGK, and RSAD2, were key nodes from the protein-protein interaction network.This research suggests that exploring for DEGs and pathways in dermatomyositis using integrated bioinformatics methods could help us realize the molecular mechanism underlying the development of dermatomyositis, be of actual implication for the early detection and prophylaxis of dermatomyositis and afford reliable goals for the curing of dermatomyositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen-Jia Zhao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Yuan-Hao Wu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
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30
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HSV is the most frequently identified cause of infectious encephalitis, in Western countries. This article is an update on the topic based on a review of recent studies from 2017 to 2018. RECENT FINDINGS Acyclovir is still the first line treatment, and no new drugs are currently available for clinical use. The major considerations for HSV encephalitis are as follows: point one, clinical evaluation remains the most important factor, as though CSF HSV PCR has a good sensitivity, in a small proportion of patients the initial testing might be negative. MRI brain is the first line imaging test, and mesial temporal lobe involvement and other typical findings are important for diagnosis; point 2, there should be emphasis on sequela, short-term, and long-term outcomes, and not just case fatality rated in future studies and clinical management. Auto-immune encephalitis can be triggered by HSV, and should be considered in patients who are not responding to treatment; point 3, future studies should be on better management of sequela, and better treatment regimens including those targeting the immune response. SUMMARY Autoimmune encephalitis is a clearly identified complication of HSV encephalitis. Inflammatory mechanisms are linked to the clinical presentation as well as severity and poor outcome. Initial corticosteroid therapy has to be evaluated in order to prevent complications.
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31
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Ramirez-Salas JE, Benito-Orejas JI, Bauer M, Viveros-Díez P, Cifuentes-Navas VA, Duque-Holguera V. Manifestaciones clínicas del síndrome de Ramsay-Hunt en una serie de 20 casos. REVISTA ORL 2020. [DOI: 10.14201/orl.22750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción y objetivo: la experiencia clínica nos ha mostrado las distintas formas de presentación y la variabilidad sintomatológica que puede revelar el síndrome de Ramsay-Hunt o herpes zóster ótico. Las descripciones que ofrece la literatura nos han servido para corroborar los hallazgos de un conjunto de pacientes, cuyas características y evolución hemos ido reuniendo en el tiempo. Dada la importancia del tratamiento precoz, el objetivo de este trabajo ha consistido en realizar una exposición estructurada de este complejo síndrome con sus diversas manifestaciones. Método: estudio retrospectivo. Resultados: 20 pacientes ejemplifican los diferentes aspectos de este proceso. Discusión: se trata de una patología infrecuente, con una tríada sintomática patognomónica que consiste en otalgia, erupción vesicular y parálisis facial. Sin embargo, este síndrome no siempre se expresa de forma completa ni con la aparición de los síntomas en el orden indicado, añadiéndose con frecuencia otros cocleovestibulares. La posibilidad de que la infección se propague de forma centrífuga y centrípeta facilita el que se afecten otros nervios sensitivos y motores, ocasionando una polineuropatía craneal (herpes zóster cefálico) y raquídea o incluso, con mucha menor frecuencia, la aparición de una meningoencefalitis. No conocemos con precisión los mecanismos por los que progresa este proceso ni los factores desencadenantes, aunque en ocasiones les haya predisponentes. Establecer un diagnóstico es fundamental para iniciar el tratamiento, cuya precocidad facilita la resolución del proceso. Conclusiones: siendo la sospecha clínica la principal herramienta de un diagnóstico precoz, nos ha parecido de interés realizar esta revisión, dada la infrecuencia del herpes zóster ótico.
