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Robins K, O'Donnell G, Neumann A, Schmidt W, Hart A, Graham DW. Antimicrobial resistance in rural rivers: Comparative study of the Coquet (Northumberland) and Eden (Cumbria) River catchments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172348. [PMID: 38614353 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Many studies have characterised resistomes in river microbial communities. However, few have compared resistomes in parallel rural catchments that have few point-source inputs of antimicrobial genes (ARGs) and organisms (i.e., AMR) - catchments where one can contrast more nebulous drivers of AMR in rural rivers. Here, we used quantitative microbial profiling (QMP) to compare resistomes and microbiomes in two rural river catchments in Northern England, the Coquet and Eden in Northumberland and Cumbria, respectively, with different hydrological and geographical conditions. The Eden has higher flow rates, higher annual surface runoff, and longer periods of soil saturation, whereas the Coquet is drier and has lower flowrates. QMP analysis showed the Eden contained significantly more abundant microbes associated with soil sources, animal faeces, and wastewater than the Coquet, which had microbiomes like less polluted rivers (Wilcoxon test, p < 0.01). The Eden also had greater ARG abundances and resistome diversity (Kruskal Wallis, p < 0.05), and higher levels of potentially clinically relevant ARGs. The Eden catchment had greater and flashier runoff and more extensive agricultural land use in its middle reach, which explains higher levels of AMR in the river. Hydrological and geographic factors drive AMR in rural rivers, which must be considered in environmental monitoring programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Robins
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Greg O'Donnell
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Anke Neumann
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Wiebke Schmidt
- Chief Scientists Group, Environment Agency, Horizon House, Deanery Road, Bristol BS1 5AH, UK
| | - Alwyn Hart
- Chief Scientists Group, Environment Agency, Horizon House, Deanery Road, Bristol BS1 5AH, UK
| | - David W Graham
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
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Leopold M, Kabicher A, Pap IJ, Ströbele B, Zarfel G, Farnleitner AH, Kirschner AKT. A comparative study on antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli isolates from Austrian patients and wastewater-influenced Danube River water and biofilms. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 258:114361. [PMID: 38552533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a major threat to human health worldwide. AMR can be introduced into natural aquatic ecosystems, for example, from clinical facilities via wastewater emissions. Understanding AMR patterns in environmental populations of bacterial pathogens is important to elucidate propagation routes and develop mitigation strategies. In this study, AMR patterns of Escherichia coli isolates from urinary tract infections and colonised urinary catheters of inpatients and outpatients were compared to isolates from the Danube River within the same catchment in Austria to potentially link environmental with clinical resistance patterns. Susceptibility to 20 antibiotics was tested for 697 patient, 489 water and 440 biofilm isolates. The resistance ratios in patient isolates were significantly higher than in the environmental isolates and higher resistance ratios were found in biofilm in comparison to water isolates. The role of the biofilm as potential sink of resistances was reflected by two extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing isolates in the biofilm while none were found in water, and by higher amoxicillin/clavulanic acid resistance ratios in biofilm compared to patient isolates. Although, resistances to last-line antibiotics such as carbapenems and tigecycline were found in the patient and in the environmental isolates, they still occurred at low frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Leopold
- Division Water Quality and Health, Department Pharmacology, Physiology and Microbiology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria; Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Kabicher
- Division Water Quality and Health, Department Pharmacology, Physiology and Microbiology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria; Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ildiko-Julia Pap
- Clinical Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University Clinic St. Pölten, Austria
| | - Barbara Ströbele
- Clinical Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University Clinic St. Pölten, Austria
| | - Gernot Zarfel
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas H Farnleitner
- Division Water Quality and Health, Department Pharmacology, Physiology and Microbiology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria; Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander K T Kirschner
- Division Water Quality and Health, Department Pharmacology, Physiology and Microbiology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria; Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology - Water Microbiology, Medical University Vienna, Austria.
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Effect of the pH on the Antibacterial Potential and Cytotoxicity of Different Plasma-Activated Liquids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213893. [PMID: 36430372 PMCID: PMC9693261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, different plasma-activated liquids were evaluated for their antimicrobial effects against Escherichia coli, as well as for their cytotoxicity on mammalian cells. The PALs were prepared from distilled (DIS), deionized (DI), filtered (FIL), and tap (TAP) water. Additionally, 0.9% NaCl saline solution (SAL) was plasma-activated. These PALs were prepared using 5 L/min air gliding arc plasma jet for up to 60.0 min of exposure. Subsequently, the physicochemical properties, such as, the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), the pH, the conductivity, and the total dissolved solids (TDS) were characterized by a water multiparameter. The PALs obtained showed a drastic decrease in the pH with increasing plasma exposure time, in contrast, the conductivity and TDS increased. In a general trend, the UV-vis analyses identified a higher production of the following reactive species of nitrogen and oxygen (RONS), HNO2, H2O2, NO3-, and NO2-. Except for the plasma-activated filtered water (PAW-FIL), where there was a change in the position of NO2- and NO3- at some pHs, The higher production of HNO2 and H2O2-reactive species was observed at a low pH. Finally, the standardized suspensions of Escherichia coli were exposed to PAL for up to 60.0 min. The plasma-activated deionized water (PAW-DI pH 2.5), plasma-activated distilled water (PAW-DIS pH 2.5 and 3), and plasma-activated tap water (PAW-TAP 3.5) showed the best antimicrobial effects at exposure times of 3.0, 10.0, and 30.0 min, respectively. The MTT analysis demonstrated low toxicity of all of the PAL samples. Our results indicate that the plasma activation of different liquids using the gliding arc system can generate specific physicochemical conditions that produce excellent antibacterial effects for E. coli with a safe application, thus bringing future contributions to creating new antimicrobial protocols.
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Research on the drug resistance mechanism of foodborne pathogens. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105306. [PMID: 34822970 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne diseases caused by foodborne pathogens are one of the main problems threatening human health and safety. The emergence of multi-drug resistant strains due to the abuse of antibiotics has increased the difficulty of clinical treatment. Research on the drug resistance mechanism of foodborne pathogens has become an effective method to solve multi-drug resistant strains. In this paper, the four main drug resistance mechanisms, including reduced cell membrane permeability, efflux pump mechanism, target site mutation mechanism, and enzymatic hydrolysis, were used to systematically analyze the drug resistance of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli. And the new methods were discussed that may be used to solve the drug resistance of foodborne pathogens such as CRISPR and bacteriophages. This review provided a certain theoretical basis for the treatment of foodborne diseases.
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Anjum MF, Schmitt H, Börjesson S, Berendonk TU. The potential of using E. coli as an indicator for the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 64:152-158. [PMID: 34739920 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To understand the dynamics of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), in a One-Health perspective, surveillance play an important role. Monitoring systems already exist in the human health and livestock sectors, but there are no environmental monitoring programs. Therefore there is an urgent need to initiate environmental AMR monitoring programs nationally and globally, which will complement existing systems in different sectors. However, environmental programs should not only identify anthropogenic influences and levels of AMR, but they should also allow for identification of transmissions to and from human and animal populations. In the current review we therefore propose using antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli as indicators for monitoring occurrence and levels of AMR in the environment, including wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna F Anjum
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Heike Schmitt
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology - Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Börjesson
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Thomas U Berendonk
- Institute for Hydrobiology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01217, Dresden, Germany.
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Larramendy S, Gaultier A, Fournier JP, Caillon J, Moret L, Beaudeau F. Local characteristics associated with higher prevalence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in community-acquired urinary tract infections: an observational, cross-sectional study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:789-795. [PMID: 33351903 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The prevalence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-E. coli) in community-acquired urinary tract infections (UTI) has been increasing worldwide since 2000, but with large geographical variations. The aim of this study was to determine whether the ESBL-E. coli rate in urine samples from individuals with community-acquired UTI was associated with the local socio-economic, environmental, agricultural and healthcare characteristics. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study in western France using data on antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli isolated from urine samples of individuals with community-acquired UTI analysed in non-hospital laboratories from 2015 to 2017. The ESBL-E. coli rate was calculated for each laboratory. Data on socio-economic characteristics, human antibiotic consumption, hospital bed density, animal farming density and percentage of agricultural land and surface water were retrieved at the municipality level and aggregated by study area. Their association with ESBL-E. coli prevalence was quantified using multivariate linear regression models with a backward selection. RESULTS From 358 291 E. coli isolates from urine samples tested in 92 laboratories, the mean ESBL-E. coli prevalence for the study period was 3.30%. In an adjusted model, the ESBL-E. coli rate was significantly (P < 0.05) and positively associated with the local percentage of people >65 years old, third-generation cephalosporin use (DDD/1000 inhabitants), number of hospital beds/km2, poultry density, pig density and percentage of agricultural land. Lower deprivation was associated with a higher ESBL-E. coli rate. CONCLUSIONS Several anthropogenic factors (primary care, hospitals and animal farming) are associated with the local ESBL-E. coli rate in community-acquired UTI. These results could contribute to improve risk management, including identification of at-risk patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Larramendy
- Department of General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nantes, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Aurélie Gaultier
- Department of General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nantes, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44000 Nantes, France.,CHU Nantes, DRCI, Plateforme de Méthodologie et Biostatistiques, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Pascal Fournier
- Department of General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nantes, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Jocelyne Caillon
- Laboratory EA3826 Thérapeutique Expérimentale et Clinique des Infections, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nantes, 44400 Nantes, France
| | - Leïla Moret
- CHU Nantes, Public Health Department, Saint-Jacques Hospital, 85 rue Saint Jacques, 44093 Nantes, France.,UMR 1246 INSERM SPHERE 'MethodS in Patients-centered outcomes and HEalth ResEarch', University of Nantes and Tours, Bd Benoni-Goullin, 44200 Nantes, France
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Zhang T, Lv K, Lu Q, Wang L, Liu X. Removal of antibiotic-resistant genes during drinking water treatment: A review. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 104:415-429. [PMID: 33985744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Once contaminate the drinking water source, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) will propagate in drinking water systems and pose a serious risk to human health. Therefore, the drinking water treatment processes (DWTPs) are critical to manage the risks posed by ARGs. This study summarizes the prevalence of ARGs in raw water sources and treated drinking water worldwide. In addition, the removal efficiency of ARGs and related mechanisms by different DWTPs are reviewed. Abiotic and biotic factors that affect ARGs elimination are also discussed. The data on presence of ARGs in drinking water help come to the conclusion that ARGs pollution is prevalent and deserves a high priority. Generally, DWTPs indeed achieve ARGs removal, but some biological treatment processes such as biological activated carbon filtration may promote antibiotic resistance due to the enrichment of ARGs in the biofilm. The finding that disinfection and membrane filtration are superior to other DWTPs adds weight to the advice that DWTPs should adopt multiple disinfection barriers, as well as keep sufficient chlorine residuals to inhibit re-growth of ARGs during subsequent distribution. Mechanistically, DWTPs obtain direct and inderect ARGs reduction through DNA damage and interception of host bacterias of ARGs. Thus, escaping of intracellular ARGs to extracellular environment, induced by DWTPs, should be advoided. This review provides the theoretical support for developping efficient reduction technologies of ARGs. Future study should focus on ARGs controlling in terms of transmissibility or persistence through DWTPs due to their biological related nature and ubiquitous presence of biofilm in the treatment unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuqiao Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kunyuan Lv
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qingxiao Lu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Environmental Engineering, Jiyang College of Zhejiang A & F University, Zhuji 311800, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Zhang Y, Sun YH, Wang JY, Chang MX, Zhao QY, Jiang HX. A Novel Structure Harboring blaCTX-M-27 on IncF Plasmids in Escherichia coli Isolated from Swine in China. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10040387. [PMID: 33916584 PMCID: PMC8065532 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the prevalence of blaCTX-M-27-producing Escherichia coli and transmission mechanisms of blaCTX-M-27 from swine farms in China. A total of 333 E. coli isolates were collected from two farms from 2013 to 2016. Thirty-two CTX-M-27-positive E. coli were obtained, and all were multidrug-resistant. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) profiles indicated a wide range of strain types that carried blaCTX-M-27, and the sequence type ST10 predominated. Conjugation, replicon typing, S1-PFGE and hybridization experiments confirmed that 28 out of 32 CTX-M-27 positive isolates carried blaCTX-M-27 genes on plasmids F18:A-:B10 (16) and F24:A-:B1 (12).The blaCTX-M-27 genes for 24 isolates were transmitted by plasmids with sizes ranging from 40 to 155 kb. A comparative analysis with blaCTX-M-27-plasmids indicated that the tra-trb region of F24:A-:B1 plasmids was destroyed by insertion of a complex region (eight isolates) and a novel structure containing blaCTX-M-27 in the F18:A-:B10 plasmids (12 isolates). The novel structure increased the stability of the blaCTX-M-27 gene in E. coli. This study indicated that the predominant vehicle for blaCTX-M-27 transmission has diversified over time and that control strategies to limit blaCTX-M-27 transmission in farm animals are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.-H.S.); (J.-Y.W.); (M.-X.C.); (Q.-Y.Z.)
