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Alonaizan R. Molecular regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation during parasitic infection. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20231918. [PMID: 38623843 PMCID: PMC11096646 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20231918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases are a serious global health concern, causing many common and severe infections, including Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and schistosomiasis. The NLRP3 inflammasome belongs to the NLR (nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich-repeat-containing proteins) family, which are cytosolic proteins playing key roles in the detection of pathogens. NLRP3 inflammasomes are activated in immune responses to Plasmodium, Leishmania, Toxoplasma gondii, Entamoeba histolytica, Trypanosoma cruzi, and other parasites. The role of NLRP3 is not fully understood, but it is a crucial component of the innate immune response to parasitic infections and its functions as a sensor triggering the inflammatory response to the invasive parasites. However, while this response can limit the parasites' growth, it can also result in potentially catastrophic host pathology. This makes it essential to understand how NLRP3 interacts with parasites to initiate the inflammatory response. Plasmodium hemozoin, Leishmania glycoconjugate lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and E. histolytica Gal/GalNAc lectin can stimulate NLRP3 activation, while the dense granule protein 9 (GRA9) of T. gondii has been shown to suppress it. Several other parasitic products also have diverse effects on NLRP3 activation. Understanding the mechanism of NLRP3 interaction with these products will help to develop advanced therapeutic approaches to treat parasitic diseases. This review summarizes current knowledge of the NLRP3 inflammasome's action on the immune response to parasitic infections and aims to determine the mechanisms through which parasitic molecules either activate or inhibit its action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Alonaizan
- Faculty of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Vilas-Boas DF, Nakasone EKN, Gonçalves AAM, Lair DF, de Oliveira DS, Pereira DFS, Silva GG, Conrado IDSS, Resende LA, Zaldívar MF, Mariano RMDS, Dutra WO, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Galdino AS, Silveira-Lemos D, Giunchetti RC. Global Distribution of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Role of the Dog in the Epidemiology of the Disease. Pathogens 2024; 13:455. [PMID: 38921753 PMCID: PMC11206782 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoa of the species Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum (syn = Leishmania chagasi) and Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani, which are transmitted by hematophagous insects of the genera Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus. The domestic dog (Canis familiaris) is considered the main urban reservoir of the parasite due to the high parasite load on its skin, serving as a source of infection for sandfly vectors and, consequently, perpetuating the disease in the urban environment. Some factors are considered important in the perpetuation and spread of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in urban areas, such as stray dogs, with their errant behavior, and houses that have backyards with trees, shade, and organic materials, creating an attractive environment for sandfly vectors. CVL is found in approximately 50 countries, with the number of infected dogs reaching millions. However, due to the difficulty of controlling and diagnosing the disease, the number of infected animals could be even greater. In the four continents endemic for CVL, there are reports of disease expansion in endemic countries such as Brazil, Italy, Morocco, and Tunisia, as well as in areas where CVL is not endemic, for example, Uruguay. Socio-environmental factors, such as migration, drought, deforestation, and global warming, have been pointed out as reasons for the expansion into areas where it had been absent. Thus, the objective of this review is to address (i) the distribution of CVL in endemic areas, (ii) the role of the dog in the visceral leishmaniasis epidemiology and the factors that influence dog infection and the spread of the disease, and (iii) the challenges faced in the control of CVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fernandes Vilas-Boas
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Eiji Kevin Nakasone Nakasone
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Ana Alice Maia Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Daniel Ferreira Lair
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Diana Souza de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Diogo Fonseca Soares Pereira
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Geralda Gabriele Silva
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Ingrid dos Santos Soares Conrado
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Lucilene Aparecida Resende
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Maykelin Fuentes Zaldívar
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Reysla Maria da Silveira Mariano
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Walderez Ornelas Dutra
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru;
| | - Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino
- Microorganism Biotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Midwest Campus, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil;
| | - Denise Silveira-Lemos
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
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Obeagu EI. Role of cytokines in immunomodulation during malaria clearance. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:2873-2882. [PMID: 38694310 PMCID: PMC11060309 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000002019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a significant global health challenge, demanding a deeper understanding of host immune responses for effective clearance of the parasitic infection. Cytokines, as crucial mediators of the immune system, orchestrate a complex interplay during the various stages of malaria infection. Throughout the course of the disease, an intricate balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines dictate the immune response's outcome, influencing parasitic clearance and disease severity. During the initial stages, interleukins such as interleukin-12 (IL-12), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) play pivotal roles in activating innate immune cells, initiating the anti-parasitic response. Simultaneously, regulatory cytokines like interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) modulate this immune activation, preventing excessive inflammation and tissue damage. As the infection progresses, a delicate shift occurs, characterized by a transition to adaptive immunity, guided by cytokines like interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-5 (IL-5), and interleukin-13 (IL-13), promoting antibody production and T-cell responses. Notably, the resolution of malaria infection crucially relies on a fine-tuned balance of cytokine networks. Dysregulation or imbalances in these mediators often result in immune hyperactivation, contributing to severe manifestations and prolonged infection. Understanding the multi-faceted roles of cytokines in malaria clearance offers promising avenues for therapeutic interventions. Targeting cytokine pathways to restore immune equilibrium or bolster protective responses could potentially enhance treatment strategies and vaccine development. In conclusion, the pivotal role of cytokines in immunomodulation during malaria clearance underscores their significance as potential targets for therapeutic interventions, offering promising prospects in the global fight against this infectious disease.
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Sharma S, Anand A, Singh R, Singh RK, Verma S. Peptide-triggered IL-12 and IFN-γ mediated immune response in CD4 + T-cells against Leishmania donovani infection. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4092-4095. [PMID: 38511970 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05946d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Leishmania donovani are intracellular, human blood parasites that cause visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been shown to modulate intracellular processes and cargo delivery, whereas host defense peptides (HDPs) promote proliferation of both naïve and antigen activated CD4+ T-cells. We report newly designed tripeptides that were able to trigger proinflammatory cytokine (IL-12 and IFN-γ) secretion by CD4+CD44+ T-cells in response to Leishmania donovani infection. These peptides can be used to induce antigen specific TH1 responses to combat obstacles of cytotoxicity and drug resistance associated with current anti-leishmanial drugs. Furthermore, these peptides can also be used as adjuvants to develop an effective immunoprophylactic approach for immunity restoration against visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
| | - Anshul Anand
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | - Rajan Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | - Sandeep Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
- Gangwal School of Medical Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
- Mehta Family Center for Engineering in Medicine, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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Diotallevi A, Bruno F, Castelli G, Persico G, Buffi G, Ceccarelli M, Ligi D, Mannello F, Vitale F, Magnani M, Galluzzi L. Transcriptional signatures in human macrophage-like cells infected by Leishmania infantum, Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012085. [PMID: 38578804 PMCID: PMC11023634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Mediterranean basin, three Leishmania species have been identified: L. infantum, L. major and L. tropica, causing zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL), zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and anthroponotic CL, respectively. Despite animal models and genomic/transcriptomic studies provided important insights, the pathogenic determinants modulating the development of VL and CL are still poorly understood. This work aimed to identify host transcriptional signatures shared by cells infected with L. infantum, L. major, and L. tropica, as well as specific transcriptional signatures elicited by parasites causing VL (i.e., L. infantum) and parasites involved in CL (i.e., L. major, L. tropica). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS U937 cells differentiated into macrophage-like cells were infected with L. infantum, L. major and L. tropica for 24h and 48h, and total RNA was extracted. RNA sequencing, performed on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform, was used to evaluate the transcriptional signatures of infected cells with respect to non-infected cells at both time points. The EdgeR package was used to identify differentially expressed genes (fold change > 2 and FDR-adjusted p-values < 0.05). Then, functional enrichment analysis was employed to identify the enriched ontology terms in which these genes are involved. At 24h post-infection, a common signature of 463 dysregulated genes shared among all infection conditions was recognized, while at 48h post-infection the common signature was reduced to 120 genes. Aside from a common transcriptional response, we evidenced different upregulated functional pathways characterizing L. infantum-infected cells, such as VEGFA-VEGFR2 and NFE2L2-related pathways, indicating vascular remodeling and reduction of oxidative stress as potentially important factors for visceralization. CONCLUSIONS The identification of pathways elicited by parasites causing VL or CL could lead to new therapeutic strategies for leishmaniasis, combining the canonical anti-leishmania compounds with host-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Diotallevi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Federica Bruno
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Leishmaniosi (C.Re.Na.L.), OIE Leishmania Reference Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A Mirri, Palermo, Italy
| | - Germano Castelli
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Leishmaniosi (C.Re.Na.L.), OIE Leishmania Reference Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A Mirri, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Persico
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Buffi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Marcello Ceccarelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Daniela Ligi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Mannello
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vitale
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Leishmaniosi (C.Re.Na.L.), OIE Leishmania Reference Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A Mirri, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Luca Galluzzi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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Mule SN, Saad JS, Sauter IP, Fernandes LR, de Oliveira GS, Quina D, Tano FT, Brandt-Almeida D, Padrón G, Stolf BS, Larsen MR, Cortez M, Palmisano G. The protein map of the protozoan parasite Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum during growth phase transition and temperature stress. J Proteomics 2024; 295:105088. [PMID: 38237666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2024.105088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Leishmania parasites cause a spectrum of diseases termed leishmaniasis, which manifests in two main clinical forms, cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Leishmania promastigotes transit from proliferative exponential to quiescent stationary phases inside the insect vector, a relevant step that recapitulates early molecular events of metacyclogenesis. During the insect blood meal of the mammalian hosts, the released parasites interact initially with the skin, an event marked by temperature changes. Deep knowledge on the molecular events activated during Leishmania-host interactions in each step is crucial to develop better therapies and to understand the pathogenesis. In this study, the proteomes of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis (La), Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (Lb), and Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum (syn L. L. chagasi) (Lc) were analyzed using quantitative proteomics to uncover the proteome modulation in three different conditions related to growth phases and temperature shifts: 1) exponential phase (Exp); 2) stationary phase (Sta25) and; 3) stationary phase subjected to heat stress (Sta34). Functional validations were performed using orthogonal techniques, focusing on α-tubulin, gp63 and heat shock proteins (HSPs). Species-specific and condition-specific modulation highlights the plasticity of the Leishmania proteome, showing that pathways related to metabolism and cytoskeleton are significantly modulated from exponential to stationary growth phases, while protein folding, unfolded protein binding, signaling and microtubule-based movement were differentially altered during temperature shifts. This study provides an in-depth proteome analysis of three Leishmania spp., and contributes compelling evidence of the molecular alterations of these parasites in conditions mimicking the interaction of the parasites with the insect vector and vertebrate hosts. SIGNIFICANCE: Leishmaniasis disease manifests in two main clinical forms according to the infecting Leishmania species and host immune responses, cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. In Brazil, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is associated with L. braziliensis and L. amazonensis, while visceral leishmaniasis, also called kala-azar, is caused by L. infantum. Leishmania parasites remodel their proteomes during growth phase transition and changes in their mileu imposed by the host, including temperature. In this study, we performed a quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics to compare the proteome of three New world Leishmania species, L. amazonensis (La), L. braziliensis (Lb) and L. infantum (syn L. chagasi) (Lc) in three conditions: a) exponential phase at 25 °C (Exp); b) stationary phase at 25 °C (Sta25) and; c) stationary phase subjected to temperature stress at 34 °C (Sta34). This study provides an in-depth proteome analysis of three Leishmania spp. with varying pathophysiological outcomes, and contributes compelling evidence of the molecular alterations of these parasites in conditions mimicking the interaction of the parasites with the insect vector and vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ngao Mule
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joyce Silva Saad
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ismael Pretto Sauter
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Livia Rosa Fernandes
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Quina
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabia Tomie Tano
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deborah Brandt-Almeida
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Padrón
- Center for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Beatriz Simonsen Stolf
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martin R Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mauro Cortez
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Analytical Glycoimmunology Group, Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia.