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32
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Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) can be responsible for life-threatening HSV encephalitis (HSE). The mortality rate of patients with HSE who do not receive antiviral treatment is 70%, with most survivors suffering from permanent neurological sequelae. The use of intravenous acyclovir together with improved diagnostic technologies such as PCR and magnetic resonance imaging has resulted in a reduction in the mortality rate to close to 20%. However, 70% of surviving patients still do not recover complete neurological functions. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop more effective treatments for a better clinical outcome. It is well recognized that cerebral damage resulting from HSE is caused by viral replication together with an overzealous inflammatory response. Both of these processes constitute potential targets for the development of innovative therapies against HSE. In this review, we discuss recent progress in therapy that may be used to ameliorate the outcome of patients with HSE, with a particular emphasis on immunomodulatory agents. Ideally, the administration of adjunctive immunomodulatory drugs should be initiated during the rise of the inflammatory response, and its duration should be limited in time to reduce undesired effects. This critical time frame should be optimized by the identification of reliable biomarkers of inflammation.
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33
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Herpes simplex virus encephalitis of childhood: inborn errors of central nervous system cell-intrinsic immunity. Hum Genet 2020; 139:911-918. [PMID: 32040615 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02127-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis (HSE) is the most common sporadic viral encephalitis in Western countries. Over the last 15 years, human genetic and immunological studies have provided proof-of-principle that childhood HSE can result from inborn errors of central nervous system (CNS)-specific, cell-intrinsic immunity to HSV-1. HSE-causing mutations of eight genes disrupt known (TLR3-dependent IFN-α/β immunity) and novel (dependent on DBR1 or snoRNA31) antiviral mechanisms. Monogenic inborn errors confer susceptibility to forebrain (TLR3-IFN or snoRNA31) or brainstem (DBR1) HSE. Most of these disorders display incomplete clinical penetrance, with the possible exception of DBR1 deficiency. They account for a small, but non-negligible proportion of cases (about 7%). These findings pave the way for the gradual definition of the genetic and immunological architecture of childhood HSE, with both biological and clinical implications.
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34
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Gerada C, Campbell TM, Kennedy JJ, McSharry BP, Steain M, Slobedman B, Abendroth A. Manipulation of the Innate Immune Response by Varicella Zoster Virus. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1. [PMID: 32038653 PMCID: PMC6992605 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is the causative agent of chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (herpes zoster). VZV and other members of the herpesvirus family are distinguished by their ability to establish a latent infection, with the potential to reactivate and spread virus to other susceptible individuals. This lifelong relationship continually subjects VZV to the host immune system and as such VZV has evolved a plethora of strategies to evade and manipulate the immune response. This review will focus on our current understanding of the innate anti-viral control mechanisms faced by VZV. We will also discuss the diverse array of strategies employed by VZV to regulate these innate immune responses and highlight new knowledge on the interactions between VZV and human innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Gerada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tessa M Campbell
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jarrod J Kennedy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian P McSharry
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Megan Steain
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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35
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Bibert S, Piret J, Quinodoz M, Collinet E, Zoete V, Michielin O, Menasria R, Meylan P, Bihl T, Erard V, Fellmann F, Rivolta C, Boivin G, Bochud PY. Herpes simplex encephalitis in adult patients with MASP-2 deficiency. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008168. [PMID: 31869396 PMCID: PMC6944389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here two cases of Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) in adult patients with very rare, previously uncharacterized, non synonymous heterozygous G634R and R203W substitution in mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 (MASP2), a gene encoding a key protease of the lectin pathway of the complement system. None of the 2 patients had variants in genes involved in the TLR3-interferon signaling pathway. Both MASP2 variants induced functional defects in vitro, including a reduced (R203W) or abolished (G634R) protein secretion, a lost capability to cleave MASP-2 precursor into its active form (G634R) and an in vivo reduced antiviral activity (G634R). In a murine model of HSE, animals deficient in mannose binding lectins (MBL, the main pattern recognition molecule associated with MASP-2) had a decreased survival rate and an increased brain burden of HSV-1 compared to WT C57BL/6J mice. Altogether, these data suggest that MASP-2 deficiency can increase