| | - Yin-Huan Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.-H.S.); (J.-Y.W.); (M.-X.C.); (Q.-Y.Z.)
| | - Jiang-Yang Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.-H.S.); (J.-Y.W.); (M.-X.C.); (Q.-Y.Z.)
| | - Man-Xia Chang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.-H.S.); (J.-Y.W.); (M.-X.C.); (Q.-Y.Z.)
| | - Qiu-Yun Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.-H.S.); (J.-Y.W.); (M.-X.C.); (Q.-Y.Z.)
| | - Hong-Xia Jiang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.-H.S.); (J.-Y.W.); (M.-X.C.); (Q.-Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-8528-3934
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Azimi T, Azimi L, Fallah F, Pourmand MR, Ostadtaghizadeh A, Abai MR, Rahimi Foroushani A. Detection and characterization of Enterobacteriaceae family members carried by commensal Rattus norvegicus from Tehran, Iran. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:1321-1334. [PMID: 33386421 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Wild rats are known to carry different microorganisms and are considered a reservoir of zoonotic pathogens worldwide. The urban rats were collected from five districts of Tehran and Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) were isolated from fecal samples and were identified using classical biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of isolated bacteria were determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, the results of which were interpreted in line with CLSI guideline. The frequency of antibiotic-resistant genes was identified using multiplex-PCR. Moreover, PCR method was used to identify the frequency of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and main categories of diarrheagenic E. coli including EPEC, ETEC, EIEC, EAEC, and STEC pathotypes. A total of 100 Rattus norvegicus were trapped and fecal samples were collected. Overall, 72 fecal samples were positive for GNB. E. coli (n = 46/72) had the highest frequency among the isolated GNB. Among E. coli isolates, the highest and lowest resistance rates belonged to ampicillin (56.5%) and ceftriaxone (0%), respectively. Klebsiella spp. was 100% resistant to imipenem, and streptomycin (0%) was the most effective antimicrobial agent on Klebsiella spp. Among surveyed genes, blaTEM (95.8%) and blaaadA-1 (58.3%) had the highest frequency, while blaKPC, and blaCMY-2 were not detected among Enterobacteriaceae. Herein, O157: H7 serotype was not detected and aEPEC (87%) was the most common pathotype detected. Results suggested that rodents might be a reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens and rodent control along with implementation of surveillance programs should be considered as a critical priority for urban health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher Azimi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, and Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina St., Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Azimi
- Pediatric Infection Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fallah
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Pourmand
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, and Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina St., Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Ostadtaghizadeh
- Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Abai
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Rahimi Foroushani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Girlich D, Bonnin RA, Naas T. Occurrence and Diversity of CTX-M-Producing Escherichia coli From the Seine River. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:603578. [PMID: 33362749 PMCID: PMC7755597 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.603578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli are spreading since 1999 both in clinical and in community settings. Environmental samples such as rivers have also been pointed out as being vectors for ESBL producers. In this report, we have investigated the presence and the diversity of CTX-M-producing E. coli isolates in two samplings of the Seine River (next to Notre Dame), Paris France, performed in June 2016 and 2017. The total number of bacteria growing on the selective ChromID ESBL agar was 3.1 × 105 cfu/L (23.8% of all growing bacteria) in 2016, whereas it was 100-fold lower in 2017 (3 × 103 cfu/L; 8.3% of all growing bacteria). However, among them, the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli increased from <0.1 to 1.1% in one-year. ESBLs were exclusively of the CTX-M-type: CTX-M-1 (n = 5), CTX-M-15 (n = 7), CTX-M-14 (n = 1), and CTX-M-27 (n = 2). The isolates belonged to several multi locus sequence types, and a wide diversity of incompatibility groups of plasmids were identified in those E. coli isolates. The occurrence and diversity of E. coli isolates belonging to many clones and producing many CTX-M-variants have been identified in our study. The presence of these bacteria in rivers that are open again for recreational usage (swimming) is worrying as it may contribute to further dissemination of ESBL producers in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Girlich
- Team Resist, UMR1184, LabEx Lermit, Bacteriology-Hygiene unit, APHP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Rémy A Bonnin
- Team Resist, UMR1184, LabEx Lermit, Bacteriology-Hygiene unit, APHP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Thierry Naas
- Team Resist, UMR1184, LabEx Lermit, Bacteriology-Hygiene unit, APHP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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11
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Alotaibi GF. Occurrence of Potentially Pathogenic Bacteria in Epilithic Biofilm Forming Bacteria isolated from Porter Brook River-stones, Sheffield, UK. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:3405-3414. [PMID: 33304149 PMCID: PMC7715045 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms in aquatic ecosystems develop on wet benthic surfaces and are primarily comprised of various allochthonous microorganisms, including bacteria embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). In such environment, where there is a continuous flow of water, attachment of microbes to surfaces prevents cells being washed out of a suitable habitat with the added benefits of the water flow and the surface itself providing nutrients for growth of attached cells. When watercourses are contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, these can become incorporated into biofilms. This study aimed to isolate and identify the bacterial species within biofilms retrieved from river-stones found in the Porter Brook, Sheffield based on morphological, biochemical characteristics and molecular characteristics, such as 16S rDNA sequence phylogeny analysis. Twenty-two bacterial species were identified. Among these were 10 gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, establishing that potential human pathogens were present within the biofilms. Klebsiella pneumoniae MBB9 isolate showed the greatest ability to form a biofilm using a microtiter plate-based crystal violet assay. Biofilm by K. pneumoniae MBB9 formed rapidly (within 6 h) under static conditions at 37 °C and then increased up to 24 h of incubation before decreasing with further incubation (48 h), whereas the applied shear forces (horizontal orbital shaker; diameter of 25 mm at 150 rpm) had no effect on K. pneumoniae MBB9 biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazay F. Alotaibi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
- Department of Environment and Marine Biology, Saline Water Desalination Technologies Research Institute, P.O. 8328 Al-Jubail 31951 Al-Jubail, Saudi Arabia
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Riley LW. Distinguishing Pathovars from Nonpathovars: Escherichia coli. Microbiol Spectr 2020; 8:10.1128/microbiolspec.ame-0014-2020. [PMID: 33385193 PMCID: PMC10773148 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ame-0014-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the most well-adapted and pathogenically versatile bacterial organisms. It causes a variety of human infections, including gastrointestinal illnesses and extraintestinal infections. It is also part of the intestinal commensal flora of humans and other mammals. Groups of E. coli that cause diarrhea are often described as intestinal pathogenic E. coli (IPEC), while those that cause infections outside of the gut are called extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). IPEC can cause a variety of diarrheal illnesses as well as extraintestinal syndromes such as hemolytic-uremic syndrome. ExPEC cause urinary tract infections, bloodstream infection, sepsis, and neonatal meningitis. IPEC and ExPEC have thus come to be referred to as pathogenic variants of E. coli or pathovars. While IPEC can be distinguished from commensal E. coli based on their characteristic virulence factors responsible for their associated clinical manifestations, ExPEC cannot be so easily distinguished. IPEC most likely have reservoirs outside of the human intestine but it is unclear if ExPEC represent nothing more than commensal E. coli that breach a sterile barrier to cause extraintestinal infections. This question has become more complicated by the advent of whole genome sequencing (WGS) that has raised a new question about the taxonomic characterization of E. coli based on traditional clinical microbiologic and phylogenetic methods. This review discusses how molecular epidemiologic approaches have been used to address these questions, and how answers to these questions may contribute to our better understanding of the epidemiology of infections caused by E. coli. *This article is part of a curated collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee W Riley
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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13
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Martak D, Henriot CP, Broussier M, Couchoud C, Valot B, Richard M, Couchot J, Bornette G, Hocquet D, Bertrand X. High Prevalence of Human-Associated Escherichia coli in Wetlands Located in Eastern France. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:552566. [PMID: 33013784 PMCID: PMC7498643 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.552566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli that are present in the rivers are mostly brought by human and animal feces. Contamination occurs mostly through wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) outflows and field amendment with sewage sludge or manure. However, the survival of these isolates in river-associated wetlands remains unknown. Here, we assessed E. coli population structure in low-anthropized wetlands located along three floodplains to identify the major source of contamination of wetlands, whose functioning is different from the rivers. We retrieved 179 E. coli in water samples collected monthly from 19 sites located in eastern France over 1 year. Phylogroups B1 and B2 were dominant in the E. coli population, while phylogroup A was dominant in isolates resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, which harbored the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) encoding genes blaCTX–M–15 and blaCTX–M–27 in half of the cases. The high proportion of isolates from human source can be attributed to WWTP outflows and the spread of sewage sludge. We analyzed the distribution of the isolates belonging to the most human-associated phylogroups (B2 and D) on a phylogenetic tree of the whole species and compared it with that of isolates retrieved from patients and from WWTP outflows. The distribution of the three E. coli populations was similar, suggesting the absence of a specific population in the environment. Our results suggest that a high proportion of E. coli isolates that reach and survive in low-anthropized environments such as wetlands are from human source. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study assessing E. coli contamination and resistance genes in natural freshwater wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martak
- Service d'Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Besançon, France.,UMR 6249, Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Charles P Henriot
- UMR 6249, Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Marion Broussier
- Service d'Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Besançon, France
| | - Charlotte Couchoud
- Service d'Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Besançon, France.,UMR 6249, Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Benoit Valot
- UMR 6249, Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Bioinformatique et big data au service de la santé, UFR Santé, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Marion Richard
- Service d'Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Besançon, France
| | - Julie Couchot
- Service d'Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Besançon, France
| | - Gudrun Bornette
- UMR 6249, Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Didier Hocquet
- Service d'Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Besançon, France.,UMR 6249, Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Bioinformatique et big data au service de la santé, UFR Santé, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Xavier Bertrand
- Service d'Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Besançon, France.,UMR 6249, Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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14