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Yin S, Li J, Chen J, Zhou Q, Duan DBP, Lai M, Zhong J, He J, Chen D, Zeng Z, Su L, Luo L, Dong C, Zheng Z. LdCyPA attenuates MAPK pathway to assist Leishmania donovani immune escape in host cells. Acta Trop 2024; 251:107114. [PMID: 38190929 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Macrophages serve as the primary host cells for L. donovani, the immune response capability of these host cells is crucial for parasites' intracellular survival. L. donovani peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase Cyclophilin A (LdCypA) is a key protein for L. donovani intracellular proliferation, while the molecular mechanism conducive to intracellular survival of parasites remains elusive. METHODS In this study, we generated a macrophage cell line overexpressing LdCyPA to investigate its role in controlling host immunity and promoting intracellular immune escape of L. donovani. RESULTS It was discovered that the overexpression of the LdCyPA cell line regulated the host immune response following infection by downregulating the proportion of M1-type macrophages, promoting the secretion of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-4, and inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors like IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and INOS. Transcriptome sequencing and mechanistic validation, meanwhile, demonstrated that cells overexpressing LdCyPA controlled the immune responses that followed infection by blocking the phosphorylation of P38 and JNK1/2 proteins in the MAPK signaling pathway and simultaneously increasing the phosphorylation of ERK proteins, which helped the L. donovani escape immune recognition. CONCLUSION Our findings thus pave the way for the development of host-directed antiparasitic drugs by illuminating the pro-Leishmania survival mechanism of L. donovani cyclophilin A and exposing a novel immune escape strategy for L. donovani that targets host cellular immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Yin
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Deng Bin Pei Duan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Meng Lai
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Junchao Zhong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jinlei He
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Dali Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zheng Zeng
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, PR China; Chong Qing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Liang Su
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, PR China; Chong Qing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Lu Luo
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, PR China; Chong Qing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Chunxia Dong
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, PR China; Chong Qing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhiwan Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, PR China.
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8
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Pabon-Rodriguez FM, Brown GD, Scorza BM, Petersen CA. Within-host bayesian joint modeling of longitudinal and time-to-event data of Leishmania infection. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297175. [PMID: 38335163 PMCID: PMC10857584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The host immune system plays a significant role in managing and clearing pathogen material during an infection, but this complex process presents numerous challenges from a modeling perspective. There are many mathematical and statistical models for these kinds of processes that take into account a wide range of events that happen within the host. In this work, we present a Bayesian joint model of longitudinal and time-to-event data of Leishmania infection that considers the interplay between key drivers of the disease process: pathogen load, antibody level, and disease. The longitudinal model also considers approximate inflammatory and regulatory immune factors. In addition to measuring antibody levels produced by the immune system, we adapt data from CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation, and expression of interleukin 10, interferon-gamma, and programmed cell death 1 as inflammatory or regulatory factors mediating the disease process. The model is developed using data collected from a cohort of dogs naturally exposed to Leishmania infantum. The cohort was chosen to start with healthy infected animals, and this is the majority of the data. The model also characterizes the relationship features of the longitudinal outcomes and time-to-death due to progressive Leishmania infection. In addition to describing the mechanisms causing disease progression and impacting the risk of death, we also present the model's ability to predict individual trajectories of Canine Leishmaniosis (CanL) progression. The within-host model structure we present here provides a way forward to address vital research questions regarding the understanding of the progression of complex chronic diseases such as Visceral Leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease causing significant morbidity worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M. Pabon-Rodriguez
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Grant D. Brown
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Breanna M. Scorza
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
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9
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Amani S, Alinejad S, Asadi N, Yousefi E, Khademvatan S, Howarth GS. Anti-Leishmania major activity of Calotropis procera extract by increasing ROS production and upregulating TNF-α, IFN-γ and iNOS mRNA expression under in vitro conditions. Trop Med Health 2024; 52:16. [PMID: 38303082 PMCID: PMC10832188 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, is a neglected tropical disease with 700,000 to 1,000,000 global new cases annually. Adverse effects associated with expense, long-term treatment and drug resistance have made conventional therapies unfavorable, encouraging the search for alternative drugs based on plant products. In this study, the effect of Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) extract against viability of promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania major was evaluated in vitro. METHODS The extract from the leaves of C. procera seedlings was prepared using a methanol maceration method. The colorimetric cell viability 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to determine the growth-inhibitory effect of the extract on promastigotes. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in promastigote cultures was determined after treatment with the extract using the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) method and compared with untreated cultures (control). After exposure to the extract the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) genes were determined and compared to control in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) infected with L. major. RESULTS Based on the MTT assay, the C. procera extract significantly reduced the proliferation of L. major promastigotes with IC50 values of 377.28 and 222.44 μg/mL for 24 and 72 h, respectively (p < 0.01). After treatment with 222.44 and 377.28 μg/mL of C. procera extract, ROS production in L. major promastigote cultures increased 1.2- to 1.65-fold and 2- to 4-fold compared to the control, respectively (p < 0.05). C. procera extract induced significant increases in gene expression of TNF-α (2.76-14.83 fold), IFN-γ (25.63-threefold) and iNOS (16.32-3.97 fold) in infected PBMCs compared to control (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS On the basis of its anti-leishmanial activity, C. procera can be considered as a promising new plant source for the potential treatment of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Amani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Soheila Alinejad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Negar Asadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Elham Yousefi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shahram Khademvatan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Gordon Stanley Howarth
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
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10
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Pawłowska M, Mila-Kierzenkowska C, Szczegielniak J, Woźniak A. Oxidative Stress in Parasitic Diseases-Reactive Oxygen Species as Mediators of Interactions between the Host and the Parasites. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 13:38. [PMID: 38247462 PMCID: PMC10812656 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the development and course of parasitic infections, both in the attacked host organism and the parasite organism struggling to survive. The host uses large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mainly superoxide anion (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), to fight the developing parasitic disease. On the other hand, the parasite develops the most effective defense mechanisms and resistance to the effects of ROS and strives to survive in the host organism it has colonized, using the resources and living environment available for its development and causing the host's weakening. The paper reviews the literature on the role of oxidative stress in parasitic diseases, which are the most critical epidemiological problem worldwide. The most common parasitosis in the world is malaria, with 300-500 million new cases and about 1 million deaths reported annually. In Europe and Poland, the essential problem is intestinal parasites. Due to a parasitic infection, the concentration of antioxidants in the host decreases, and the concentration of products of cellular components oxidation increases. In response to the increased number of reactive oxygen species attacking it, the parasites have developed effective defense mechanisms, including primarily the action of antioxidant enzymes, especially superoxide dismutase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH)-dependent complexes glutathione and thioredoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pawłowska
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (C.M.-K.); (A.W.)
| | - Celestyna Mila-Kierzenkowska
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (C.M.-K.); (A.W.)
| | - Jan Szczegielniak
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland;
- Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration’s Specialist Hospital of St. John Paul II, 48-340 Glucholazy, Poland
| | - Alina Woźniak
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (C.M.-K.); (A.W.)