susceptibility to adult HSE. Human herpes virus type 1 (HSV-1) infects a large number of individuals during their life, with manifestations usually limited to mild and self-limiting inflammation of the oral mucosa (cold sore). However, HSV-1 can cause a very severe disease of the brain called Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) in 1 out of 250’000–500’000 individuals per year. The reasons why HSV-1 can cause such a devastating disease in a very limited number of individuals are unknown. Increasing evidence suggests that susceptibility to HSE in children can results from genetic variations in the immune system, in particular in a viral detection pathway called the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)–interferon (IFN) axis. Fewer data are available to explain HSE in adult patients. Here, we describe two adult patients with HSE who carry mutations in a gene called mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 (MASP2), which is part of an immune pathway different from the TLR3-IFN axis, called the lectin pathway of the complement system. We demonstrate that MASP2 mutations induce functional defects in immune defense against HSV-1 that prevent viral replication. Mice deficient in the lectin pathway have higher mortality compared to wild-type mice after HSV-1 infection. Altogether, our study suggests that susceptibility to HSE in adults relies of immune deficiencies that are different from those causing HSE in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Bibert
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jocelyne Piret
- Research center in Infectious Diseases, CHU of Quebec and Laval University, Quebec city, Canada
| | - Mathieu Quinodoz
- Department of Computational Biology, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Emilie Collinet
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Molecular Modeling Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, Génopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Molecular Modeling Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, Génopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rafik Menasria
- Research center in Infectious Diseases, CHU of Quebec and Laval University, Quebec city, Canada
| | - Pascal Meylan
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Titus Bihl
- Canton Hospital of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Florence Fellmann
- Department of Genetics, Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Carlo Rivolta
- Department of Computational Biology, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne Switzerland
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Boivin
- Research center in Infectious Diseases, CHU of Quebec and Laval University, Quebec city, Canada
| | - Pierre-Yves Bochud
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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36
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Duncan RS, Rohowetz L, Vogt A, Koulen P. Repeat exposure to polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid induces TLR3 expression via JAK-STAT signaling and synergistically potentiates NFκB-RelA signaling in ARPE-19 cells. Cell Signal 2019; 66:109494. [PMID: 31809875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), accounting for approximately 90% of AMD cases, is characterized by photoreceptor death, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) dysfunction and, ultimately, geographic atrophy - the localized death of RPE leading to loss of the center of the visual field. The pathological etiology of AMD is multifactorial, but innate immune signaling and inflammation are involved in early stages of the disease. Although numerous single-nucleotide polymorphisms in innate immune genes are associated with dry AMD, no single gene appears to cause dry AMD. Here, we hypothesized that activation of TLR3 potentiates expression of TLR3 itself and the NFκB-p65 (RelA) subunit as part of pro-inflammatory RPE signaling. Furthermore, we hypothesized that TLR3 activation can 'prime' cells to future RelA stimulation, leading to enhanced, persistent RelA expression and signaling following a second TLR3 activation. We used the human RPE-derived cell line ARPE-19 as a model system for RPE signaling and measured NFκB expression and activity in response to TLR3 stimulation with its ligand, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (pI:C). Activation of TLR3 with pI:C led to increased TLR3 and RelA expression that was sustained for at least 24 h. Cells exposed for a second time to pI:C after an initial pI:C exposure displayed elevated RelA expression and RelA nuclear translocation above the level generated by individual primary or secondary exposures alone. Such an elevated response could also not be generated by a single application of higher concentrations of the agonist pI:C. Additionally, we determined the mechanism for TLR3 mediated TLR3 and RelA expression by using inhibitors of canonical TLR3-TBK1-IKKε and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. These data suggest that initial exposure of ARPE-19 cells to pI:C upregulates TLR3 and RelA signaling, leading to potentiated and persistent RelA signaling potentially generated by a positive feedback loop that may cause exacerbated inflammation in AMD. Furthermore, inhibition of JAK-STAT signaling may be a possible therapeutic treatment to prevent induction of TLR3 expression subsequent to pI:C exposure. Our results identify possible therapeutic targets to reduce the TLR3 positive feedback loop and subsequent overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scott Duncan
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri - Kansas City, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108, United States of America.