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Song J, Jongmans-Hochschulz E, Mauder N, Imirzalioglu C, Wichels A, Gerdts G. The Travelling Particles: Investigating microplastics as possible transport vectors for multidrug resistant E. coli in the Weser estuary (Germany). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137603. [PMID: 32143053 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in aquatic environments has been a long withstanding health concern, namely extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli. Given increasing reports on microplastic (MP) pollution in these environments, it has become crucial to better understand the role of MP particles as transport vectors for such multidrug-resistant bacteria. In this study, an incubation experiment was designed where particles of both synthetic and natural material (HDPE, tyre wear, and wood) were sequentially incubated at multiple sites along a salinity gradient from the Lower Weser estuary (Germany) to the offshore island Helgoland (German Bight, North Sea). Following each incubation period, particle biofilms and water samples were assessed for ESBL-producing E. coli, first by the enrichment and detection of E. coli using Fluorocult® LMX Broth followed by cultivation on CHROMAgar™ ESBL media to select for ESBL-producers. Results showed that general E. coli populations were present on the surfaces of wood particles across all sites but none were found to produce ESBLs. Additionally, neither HDPE nor tyre wear particles were found to harbour any E. coli. Conversely, ESBL-producing E. coli were present in surrounding waters from all sites, 64% of which conferred resistances against up to 3 other antibiotic groups, additional to the beta-lactam resistances intrinsic to ESBL-producers. This study provides a first look into the potential of MP to harbour and transport multidrug-resistant E. coli across different environments and the approach serves as an important precursor to further studies on other potentially harmful MP-colonizing species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Song
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, 27498 Helgoland, Germany; Faculty of Engineering, Computing, and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Sarawak Campus, 93350 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Elanor Jongmans-Hochschulz
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, 27498 Helgoland, Germany
| | - Norman Mauder
- Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Fahrenheitstrasse 4, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Can Imirzalioglu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Antje Wichels
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, 27498 Helgoland, Germany
| | - Gunnar Gerdts
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, 27498 Helgoland, Germany
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15
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Furlan JPR, Savazzi EA, Stehling EG. Widespread high-risk clones of multidrug-resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli B2-ST131 and F-ST648 in public aquatic environments. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106040. [PMID: 32479889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic environments are considered a reservoir for the dissemination of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, principally Escherichia coli, with the consequent spread of acquired antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Widespread high-risk clones of MDR E. coli are responsible for human infections worldwide. This study aimed to characterise, through whole-genome sequencing (WGS), isolates of MDR E. coli harbouring ARGs obtained from public aquatic environments in Brazil. MDR E. coli isolates were obtained from rivers, streams and lakes that presented different Water Quality Index records and were submitted to WGS. The resistome, mobilome and virulome showed a great diversity of ARGs, plasmids and virulence genes, respectively. In addition, mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of GyrA, ParC and ParE as well as several metal resistance genes (MRGs) and antibacterial biocide resistance genes (ABGs) were detected. Typing and subtyping of MDR E. coli revealed different lineages, with two belonging to widespread high-risk clones (i.e. B2-ST131-fimH30 and F-ST648-fimH27), which are grouped by core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) in clusters with E. coli lineages obtained from different sources distributed worldwide. MDR bacteria carrying MRGs and ABGs have emerged as a global human and environmental health problem. Detection of widespread high-risk clones calls for attention to the dissemination of fluoroquinolone-resistant QnrS1- and CTX-M-producing E. coli lineages associated with human infections in public aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Rueda Furlan
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto - SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | | | - Eliana Guedes Stehling
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto - SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
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16
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Finn TJ, Scriver L, Lam L, Duong M, Peirano G, Lynch T, Dong T, Pitout JDD, DeVinney R. A Comprehensive Account of Escherichia coli Sequence Type 131 in Wastewater Reveals an Abundance of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Clade A Strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e01913-19. [PMID: 31811043 PMCID: PMC6997739 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01913-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the ten years since its discovery, the Escherichia coli clone sequence type 131 (ST131) has become a major international health threat, with the multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing clade C emerging as the globally dominant form. ST131 has previously been isolated from wastewater; however, most of these studies selectively screened for ESBL-producing organisms, thereby missing the majority of remaining ST131 clades. In this study, we used a high-throughput PCR-based screening strategy to comprehensively examine wastewater for the presence of ST131 over a 1-year period. Additional multiplex PCRs were used to differentiate clades and obtain an unbiased account of the total ST131 population structure within the collection. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of all ST131-positive samples were tested against a range of commonly used antibiotics. From a total of over 3,762 E. coli wastewater samples, 1.86% (n = 70) tested positive for ST131, with the majority being clade A isolates. In total, 63% (n = 44) were clade A, 29% (n = 20) were clade B, 1% (n = 1) were clade C0, 6% (n = 4) were clade C1, and 1% (n = 1) were clade C2. In addition, a very high rate of resistance to commonly used antibiotics among wastewater isolates is reported, with 72.7% (n = 32) of clade A resistant to ciprofloxacin and high rates of resistance to gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and tetracycline in clades that are typically sensitive to antibiotics.IMPORTANCE ST131 is a global pathogen. This clone causes urinary tract infections and is frequently isolated from human sources. However, little is known about ST131 from environmental sources. With the widely reported increase in antibiotic concentrations found in wastewater, there is additional selection pressure for the emergence of antibiotic-resistant ST131 in this niche. The unbiased screening approach reported herein revealed that previously antibiotic-sensitive lineages of ST131 are now resistant to commonly used antibiotics present in wastewater systems and may be capable of surviving UV sterilization. This is the most comprehensive account of ST131 in the wastewater niche to date and an important step in better understanding the ecology of this global pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Finn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lena Scriver
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Linh Lam
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mai Duong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gisele Peirano
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Public Laboratories, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tarah Lynch
- Alberta Public Laboratories, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tao Dong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Johann D D Pitout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Public Laboratories, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rebekah DeVinney
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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17
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Zendri F, Maciuca IE, Moon S, Jones PH, Wattret A, Jenkins R, Baxter A, Timofte D. Occurrence of ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli ST131, Including the H30-Rx and C1-M27 Subclones, Among Urban Seagulls from the United Kingdom. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 26:697-708. [PMID: 32519936 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a public health concern. Understanding any role that urban seagulls may have as a reservoir of resistant bacteria could be important for reducing transmission. This study investigated fecal Escherichia coli isolates from seagulls (herring gulls and lesser black-backed gulls) to determine the prevalence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant (ESC-R) and fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli among gull species from two cities (Taunton and Birmingham) in the United Kingdom (UK). We characterized the genetic background and carriage of plasmid-mediated resistance genes in extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli obtained from these birds. Sixty ESC-R E. coli isolates were obtained from 39 seagulls (39/78, 50%), of which 28 (28/60, 46.7%) were positive for plasmid-mediated CTX-M and/or AmpC β-lactamase resistance genes. Among these, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-14, and blaCMY-2 predominated. Three isolates belonging to the B2-ST131 clone were detected, of which two harbored blaCTX-M-15 (typed to C2/H30Rx) and one harbored blaCTX-M-27 and was typed to C1/H30-R (recently described as the C1-M27 sublineage). The plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) gene carriage prevalence (11.7%) consisted of aac(6')-Ib-cr and qnrB genes. No carbapenem or colistin resistance genes were detected. Urban seagulls in the UK are colonized and can spread major antimicrobial-resistant E. coli isolates harboring ESBL and PMQR determinants, including clinically important strains such as the pandemic clone B2-ST131 and the C1-M27 subclade. This is the first report of ST131-C1-M27 subclade in wildlife in the UK and in seagulls worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Zendri
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Iuliana E Maciuca
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Moon
- Somerset West and Taunton Council, Environmental Health, Taunton, United Kingdom
| | - Philip H Jones
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Wattret
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Jenkins
- School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Baxter
- Birdstrike Management Ltd., York, United Kingdom
| | - Dorina Timofte
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
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18
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Nnadozie CF, Odume ON. Freshwater environments as reservoirs of antibiotic resistant bacteria and their role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113067. [PMID: 31465907 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater environments are susceptible to possible contamination by residual antibiotics that are released through different sources, such as agricultural runoffs, sewage discharges and leaching from nearby farms. Freshwater environment can thus become reservoirs where an antibiotic impact microorganisms, and is an important public health concern. Degradation and dilution processes are fundamental for predicting the actual risk of antibiotic resistance dissemination from freshwater reservoirs. This study reviews major approaches for detecting and quantifying antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARBs) and genes (ARGs) in freshwater and their prevalence in these environments. Finally, the role of dilution, degradation, transmission and the persistence and fate of ARB/ARG in these environments are also reviewed. Culture-based single strain approaches and molecular techniques that include polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and metagenomics are techniques for quantifying ARB and ARGs in freshwater environments. The level of ARBs is extremely high in most of the river systems (up to 98% of the total detected bacteria), followed by lakes (up to 77% of the total detected bacteria), compared to dam, pond, and spring (<1%). Of most concern is the occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), which cause highly epidemic infections. Dilution and natural degradation do not completely eradicate ARBs and ARGs in the freshwater environment. Even if the ARBs in freshwater are effectively inactivated by sunlight, their ARG-containing DNA can still be intact and capable of transferring resistance to non-resistant strains. Antibiotic resistance persists and is preserved in freshwater bodies polluted with high concentrations of antibiotics. Direct transmission of indigenous freshwater ARBs to humans as well as their transitory insertion in the microbiota can occur. These findings are disturbing especially for people that rely on freshwater resources for drinking, crop irrigation, and food in form of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika F Nnadozie
- Unilever Centre for Environmental Water Quality, Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
| | - Oghenekaro Nelson Odume
