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Liu J, Tang Y, Lan T. Design and modeling of order of addition experiment with component effects. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16943. [PMID: 39043866 PMCID: PMC11266427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
An order of addition experiment is an experiment to study how the order of addition of components affect the results, with the objective of predicting and determining the optimal order of addition of components. Order of addition experiment are also commonly used in the drug combination therapy, where experimenting with all drugs combinations is unaffordable. To solve this problem, we constructed a new design table, two-level component factorial design table (TLCF), which combine the component orthogonal array design table and the two-level partial factorial design table by matrix product. TLCF can explore the order and dosage effect of components on the results and can greatly reduce the number of experiments. We also prove that the relative D-efficiency of the TLCF can reach 100% and solve an explicit expression for the D-efficiency of the full design. In the simulation experiment, we compare the D-efficiency of the TLCF with the random design table to prove the superiority of TLCF. Finally, we give a treatment plan for the combination of three drugs for glioblastoma based on the TLCF, which provides a new perspective for the precision treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Liu
- College of Mathematics, Jiaying University, Meizhou, 514011, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Statistics, College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Yifan Tang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Lan
- Institute of Advanced Diagnostic and Clinical Medicine, Zhongshan People's Hospital, Sun Wendong Road No. 2, Zhongshan, 528400, Guangdong, China
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Zong Z, Cheng X, Yang Y, Qiao J, Hao J, Li F. Association between dietary flavonol intake and mortality risk in the U.S. adults from NHANES database. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4572. [PMID: 38403683 PMCID: PMC10894877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Using updated National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) follow-up data, and a large nationwide representative sample of adult U.S. citizens, the aim of this study was to explore the relationship between dietary flavonol intake, all-cause and cause-specific mortality risks. In this prospective cohort study based on NHANES (2007-2008, 2009-2010, and 2017-2018), a total of 11,679 participants aged 20 years and above were evaluated. The amount and type of food taken during a 24-h dietary recall were used to estimate dietary flavonol intake, which includes total flavonol, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, myricetin, and quercetin. Each analysis of the weighted data was dealt with in accordance with the NHANES reporting requirements' intricate stratification design. The Cox proportional risk regression model or Fine and Gray competing risks regression model were applied to evaluate all-cause and cause-specific mortality risks, respectively. The follow-up period was calculated using the time interval between the baseline and the death date or December 31, 2019 (whichever occurs first). Each data analysis was performed between October 1, 2023, and October 22, 2023. Dietary flavonol intake included total flavonol, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, myricetin, and quercetin. Up to December 31, 2019, National Death Index (NDI) mortality data were used to calculate mortality from all causes as well as cause-specific causes. A total of 11,679 individuals, which represents 44,189,487 U.S. non-hospitalized citizens, were included in the study; of these participants, 49.78% were male (n = 5816), 50.22% were female (n = 5, 863); 47.56% were Non-Hispanic White (n = 5554), 18.91% were Non-Hispanic Black (n = 2209), 16.23% were Mexican American (n = 1895), and 17.30% were other ethnicity (n = 2021); The mean [SE] age of the sample was 46.93 [0.36] years, with a median follow-up of 7.80 years (interquartile range, 7.55-8.07 years). After adjusting covariates, Cox proportional hazards models and fine and gray competing risks regression models for specific-cause mortality demonstrated that total flavonol intake was associated with all-cause (HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.54-0.75), cancer-specific (HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.28-0.70) and CVD-specific (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.47-0.96) mortality risks; isorhamnetin intake was associated with all-cause (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.60-0.86), and cancer-specific (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.46-0.83) mortality risks; kaempferol intake was associated with all-cause (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.63-0.86), and cancer-specific (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.40-0.97) mortality risks; myricetin intake was associated with all-cause (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.67-0.88), AD-specific (HR 0.34, 95% CI 0.14-0.85), and CVD-specific (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.47-0.80) mortality risks; quercetin intake was associated with all-cause (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.54-0.81), cancer-specific (HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.35-0.84), and CVD-specific (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.40-0.93) mortality risks; there was no correlation observed between dietary flavonol intake and DM-specific mortality. According to the current study, all-cause, AD, cancer, and CVD mortality risks declined with increased dietary flavonoid intake in the U.S. adults. This finding may be related to the anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative stress properties of flavonol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zong
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jianchao Qiao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jiqing Hao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Fanfan Li
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, China.