| | - Landon Rohowetz
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri - Kansas City, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108, United States of America
| | - Alex Vogt
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri - Kansas City, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108, United States of America
| | - Peter Koulen
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri - Kansas City, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri - Kansas City, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108, United States of America
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Grunig G, Durmus N. An RNA Sensor Protects against Pulmonary Hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 199:138-140. [PMID: 30252495 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201807-1363ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Grunig
- 1 Department of Environmental Medicine and.,2 Department of Medicine New York University Langone Medical Center New York, New York
| | - Nedim Durmus
- 2 Department of Medicine New York University Langone Medical Center New York, New York
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Aslaksen S, Wolff AB, Vigeland MD, Breivik L, Sheng Y, Oftedal BE, Artaza H, Skinningsrud B, Undlien DE, Selmer KK, Husebye ES, Bratland E. Identification and characterization of rare toll-like receptor 3 variants in patients with autoimmune Addison's disease. J Transl Autoimmun 2019; 1:100005. [PMID: 32743495 PMCID: PMC7388336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2019.100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune Addison's disease (AAD) is a classic organ-specific autoimmune disease characterized by an immune-mediated attack on the adrenal cortex. As most autoimmune diseases, AAD is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and probably interactions between the two. Persistent viral infections have been suggested to play a triggering role, by invoking inflammation and autoimmune destruction. The inability of clearing infections can be due to aberrations in innate immunity, including mutations in genes involved in the recognition of conserved microbial patterns. In a whole exome sequencing study of anonymized AAD patients, we discovered several rare variants predicted to be damaging in the gene encoding Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). TLR3 recognizes double stranded RNAs, and is therefore a major factor in antiviral defense. We here report the occurrence and functional characterization of five rare missense variants in TLR3 of patients with AAD. Most of these variants occurred together with a common TLR3 variant that has been associated with a wide range of immunopathologies. The biological implications of these variants on TLR3 function were evaluated in a cell-based assay, revealing a partial loss-of-function effect of three of the rare variants. In addition, rare mutations in other members of the TLR3-interferon (IFN) signaling pathway were detected in the AAD patients. Together, these findings indicate a potential role for TLR3 and downstream signaling proteins in the pathogenesis in a subset of AAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Aslaksen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway.,KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Anette B Wolff
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway.,KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Magnus D Vigeland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Lars Breivik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway.,KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Norway.,Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway
| | - Ying Sheng
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Bergithe E Oftedal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway.,KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Haydee Artaza
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway.,KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Dag E Undlien
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Kaja K Selmer
- Department of Research and Development, Division of Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital and the University of Oslo, Norway.,National Centre for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Eystein S Husebye
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway.,KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Norway.,Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway
| | - Eirik Bratland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway.,KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Norway
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39
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Syk and Hrs Regulate TLR3-Mediated Antiviral Response in Murine Astrocytes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6927380. [PMID: 31089414 PMCID: PMC6476135 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6927380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) sense the presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Nevertheless, the mechanisms modulating TLR-triggered innate immune responses are not yet fully understood. Complex regulatory systems exist to appropriately direct immune responses against foreign or self-nucleic acids, and a critical role of hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (HRS), endosomal sorting complex required for transportation-0 (ESCRT-0) subunit, has recently been implicated in the endolysosomal transportation of TLR7 and TLR9. We investigated the involvement of Syk, Hrs, and STAM in the regulation of the TLR3 signaling pathway in a murine astrocyte cell line C8-D1A following cell stimulation with a viral dsRNA mimetic. Our data uncover a relationship between TLR3 and ESCRT-0, point out Syk as dsRNA-activated kinase, and suggest the role for Syk in mediating TLR3 signaling in murine astrocytes. We show molecular events that occur shortly after dsRNA stimulation of astrocytes and result in Syk Tyr-342 phosphorylation. Further, TLR3 undergoes proteolytic processing; the resulting TLR3 N-terminal form interacts with Hrs. The knockdown of Syk and Hrs enhances TLR3-mediated antiviral response in the form of IFN-β, IL-6, and CXCL8 secretion. Understanding the role of Syk and Hrs in TLR3 immune responses is of high importance since activation and precise execution of the TLR3 signaling pathway in the brain seem to be particularly significant in mounting an effective antiviral defense. Infection of the brain with herpes simplex type 1 virus may increase the secretion of amyloid-β by neurons and astrocytes and be a causal factor in degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Errors in TLR3 signaling, especially related to the precise regulation of the receptor transportation and degradation, need careful observation as they may disclose foundations to identify novel or sustain known therapeutic targets.