- Unilever Centre for Environmental Water Quality, Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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Singer AC, Xu Q, Keller VDJ. Translating antibiotic prescribing into antibiotic resistance in the environment: A hazard characterisation case study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221568. [PMID: 31483803 PMCID: PMC6726141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The environment receives antibiotics through a combination of direct application (e.g., aquaculture and fruit production), as well as indirect release through pharmaceutical manufacturing, sewage and animal manure. Antibiotic concentrations in many sewage-impacted rivers are thought to be sufficient to select for antibiotic resistance genes. Yet, because antibiotics are nearly always found associated with antibiotic-resistant faecal bacteria in wastewater, it is difficult to distinguish the selective role of effluent antibiotics within a 'sea' of gut-derived resistance genes. Here we examine the potential for macrolide and fluoroquinolone prescribing in England to select for resistance in the River Thames catchment, England. We show that 64% and 74% of the length of the modelled catchment is chronically exposed to putative resistance-selecting concentrations (PNEC) of macrolides and fluoroquinolones, respectively. Under current macrolide usage, 115 km of the modelled River Thames catchment (8% of total length) exceeds the PNEC by 5-fold. Similarly, under current fluoroquinolone usage, 223 km of the modelled River Thames catchment (16% of total length) exceeds the PNEC by 5-fold. Our results reveal that if reduced prescribing was the sole mitigating measure, that macrolide and fluoroquinolone prescribing would need to decline by 77% and 85%, respectively, to limit resistance selection in the catchment. Significant reductions in antibiotic prescribing are feasible, but innovation in sewage-treatment will be necessary for achieving substantially-reduced antibiotic loads and inactivation of DNA-pollution from resistant bacteria. Greater confidence is needed in current risk-based targets for antibiotics, particularly in mixtures, to better inform environmental risk assessments and mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Singer
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford, United Kingdom
| | - Qiuying Xu
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford, United Kingdom
- Environmental Diagnosis and Management, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
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20
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Raven KE, Ludden C, Gouliouris T, Blane B, Naydenova P, Brown NM, Parkhill J, Peacock SJ. Genomic surveillance of Escherichia coli in municipal wastewater treatment plants as an indicator of clinically relevant pathogens and their resistance genes. Microb Genom 2019; 5:e000267. [PMID: 31107200 PMCID: PMC6562247 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined whether genomic surveillance of Escherichia coli in wastewater could capture the dominant E. coli lineages associated with bloodstream infection and livestock in the East of England, together with the antibiotic-resistance genes circulating in the wider E. coli population. Treated and untreated wastewater was taken from 20 municipal treatment plants in the East of England, half in direct receipt of acute hospital waste. All samples were culture positive for E. coli, and all but one were positive for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli. The most stringent wastewater treatment (tertiary including UV light) did not eradicate ESBL-E. coli in 2/3 cases. We sequenced 388 E. coli (192 ESBL, 196 non-ESBL). Multilocus sequence type (ST) diversity was similar between plants in direct receipt of hospital waste versus the remainder (93 vs 95 STs, respectively). We compared the genomes of wastewater E. coli with isolates from bloodstream infection (n=437), and livestock farms and retail meat (n=431) in the East of England. A total of 19/20 wastewater plants contained one or more of the three most common STs associated with bloodstream infection (ST131, ST73, ST95), and 14/20 contained the most common livestock ST (ST10). In an analysis of 1254 genomes (2 cryptic E. coli were excluded), wastewater isolates were distributed across the phylogeny and intermixed with isolates from humans and livestock. Ten blaCTX-M elements were identified in E. coli isolated from wastewater, together with a further 47 genes encoding resistance to the major antibiotic drug groups. Genes encoding resistance to colistin and the carbapenems were not detected. Genomic surveillance of E. coli in wastewater could be used to monitor new and circulating lineages and resistance determinants of public-health importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy E. Raven
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157 Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Catherine Ludden
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Theodore Gouliouris
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157 Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Public Health England, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Beth Blane
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157 Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Plamena Naydenova
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157 Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas M. Brown
- Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Public Health England, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sharon J. Peacock
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157 Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
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21
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Njenga Waithaka P, Mugu Gathuru E, Muriuki Githaiga B, Njeri Kamunyi J. Control of bacterial pathogens isolated from water using Actinomycetes extracts at Egerton University, Kenya. BIONATURA 2019. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2019.04.01.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases are the worst enemy to man currently. This study was aimed at isolating pathogenic bacteria from water obtained from shallow wells in Dundori Kenya. Also, the study aimed at testing the isolates for sensitivity to antibiotic metabolites previously extracted from Actinomycetes isolates from soils of Egerton University. Water samples were collected from shallow wells randomly selected from Dundori and abbreviated as A, B, C, D, and E. Bacterial pathogens were isolated from the water samples using the membrane filtration technique. The isolates were characterized using biochemical means. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was carried out using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Data analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Comparison of means was carried out using one way ANOVA. Shallow wells B, D and E were highly contaminated with pathogenic bacteria. Biochemical characterization of the isolates indicated that the most common isolates were Vibrio cholera, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus sp, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. There was no significant difference between the zones of inhibition produced by the antibiotic metabolites (F=2.149 P=1340) when tested against the test isolates. There were no significant differences between the MIC's of the antibiotic metabolites on the bacterial pathogens (F=2.01 P=0.15). Water from some shallow wells in Dundori is highly contaminated with Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Proteus sp., Vibrio cholerae and Staphylococcus aureus. The pathogens can effectively be controlled using antibiotics from the Actinomycetes. There is a need to sensitize the residents of the study area on ways of preventing seepage of contaminants into the shallow wells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Njenga Waithaka
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eliud Mugu Gathuru
- Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, P. O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya
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22
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Muraleedharan C, Talreja D, Kanwar M, Kumar A, Walia SK. Occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing bacteria in urban Clinton River habitat. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018; 16:225-235. [PMID: 30316964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether Clinton River water is contaminated with antibiotics and is a reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. METHODS Water samples were taken from two sites of Clinton River. Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria were enumerated on agar plates supplemented with six commonly used antibiotics. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria were identified using a BD Phoenix™ System and by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Antimicrobial resistance gene transfer was performed by conjugation studies and the location of genes was determined by Southern hybridisation. Virulence properties of ESBL-producing isolates were determined by assessing their biofilm-forming ability, cellular toxicity, and induction of an inflammatory response in intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells. RESULTS 16S rRNA analysis of water samples showed the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria (e.g. Shigella flexneri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aeromonas punctata and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Among 64 biochemically identified bacterial isolates tested, 42% were resistant to cefotaxime, 34% to chloramphenicol, 9% to tetracycline, 11% to ciprofloxacin and 9% to gentamicin. Of 27 cefotaxime-resistant isolates, 11 (41%) were ESBL-positive and possessed either blaCTX-M (n=9), blaTEM (n=1) or blaKPC (n=1). Comparative analysis of ESBL gene sequences from Clinton River water bacteria showed 98-100% identity with clinical isolates. ESBL-producing isolates from Clinton River water were found to form biofilms, induced inflammatory cytokines and caused toxicity to epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Clinton River water contains isolates with ESBL genes identical to clinical isolates and possessing virulence properties, thus it could be a potential reservoir in causing human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepa Talreja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mamta Kanwar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Satish K Walia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
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23
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Bevan ER, Jones AM, Hawkey PM. Global epidemiology of CTX-M β-lactamases: temporal and geographical shifts in genotype. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 72:2145-2155. [PMID: 28541467 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, rates of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae are rising. We undertook a literature review, and present the temporal trends in blaCTX-M epidemiology, showing that blaCTX-M-15 and blaCTX-M-14 have displaced other genotypes in many parts of the world. Explanations for these changes can be attributed to: (i) horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of plasmids; (ii) successful Escherichia coli clones; (iii) ESBLs in food animals; (iv) the natural environment; and (v) human migration and access to basic sanitation. We also provide explanations for the changing epidemiology of blaCTX-M-2 and blaCTX-M-27. Modifiable anthropogenic factors, such as poor access to basic sanitary facilities, encourage the spread of blaCTX-M and other antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, such as blaNDM, blaKPC and mcr-1. We provide further justification for novel preventative and interventional strategies to reduce transmission of these AMR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Bevan
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.,Public Health England, West Midlands Public Health Laboratory, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B5 9SS, UK
| | - Annie M Jones
- Magus Strategic Communications Ltd, Marr House, Scagglethorpe, Malton YO17?8ED, UK
| | - Peter M Hawkey
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.,Public Health England, West Midlands Public Health Laboratory, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B5 9SS, UK
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24
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ESBL-producing Escherichia coli
and Its Rapid Rise among Healthy People. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2017; 5:122-150. [PMID: 32231938 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2017011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since around the 2000s, Escherichia coli (E. coli) resistant to both oxyimino-cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones has remarkably increased worldwide in clinical settings. The kind of E. coli is also identified in patients suffering from community-onset infectious diseases such as urinary tract infections. Moreover, recoveries of multi-drug resistant E. coli from the feces of healthy people have been increasingly documented in recent years, although the actual state remains uncertain. These E. coli isolates usually produce extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), as well as acquisition of amino acid substitutions in the quinolone-resistance determining regions (QRDRs) of GyrA and/or ParC, together with plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants such as Qnr, AAC(6')-Ib-cr, and QepA. The actual state of ESBL-producing E. coli in hospitalized patients has been carefully investigated in many countries, while that in healthy people still remains uncertain, although high fecal carriage rates of ESBL producers in healthy people have been reported especially in Asian and South American countries. The issues regarding the ESBL producers have become very complicated and chaotic due to rapid increase of both ESBL variants and plasmids mediating ESBL genes, together with the emergence of various "epidemic strains" or "international clones" of E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae harboring transferable-plasmids carrying multiple antimicrobial resistance genes. Thus, the current state of ESBL producers outside hospital settings was overviewed together with the relation among those recovered from livestock, foods, pets, environments and wildlife from the viewpoint of molecular epidemiology. This mini review may contribute to better understanding about ESBL producers among people who are not familiar with the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatening rising globally.