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11
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Leite JC, Gonçalves AAM, de Oliveira DS, Resende LA, Boas DFV, Ribeiro HS, Pereira DFS, da Silva AV, Mariano RMDS, Reis PCC, Nakasone EN, França-Silva JC, Galdino AS, Paes PRDO, Melo MM, Dias ES, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, da Silveira-Lemos D, Dutra WO, Giunchetti RC. Transmission-Blocking Vaccines for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis: New Progress and Yet New Challenges. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1565. [PMID: 37896969 PMCID: PMC10610753 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs with visceral leishmaniasis play a key role in the transmission cycle of Leishmania infantum to humans in the urban environment. There is a consensus regarding the importance of developing a vaccine to control this disease. Despite many efforts to develop a protective vaccine against CVL, the ones currently available, Leish-tec® and LetiFend®, have limited effectiveness. This is due, in part, to the complexity of the immune response of the naturally infected dogs against the parasite and the complexity of the parasite transmission cycle. Thus, strategies, such as the development of a transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs) already being applied to other vector-borne diseases like malaria and dengue, would be an attractive alternative to control leishmaniasis. TBVs induce the production of antibodies in the vertebrate host, which can inhibit parasite development in the vector and/or interfere with aspects of vector biology, leading to an interruption of parasite transmission. To date, there are few TBV studies for CVL and other leishmaniasis forms. However, the few studies that exist show promising results, thus justifying the further development of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Costa Leite
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Ana Alice Maia Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Diana Souza de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Lucilene Aparecida Resende
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Diego Fernandes Vilas Boas
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Helen Silva Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Diogo Fonseca Soares Pereira
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Augusto Ventura da Silva
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Reysla Maria da Silveira Mariano
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Pedro Campos Carvalhaes Reis
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Eiji Nakasone Nakasone
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - João Carlos França-Silva
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino
- Microorganism Biotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Midwest Campus, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil;
| | - Paulo Ricardo de Oliveira Paes
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (P.R.d.O.P.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Marília Martins Melo
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (P.R.d.O.P.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Edelberto Santos Dias
- René Rachou Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, MG, Brazil;
| | - Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru;
| | - Denise da Silveira-Lemos
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Walderez Ornelas Dutra
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
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12
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Pabon-Rodriguez FM, Brown GD, Scorza BM, Petersen CA. Bayesian multivariate longitudinal model for immune responses to Leishmania: A tick-borne co-infection study. Stat Med 2023; 42:3860-3876. [PMID: 37350148 PMCID: PMC11123579 DOI: 10.1002/sim.9837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
While many Bayesian state-space models for infectious disease processes focus on population infection dynamics (eg, compartmental models), in this work we examine the evolution of infection processes and the complexities of the immune responses within the host using these techniques. We present a joint Bayesian state-space model to better understand how the immune system contributes to the control of Leishmania infantum infections over the disease course. We use longitudinal molecular diagnostic and clinical data of a cohort of dogs to describe population progression rates and present evidence for important drivers of clinical disease. Among these results, we find evidence for the importance of co-infection in disease progression. We also show that as dogs progress through the infection, parasite load is influenced by their age, ectoparasiticide treatment status, and serology. Furthermore, we present evidence that pathogen load information from an earlier point in time influences its future value and that the size of this effect varies depending on the clinical stage of the dog. In addition to characterizing the processes driving disease progression, we predict individual and aggregate patterns of Canine Leishmaniasis progression. Both our findings and the application to individual-level predictions are of direct clinical relevance, presenting possible opportunities for application in veterinary practice and motivating lines of additional investigation to better understand and predict disease progression. Finally, as an important zoonotic human pathogen, these results may support future efforts to prevent and treat human Leishmaniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M. Pabon-Rodriguez
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Grant D. Brown
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Breanna M. Scorza
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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13
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Pabon-Rodriguez FM, Brown GD, Scorza BM, Petersen CA. Within-Host Bayesian Joint Modeling of Longitudinal and Time-to-Event Data of Leishmania Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.11.557114. [PMID: 37745423 PMCID: PMC10515798 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.11.557114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The host immune system plays a significant role in managing and clearing pathogen material during an infection, but this complex process presents numerous challenges from a modeling perspective. There are many mathematical and statistical models for these kinds of processes that take into account a wide range of events that happen within the host. In this work, we present a Bayesian joint model of longitudinal and time-to-event data of Leishmania infection that considers the interplay between key drivers of the disease process: pathogen load, antibody level, and disease. The longitudinal model also considers approximate inflammatory and regulatory immune factors. In addition to measuring antibody levels produced by the immune system, we adapt data from CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation, and expression of interleukin 10, interferon-gamma, and programmed cell death 1 as inflammatory or regulatory factors mediating the disease process. The model is developed using data collected from a cohort of dogs naturally exposed to Leishmania infantum. The cohort was chosen to start with healthy infected animals, and this is the majority of the data. The model also characterizes the relationship features of the longitudinal outcomes and time of death due to progressive Leishmania infection. In addition to describing the mechanisms causing disease progression and impacting the risk of death, we also present the model's ability to predict individual trajectories of Canine Leishmaniosis (CanL) progression. The within-host model structure we present here provides a way forward to address vital research questions regarding the understanding progression of complex chronic diseases such as Visceral Leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease causing significant morbidity worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M. Pabon-Rodriguez
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Grant D. Brown
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Breanna M. Scorza
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
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14
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Pessôa-Pereira D, Scorza BM, Cyndari KI, Beasley EA, Petersen CA. Modulation of Macrophage Redox and Apoptotic Processes to Leishmania infantum during Coinfection with the Tick-Borne Bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi. Pathogens 2023; 12:1128. [PMID: 37764937 PMCID: PMC10537792 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a zoonotic disease caused by protozoan Leishmania infantum. Dogs with CanL are often coinfected with tick-borne bacterial pathogens, including Borrelia burgdorferi in the United States. These coinfections have been causally associated with hastened disease progression and mortality. However, the specific cellular mechanisms of how coinfections affect microbicidal responses against L. infantum are unknown. We hypothesized that B. burgdorferi coinfection impacts host macrophage effector functions, prompting L. infantum intracellular survival. In vitro experiments demonstrated that exposure to B. burgdorferi spirochetes significantly increased L. infantum parasite burden and pro-inflammatory responses in DH82 canine macrophage cells. Induction of cell death and generation of mitochondrial ROS were significantly decreased in coinfected DH82 cells compared to uninfected and L. infantum-infected cells. Ex vivo stimulation of PBMCs from L. infantum-seronegative and -seropositive subclinical dogs with spirochetes and/or total Leishmania antigens promoted limited induction of IFNγ. Coexposure significantly induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines associated with Th17 differentiation and neutrophilic and monocytic recruitment in PBMCs from L. infantum-seropositive dogs. Excessive pro-inflammatory responses have previously been shown to cause CanL pathology. This work supports effective tick prevention and risk management of coinfections as critical strategies to prevent and control L. infantum progression in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Pessôa-Pereira
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.); (E.A.B.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Breanna M. Scorza
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.); (E.A.B.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Karen I. Cyndari
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Erin A. Beasley
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.); (E.A.B.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.); (E.A.B.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
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Ferreras-Colino E, Moreno I, Gortázar C, Sevilla I, Agulló-Ros I, Domínguez L, Juste R, Risalde MA, Domínguez M. Oral immunization with heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis reduces local parasite dissemination and hepatic granuloma development in mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis. Res Vet Sci 2023; 162:104963. [PMID: 37517297 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.104963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Aiming to explore whether oral immunization with heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis (HIMB) protects mice against Leishmania infection, 18 female BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to the immunized group, that received oral HIMB, or the control group, and were infected by inoculation of 10,000 Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes in the footpad. Spleen culture was positive in 55.55% of immunized mice and in 100% of control mice (p = 0.082). The number of immunolabeled amastigotes number in the popliteal lymph node was lower in the immunized group (p = 0.009). The immunized group presented fewer mature granulomas in the liver (p = 0.005) and more Lys + macrophages (p = 0.002) and fewer CD3+ T lymphocytes (p < 0.001) per hepatic granuloma. We conclude that immunization with HIMB via the oral route limited local parasite dissemination and hepatic granuloma development in mice challenged with Leishmania amazonensis through stimulation of macrophages, which is compatible with trained immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ferreras-Colino
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Moreno
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Iker Sevilla
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Irene Agulló-Ros
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Grupo de Investigación GISAZ, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Juste
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Maria A Risalde
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Grupo de Investigación GISAZ, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Domínguez
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Varotto-Boccazzi I, Epis S, Cattaneo GM, Guerrini N, Manenti A, Rubolini D, Gabrieli P, Otranto D, Zuccotti G, Montomoli E, Bandi C. Rectal Administration of Leishmania Cells Elicits a Specific, Th1-Associated IgG2a Response in Mice: New Perspectives for Mucosal Vaccination against Leishmaniasis, after the Repurposing of a Study on an Anti-Viral Vaccine Candidate. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:406. [PMID: 37624344 PMCID: PMC10458511 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8080406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune system plays a pivotal role in the control of infections, as it represents the first line of defense against most pathogens, from respiratory viruses to intestinal parasites. Mucosal vaccination is thus regarded as a promising strategy to protect animals, including humans, from infections that are acquired by ingestion, inhalation or through the urogenital system. In addition, antigens delivered at the mucosal level can also elicit systemic immune responses. Therefore, mucosal vaccination is potentially effective also against systemic infections acquired through non-mucosal routes, for example, through the bite of hematophagous insects, as in the case of leishmaniasis, a widespread disease that affects humans and dogs. Here, we explored the potential of antigen rectal administration for the generation of anti-Leishmania immunity. Mice were immunized through rectal administration of whole cells of the model parasite Leishmania tarentolae (using a clone engineered to express the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus generated in a previous study). A specific anti-Leishmania IgG antibody response was detected. In addition, the recorded IgG2a/IgG1 ratio was higher than that of animals injected subcutaneously; therefore, suggesting a shift to a Th1-biased immune response. Considering the importance of a Th1 polarization as a protective response against Leishmania infections, we suggest that further investigation should be focused on the development of novel types of vaccines against these parasites based on rectal immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Varotto-Boccazzi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.V.-B.); (G.M.C.); (P.G.)
- Pediatric CRC ‘Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi’, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy;
| | - Sara Epis
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.V.-B.); (G.M.C.); (P.G.)
- Pediatric CRC ‘Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi’, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy;
| | - Giulia Maria Cattaneo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.V.-B.); (G.M.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Noemi Guerrini
- VisMederi, 53100 Siena, Italy; (N.G.); (A.M.); (E.M.)
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Diego Rubolini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- Water Research Institute-National Research Council of Italy, IRSA-CNR, 20861 Brugherio, Italy
| | - Paolo Gabrieli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.V.-B.); (G.M.C.); (P.G.)
- Pediatric CRC ‘Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi’, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy;
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy;
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65175/4161, Iran
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric CRC ‘Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi’, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- VisMederi, 53100 Siena, Italy; (N.G.); (A.M.); (E.M.)
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Claudio Bandi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.V.-B.); (G.M.C.); (P.G.)