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40
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Carter-Timofte ME, Hansen AF, Mardahl M, Fribourg S, Rapaport F, Zhang SY, Casanova JL, Paludan SR, Christiansen M, Larsen CS, Mogensen TH. Varicella-zoster virus CNS vasculitis and RNA polymerase III gene mutation in identical twins. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2018; 5:e500. [PMID: 30211253 PMCID: PMC6131052 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective Deficiency in the cytosolic DNA sensor RNA Polymerase III (POL III) was recently described in children with severe varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection in the CNS or lungs. Here, we describe a pair of monozygotic female twins, who both experienced severe recurrent CNS vasculitis caused by VZV reactivation. The clinical presentation and findings included recurrent episodes of headache, dizziness, and neurologic deficits, CSF with pleocytosis and intrathecal VZV antibody production, and MRI of the brain showing ischemic lesions. Methods We performed whole-exome sequencing and identified a rare mutation in the POL III subunit POLR3F. Subsequently, antiviral responses in patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were examined and compared with healthy controls. Results The identified R50W POLR3F mutation is predicted by bioinformatics to be damaging, and when tested in functional assays, patient PBMCs exhibited impaired antiviral and inflammatory responses to the POL III agonist poly(dA:dT) and increased viral replication compared with controls. Conclusions Altogether, these cases add genetic and immunologic evidence to the novel association between defects in sensing of AT-rich DNA present in the VZV genome and increased susceptibility to severe manifestations of VZV infection in the CNS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina E Carter-Timofte
- Departments of Infectious Diseases (M.E.C-T., A.F.H., M.M., C.S.L., T.H.M), Clinical Immunology (M.C.), and Clinical Medicine (T.H.M), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Université de Bordeaux (S.F.), INSERM U1212, CNRS 5320, France; St.Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases (F.R., S.-Y.Z., J.-L.C.), Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases (S.-Y.Z., J.-L.C.), Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163; Paris Descartes University (S.-Y.Z, J.-L.C.), Imagine Institute, France; and Department of Biomedicine (M.E.C-T., S.R.P., T.H.M.), Aarhus University (AU)
| | - Anders F Hansen
- Departments of Infectious Diseases (M.E.C-T., A.F.H., M.M., C.S.L., T.H.M), Clinical Immunology (M.C.), and Clinical Medicine (T.H.M), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Université de Bordeaux (S.F.), INSERM U1212, CNRS 5320, France; St.Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases (F.R., S.-Y.Z., J.-L.C.), Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases (S.-Y.Z., J.-L.C.), Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163; Paris Descartes University (S.-Y.Z, J.-L.C.), Imagine Institute, France; and Department of Biomedicine (M.E.C-T., S.R.P., T.H.M.), Aarhus University (AU)
| | - Maibritt Mardahl
- Departments of Infectious Diseases (M.E.C-T., A.F.H., M.M., C.S.L., T.H.M), Clinical Immunology (M.C.), and Clinical Medicine (T.H.M), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Université de Bordeaux (S.F.), INSERM U1212, CNRS 5320, France; St.Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases (F.R., S.-Y.Z., J.-L.C.), Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases (S.-Y.Z., J.-L.C.), Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163; Paris Descartes University (S.-Y.Z, J.-L.C.), Imagine Institute, France; and Department of Biomedicine (M.E.C-T., S.R.P., T.H.M.), Aarhus University (AU)
| | - Sébastien Fribourg