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25
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Ranjbar R, Sami M. Genetic Investigation of Beta-Lactam Associated Antibiotic Resistance Among Escherichia Coli Strains Isolated from Water Sources. Open Microbiol J 2017; 11:203-210. [PMID: 29151997 PMCID: PMC5678241 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801711010203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Antimicrobial resistance is an important factor threatening human health. It is widely accepted that antibiotic resistant bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) released from humans and animals into the water sources, can introduce their resistance genes into the natural bacterial community. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of blaTEM, blaCTX, blaSHV, blaOXA and blaVEB associated-antibiotic resistance among E. coli bacteria isolated from different water resources in Iran. Methods: The study contained all E. coli strains segregated from different surface water sources. The Kirby-Bauer method and combined discs method was determined in this study for testing antimicrobial susceptibility and strains that produced Extended-Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBL), respectively. DNA extraction kit was applied for genomic and plasmid DNA derivation. Finally the frequency of resistant genes including blaTEM, blaCTX, blaSHV, blaOXA and blaVEB in ESBL producing isolates were studied by PCR. Results: One hundred E. coli strains were isolated and entered in the study. The highest antibiotic resistance was observed on clindamycin (96%). Moreover, 38.5% isolates were ESBL producers. The frequency of different ESBLs genes were 37%, 27%, 27%, and 25% for blaTEM, blaCTX, blaSHV, and blaOXA, respectively. The blaVEB wasn’t found in any isolates. Conclusion: The study revealed a high prevalence of CTX-M, TEM, SHV and OXA genes among E. coli strains in surface water resources. In conclusion, these results raised a concern regarding the presence and distribution of these threatening factors in surface water sources and its subsequent outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Sami
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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26
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Jang J, Hur HG, Sadowsky MJ, Byappanahalli MN, Yan T, Ishii S. Environmental Escherichia coli: ecology and public health implications-a review. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:570-581. [PMID: 28383815 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is classified as a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium in the family Enterobacteriaceae. The bacterium mainly inhabits the lower intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals, including humans, and is often discharged into the environment through faeces or wastewater effluent. The presence of E. coli in environmental waters has long been considered as an indicator of recent faecal pollution. However, numerous recent studies have reported that some specific strains of E. coli can survive for long periods of time, and potentially reproduce, in extraintestinal environments. This indicates that E. coli can be integrated into indigenous microbial communities in the environment. This naturalization phenomenon calls into question the reliability of E. coli as a faecal indicator bacterium (FIB). Recently, many studies reported that E. coli populations in the environment are affected by ambient environmental conditions affecting their long-term survival. Large-scale studies of population genetics revealed the diversity and complexity of E. coli strains in various environments, which are affected by multiple environmental factors. This review examines the current knowledge on the ecology of E. coli strains in various environments with regard to its role as a FIB and as a naturalized member of indigenous microbial communities. Special emphasis is given on the growth of pathogenic E. coli in the environment, and the population genetics of environmental members of the genus Escherichia. The impact of environmental E. coli on water quality and public health is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jang
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - H-G Hur
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - M J Sadowsky
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - M N Byappanahalli
- Lake Michigan Ecological Research Station, Great Lakes Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Chesterton, IN, USA
| | - T Yan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - S Ishii
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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27
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Egervärn M, Englund S, Ljunge M, Wiberg C, Finn M, Lindblad M, Börjesson S. Unexpected common occurrence of transferable extended spectrum cephalosporinase-producing Escherichia coli in Swedish surface waters used for drinking water supply. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 587-588:466-472. [PMID: 28258755 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The presence of Enterobacteriaceae producing extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) or transferable AmpC beta-lactamases (pAmpC) is increasingly being reported in humans, food-producing animals and food world-wide. However, the occurrence and impact of these so-called extended spectrum cephalosporinase (ESC)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in aquatic environments are poorly documented. This study investigated the occurrence, concentrations and characteristics of ESC-producing E. coli (ESC-Ec) in samples of surface water collected at five Swedish water treatment plants that normally have relatively high prevalence and concentration of E. coli in surface water. ESC-Ec was found in 27 of 98 surface water samples analysed. All but two positive samples were collected at two of the water treatment plants studied. The ESC-Ec concentration, 1-3cfu/100mL, represented approximately 4% of the total amount of E. coli in the respective surface water sample. In total, 74% of the isolates were multi-resistant, but no isolate was resistant to carbapenems. Six types of ESBL/pAmpC genes were found in the 27 E. coli isolates obtained from the positive samples, of which four (blaCTX-M-15, blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M-1 and blaCTX-M-14) were found during the whole sampling period, in samples taken at more than one water treatment plant. In addition, the genes were situated on various types of plasmids and most E. coli isolates were not closely related with regard to MLST types. The combinations of ESBL/pAmpC genes, plasmids and E. coli isolates were generally similar to those found previously in healthy and sick individuals in Sweden. In conclusion, the occurrence of ESC-Ec in Swedish surface water shows that resistant bacteria of clinical concern are present in aquatic environments even in a low-prevalence country such as Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Egervärn
- National Food Agency, Box 622, SE-75126 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Stina Englund
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Maria Finn
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Lindblad
- National Food Agency, Box 622, SE-75126 Uppsala, Sweden
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28
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Kawamura K, Sugawara T, Matsuo N, Hayashi K, Norizuki C, Tamai K, Kondo T, Arakawa Y. Spread of CTX-Type Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates of Epidemic Clone B2-O25-ST131 Among Dogs and Cats in Japan. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 23:1059-1066. [PMID: 28380311 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the carriage rates of CTX-M-type extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli among ill companion animals in Japan. Among the 178 nonrepetitive E. coli isolates, including 131 from dogs and 47 from cats, collected between September and November 2015, 42 (23.6%) isolates from 29 dogs and 13 cats were identified as ESBL producers. The antimicrobial susceptibility, O serotype, phylogenetic group, β-lactamase genotype, plasmid replicon type, and sequence type (ST) of each isolate were analyzed. The major ESBL types were CTX-M-14 (26.8%), CTX-M-15 (24.4%), CTX-M-27 (19.5%), and CTX-M-55 (19.5%); predominant replicon types of blaCTX-M-carrying plasmid were IncF group and IncI1-Iγ. The most prevalent STs were ST131 (n = 15, 35.7%), followed by ST38, ST10, and ST410. The 15 isolates of ST131 belonged to B2-O25. E. coli B2-O25-ST131 isolates harboring blaCTX-M-15 or blaCTX-M-27 were resistant to ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin. In particular, CTX-M-15 producers showed multidrug resistance. Our results demonstrated that the CTX-M-producing pandemic E. coli clone B2-O25-ST131 has already spread in Japanese companion animals as well. Moreover, the similarity of genotypes, serotypes, phylogenetic groups, and STs of the isolates from companion animals to those from humans suggested probable transmission of resistant bacteria between pets and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Kawamura
- 1 Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tae Sugawara
- 1 Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nao Matsuo
- 1 Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kengo Hayashi
- 1 Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chihiro Norizuki
- 1 Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Tamai
- 2 Miroku Medical Laboratory, Co., Ltd. , Saku, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kondo
- 1 Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshichika Arakawa
- 3 Department of Bacteriology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya, Japan
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29
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Conte D, Palmeiro JK, da Silva Nogueira K, de Lima TMR, Cardoso MA, Pontarolo R, Degaut Pontes FL, Dalla-Costa LM. Characterization of CTX-M enzymes, quinolone resistance determinants, and antimicrobial residues from hospital sewage, wastewater treatment plant, and river water. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 136:62-69. [PMID: 27816836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are widespread in hospitals and have been increasingly isolated from aquatic environments. The aim of the present study was to characterize extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and quinolone-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from a hospital effluent, sanitary effluent, inflow sewage, aeration tank, and outflow sewage within a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), as well as river water upstream and downstream (URW and DRW, respectively), of the point where the WWTP treated effluent was discharged. β-lactamase (bla) genes, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR), and quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) were assessed by amplification and sequencing in 55 ESBL-positive and/or quinolone-resistant isolates. Ciprofloxacin residue was evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography. ESBL-producing isolates were identified in both raw (n=29) and treated (n=26) water; they included Escherichia coli (32), Klebsiella pneumoniae (22) and Klebsiella oxytoca (1). Resistance to both cephalosporins and quinolone was observed in 34.4% of E. coli and 27.3% of K. pneumoniae. Resistance to carbapenems was found in 5.4% of K. pneumoniae and in K. oxytoca. Results indicate the presence of blaCTX-M (51/55, 92.7%) and blaSHV (8/55, 14.5%) ESBLs, and blaGES (2/55, 3.6%) carbapenemase-encoding resistance determinants. Genes conferring quinolone resistance were detected at all sites, except in the inflow sewage and aeration tanks. Quinolone resistance was primarily attributed to amino acid substitutions in the QRDR of GyrA (47%) or to the presence of PMQR (aac-(6')-Ib-cr, oqxAB, qnrS, and/or qnrB; 52.9%) determinants. Ciprofloxacin residue was absent only from URW. Our results have shown strains carrying ESBL genes, PMQR determinants, and mutations in the gyrA QRDR genes mainly in hospital effluent, URW, and DRW samples. Antimicrobial use, and the inefficient removal of MDR bacteria and antibiotic residue during sewage treatment, may contribute to the emergence and spreading of resistance in the environment, making this a natural reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danieli Conte
- Faculdades e Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe (FPP/IPPPP), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Jussara Kasuko Palmeiro
- Faculdades e Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe (FPP/IPPPP), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (HC-UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Keite da Silva Nogueira
- Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | - Marco André Cardoso
- Faculdades e Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe (FPP/IPPPP), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Pharmacy Department, Health Sciences Sector, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Roberto Pontarolo
- Pharmacy Department, Health Sciences Sector, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Flávia Lada Degaut Pontes
- Pharmacy Department, Health Sciences Sector, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Libera Maria Dalla-Costa
- Faculdades e Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe (FPP/IPPPP), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (HC-UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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30
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Abstract
Several potential reservoirs for the Escherichia coli strains that cause most human extraintestinal infections (extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli; ExPEC) have been identified, including the human intestinal tract and various non-human reservoirs, such as companion animals, food animals, retail meat products, sewage, and other environmental sources. Understanding ExPEC reservoirs, chains of transmission, transmission dynamics, and epidemiologic associations will assist greatly in finding ways to reduce the ExPEC-associated disease burden. The need to clarify the ecological behavior of ExPEC is all the more urgent because environmental reservoirs may contribute to acquisition of antimicrobial resistance determinants and selection for and amplification of resistant ExPEC. In this chapter, we review the evidence for different ExPEC reservoirs, with particular attention to food and food animals, and discuss the public health implications of these reservoirs for ExPEC dissemination and transmission.