- Pediatric CRC ‘Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi’, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy;
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Costa CHN, Chang KP, Costa DL, Cunha FVM. From Infection to Death: An Overview of the Pathogenesis of Visceral Leishmaniasis. Pathogens 2023; 12:969. [PMID: 37513817 PMCID: PMC10384967 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Kala-azar, also known as visceral leishmaniasis (VL), is a disease caused by Leishmania infantum and L. donovani. Patients experience symptoms such as fever, weight loss, paleness, and enlarged liver and spleen. The disease also affects immunosuppressed individuals and has an overall mortality rate of up to 10%. This overview explores the literature on the pathogenesis of preclinical and clinical stages, including studies in vitro and in animal models, as well as complications and death. Asymptomatic infection can result in long-lasting immunity. VL develops in a minority of infected individuals when parasites overcome host defenses and multiply in tissues such as the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Hepatosplenomegaly occurs due to hyperplasia, resulting from parasite proliferation. A systemic inflammation mediated by cytokines develops, triggering acute phase reactants from the liver. These cytokines can reach the brain, causing fever, cachexia and vomiting. Similar to sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) occurs due to tissue factor overexpression. Anemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and edema result from the acute phase response. A regulatory response and lymphocyte depletion increase the risk of bacterial superinfections, which, combined with DIC, are thought to cause death. Our understanding of VL's pathogenesis is limited, and further research is needed to elucidate the preclinical events and clinical manifestations in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H N Costa
- Centro de Investigações em Agravos Tropicais Emergentes e Negligenciados, Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portella, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Rua Artur de Vasconcelos 151-Sul, Teresina 64002-510, PI, Brazil
| | - Kwang-Poo Chang
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology & Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Dorcas L Costa
- Centro de Investigações em Agravos Tropicais Emergentes e Negligenciados, Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portella, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Rua Artur de Vasconcelos 151-Sul, Teresina 64002-510, PI, Brazil
| | - Francisco Valmor M Cunha
- Departament of Physiotherapy, Centro Universitário Uninovafapi, Rua Vitorino Orthiges Fernandes, 6123-Uruguai, Teresina 64073-505, PI, Brazil
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Laphanuwat P, Gomes DCO, Akbar AN. Senescent T cells: Beneficial and detrimental roles. Immunol Rev 2023; 316:160-175. [PMID: 37098109 PMCID: PMC10952287 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
As the thymus involutes during aging, the T-cell pool has to be maintained by the periodic expansion of preexisting T cells during adulthood. A conundrum is that repeated episodes of activation and proliferation drive the differentiation of T cells toward replicative senescence, due to telomere erosion. This review discusses mechanisms that regulate the end-stage differentiation (senescence) of T cells. Although these cells, within both CD4 and CD8 compartments, lose proliferative activity after antigen-specific challenge, they acquire innate-like immune function. While this may confer broad immune protection during aging, these senescent T cells may also cause immunopathology, especially in the context of excessive inflammation in tissue microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phatthamon Laphanuwat
- Division of MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of PharmacologyFaculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen UniversityKhon KaenThailand
| | - Daniel Claudio Oliveira Gomes
- Division of MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Núcleo de Doenças InfecciosasUniversidade Federal do Espírito SantoVitoriaBrazil
- Núcleo de BiotecnologiaUniversidade Federal do Espírito SantoVitoriaBrazil
| | - Arne N. Akbar
- Division of MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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Silva DTD, Alves ML, Spada JCP, Leonel JAF, Vioti G, Benassi JC, Carregaro VML, Alves-Martin MF, Starke-Buzetti WA, Oliveira TMFDS. Feline leishmaniosis: hematological and biochemical analysis. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2023; 32:e003823. [PMID: 37377321 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
One hundred and sixty-six cats from two animal shelters were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), conventional polymerase chain reaction (cPCR), quantitative PCR (qPCR) and parasitological tests (PA) for the diagnosis of Leishmania spp. Among them, 15% (25/166), 53.6% (89/166), 3.6% (06/166) and 1.8% (03/166) were positive by ELISA, IFAT, both PCRs and PA, respectively. The sequencing of ITS-1 PCR amplicons revealed a 100% match with Leishmania infantum. After the Leishmania spp. survey, 12 cats were selected and divided into two groups for clinical, hematological, and biochemical analysis: six L. infantum positive cats (G1) and six Leishmania spp. negative cats (G2). All the cats were negative for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV). A statistical analysis indicated significantly low platelet counts and significant hyperproteinemia associated with hypoalbuminemia in positive cats (p<0.05). Our results suggest that in endemic areas, cats with clinical signs of feline leishmaniosis (such as skin lesions, weight loss and/or enlarged lymph nodes) and that exhibit hematological and biochemical changes, such as low platelet counts and hyperproteinemia with hypoalbuminemia, should be tested for Leishmania spp. infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Tiago da Silva
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Luana Alves
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - Júlio Cesar Pereira Spada
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - João Augusto Franco Leonel
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - Geovanna Vioti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - Julia Cristina Benassi
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - Valéria Maria Lara Carregaro
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Fernanda Alves-Martin
- Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Escola de Engenharia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
| | - Wilma Aparecida Starke-Buzetti
- Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Escola de Engenharia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
| | - Trícia Maria Ferreira de Sousa Oliveira
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
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El Mazini S, Barhoumi M, Mhaidi I, Daoui O, Kbaich MA, El Kacem S, El Idrissi Saik I, Riyad M, Bekhti K, Guizani I, Lemrani M. Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Leishmania infantum in Morocco as Revealed by Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) Approach. Pathogens 2023; 12:785. [PMID: 37375475 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is endemic in Morocco, and it causes both visceral (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). In this study, the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approach was used to investigate the phylogeny and population structure of Leishmania infantum strains isolated from CL and VL patients and the canine reservoir in different leishmaniasis endemic foci in Morocco. For this purpose, eight loci (pgm, alat, me, fh, g6pd, pgd, gpi and cytb) were amplified in 40 samples, out of which 31 were successfully sequenced. The genetic diversity analysis detected a high degree of intraspecific genetic variability among the studied strains. The phylogenetic and the haplotype analyses showed that most of the strains from the same geographical areas clustered together. The recombination among Leishmania infantum strains was revealed through a splits tree analysis and the number of recombination events. Moreover, the assessment of the gene flow between Leishmania infantum and Leishmania tropica through phylogenetic analysis and haplotype diversity in two endemic foci where the two species were sympatric showed no genetic exchange between the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara El Mazini
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Morocco, Casablanca 20360, Morocco
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fes 30000, Morocco
| | - Mourad Barhoumi
- Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (MEEP)/ LR16IPT04, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, B.P. 74, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Idris Mhaidi
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Morocco, Casablanca 20360, Morocco
| | - Othmane Daoui
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Morocco, Casablanca 20360, Morocco
| | - Mouad Ait Kbaich
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Morocco, Casablanca 20360, Morocco
| | - Sofia El Kacem
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Morocco, Casablanca 20360, Morocco
| | - Imane El Idrissi Saik
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Morocco, Casablanca 20360, Morocco
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Research Team on Immunopathology of Infectious and Systemic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca 21100, Morocco
| | - Myriam Riyad
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Research Team on Immunopathology of Infectious and Systemic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca 21100, Morocco
| | - Khadija Bekhti
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fes 30000, Morocco
| | - Ikram Guizani
- Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (MEEP)/ LR16IPT04, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, B.P. 74, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Meryem Lemrani
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Morocco, Casablanca 20360, Morocco
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21
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In vitro anti-Leishmania activity of new isomeric cobalt(II)complexes and in silico insights: Mitochondria impairment and apoptosis-like cell death of the parasite. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 240:112088. [PMID: 36630792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, physico-chemical characterization and in vitro antiproliferative activity against the promastigote form of Leishmania amazonensis of two new cobalt(II) coordination compounds (i.e. [Co(HL1)Cl2]0.4,2H2O (1) and [Co(HL2)(Cl)(CH3OH)](ClO4).2H2O (2)) are reported, where HL1 = 4-{3-[bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropoxy}-2H-chromen-2-one and HL2 = 7-{3-[bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropoxy}-2H-chromen-2-one. X-ray diffraction studies were performed for complex (2) and the structure of complex (1) was built through Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. Complex (1) presented no cytotoxicity to LLC-MK2, but complex (2) was toxic. IC50 against promastigotes of L. amazonensis for complex (1) were 4.90 (24 h), 3.50 (48 h) and 3. 80 μmol L-1 (72 h), and for complex (2) were 2.09, 4.20 and 2.80 μmol L-1, respectively. Due to the high toxicity presented by complex (2) against LLC-MK2 host cells, mechanistic studies, to shed light on the probable mode of leishmanicidal activity, were carried out only for the non-cytotoxic complex. Complex (1) was able to elevate mitochondrial membrane potential of the parasites after treatment. Transmission electron microscopy revealed typical apoptotic condensation of chromatin, altered kinetoplast and mitochondria structures, suggesting that apoptosis-like cell death of the protozoa is probably mediated by an apoptotic mechanism associated with mitochondrial dysfunction (intrinsic pathway). Molecular docking studies with complex (1) upon protein tyrosine phosphatase (LmPRL-1) suggests a plausible positive complex anchoring mainly by hydrophobic and hydrogen bond forces close to the enzyme's catalytic site. These promising results for complex 1 will prompt future investigations against amastigote form of L. amazonensis.