- Departments of Infectious Diseases (M.E.C-T., A.F.H., M.M., C.S.L., T.H.M), Clinical Immunology (M.C.), and Clinical Medicine (T.H.M), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Université de Bordeaux (S.F.), INSERM U1212, CNRS 5320, France; St.Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases (F.R., S.-Y.Z., J.-L.C.), Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases (S.-Y.Z., J.-L.C.), Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163; Paris Descartes University (S.-Y.Z, J.-L.C.), Imagine Institute, France; and Department of Biomedicine (M.E.C-T., S.R.P., T.H.M.), Aarhus University (AU)
| | - Franck Rapaport
- Departments of Infectious Diseases (M.E.C-T., A.F.H., M.M., C.S.L., T.H.M), Clinical Immunology (M.C.), and Clinical Medicine (T.H.M), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Université de Bordeaux (S.F.), INSERM U1212, CNRS 5320, France; St.Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases (F.R., S.-Y.Z., J.-L.C.), Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases (S.-Y.Z., J.-L.C.), Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163; Paris Descartes University (S.-Y.Z, J.-L.C.), Imagine Institute, France; and Department of Biomedicine (M.E.C-T., S.R.P., T.H.M.), Aarhus University (AU)
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- Departments of Infectious Diseases (M.E.C-T., A.F.H., M.M., C.S.L., T.H.M), Clinical Immunology (M.C.), and Clinical Medicine (T.H.M), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Université de Bordeaux (S.F.), INSERM U1212, CNRS 5320, France; St.Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases (F.R., S.-Y.Z., J.-L.C.), Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases (S.-Y.Z., J.-L.C.), Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163; Paris Descartes University (S.-Y.Z, J.-L.C.), Imagine Institute, France; and Department of Biomedicine (M.E.C-T., S.R.P., T.H.M.), Aarhus University (AU)
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Departments of Infectious Diseases (M.E.C-T., A.F.H., M.M., C.S.L., T.H.M), Clinical Immunology (M.C.), and Clinical Medicine (T.H.M), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Université de Bordeaux (S.F.), INSERM U1212, CNRS 5320, France; St.Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases (F.R., S.-Y.Z., J.-L.C.), Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases (S.-Y.Z., J.-L.C.), Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163; Paris Descartes University (S.-Y.Z, J.-L.C.), Imagine Institute, France; and Department of Biomedicine (M.E.C-T., S.R.P., T.H.M.), Aarhus University (AU)
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Departments of Infectious Diseases (M.E.C-T., A.F.H., M.M., C.S.L., T.H.M), Clinical Immunology (M.C.), and Clinical Medicine (T.H.M), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Université de Bordeaux (S.F.), INSERM U1212, CNRS 5320, France; St.Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases (F.R., S.-Y.Z., J.-L.C.), Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases (S.-Y.Z., J.-L.C.), Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163; Paris Descartes University (S.-Y.Z, J.-L.C.), Imagine Institute, France; and Department of Biomedicine (M.E.C-T., S.R.P., T.H.M.), Aarhus University (AU)
| | - Mette Christiansen
- Departments of Infectious Diseases (M.E.C-T., A.F.H., M.M., C.S.L., T.H.M), Clinical Immunology (M.C.), and Clinical Medicine (T.H.M), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Université de Bordeaux (S.F.), INSERM U1212, CNRS 5320, France; St.Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases (F.R., S.-Y.Z., J.-L.C.), Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases (S.-Y.Z., J.-L.C.), Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163; Paris Descartes University (S.-Y.Z, J.-L.C.), Imagine Institute, France; and Department of Biomedicine (M.E.C-T., S.R.P., T.H.M.), Aarhus University (AU)
| | - Carsten S Larsen
- Departments of Infectious Diseases (M.E.C-T., A.F.H., M.M., C.S.L., T.H.M), Clinical Immunology (M.C.), and Clinical Medicine (T.H.M), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Université de Bordeaux (S.F.), INSERM U1212, CNRS 5320, France; St.Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases (F.R., S.-Y.Z., J.-L.C.), Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases (S.-Y.Z., J.-L.C.), Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163; Paris Descartes University (S.-Y.Z, J.-L.C.), Imagine Institute, France; and Department of Biomedicine (M.E.C-T., S.R.P., T.H.M.), Aarhus University (AU)