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31
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Vittecoq M, Godreuil S, Prugnolle F, Durand P, Brazier L, Renaud N, Arnal A, Aberkane S, Jean-Pierre H, Gauthier-Clerc M, Thomas F, Renaud F. Antimicrobial resistance in wildlife. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Vittecoq
- Centre de recherche de la Tour du Valat; Arles France
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Sylvain Godreuil
- Département de Bactériologie-Virologie; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Montpellier; Montpellier France
- Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
- U 1058; INSERM; Montpellier France
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Patrick Durand
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Lionel Brazier
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Nicolas Renaud
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Audrey Arnal
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Salim Aberkane
- Département de Bactériologie-Virologie; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Montpellier; Montpellier France
- U 1058; INSERM; Montpellier France
| | - Hélène Jean-Pierre
- Département de Bactériologie-Virologie; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Montpellier; Montpellier France
- Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
- UMR 5119 (UM2, CNRS, IRD, IFREMER, UM); Equipe Pathogènes et Environnements; U.F.R. Pharmacie; Montpellier France
| | - Michel Gauthier-Clerc
- Centre de recherche de la Tour du Valat; Arles France
- Département Chrono-Environnement; UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 USC INRA; Université de Franche-Comté; Besançon France
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - François Renaud
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
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32
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Manges A. Escherichia coli and urinary tract infections: the role of poultry-meat. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:122-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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33
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Hocquet D, Muller A, Bertrand X. What happens in hospitals does not stay in hospitals: antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hospital wastewater systems. J Hosp Infect 2016; 93:395-402. [PMID: 26944903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hospitals are hotspots for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and play a major role in both their emergence and spread. Large numbers of these ARB will be ejected from hospitals via wastewater systems. In this review, we present quantitative and qualitative data of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli, vancomycin-resistant enterococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospital wastewaters compared to community wastewaters. We also discuss the fate of these ARB in wastewater treatment plants and in the downstream environment. Published studies have shown that hospital effluents contain ARB, the burden of these bacteria being dependent on their local prevalence. The large amounts of antimicrobials rejected in wastewater exert a continuous selective pressure. Only a few countries recommend the primary treatment of hospital effluents before their discharge into the main wastewater flow for treatment in municipal wastewater treatment plants. Despite the lack of conclusive data, some studies suggest that treatment could favour the ARB, notably ESBL-producing E. coli. Moreover, treatment plants are described as hotspots for the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between bacterial species. Consequently, large amounts of ARB are released in the environment, but it is unclear whether this release contributes to the global epidemiology of these pathogens. It is reasonable, nevertheless, to postulate that it plays a role in the worldwide progression of antibiotic resistance. Antimicrobial resistance should now be seen as an 'environmental pollutant', and new wastewater treatment processes must be assessed for their capability in eliminating ARB, especially from hospital effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hocquet
- Service d'Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France; Laboratoire Chrono-environnement UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.
| | - A Muller
- Service d'Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France; Laboratoire Chrono-environnement UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - X Bertrand
- Service d'Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France; Laboratoire Chrono-environnement UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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Abstract
Surveillance involves the collection and analysis of data for the detection and monitoring of threats to public health. Surveillance should also inform as to the epidemiology of the threat and its burden in the population. A further key component of surveillance is the timely feedback of data to stakeholders with a view to generating action aimed at reducing or preventing the public health threat being monitored. Surveillance of antibiotic resistance involves the collection of antibiotic susceptibility test results undertaken by microbiology laboratories on bacteria isolated from clinical samples sent for investigation. Correlation of these data with demographic and clinical data for the patient populations from whom the pathogens were isolated gives insight into the underlying epidemiology and facilitates the formulation of rational interventions aimed at reducing the burden of resistance. This article describes a range of surveillance activities that have been undertaken in the UK over a number of years, together with current interventions being implemented. These activities are not only of national importance but form part of the international response to the global threat posed by antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan P Johnson
- Department of Healthcare-Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK
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Characteristics of CTX-M Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Multiple Rivers in Southern Taiwan. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:1889-1897. [PMID: 26773082 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03222-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli sequence type ST131 has emerged as the leading cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections and bacteremia worldwide. Whether environmental water is a potential reservoir of these strains remains unclear. River water samples were collected from 40 stations in southern Taiwan from February to August 2014. PCR assay and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis were conducted to determine the CTX-M group and sequence type, respectively. In addition, we identified the seasonal frequency of ESBL-producing E. coli strains and their geographical relationship with runoffs from livestock and poultry farms between February and August 2014. ESBL-producing E. coli accounted for 30% of the 621 E. coli strains isolated from river water in southern Taiwan. ESBL-producing E. coli ST131 was not detected among the isolates. The most commonly detected strain was E. coli CTX-M group 9. Among the 92 isolates selected for MLST analysis, the most common ESBL-producing clonal complexes were ST10 and ST58. The proportion of ESBL-producing E. coli was significantly higher in areas with a lower river pollution index (P = 0.025) and regions with a large number of chickens being raised (P = 0.013). ESBL-producing E. coli strains were commonly isolated from river waters in southern Taiwan. The most commonly isolated ESBL-producing clonal complexes were ST10 and ST58, which were geographically related to chicken farms. ESBL-producing E. coli ST131, the major clone causing community-acquired infections in Taiwan and worldwide, was not detected in river waters.