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22
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Keshav P, Goyal DK, Kaur S. In vitro and in vivo therapeutic antileishmanial potential of ellagic acid against Leishmania donovani in murine model. Med Microbiol Immunol 2023; 212:35-51. [PMID: 36399160 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-022-00754-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Parasite of genus Leishmania viz. L. donovani and L. infantum cause visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or Kala-azar, systemic disease with significant enlargement of the liver and spleen, weight loss, anemia, fever and immunosuppression. The silent expansion of vectors, reservoir hosts and resistant strains is also of great concern in VL control. Considering all these issues, the present study focused on in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial screening of ellagic acid (EA) against L. donovani. The in vitro study was performed against the protozoan parasite L. donovani and a 50% inhibitory concentration was calculated. The DNA arrest in the sub-G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle was studied. In vivo studies included the assessment of parasite burden and immunomodulation in response to treatment of ellagic acid in BALB/c mice. The levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines and isotype antibodies were assessed in different groups of mice. EA showed in vitro parasiticidal activity with IC50 18.55 µg/mL and thwarted cell-cycle progression at the sub-G0/G1 phase. Administration of ellagic acid to the BALB/c mice reported diminution of splenic and hepatic parasite burden coupled with an expansion of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. EA further potentiated a protective immune response with augmentation of Th1 type immune response evidenced by elevation of serum IgG2a levels and DTH response. EA was reported to be safe and non-toxic to the THP-1 cell line as well as to the liver and kidneys of mice. These findings endorse the therapeutic potential of EA with significant immunomodulation and can serve as a promising agent against this debilitating parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Keshav
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Goyal
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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23
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Bandi C, Mendoza-Roldan JA, Otranto D, Alvaro A, Louzada-Flores VN, Pajoro M, Varotto-Boccazzi I, Brilli M, Manenti A, Montomoli E, Zuccotti G, Epis S. Leishmania tarentolae: a vaccine platform to target dendritic cells and a surrogate pathogen for next generation vaccine research in leishmaniases and viral infections. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:35. [PMID: 36703216 PMCID: PMC9879565 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05651-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasites of the genus Leishmania are unusual unicellular microorganisms in that they are characterized by the capability to subvert in their favor the immune response of mammalian phagocytes, including dendritic cells. Thus, in overt leishmaniasis, dendritic cells and macrophages are converted into a niche for Leishmania spp. in which the parasite, rather than being inactivated and disassembled, survives and replicates. In addition, Leishmania parasites hitchhike onto phagocytic cells, exploiting them as a mode of transport to lymphoid tissues where other phagocytic cells are potentially amenable to parasite colonization. This propensity of Leishmania spp. to target dendritic cells has led some researchers to consider the possibility that the non-pathogenic, reptile-associated Leishmania tarentolae could be exploited as a vaccine platform and vehicle for the production of antigens from different viruses and for the delivery of the antigens to dendritic cells and lymph nodes. In addition, as L. tarentolae can also be regarded as a surrogate of pathogenic Leishmania parasites, this parasite of reptiles could possibly be developed into a vaccine against human and canine leishmaniases, exploiting its immunological cross-reactivity with other Leishmania species, or, after its engineering, for the expression of antigens from pathogenic species. In this article we review published studies on the use of L. tarentolae as a vaccine platform and vehicle, mainly in the areas of leishmaniases and viral infections. In addition, a short summary of available knowledge on the biology of L. tarentolae is presented, together with information on the use of this microorganism as a micro-factory to produce antigens suitable for the serodiagnosis of viral and parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Bandi
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Biosciences, Pediatric CRC “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”–University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Otranto
- grid.7644.10000 0001 0120 3326Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Alvaro
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Biosciences, Pediatric CRC “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”–University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Pajoro
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Biosciences, Pediatric CRC “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”–University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Varotto-Boccazzi
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Biosciences, Pediatric CRC “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”–University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Brilli
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Biosciences, Pediatric CRC “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”–University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Emanuele Montomoli
- grid.511037.1VisMederi, Siena, Italy ,grid.9024.f0000 0004 1757 4641Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Pediatric CRC “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”–University of Milan, Milan, Italy ,Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini-Buzzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Epis
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Biosciences, Pediatric CRC “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”–University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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24
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Validating Immunomodulatory Responses of r- LdODC Protein and Its Derived HLA-DRB1 Restricted Epitopes against Visceral Leishmaniasis in BALB/c Mice. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010016. [PMID: 36678364 PMCID: PMC9867430 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is considered the most appropriate way to control visceral leishmaniasis (VL). With this background, the r-LdODC protein as well as its derived HLA-DRB1-restricted synthetic peptides (P1: RLMPSAHAI, P2: LLDQYQIHL, P3: GLYHSFNCI, P4: AVLEVLSAL, and P5: RLPASPAAL) were validated in BALB/c mice against visceral leishmaniasis. The study was initiated by immunization of the r-LdODC protein as well as its derived peptides cocktail with adjuvants (r-CD2 and MPL-A) in different mice groups, separately. Splenocytes isolated from the challenged and differentially immunized mice group exhibited significantly higher IFN-γ secretion, which was evidenced by the increase in the expression profile of intracellular CD4+IFN-γ T cells. However, the IL-10 secretion did not show a significant increase against the protein and peptide cocktail. Subsequently, the study confirmed the ability of peptides as immunoprophylactic agents, as the IE-I/AD-I molecule overexpressed on monocytes and macrophages of the challenged mice group. The parasitic load in macrophages of the protein and peptides cocktail immunized mice groups, and T cell proliferation rate, further established immunoprophylactic efficacy of the r-LdODC protein and peptide cocktail. This study suggests that the r-LdODC protein, as well as its derived HLA-DRB1-restricted synthetic peptides, have immunoprophylactic potential and can activate other immune cells' functions towards protection against visceral leishmaniasis. However, a detailed study in a humanized mice model can explore its potential as a vaccine candidate.
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25
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Cruz GS, dos Santos AT, de Brito EHS, Rádis-Baptista G. Cell-Penetrating Antimicrobial Peptides with Anti-Infective Activity against Intracellular Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121772. [PMID: 36551429 PMCID: PMC9774436 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are natural or engineered peptide sequences with the intrinsic ability to internalize into a diversity of cell types and simultaneously transport hydrophilic molecules and nanomaterials, of which the cellular uptake is often limited. In addition to this primordial activity of cell penetration without membrane disruption, multivalent antimicrobial activity accompanies some CPPs. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with cell-penetrability exert their effect intracellularly, and they are of great interest. CPPs with antimicrobial activity (CPAPs) comprise a particular class of bioactive peptides that arise as promising agents against difficult-to-treat intracellular infections. This short review aims to present the antibacterial, antiparasitic, and antiviral effects of various cell-penetrating antimicrobial peptides currently documented. Examples include the antimicrobial effects of different CPAPs against bacteria that can propagate intracellularly, like Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Chlamydia trachomatis, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium sp., Listeria sp., Salmonella sp. among others. CPAPs with antiviral effects that interfere with the intracellular replication of HIV, hepatitis B, HPV, and herpes virus. Additionally, CPAPs with activity against protozoa of the genera Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Plasmodium, the etiological agents of Leishmaniasis, Chagas' Disease, and Malaria, respectively. The information provided in this review emphasizes the potential of multivalent CPAPs, with anti-infective properties for application against various intracellular infections. So far, CPAPs bear a promise of druggability for the translational medical use of CPPs alone or in combination with chemotherapeutics. Moreover, CPAPs could be an exciting alternative for pharmaceutical design and treating intracellular infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Silva Cruz
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60416-030, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute for Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60165-081, Brazil
| | - Ariane Teixeira dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60416-030, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute for Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60165-081, Brazil
| | - Erika Helena Salles de Brito
- Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, University of International Integration of the Afro-Brazilian Lusophony, Redenção 62790-970, Brazil
| | - Gandhi Rádis-Baptista
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60416-030, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute for Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60165-081, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-85-3366-7001
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26
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Seabra AB, Pieretti JC, de Melo Santana B, Horue M, Tortella GR, Castro GR. Pharmacological applications of nitric oxide-releasing biomaterials in human skin. Int J Pharm 2022; 630:122465. [PMID: 36476664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important endogenous molecule that plays several roles in biological systems. NO is synthesized in human skin by three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and, depending on the produced NO concentration, it can actuate in wound healing, dermal vasodilation, or skin defense against different pathogens, for example. Besides being endogenously produced, NO-based pharmacological formulations have been developed for dermatological applications targeting diverse pathologies such as bacterial infection, wound healing, leishmaniasis, and even esthetic issues such as acne and skin aging. Recent strategies focus mainly on developing smart NO-releasing nanomaterials/biomaterials, as they enable a sustained and targeted NO release, promoting an improved therapeutic effect. This review aims to overview and discuss the main mechanisms of NO in human skin, the recent progress in the field of dermatological formulations containing NO, and their application in several skin diseases, highlighting promising advances and future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedea B Seabra
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | - Joana C Pieretti
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Bianca de Melo Santana
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Manuel Horue
- Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, CINDEFI - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata- CONICET (CCT La Plata), Argentina
| | - Gonzalo R Tortella
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnologica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Guillermo R Castro
- Nanobiotechnology Area, Max Planck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Rosario (MPLbioR, UNR-MPIbpC). Partner Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (MPIbpC, MPG) - CONICET. Maipú 1065, S2000 Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina; Nanomedicine Research Unit (Nanomed), Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil.
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27
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Benikhlef R, Chaouch M, Abid MB, Aoun K, Harrat Z, Bouratbine A, BenAbderrazak S. ITS1
and cpb genetic polymorphisms in Algerian and Tunisian
Leishmania infantum
isolates from humans and dogs. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 70:201-212. [PMID: 36443904 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania (L.) infantum strains, isolated from varying hosts and clinical manifestations (cutaneous, visceral and canine leishmaniasis), were investigated in order to understand the genetic polymorphisms within this species in Algeria and Tunisia. Two DNA-based typing methods were tested in order to evaluate their effectiveness against Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE), widely considered as the reference method for Leishmania parasite typing. On the other hand, MLEE is cumbersome, high-cost, time consuming and frequently does not detect intra-species genetic polymorphisms. In this work, we used two molecular target regions to discriminate L. infantum strains, Internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and the cysteine proteinase B (cpb). The ITS1 region offers good resolution for Leishmania discrimination but does not spotlight intra-species polymorphisms. In contrast, cpbE and cpbF PCR-Sequencing demonstrated a certain variability within CL and VL Algerian and Tunisian L. infantum isolates. Following phylogenetic analyses of 44 L. infantum isolates, two main groups were identified, a group with 39 bp deletion in the cpb sequence, composed of cutaneous, visceral and canine isolates from both countries with no significant clinical or geographic distribution; these samples were typed as MON-1, MON-24, and MON-80 zymodemes. A second group which presents a clear clusterization of Tunisian cutaneous strains belonging to the L. infantum MON-24. This group, with no deletion in the mature domain of the cpb gene sequence, should be further explored with a higher number of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razika Benikhlef
- Laboratoire d'Eco‐épidémiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Route du Petit Staoueli Institut Pasteur d'Algérie Dely‐Brahim Algeria
- Laboratoire de Recherche Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, LR 20‐IPT‐06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis Université Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Melek Chaouch
- Laboratoire de Recherche Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, LR 20‐IPT‐06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis Université Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics, LR 16 IPT 09 Institut Pasteur de Tunis Tunis Tunisia
| | - Meriem Ben Abid
- Laboratoire de Recherche Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, LR 20‐IPT‐06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis Université Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Karim Aoun
- Laboratoire de Recherche Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, LR 20‐IPT‐06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis Université Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et d'Ecologie Parasitaires Institut Pasteur de Tunis Tunis Tunisia
| | - Zoubir Harrat
- Laboratoire d'Eco‐épidémiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Route du Petit Staoueli Institut Pasteur d'Algérie Dely‐Brahim Algeria
- Laboratoire Biodiversité Et Environnement: Interactions, Génomes USTHB Bab Ezzouar Algeria
| | - Aida Bouratbine
- Laboratoire de Recherche Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, LR 20‐IPT‐06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis Université Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Souha BenAbderrazak
- Laboratoire de Recherche Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, LR 20‐IPT‐06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis Université Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia
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28
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Kian M, Mirzavand S, Sharifzadeh S, Kalantari T, Ashrafmansouri M, Nasri F. Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Therapy in Parasitic Infections: Are Anti-parasitic Drugs Combined with MSCs More Effective? Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1487-1499. [DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00620-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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29
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da Silva W, Ribeiro IC, Agripino JDM, da Silva VHF, de Souza LÂ, Oliveira TA, Bressan GC, Vasconcellos RDS, Dumas C, Pelletier J, Sévigny J, Papadopoulou B, Fietto JLR. Leishmania infantum NTPDase1 and NTPDase2 play an important role in infection and nitric oxide production in macrophages. Acta Trop 2022; 237:106732. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Toll-Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) Is Engaged in the Intracellular Survival of the Protozoan Parasite Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0032422. [PMID: 35993771 PMCID: PMC9476911 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00324-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania (L.) amazonensis infects and replicates inside host macrophages due to subversion of the innate host cell response. In the present study, we demonstrate that TLR3 is required for the intracellular growth of L. (L.) amazonensis. We observed restricted intracellular infection of TLR3-/- mouse macrophages, reduced levels of IFN1β and IL-10, and increased levels of IL-12 upon L. (L.) amazonensis infection, compared with their wild-type counterparts. Accordingly, in vivo infection of TLR3-/- mice with L. (L.) amazonensis displayed a significant reduction in lesion size. Leishmania (L.) amazonensis infection induced TLR3 proteolytic cleavage, which is a process required for TLR3 signaling. The chemical inhibition of TLR3 cleavage or infection by CPB-deficient mutant L. (L.) mexicana resulted in reduced parasite load and restricted the expression of IFN1β and IL-10. Furthermore, we show that the dsRNA sensor molecule PKR (dsRNA-activated protein kinase) cooperates with TLR3 signaling to potentiate the expression of IL-10 and IFN1β and parasite survival. Altogether, our results show that TLR3 signaling is engaged during L. (L.) amazonensis infection and this component of innate immunity modulates the host cell response.