| | - Trine H Mogensen
- Departments of Infectious Diseases (M.E.C-T., A.F.H., M.M., C.S.L., T.H.M), Clinical Immunology (M.C.), and Clinical Medicine (T.H.M), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Université de Bordeaux (S.F.), INSERM U1212, CNRS 5320, France; St.Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases (F.R., S.-Y.Z., J.-L.C.), Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases (S.-Y.Z., J.-L.C.), Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163; Paris Descartes University (S.-Y.Z, J.-L.C.), Imagine Institute, France; and Department of Biomedicine (M.E.C-T., S.R.P., T.H.M.), Aarhus University (AU)
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Ehl S, Bogdan C, Niehues T, Burchard G, Baumann U, Hecht J, Koch J, Neubert J, Wiese-Posselt M, Zepp F. Erratum zu: Impfen bei Immundefizienz. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2018; 61:1307-1308. [PMID: 30151554 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-018-2807-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Ehl
- Centrum für Chronische Immundefizienz (CCI), Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Deutschland.,Ständige Impfkommission am Robert Koch-Institut Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Tim Niehues
- Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Helios Klinikum Krefeld, Krefeld, Deutschland
| | - Gerd Burchard
- Ständige Impfkommission am Robert Koch-Institut Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland.,Bernhard-Nocht-Institut für Tropenmedizin, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - Ulrich Baumann
- Pädiatrische Pneumologie, Allergologie und Neonatologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - Jane Hecht
- Abteilung für Infektionsepidemiologie, Fachgebiet Impfprävention, Robert Koch-Institut Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | - Judith Koch
- Abteilung für Infektionsepidemiologie, Fachgebiet Impfprävention, Robert Koch-Institut Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Jennifer Neubert
- Klinik für Kinder-Onkologie, -Hämatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | - Miriam Wiese-Posselt
- Abteilung für Infektionsepidemiologie, Fachgebiet Impfprävention, Robert Koch-Institut Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Fred Zepp
- Ständige Impfkommission am Robert Koch-Institut Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland.,Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Deutschland
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Tyler
- From the Departments of Neurology, Medicine, and Immunology-Microbiology and the Section on Neuroinfectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
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43
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Viruses, particularly herpes simplex virus (HSV), may be a cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The evidence supporting the viral hypothesis suggests that antiviral treatment trials, which have not been conducted, are warranted. RECENT FINDINGS HSV1 (oral herpes) and HSV2 (genital herpes) can trigger amyloid aggregation, and their DNA is common in amyloid plaques. HSV1 reactivation is associated with tau hyperphosphorylation and possibly tau propagation. Anti-HSV drugs reduce Aβ and p-tau accumulation in infected mouse brains. Clinically, after the initial oral infection, herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV1) becomes latent in the trigeminal ganglion and recurrent reactivation may produce neuronal damage and AD pathology. Clinical studies show cognitive impairment in HSV seropositive patients, and antiviral drugs show strong efficacy against HSV. An antiviral treatment trial in AD is clearly warranted. A phase II treatment trial with valacyclovir, an anti-HSV drug, recently began with evaluation of clinical and biomarker outcomes.