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Bajaj P, Kanaujia PK, Singh NS, Sharma S, Kumar S, Virdi JS. Quinolone co-resistance in ESBL- or AmpC-producing Escherichia coli from an Indian urban aquatic environment and their public health implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:1954-1959. [PMID: 26498967 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5609-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Quinolone and β-lactam antibiotics constitute major mainstay of treatment against infections caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli. Presence of E. coli strains expressing co-resistance to both these antibiotic classes in urban aquatic environments which are consistently being used for various anthropogenic activities represents a serious public health concern. From a heterogeneous collection of 61 E. coli strains isolated from the river Yamuna traversing through the National Capital Territory of Delhi (India), those harboring blaCTX-M-15 (n = 10) or blaCMY-42 (n = 2) were investigated for co-resistance to quinolones and the molecular mechanisms thereof. Resistance was primarily attributed to amino acid substitutions in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of GyrA (S83L ± D87N) and ParC (S80I ± E84K). One of the E. coli strains, viz., IPE, also carried substitutions in GyrB and ParE at positions Ser492→Asn and Ser458→Ala, respectively. The phenotypically susceptible strains nevertheless carried plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) gene, viz., qnrS, which showed co-transfer to the recipient quinolone-sensitive E. coli J53 along with the genes encoding β-lactamases and led to increase in minimal inhibitory concentrations of quinolone antibiotics. To the best of our knowledge, this represents first report of molecular characterization of quinolone co-resistance in E. coli harboring genes for ESBLs or AmpC β-lactamases from a natural aquatic environment of India. The study warrants true appreciation of the potential of urban aquatic environments in the emergence and spread of multi-drug resistance and underscores the need to characterize resistance genetic elements vis-à-vis their public health implications, irrespective of apparent phenotypic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Bajaj
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Kanaujia
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Nambram Somendro Singh
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Shalu Sharma
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Shakti Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Jugsharan Singh Virdi
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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Boyle DP, Zembower TR. Epidemiology and Management of Emerging Drug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria. Urol Clin North Am 2015; 42:493-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Yang QE, Sun J, Li L, Deng H, Liu BT, Fang LX, Liao XP, Liu YH. IncF plasmid diversity in multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli strains from animals in China. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:964. [PMID: 26441898 PMCID: PMC4585273 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize a collection of 103 multidrug resistance IncF plasmids recovered from Escherichia coli of food producing and companion animals between 2003 and 2012. A total of 103 incF plasmids were characterized using an established PCR-based IncF replicon sequence typing (RST) system to identify FII, FIA, and FIB (FAB) groups. Plasmids were also analyzed using-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Antibiotic Resistance determinants bla CTX-M , plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes and rmtB and plasmid addiction systems (PAS) were identified by PCR screening. A total of 20 different RSTs from 103 IncF plasmids were identified. The groups F2 and F33 with the RST formulae A-: B- were the most frequently encountered types (63.1%). The antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) bla CTX-M , rmtB, and oqxB were carried by 82, 37, and 34 IncF plasmids, respectively. Most of these plasmids carried more than one resistance gene (59.2%, 61/103). The IncF plasmids also had a high frequency of addiction systems (mean 2.54) and two antisense RNA-regulated systems (hok-sok and srnBC) and a protein antitoxin-regulated system (pemKI) were the most prevalent. Not surprisingly, RFLP profiles among the IncF plasmids were diverse even though some shared identical IncF-RSTs. This is the first extensive study of IncF plasmid-positive E. coli isolates from animals in China. Our results demonstrate that IncF is the most prevalent plasmid family in E. coli plasmids and they commonly carry multiple resistance determinants that render them resistant to different antibiotic classes simultaneously. IncF plasmids also harbor addiction systems, promoting their stability and maintenance in the bacterial host, under changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-E Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Li
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Deng
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Bao-Tao Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang-Xing Fang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China ; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses Yangzhou, China
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Blaak H, van Hoek AHAM, Hamidjaja RA, van der Plaats RQJ, Kerkhof-de Heer L, de Roda Husman AM, Schets FM. Distribution, Numbers, and Diversity of ESBL-Producing E. coli in the Poultry Farm Environment. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135402. [PMID: 26270644 PMCID: PMC4536194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to discern the contribution of poultry farms to the contamination of the environment with ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and therewith, potentially to the spread of these bacteria to humans and other animals. ESBL-producing E. coli were detected at all investigated laying hen farms (n = 5) and broiler farms (n = 3) in 65% (46/71) and 81% (57/70) of poultry faeces samples, respectively. They were detected in rinse water and run-off water (21/26; 81%), other farm animals (11/14; 79%), dust (21/35; 60%), surface water adjacent to farms (20/35; 57%), soil (48/87; 55%), on flies (11/73; 15%), and in barn air (2/33; 6%). The highest prevalence and concentrations in the outdoor environment were observed in soil of free-range areas at laying hen farms (100% of samples positive, geometric mean concentration 2.4×104 cfu/kg), and surface waters adjacent to broiler farms during, or shortly after, cleaning between production rounds (91% of samples positive, geometric mean concentration 1.9×102 cfu/l). The diversity of ESBL-producing E. coli variants with respect to sequence type, phylogenetic group, ESBL-genotype and antibiotic resistance profile was high, especially on broiler farms where on average 16 different variants were detected, and the average Simpson’s Indices of diversity (SID; 1–D) were 0.93 and 0.94 among flock and environmental isolates respectively. At laying hen farms on average nine variants were detected, with SIDs of 0.63 (flock isolates) and 0.77 (environmental isolates). Sixty percent of environmental isolates were identical to flock isolates at the same farm. The highest proportions of ‘flock variants’ were observed in dust (94%), run-off gullies (82%), and barn air (67%), followed by surface water (57%), soil (56%), flies (50%) and other farm animals (35%).The introduction of ESBL-producing E. coli from poultry farms to the environment may pose a health risk if these bacteria reach places where people may become exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetty Blaak
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Angela H A M van Hoek
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Raditijo A Hamidjaja
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rozemarijn Q J van der Plaats
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lianne Kerkhof-de Heer
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Maria de Roda Husman
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Franciska M Schets
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Zhang H, Zhou Y, Guo S, Chang W. Prevalence and characteristics of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from rural well water in Taian, China, 2014. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:11488-11492. [PMID: 25821088 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) is one of the major antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in Enterobacteriaceae, and the increasing number of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from water environments has posed a serious threat to the public health. The study aimed to analyze prevalence and characterization of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae from rural well waters in Taian, China. A total of 10 isolates expressing an ESBL phenotype, including 9 Escherichia coli (E. coli) and 1 Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) was obtained from 4 (4%) out of the 100 sampled wells. ESBL genotype revealed that 9 expressed CTX-M-15 and 1 produced CTX-M-27. Five out of 8 ESBL-producing E. coli expressing CTX-M-15 belonged to ST10, which are mostly detected from human feces in China. Importantly, the only strain of CTX-M-27-producing E. coli belonged to multi-locus sequence type B2:131 (ST131), which may be related with severe infection in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongna Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Taian, 271000, China,
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Novovic K, Filipic B, Veljovic K, Begovic J, Mirkovic N, Jovcic B. Environmental waters and blaNDM-1 in Belgrade, Serbia: endemicity questioned. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:393-398. [PMID: 25569574 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) will soon become the most commonly isolated and distributed metallo-beta-lactamase worldwide due to its rapid international dissemination and its ability to be expressed by numerous Gram-negative pathogens. NDM-positive bacteria pose a significant public health threat in the Indian subcontinent and the Balkans, which have been designated as endemic regions. Our study was focused on urban rivers, a lake and springheads as a potential source of NDM-1-producing strains in Serbia, but also as a source of other metallo-beta-lactamases and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria. A total of 69 beta-lactam resistant isolates, belonging to 12 bacterial genera, were collected from 8 out of 10 different locations in Belgrade, of which the most were from a popular recreational site, Ada Ciganlija Lake. Phenotypic tests revealed 7 (10.14%) ESBL-producing isolates and 39 (56.52%) isolates resistant to imipenem, of which 32 were positive for metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) production. PCR and sequencing revealed the presence of genetic determinants for SHV (3 isolates), DHA-1 (1 isolate) and CMY-2 (1 isolate) beta-lactamases. However, we did not detect any NDM-1-producing strains (previously described cases of NDM-1 from Serbia were limited to Belgrade), so we propose that Serbian NDM-1 is in fact a transplant and a nosocomial, rather than an environmental, issue and that Serbia is not an endemic region for NDM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Novovic
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. Box 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - B Filipic
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. Box 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia; University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - K Veljovic
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. Box 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - J Begovic
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. Box 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - N Mirkovic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - B Jovcic
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. Box 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia; University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Maciuca IE, Williams NJ, Tuchilus C, Dorneanu O, Guguianu E, Carp-Carare C, Rimbu C, Timofte D. High Prevalence of Escherichia coli-Producing CTX-M-15 Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases in Poultry and Human Clinical Isolates in Romania. Microb Drug Resist 2015; 21:651-62. [PMID: 25734920 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2014.0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of antibiotics in food animals may contribute to development and spread of resistant organisms, particularly so in some countries. The aim of this study was two-fold; first, to establish the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in chicken production in a region within Romania. Second, to study the relatedness of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates recovered from broilers, abattoir workers where the chickens were slaughtered and from the human clinical specimens from two regional hospitals. The results indicated a very high (69%) rate of carriage of ESBL and AmpC-producing E. coli in chickens with 36% CTX-M producers. Sequencing showed that chickens in Romania have the highest worldwide prevalence (53%) of blaCTX-M-15 reported in poultry E. coli isolates. The majority (53%) of the extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant E. coli carried plasmid-mediated blaampC genes, mostly blaCMY-2 type, one of the highest prevalences reported in Europe. The predominant CTX-M type found in the human clinical E. coli isolates was blaCTX-M-15 and most isolates coharbored blaOXA-1, blaTEM, and aac(6')-ib-cr. The majority (60%) of the human clinical isolates belonged to the pandemic virulent clone B2-ST131. The clonal relationship between broiler and the human CTX-M-producing E. coli isolates was assessed by macrorestriction pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST), which indicated strain diversity with no common STs found between human and poultry isolates. Moreover, IncI1 was the most prevalent replicon found in broiler ESBL-producing E. coli isolates and also in transconjugants, indicating that plasmids and not clonal spread may play a role in the transfer of blaCTX-M genes. This study identifies a high prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli from broiler chickens in Romania with a high occurrence incidence of blaCTX-M-15, which reflects the main ESBL type found in human E. coli infections in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliana E Maciuca
- 1 School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, United Kingdom .,2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , Iasi, Romania
| | - Nicola J Williams
- 3 Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Tuchilus
- 4 Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa," Iasi, Romania
| | - Olivia Dorneanu
- 4 Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa," Iasi, Romania
| | - Eleonora Guguianu
- 2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , Iasi, Romania
| | - Catalin Carp-Carare
- 2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Rimbu
- 2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , Iasi, Romania
| | - Dorina Timofte
- 1 School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, United Kingdom .,2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , Iasi, Romania .,3 Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Bajaj P, Singh NS, Kanaujia PK, Virdi JS. Distribution and molecular characterization of genes encoding CTX-M and AmpC β-lactamases in Escherichia coli isolated from an Indian urban aquatic environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:350-6. [PMID: 25461036 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic environments harboring antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli constitute an important public health concern. Thus, it is important to characterize the resistance genetic elements of waterborne E. coli. It is also important to identify the predominant clonal groups/phylogroups represented by resistant strains to understand the epidemiology of antibiotic resistant E. coli in natural environments, and to identify the role of well-established genotypes in the spread of resistance in a particular geographical area through natural environments. In the present investigation, E. coli strains (n=126) isolated from various points along the river Yamuna traversing through the National Capital Territory of Delhi (India) were grouped phylogenetically. A collection of 61 strains representing all phylogroups was investigated for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC production. blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M genes were detected and analyzed, promoter/attenuator mutations associated with chromosomally-mediated AmpC overexpression were identified, and plasmid-mediated ampC was determined. blaTEM was the most widespread (100%) gene followed by bla(CTX-M) (16%), and plasmid-mediated ampC (3%). bla(CTX-M-15) and bla(CMY-42) were identified as the genes encoding CTX-M type ESBL and CIT type AmpC β-lactamases, respectively. CTX-M-15 ESBL phenotype was most common in phylogroup D (50%), followed by phylogroups B1 (30%), and A (20%). E. coli that produce plasmid-mediated AmpC were rare and present only in phylogroup D. Presence of multi β-lactam resistance, bla(CTX-M-15) and bla(CMY-42) in waterborne E. coli belonging to virulence-associated phylogroup D highlights the need for routine surveillance of resistance determinants in aquatic environments. This is also the first report for the presence of bla(CMY-42) in waterborne E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Bajaj
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Nambram Somendro Singh
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Kanaujia
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Jugsharan Singh Virdi
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India.