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31
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Endoplasmic Stress Affects the Coinfection of Leishmania Amazonensis and the Phlebovirus (Bunyaviridae) Icoaraci. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091948. [PMID: 36146755 PMCID: PMC9503334 DOI: 10.3390/v14091948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral coinfections can modulate the severity of parasitic diseases, such as human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Leishmania parasites infect thousands of people worldwide and cause from single cutaneous self-healing lesions to massive mucosal destructive lesions. The transmission to vertebrates requires the bite of Phlebotomine sandflies, which can also transmit Phlebovirus. We have demonstrated that Leishmania infection requires and triggers the Endoplasmic stress (ER stress) response in infected macrophages. In the present paper, we tested the hypothesis that ER stress is increased and required for the aggravation of Leishmania infection due to coinfection with Phlebovirus. We demonstrated that Phlebovirus Icoaraci induces the ER stress program in macrophages mediated by the branches IRE/XBP1 and PERK/ATF4. The coinfection with L. amazonensis potentiates and sustains the ER stress, and the inhibition of IRE1α or PERK results in poor viral replication and decreased parasite load in macrophages. Importantly, we observed an increase in viral replication during the coinfection with Leishmania. Our results demonstrated the role of ER stress branches IRE1/XBP1 and PERK/ATF4 in the synergic effect on the Leishmania increased load during Phlebovirus coinfection and suggests that Leishmania infection can also increase the replication of Phlebovirus in macrophages.
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32
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Piyasiri SB, Samaranayake TN, Silva H, Manamperi NH, Karunaweera ND. ELISA-based evaluation of antibody response to Leishmania in a region endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12940. [PMID: 35836368 PMCID: PMC9481270 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis includes several clinical forms. While routine diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is by microscopy, an antibody response to CL has been reported in several recent studies. This study evaluated anti-leishmanial immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody responses as a biomarker of active leishmaniasis and a measure of exposure to Leishmania. Sera from 50 untreated CL patients, 140 patients under treatment and 280 healthy individuals residing in endemic regions collected as part of an epidemiological survey, was analysed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay established in-house using receiver operator characteristic curve at optimized cut-off value. The assay showed high performance as a diagnostic tool in identifying exposure in endemic individuals (sensitivity: 98%, specificity: 90.3%). All patients showed lower antibody levels over time since onset of lesion/s. Antibody levels were higher (p ˂ .01) and persisted for a longer period in untreated patients. In patients under treatment, the level of anti-IgG antibodies was negatively correlated with the total duration the patient had been on treatment. The anti-leishmanial IgG response in Leishmania donovani-induced CL is transient and is unlikely to confer protective immunity. Optimized serological assays may be useful in endemic settings for diagnosis and monitoring the treatment response in CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachee Bhanu Piyasiri
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Hermali Silva
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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33
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Naz S, Aroosh A, Raza N, Islam A, Ozbel Y, Toz S, Ahmed H, Waseem S. Multiparametric approach to assess the disease severity and progression of cutaneous leishmaniasis infection. Acta Trop 2022; 235:106659. [PMID: 35988821 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL), an infection caused by Leishmania tropica (L. tropica) and Leishmania major (L. major) is primarily determined by inflammation-mediated immune cells. The immune response mainly depends on cells and molecules related to T-cells that influence susceptibility and disease development. Understanding the immunological mechanisms that cause tissue injury or lesion healing is critical for developing appropriate treatment strategies. In the present study, T-cells profile and cell-free mitochondrial DNA (CF mt-DNA) were investigated in CL patients infected with L. tropica (n = 34) and L. major (n = 2) and compared with non-infected healthy controls (n = 20). There was a significant (p<0.0001) difference between CD4+ T-cells among L. tropica and L. major CL-infected groups as compared to control while no significant difference (p = 0.8597) was found in the percentages of CD8+ T-cells. When L. tropica and L. major CL-infected individuals were compared to controls, the levels of IL-4 and expression of CF mt-DNA were significantly higher (p<0.0001). Higher levels of CF mt-DNA were detected in CL patients, irrespective of the infective Leishmania species. We proposed that the levels of CF mt-DNA and IL-4 in CL-infected individuals can be used to determine the disease progression. A better understanding of these biomarkers and evaluation of the immune responses in CL patients might benefit the development of vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Naz
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Aiman Aroosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Raza
- Department of Dermatology, Pak Emirates Military Hospital (MH), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Islam
- Department of Pathology, Government Lady Reading Hospital Medical Teaching Institution, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Yusuf Ozbel
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Seray Toz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
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34
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Kopelyanskiy D, Desponds C, Prevel F, Rossi M, Migliorini R, Snäkä T, Eren RO, Claudinot S, Lye LF, Pasparakis M, Beverley SM, Fasel N. Leishmania guyanensis suppressed inducible nitric oxide synthase provoked by its viral endosymbiont. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:944819. [PMID: 36034693 PMCID: PMC9416488 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.944819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is essential to the production of nitric oxide (NO), an efficient effector molecule against intracellular human pathogens such as Leishmania protozoan parasites. Some strains of Leishmania are known to bear a viral endosymbiont termed Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1). Recognition of LRV1 by the innate immune sensor Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) leads to conditions worsening the disease severity in mice. This process is governed by type I interferon (type I IFNs) arising downstream of TLR3 stimulation and favoring the formation of secondary metastatic lesions. The formation of these lesions is mediated by the inflammatory cytokine IL-17A and occurs in the absence, or low level of, protective cytokine IFN-γ. Here, we described that the presence of LRV1 led to the initial expression of iNOS and low production of NO that failed to control infection. We subsequently showed that LRV1-triggered type I IFN was essential but insufficient to induce robust iNOS induction, which requires strong activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Leishmania guyanensis carrying LRV1 (LgyLRV1+) parasites mitigated strong iNOS production by limiting NF-kB activation via the induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3), also known as A20. Moreover, our data suggested that production of LRV1-induced iNOS could be correlated with parasite dissemination and metastasis via elevated secretion of IL-17A in the draining lymph nodes. Our findings support an additional strategy by which LRV1-bearing Leishmania guyanensis evaded killing by nitric oxide and suggest that low levels of LRV1-induced NO might contribute to parasite metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chantal Desponds
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Florence Prevel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Romain Migliorini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tiia Snäkä
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Remzi Onur Eren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Lon-Fye Lye
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Manolis Pasparakis
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephen M. Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Nicolas Fasel,
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Bekkar A, Isorce N, Snäkä T, Claudinot S, Desponds C, Kopelyanskiy D, Prével F, Reverte M, Xenarios I, Fasel N, Teixeira F. Dissection of the macrophage response towards infection by the Leishmania-viral endosymbiont duo and dynamics of the type I interferon response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:941888. [PMID: 35992159 PMCID: PMC9386148 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.941888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1) is a double-stranded RNA virus found in some strains of the human protozoan parasite Leishmania, the causative agent of leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease. Interestingly, the presence of LRV1 inside Leishmania constitutes an important virulence factor that worsens the leishmaniasis outcome in a type I interferon (IFN)–dependent manner and contributes to treatment failure. Understanding how macrophages respond toward Leishmania alone or in combination with LRV1 as well as the role that type I IFNs may play during infection is fundamental to oversee new therapeutic strategies. To dissect the macrophage response toward infection, RNA sequencing was performed on murine wild-type and Ifnar-deficient bone marrow–derived macrophages infected with Leishmania guyanensis (Lgy) devoid or not of LRV1. Additionally, macrophages were treated with poly I:C (mimetic virus) or with type I IFNs. By implementing a weighted gene correlation network analysis, the groups of genes (modules) with similar expression patterns, for example, functionally related, coregulated, or the members of the same functional pathway, were identified. These modules followed patterns dependent on Leishmania, LRV1, or Leishmania exacerbated by the presence of LRV1. Not only the visualization of how individual genes were embedded to form modules but also how different modules were related to each other were observed. Thus, in the context of the observed hyperinflammatory phenotype associated to the presence of LRV1, it was noted that the biomarkers tumor-necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and the interleukin 6 (IL-6) belonged to different modules and that their regulating specific Src-family kinases were segregated oppositely. In addition, this network approach revealed the strong and sustained effect of LRV1 on the macrophage response and genes that had an early, late, or sustained impact during infection, uncovering the dynamics of the IFN response. Overall, this study contributed to shed light and dissect the intricate macrophage response toward infection by the Leishmania-LRV1 duo and revealed the crosstalk between modules made of coregulated genes and provided a new resource that can be further explored to study the impact of Leishmania on the macrophage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Bekkar
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Isorce
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tiia Snäkä
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Chantal Desponds
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Florence Prével
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Marta Reverte
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Xenarios
- Agora Center, Center Hospitalier Universitaire (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Nicolas Fasel, ; Filipa Teixeira,
| | - Filipa Teixeira
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Nicolas Fasel, ; Filipa Teixeira,
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Silva ARD, Andrade GB, Carvalho JKMR, Barreto WTG, Santos FM, Sousa KCMD, André MR, Ferreira LC, Menezes RC, Herrera HM. The outcomes of polyparasitism in stray cats from Brazilian Midwest assessed by epidemiological, hematological and pathological data. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2022; 31:e004222. [PMID: 35792756 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612022033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the epidemiological, hematological, and pathological data of Leishmania spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Platynosomum illiciens, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infections and the coinfections in stray cats of an endemic area for leishmaniasis. The diagnosis was performed by serological tests and necropsy. We described gross lesions and histopathological findings. We used immunohistochemistry and chromogenic in situ hybridization for L. infantum detection. We found infection in 27 out of 50 sampled cats, among them, 14 presented coinfections. A strong correlation between splenomegaly and lymphadenomegaly with FeLV, and an association between hepatic lesions and cachexia with parasitism due to P. illiciens were observed. Moreover, we found a significant increase in the monocyte count in the FeLV-infected and a decrease in the red blood cell count in the FIV-infected animals. Amastigote forms of Leishmania spp. and tissue changes were detected in lymphoid organs of an animal coinfected with P. illiciens, T. gondii, and FIV. Polyparasitism recorded in stray cats of the Brazilian Midwest should be considered in effective control strategies for public health diseases. Moreover, stray cats of Campo Grande may be a source of infection of FIV, FeLV and P. illiciens for populations of domiciled cats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gisele Braziliano Andrade