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44
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Said EA, Tremblay N, Al-Balushi MS, Al-Jabri AA, Lamarre D. Viruses Seen by Our Cells: The Role of Viral RNA Sensors. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:9480497. [PMID: 29854853 PMCID: PMC5952511 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9480497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the innate immune response in detecting RNA viruses is crucial for the establishment of proper inflammatory and antiviral responses. Different receptors, known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), are present in the cytoplasm, endosomes, and on the cellular surface. These receptors have the capacity to sense the presence of viral nucleic acids as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This recognition leads to the induction of type 1 interferons (IFNs) as well as inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In this review, we provide an overview of the significant involvement of cellular RNA helicases and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 3, 7, and 8 in antiviral immune defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias A. Said
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, 123 Muscat, Oman
| | - Nicolas Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM) et Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohammed S. Al-Balushi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, 123 Muscat, Oman
| | - Ali A. Al-Jabri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, 123 Muscat, Oman
| | - Daniel Lamarre
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM) et Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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45
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Ritchie L, Tate R, Chamberlain LH, Robertson G, Zagnoni M, Sposito T, Wray S, Wright JA, Bryant CE, Gay NJ, Bushell TJ. Toll-like receptor 3 activation impairs excitability and synaptic activity via TRIF signalling in immature rat and human neurons. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:1-10. [PMID: 29505789 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Toll like receptor 3 (TLR3) belongs to a family of pattern recognition receptors that recognise molecules found on pathogens referred to as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Its involvement in innate immunity is well known but despite its presence in the central nervous system (CNS), our knowledge of its function is limited. Here, we have investigated whether TLR3 activation modulates synaptic activity in primary hippocampal cultures and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons. Synaptically driven spontaneous action potential (AP) firing was significantly reduced by the TLR3 specific activator, poly I:C, in a concentration-dependent manner following both short (5 min) and long exposures (1h) in rat hippocampal cultures. Notably, the consequence of TLR3 activation on neuronal function was reproduced in iPSC-derived cortical neurons, with poly I:C (25 μg/ml, 1h) significantly inhibiting sAP firing. We examined the mechanisms underlying these effects, with poly I:C significantly reducing peak sodium current, an effect dependent on the MyD88-independent TRIF dependent pathway. Furthermore, poly I:C (25 μg/ml, 1h) resulted in a significant reduction in miniature excitatory postsynaptic potential (mEPSC) frequency and amplitude and significantly reduced surface AMPAR expression. These novel findings reveal that TLR3 activation inhibits neuronal excitability and synaptic activity through multiple mechanisms, with this being observed in both rat and human iPSC-derived neurons. These data might provide further insight into how TLR3 activation may contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders following maternal infection and in patients with increased susceptibility to herpes simplex encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Ritchie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Rothwell Tate
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Luke H Chamberlain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Graham Robertson
- Centre for Microsystems and Photonics, Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XW, UK
| | - Michele Zagnoni
- Centre for Microsystems and Photonics, Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XW, UK
| | - Teresa Sposito
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Selina Wray
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - John A Wright
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Clare E Bryant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Nicholas J Gay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Trevor J Bushell
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
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46
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Mielcarska MB, Bossowska-Nowicka M, Toka FN. Functional failure of TLR3 and its signaling components contribute to herpes simplex encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 316:65-73. [PMID: 29305044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a severe neurological disease in children and adults caused by herpes simplex virus. This review discusses recent findings on the role of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) deficiencies in the HSE development. Critical checkpoints in the TLR3 signaling that contribute to innate response are discussed, including the importance of TLR3 ligand recognition site and transportation in the cell. We also indicate unresolved issues in the TLR3 functioning that might lead to thorough understanding of immunity during HSE. Such a knowledge base will lead to discovery and design of a rationale therapeutic and preventive approach against HSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matylda Barbara Mielcarska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8 Str., 02-786 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Bossowska-Nowicka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8 Str., 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Felix Ngosa Toka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8 Str., 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Slowly progressing varicella zoster brainstem encephalitis complicating Ramsay Hunt syndrome in an immunocompetent patient: case report and review of the literature. J Neurovirol 2017; 23:922-928. [PMID: 28905216 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A 56-year-old immunocompetent male developed brainstem encephalitis complicating Ramsay Hunt syndrome. The disease had a slowly progressing course of months after the triggering infection, much longer than previously reported. Furthermore, magnetic resonance imaging, physical-chemical, and cell count analyses on cerebrospinal fluid were normal, whereas polymerase chain reaction for varicella zoster virus DNA was positive. The simultaneous negativity of both imaging and basic CSF exams is very rare, although possible event which confirms the irreplaceable role of viral screening on CSF. A systematic review of similar reports with highlights on the unusual aspects of our case is also presented.
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