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Lanza VF, de Toro M, Garcillán-Barcia MP, Mora A, Blanco J, Coque TM, de la Cruz F. Plasmid flux in Escherichia coli ST131 sublineages, analyzed by plasmid constellation network (PLACNET), a new method for plasmid reconstruction from whole genome sequences. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004766. [PMID: 25522143 PMCID: PMC4270462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial whole genome sequence (WGS) methods are rapidly overtaking classical sequence analysis. Many bacterial sequencing projects focus on mobilome changes, since macroevolutionary events, such as the acquisition or loss of mobile genetic elements, mainly plasmids, play essential roles in adaptive evolution. Existing WGS analysis protocols do not assort contigs between plasmids and the main chromosome, thus hampering full analysis of plasmid sequences. We developed a method (called plasmid constellation networks or PLACNET) that identifies, visualizes and analyzes plasmids in WGS projects by creating a network of contig interactions, thus allowing comprehensive plasmid analysis within WGS datasets. The workflow of the method is based on three types of data: assembly information (including scaffold links and coverage), comparison to reference sequences and plasmid-diagnostic sequence features. The resulting network is pruned by expert analysis, to eliminate confounding data, and implemented in a Cytoscape-based graphic representation. To demonstrate PLACNET sensitivity and efficacy, the plasmidome of the Escherichia coli lineage ST131 was analyzed. ST131 is a globally spread clonal group of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), comprising different sublineages with ability to acquire and spread antibiotic resistance and virulence genes via plasmids. Results show that plasmids flux in the evolution of this lineage, which is wide open for plasmid exchange. MOBF12/IncF plasmids were pervasive, adding just by themselves more than 350 protein families to the ST131 pangenome. Nearly 50% of the most frequent γ–proteobacterial plasmid groups were found to be present in our limited sample of ten analyzed ST131 genomes, which represent the main ST131 sublineages. Plasmids are difficult to analyze in WGS datasets, due to the fragmented nature of the obtained sequences. We developed a method, called PLACNET, which greatly facilitates this analysis. As an example, we analyzed the plasmidome of E. coli ST131, an ExPEC clonal group involved in human urinary tract infections and septicemia. Relevant variation within this clone (e.g., antibiotic resistance and virulence) is frequently caused by the acquisition and loss of plasmids and other mobile genetic elements. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the ST131 plasmidome is limited to a few antibiotic resistance plasmids and to identification of replicons from known plasmid groups. PLACNET analysis extends the number of sequenced plasmids in ST131, which can be used for comparative genomics, from 11 to 50. The ST131 plasmidome is seemingly huge, encompassing roughly 50% of the main plasmid groups of γ–proteobacteria. MOBF12/IncF plasmids are apparently the most active players in the dissemination of relevant genetic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Val F. Lanza
- Departamento de Biología Molecular (Universidad de Cantabria) and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria IBBTEC (UC-SODERCAN-CSIC), Santander, Spain
| | - María de Toro
- Departamento de Biología Molecular (Universidad de Cantabria) and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria IBBTEC (UC-SODERCAN-CSIC), Santander, Spain
| | - M. Pilar Garcillán-Barcia
- Departamento de Biología Molecular (Universidad de Cantabria) and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria IBBTEC (UC-SODERCAN-CSIC), Santander, Spain
| | - Azucena Mora
- Laboratorio de Referencia de E. coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Jorge Blanco
- Laboratorio de Referencia de E. coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Teresa M. Coque
- Departamento de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Resistencia a Antibióticos y Virulencia Bacteriana asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, (CIBER-ESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando de la Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular (Universidad de Cantabria) and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria IBBTEC (UC-SODERCAN-CSIC), Santander, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Kuenzli E, Jaeger VK, Frei R, Neumayr A, DeCrom S, Haller S, Blum J, Widmer AF, Furrer H, Battegay M, Endimiani A, Hatz C. High colonization rates of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in Swiss travellers to South Asia- a prospective observational multicentre cohort study looking at epidemiology, microbiology and risk factors. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:528. [PMID: 25270732 PMCID: PMC4262238 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND International travel contributes to the worldwide spread of multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Rates of travel-related faecal colonization with extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae vary for different destinations. Especially travellers returning from the Indian subcontinent show high colonization rates. So far, nothing is known about region-specific risk factors for becoming colonized. METHODS An observational prospective multicentre cohort study investigated travellers to South Asia. Before and after travelling, rectal swabs were screened for third-generation cephalosporin- and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Participants completed questionnaires to identify risk factors for becoming colonized. Covariates were assessed univariately, followed by a multivariate regression. RESULTS Hundred and seventy persons were enrolled, the largest data set on travellers to the Indian subcontinent so far. The acquired colonization rate with ESBL-producing Escherichia coli overall was 69.4% (95% CI 62.1-75.9%), being highest in travellers returning from India (86.8%; 95% CI 78.5-95.0%) and lowest in travellers returning from Sri Lanka (34.7%; 95% CI 22.9-48.7%). Associated risk factors were travel destination, length of stay, visiting friends and relatives, and eating ice cream and pastry. CONCLUSIONS High colonization rates with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae were found in travellers returning from South Asia. Though risk factors were identified, a more common source, i.e. environmental, appears to better explain the high colonization rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Kuenzli
- Division for Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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In vitro activity of ceftolozane-tazobactam as determined by broth dilution and agar diffusion assays against recent U.S. Escherichia coli isolates from 2010 to 2011 carrying CTX-M-type extended-spectrum β-lactamases. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:4049-52. [PMID: 25143578 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02357-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceftolozane MIC(50)/MIC(90)s were 4/8 μg/ml when tested against 26 CTX-M-14-type-producing isolates and 64/>64 μg/ml against 219 CTX-M-15-type-producing isolates. The addition of 4 μg/ml tazobactam lowered the ceftolozane MIC50/MIC9(0)s to ≤ 0.25/0.5 μg/ml by broth microdilution and Etest. The zone diameters for the ceftolozane-tazobactam disks were 23 to 29 mm for 92.2% of the isolates.
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Blaak H, de Kruijf P, Hamidjaja RA, van Hoek AH, de Roda Husman AM, Schets FM. Prevalence and characteristics of ESBL-producing E. coli in Dutch recreational waters influenced by wastewater treatment plants. Vet Microbiol 2014; 171:448-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Amos GCA, Hawkey PM, Gaze WH, Wellington EM. Waste water effluent contributes to the dissemination of CTX-M-15 in the natural environment. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69:1785-91. [PMID: 24797064 PMCID: PMC4054988 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae pose a significant threat to public health. We aimed to study the impact of sewage treatment effluent on antibiotic resistance reservoirs in a river. Methods River sediment samples were taken from downstream and upstream of a waste water treatment plant (WWTP) in 2009 and 2011. Third-generation cephalosporin (3GC)-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were enumerated. PCR-based techniques were used to elucidate mechanisms of resistance, with a new two-step PCR-based assay developed to investigate blaCTX-M-15 mobilization. Conjugation experiments and incompatibility replicon typing were used to investigate plasmid ecology. Results We report the first examples of blaCTX-M-15 in UK river sediment; the prevalence of blaCTX-M-15 was dramatically increased downstream of the WWTP. Ten novel genetic contexts for this gene were identified, carried in pathogens such as Escherichia coli ST131 as well as indigenous aquatic bacteria such as Aeromonas media. The blaCTX-M-15 gene was readily transferable to other Gram-negative bacteria. We also report the first finding of an imipenem-resistant E. coli in a UK river. Conclusions The high diversity and host range of novel genetic contexts proves that evolution of novel combinations of resistance genes is occurring at high frequency and has to date been significantly underestimated. We have identified a worrying reservoir of highly resistant enteric bacteria in the environment that poses a threat to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C A Amos
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - P M Hawkey
- Health Protection Agency, West Midlands Public Health Laboratory, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, UK Institute of Microbiology and Infection, Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - W H Gaze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - E M Wellington
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Bréchet C, Plantin J, Sauget M, Thouverez M, Talon D, Cholley P, Guyeux C, Hocquet D, Bertrand X. Wastewater Treatment Plants Release Large Amounts of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase–Producing Escherichia coli Into the Environment. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58:1658-65. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Zurfluh K, Abgottspon H, Hächler H, Nüesch-Inderbinen M, Stephan R. Quinolone resistance mechanisms among extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli isolated from rivers and lakes in Switzerland. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95864. [PMID: 24755830 PMCID: PMC3995870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixty extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolated from rivers and lakes in Switzerland were screened for individual strains additionally exhibiting a reduced quinolone susceptibility phenotype. Totally, 42 such isolates were found and further characterized for their molecular (fluoro)quinolone resistance mechanisms. PCR and sequence analysis were performed to identify chromosomal mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) of gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE and to describe the occurrence of the following plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes: qepA, aac-6′-Ib-cr, qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD and qnrS. The contribution of efflux pumps to the resistance phenotype of selected strains was further determined by the broth microdilution method in the presence and absence of the efflux pump inhibitor phe-arg-β-naphthylamide (PAβN). Almost all strains, except two isolates, showed at least one mutation in the QRDR of gyrA. Ten strains showed only one mutation in gyrA, whereas thirty isolates exhibited up to four mutations in the QRDR of gyrA, parC and/or parE. No mutations were detected in gyrB. Most frequently the amino-acid substitution Ser83→Leu was detected in GyrA followed by Asp87→Asn in GyrA, Ser80→Ile in ParC, Glu84→Val in ParC and Ser458→Ala in ParE. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance mechanisms were found in twenty isolates bearing QnrS1 (4/20), AAC-6′-Ib-cr (15/20) and QepA (1/20) determinants, respectively. No qnrA, qnrB, qnrC and qnrD were found. In the presence of PAβN, the MICs of nalidixic acid were decreased 4- to 32-fold. (Fluoro) quinolone resistance is due to various mechanisms frequently associated with ESBL-production in E. coli from surface waters in Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Zurfluh
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helga Abgottspon
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Herbert Hächler
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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