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientais e Sustentabilidade Agropecuária, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | | | - Wanessa Teixeira Gomes Barreto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Filipe Martins Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientais e Sustentabilidade Agropecuária, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | | | - Marcos Rogério André
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Luiz Claudio Ferreira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas - INI, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Caldas Menezes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas - INI, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Heitor Miraglia Herrera
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientais e Sustentabilidade Agropecuária, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
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Structure modifications of 2-phenylquinoline by Aspergillus genera produce novel derivatives with potent leishmanicidal and anti-inflammatory properties. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cavalcante MKDA, de Freitas e Silva R, Pereira VRA, Brelaz-de-Castro MCA. Opinion Article: NK Cells in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Protection or Damage? Front Immunol 2022; 13:933490. [PMID: 35844579 PMCID: PMC9283678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.933490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marton Kaique de Andrade Cavalcante
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil
- Parasitology Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Freitas e Silva
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Pernambuco, Garanhuns, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Carolina Accioly Brelaz-de-Castro
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil
- Parasitology Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antão, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Maria Carolina Accioly Brelaz-de-Castro,
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Dirkx L, Hendrickx S, Merlot M, Bulté D, Starick M, Elst J, Bafica A, Ebo DG, Maes L, Van Weyenbergh J, Caljon G. Long-term hematopoietic stem cells as a parasite niche during treatment failure in visceral leishmaniasis. Commun Biol 2022; 5:626. [PMID: 35752645 PMCID: PMC9233693 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the discontinuation of various first-line drugs for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), large-scale in vivo drug screening, establishment of a relapse model in rodents, immunophenotyping, and transcriptomics were combined to study persistent infections and therapeutic failure. Double bioluminescent/fluorescent Leishmania infantum and L. donovani reporter lines enabled the identification of long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSC) as a niche in the bone marrow with remarkably high parasite burdens, a feature confirmed for human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSPC). LT-HSC are more tolerant to antileishmanial drug action and serve as source of relapse. A unique transcriptional ’StemLeish’ signature in these cells was defined by upregulated TNF/NF-κB and RGS1/TGF-β/SMAD/SKIL signaling, and a downregulated oxidative burst. Cross-species analyses demonstrated significant overlap with human VL and HIV co-infected blood transcriptomes. In summary, the identification of LT-HSC as a drug- and oxidative stress-resistant niche, undergoing a conserved transcriptional reprogramming underlying Leishmania persistence and treatment failure, may open therapeutic avenues for leishmaniasis. Long-term hematopoietic stem cells may act as protective niches for the Leishmania parasite, potentially contributing to treatment failure in cases of visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dirkx
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Hygiene (LMPH), Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sarah Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Hygiene (LMPH), Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Margot Merlot
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Hygiene (LMPH), Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dimitri Bulté
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Hygiene (LMPH), Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marick Starick
- Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Jessy Elst
- Department of Immunology-Allergology-Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - André Bafica
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Didier G Ebo
- Department of Immunology-Allergology-Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Hygiene (LMPH), Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan Van Weyenbergh
- Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Hygiene (LMPH), Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Canine Cytokines Profile in an Endemic Region of L. infantum: Related Factors. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9060305. [PMID: 35737357 PMCID: PMC9231092 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9060305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis is caused by infection with parasite Leishmania infantum, which are transmitted by sandflies Phlebotomus. Canine leishmaniosis is an endemic disease in the Mediterranean region. The immune response could vary between hosts and determines the severity of the disease and clinical features. The aim of this study was to analyze the serum levels of cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8, which are related to the activation of Th1 or Th2 immune responses in dogs living in the L. infantum endemic region. Moreover, we intend to relate and correlate these levels with different factors, such as sex, age, diet, lifestyle, and breed. Epidemiological data and serum were recovered for seventy-eight dogs, and serum levels of cytokines described previously were analyzed by using the ELISA method. The results showed differences in serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-8 between breeds. The lifestyle also affected serum levels of IL-2. The main conclusion of this study is that Ibizan hounds and crossbred dogs have a serological profile of cytokines that seems to indicate certain protections against infection by L. infantum compared to boxer and purebred breeds.
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A structural vaccinology approach for in silico designing of a potential self-assembled nanovaccine against Leishmania infantum. Exp Parasitol 2022; 239:108295. [PMID: 35709889 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) remains a major public health problem across 98 countries. To date, VL has no effective drug. Vaccines, as the most successful breakthroughs in medicine, can promise an effective strategy to fight various diseases. More recently, self-assembled peptide nanoparticles (SAPNs) have attracted considerable attention in the field of vaccine design due to their multivalency. In this study, a SAPN nanovaccine was designed using various immunoinformatics methods. High-ranked epitopes were chosen from a number of antigens, including Leishmania-specific hypothetical protein (LiHy), Leishmania-specific antigenic protein (LSAP), histone H1, and sterol 24-c-methyltransferase (SMT). To facilitate the oligomerization process, pentameric and trimeric coiled-coil domains were employed. RpfE, a resuscitation-promoting factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was added to induce strong immune responses. Pentameric and trimeric coiled-coil domains as well as eight immunodominant epitopes from antigenic proteins of Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of VL, were joined together using appropriate linkers. High-quality 3D structure of monomeric and oligomeric structures followed by refinement and validation processes demonstrated that the designed nanovaccine could be considered to be a promising medication against the parasite; however, experimental validation is essential to confirm the effectiveness of the nanovaccine.
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Muñoz-Durango N, Gómez A, García-Valencia N, Roldán M, Ochoa M, Bautista-Erazo DE, Ramírez-Pineda JR. A Mouse Model of Ulcerative Cutaneous Leishmaniasis by Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis to Investigate Infection, Pathogenesis, Immunity, and Therapeutics. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:907631. [PMID: 35770175 PMCID: PMC9234518 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.907631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A mouse model of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) by Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis (L(V)p) that reproduces the characteristics of the human disease remains elusive. Here we report the development of a CL model that uses a mouse-adapted L(V)p isolate to reproducibly induce a dermal disease with a remarkable similarity to human CL. BALB/c mice infected intradermally in the ear with 105 stationary UA-946 L(V)p promastigotes develop a progressive cutaneous disease that exhibits the typical ulcerated lesions with indurated borders observed in CL patients. Although most of parasites in the inoculum die within the first week of infection, the survivors vigorously multiply at the infection site during the following weeks, paralleling disease appearance and aggravation. Regional lymphadenopathy as well as lymphatic dissemination of parasites to draining lymph nodes (dLN) was evidenced early after infection. Viable parasites were also isolated from spleen at later timepoints indicating systemic parasitic dissemination, but, strikingly, no signs of systemic disease were observed. Increasing numbers of myeloid cells and T lymphocytes producing IFNγ and IL-4 were observed in the dLN as disease progressed. A mixed adaptive L(V)p-specific T cell-mediated response was induced, since ex vivo recall experiments using dLN cells and splenocytes revealed the production of type 1 (IFNγ, IL-2), type 2 (IL-4, IL-13), regulatory (IL-10), and inflammatory (GM-CSF, IL-3) cytokines. Humoral adaptive response was characterized by early production of IgG1- followed by IgG2a-type of L(V)p-specific antibodies. IFNγ/IL-4 and IgG2a/IgG1 ratios indicated that the initial non-protective Th2 response was redirected toward a protective Th1 response. In situ studies revealed a profuse recruitment of myeloid cells and of IFNγ- and IL-4-producing T lymphocytes to the site of infection, and the typical histopathological changes induced by dermotropic Leishmania species. Evidence that this model is suitable to investigate pharmacological and immunomodulatory interventions, as well as for antigen discovery and vaccine development, is also presented. Altogether, these results support the validity and utility of this novel mouse model to study the pathogenesis, immunity, and therapeutics of L(V)p infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Muñoz-Durango
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Alexander Gómez
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Natalia García-Valencia
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Miguel Roldán
- Instituto de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Marcela Ochoa
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales (PECET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - David E. Bautista-Erazo
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - José R. Ramírez-Pineda
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- *Correspondence: José R. Ramírez-Pineda,
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Regulatory role of Transcription factor-EB (TFEB) in parasite control through alteration of antigen presentation in visceral leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 2022; 239:108286. [PMID: 35660529 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania donovani, an obligate intracellular parasite, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis is known to subvert the host immune system for its own survival. Although the precise mechanism is still unknown, emerging evidences indicate that L. donovani efficiently suppress MHC I mediated antigen presentation, rendering inadequate CD8+T cell activation and weakening host defense against parasite. The role of transcription factor EB (TFEB) was recognized in modulating antigen presentation besides its role in lysosomal biogenesis and function. Here, we investigated the regulatory role of TFEB in the modulation of presentation of Leishmania antigen in host tissue. Our results showed an increased expression of TFEB after Leishmania infection both in vitro and in vivo and there was a decrease in the expression of Th-1 cytokine IFNγ along with MHC class I and CD8+T cells indicating attenuation of cell mediated immunity and possibly MHC I restricted antigen presentation. Silencing of TFEB resulted in increased expression of IFNγ and MHC I along with increased CD8+T cells population without any significant change in CD4+T cell number. We also observed a decreased parasite burden in TFEB silenced condition which indicates enhanced parasite clearance by alteration of immunological response possibly through induction of presentation of Leishmania antigen through MHC I. The present study explains the role of TFEB silencing in parasite clearance through regulating the antigen presentation of Leishmania antigen thereby promises to formulate a potential therapeutic strategy against visceral leishmaniasis.
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Palterer B, Salvati L, Capone M, Mecheri V, Maggi L, Mazzoni A, Cosmi L, Volpi N, Tiberi L, Provenzano A, Giglio S, Parronchi P, Maggiore G, Gallo O, Bartoloni A, Annunziato F, Zammarchi L, Liotta F. Variants Disrupting CD40L Transmembrane Domain and Atypical X-Linked Hyper-IgM Syndrome: A Case Report With Leishmaniasis and Review of the Literature. Front Immunol 2022; 13:840767. [PMID: 35572607 PMCID: PMC9096836 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked hyper-IgM (XHIGM) syndrome is caused by mutations of the CD40LG gene, encoding the CD40L protein. The clinical presentation is characterized by early-onset infections, with profound hypogammaglobulinemia and often elevated IgM, susceptibility to opportunistic infections, such as Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, biliary tract disease due to Cryptosporidium parvum, and malignancy. We report a 41-year-old male presenting with recurrent leishmaniasis, hypogammaglobulinemia, and myopathy. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) identified a missense variant in the CD40LG gene (c.107T>A, p.M36K), involving the transmembrane domain of the protein and a missense variant in the carnitine palmitoyl-transferase II (CPT2; c.593C>G; p.S198C) gene, leading to the diagnosis of hypomorphic XHIGM and CPT2 deficiency stress-induced myopathy. A review of all the previously reported cases of XHIGM with variants in the transmembrane domain showcased that these patients could present with atypical clinical features. Variants in the transmembrane domain of CD40LG act as hypomorphic generating a protein with a lower surface expression. Unlike large deletions or extracellular domain variants, they do not abolish the interaction with CD40, therefore preserving some biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Palterer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Flow Cytometric Diagnostic Centre and Immunotherapy, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Salvati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Manuela Capone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Mecheri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Immunology and Cell Therapies Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Nila Volpi
- Unit of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Tiberi
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Medical Genetics Unit, Meyer University Hospital, Firenze, Italy
| | - Aldesia Provenzano
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sabrina Giglio
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paola Parronchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Immunology and Cell Therapies Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Oreste Gallo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Flow Cytometric Diagnostic Centre and Immunotherapy, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zammarchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Liotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Immunology and Cell Therapies Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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45
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Germanó MJ, Mackern-Oberti JP, Vitório JG, Duarte MC, Pimenta DC, Sanchez MV, Bruna FA, Lozano ES, Fernandes AP, Cargnelutti DE. Identification of Immunodominant Antigens From a First-Generation Vaccine Against Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:825007. [PMID: 35634280 PMCID: PMC9133320 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.825007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by parasites belonging to the Leishmania genus for which there is no vaccine available for human use. Thus, the aims of this study are to evaluate the immunoprotective effect of a first-generation vaccine against L. amazonensis and to identify its immunodominant antigens. BALB/c mice were inoculated with phosphate buffer sodium (PBS), total L. amazonensis antigens (TLAs), or TLA with Poly (I:C) and Montanide ISA 763. The humoral and cellular immune response was evaluated before infection. IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a were measured on serum, and IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10 cytokines as well as cell proliferation were measured on a splenocyte culture from vaccinated mice. Immunized mice were challenged with 104 infective parasites of L. amazonensis on the footpad. After infection, the protection provided by the vaccine was analyzed by measuring lesion size, splenic index, and parasite load on the footpad and spleen. To identify immunodominant antigens, total proteins of L. amazonensis were separated on 2D electrophoresis gel and transferred to a membrane that was incubated with serum from immunoprotected mice. The antigens recognized by the serum were analyzed through a mass spectrometric assay (LC-MS/MS-IT-TOF) to identify their protein sequence, which was subjected to bioinformatic analysis. The first-generation vaccine induced higher levels of antibodies, cytokines, and cell proliferation than the controls after the second dose. Mice vaccinated with TLA + Poly (I:C) + Montanide ISA 763 showed less footpad swelling, a lower splenic index, and a lower parasite load than the control groups (PBS and TLA). Four immunodominant proteins were identified by mass spectrometry: cytosolic tryparedoxin peroxidase, an uncharacterized protein, a kinetoplast-associated protein-like protein, and a putative heat-shock protein DNAJ. The identified proteins showed high levels of conserved sequence among species belonging to the Leishmania genus and the Trypanosomatidae family. These proteins also proved to be phylogenetically divergent to human and canine proteins. TLA + Poly (I:C) + Montanide ISA 763 could be used as a first-generation vaccine against leishmaniasis. The four proteins identified from the whole-protein vaccine could be good antigen candidates to develop a new-generation vaccine against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Germanó
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Mackern-Oberti
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (FCM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Jessica Gardone Vitório
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mariana Costa Duarte
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Victoria Sanchez
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Flavia Alejandra Bruna
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Esteban Sebastián Lozano
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (FCM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Ana Paula Fernandes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Diego Esteban Cargnelutti
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (FCM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Diego Esteban Cargnelutti,
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46
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Gupta AK, Das S, Kamran M, Ejazi SA, Ali N. The Pathogenicity and Virulence of Leishmania - interplay of virulence factors with host defenses. Virulence 2022; 13:903-935. [PMID: 35531875 PMCID: PMC9154802 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2074130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of disease caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania. Infection by different species of Leishmania results in various host immune responses, which usually lead to parasite clearance and may also contribute to pathogenesis and, hence, increasing the complexity of the disease. Interestingly, the parasite tends to reside within the unfriendly environment of the macrophages and has evolved various survival strategies to evade or modulate host immune defense. This can be attributed to the array of virulence factors of the vicious parasite, which target important host functioning and machineries. This review encompasses a holistic overview of leishmanial virulence factors, their role in assisting parasite-mediated evasion of host defense weaponries, and modulating epigenetic landscapes of host immune regulatory genes. Furthermore, the review also discusses the diagnostic potential of various leishmanial virulence factors and the advent of immunomodulators as futuristic antileishmanial drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Gupta
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sonali Das
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Mohd Kamran
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad Ejazi
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Nahid Ali
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
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47
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Taciane da Silva Bortoleti B, Detoni MB, Gonçalves MD, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Silva TF, Contato VM, Jacob Rodrigues AC, Carloto AC, Nascimento de Matos RL, Fattori V, Arakawa NS, Verri WA, Costa IN, Conchon-Costa I, Miranda-Sapla MM, Wowk PF, Pavanelli WR. Solidagenone in vivo leishmanicidal activity acting in tissue repair response, and immunomodulatory capacity in Leishmania amazonensis. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 361:109969. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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48
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Reverte M, Snäkä T, Fasel N. The Dangerous Liaisons in the Oxidative Stress Response to Leishmania Infection. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040409. [PMID: 35456085 PMCID: PMC9029764 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites preferentially invade macrophages, the professional phagocytic cells, at the site of infection. Macrophages play conflicting roles in Leishmania infection either by the destruction of internalized parasites or by providing a safe shelter for parasite replication. In response to invading pathogens, however, macrophages induce an oxidative burst as a mechanism of defense to promote pathogen removal and contribute to signaling pathways involving inflammation and the immune response. Thus, oxidative stress plays a dual role in infection whereby free radicals protect against invading pathogens but can also cause inflammation resulting in tissue damage. The induced oxidative stress in parasitic infections triggers the activation in the host of the antioxidant response to counteract the damaging oxidative burst. Consequently, macrophages are crucial for disease progression or control. The ultimate outcome depends on dangerous liaisons between the infecting Leishmania spp. and the type and strength of the host immune response.
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49
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Magold AI, Swartz MA. Pathogenic Exploitation of Lymphatic Vessels. Cells 2022; 11:979. [PMID: 35326430 PMCID: PMC8946894 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels provide a critical line of communication between peripheral tissues and their draining lymph nodes, which is necessary for robust immune responses against infectious agents. At the same time, lymphatics help shape the nature and kinetics of immune responses to ensure resolution, limit tissue damage, and prevent autoimmune responses. A variety of pathogens have developed strategies to exploit these functions, from multicellular organisms like nematodes to bacteria, viruses, and prions. While lymphatic vessels serve as transport routes for the dissemination of many pathogens, their hypoxic and immune-suppressive environments can provide survival niches for others. Lymphatics can be exploited as perineural niches, for inter-organ distribution among highly motile carrier cells, as effective replicative niches, and as alternative routes in response to therapy. Recent studies have broadened our understanding of lymphatic involvement in pathogenic spread to include a wider range of pathogens, as well as new mechanisms of exploitation, which we summarize here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I. Magold
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
| | - Melody A. Swartz
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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50
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Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic and vector-borne infectious disease that is caused by the genus Leishmania belonging to the trypanosomatid family. The protozoan parasite has a digenetic life cycle involving a mammalian host and an insect vector. Leishmaniasisis is a worldwide public health problem falling under the neglected tropical disease category, with over 90 endemic countries, and approximately 1 million new cases and 20,000 deaths annually. Leishmania infection can progress toward the development of species–specific pathologic disorders, ranging in severity from self-healing cutaneous lesions to disseminating muco-cutaneous and fatal visceral manifestations. The severity and the outcome of leishmaniasis is determined by the parasite’s antigenic epitope characteristics, the vector physiology, and most importantly, the immune response and immune status of the host. This review examines the nature of host–pathogen interaction in leishmaniasis, innate and adaptive immune responses, and various strategies that have been employed for vaccine development.
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