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Fraga CG, Trostchansky A, Rocha BS, Laranjinha J, Rubbo H, Galleano M. (Poly)phenols and nitrolipids: Relevant participants in nitric oxide metabolism. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 89:101158. [PMID: 36517273 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (•NO) is an essential molecule able to control and regulate many biological functions. Additionally, •NO bears a potential toxicity or damaging effects under conditions of uncontrolled production, and because of its participation in redox-sensitive pathways and oxidizing reactions. Several plant (poly)phenols present in the diet are able to regulate the enzymes producing •NO (NOSs). In addition, (poly)phenols are implicated in defining •NO bioavailability, especially by regulating NADPH oxidases (NOXs), and the subsequent generation of superoxide and •NO depletion. Nitrolipids are compounds that are present in animal tissues because of dietary consumption, e.g. of olive oil, and/or as result of endogenous production. This endogenous production of nitrolipids is dependent on the nitrate/nitrite presence in the diet. Select nitrolipids, e.g. the nitroalkenes, are able to exert •NO-like signaling actions, and act as •NO reservoirs, becoming relevant for systemic •NO bioavailability. Furthermore, the presence of (poly)phenols in the stomach reduces dietary nitrite to •NO favoring nitrolipids formation. In this review we focus on the capacity of molecules representing these two groups of bioactives, i.e. (poly)phenols and nitrolipids, as relevant participants in •NO metabolism and bioavailability. This participation acquires especial relevance when human homeostasis is lost, for example under inflammatory conditions, in which the protective actions of (poly)phenols and/or nitrolipids have been associated with local and systemic •NO bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- César G Fraga
- Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular-Dr. Alberto Boveris (IBIMOL), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andrés Trostchansky
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Barbara S Rocha
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Laranjinha
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Homero Rubbo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Monica Galleano
- Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular-Dr. Alberto Boveris (IBIMOL), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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(-)-Epicatechin Alters Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Production Independent of Mitochondrial Respiration in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4413191. [PMID: 35069974 PMCID: PMC8767396 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4413191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Vascular endothelial dysfunction is characterised by lowered nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, which may be explained by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial dysfunction, and altered cell signalling. (-)-Epicatechin (EPI) has proven effective in the context of vascular endothelial dysfunction, but the underlying mechanisms associated with EPI's effects remain unclear. Objective(s). Our aim was to investigate whether EPI impacts reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) production and mitochondrial function of human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). We hypothesised that EPI would attenuate ROS production, increase NO bioavailability, and enhance indices of mitochondrial function. Methods HUVECs were treated with EPI (0-20 μM) for up to 48 h. Mitochondrial and cellular ROS were measured in the absence and presence of antimycin A (AA), an inhibitor of the mitochondrial electron transport protein complex III, favouring ROS production. Genes associated with mitochondrial remodelling and the antioxidant response were quantified by RT-qPCR. Mitochondrial bioenergetics were assessed by respirometry and signalling responses determined by western blotting. Results Mitochondrial superoxide production without AA was increased 32% and decreased 53% after 5 and 10 μM EPI treatment vs. CTRL (P < 0.001). With AA, only 10 μM EPI increased mitochondrial superoxide production vs. CTRL (25%, P < 0.001). NO bioavailability was increased by 45% with 10 μM EPI vs. CTRL (P = 0.010). However, EPI did not impact mitochondrial respiration. NRF2 mRNA expression was increased 1.5- and 1.6-fold with 5 and 10 μM EPI over 48 h vs. CTRL (P = 0.015 and P = 0.001, respectively). Finally, EPI transiently enhanced ERK1/2 phosphorylation (2.9 and 3.2-fold over 15 min and 1 h vs. 0 h, respectively; P = 0.035 and P = 0.011). Conclusion(s). EPI dose-dependently alters RONS production of HUVECs but does not impact mitochondrial respiration. The induction of NRF2 mRNA expression with EPI might relate to enhanced ERK1/2 signalling, rather than RONS production. In humans, EPI may improve vascular endothelial dysfunction via alteration of RONS and activation of cell signalling.
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Wisnuwardani RW, De Henauw S, Forsner M, Gottrand F, Huybrechts I, Kafatos AG, Kersting M, Knaze V, Manios Y, Nova E, Molnár D, Rothwell JA, Scalbert A, Sette S, Widhalm K, Moreno LA, Michels N. Adolescents' dietary polyphenol intake in relation to serum total antioxidant capacity: the HELENA study. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2022; 73:71-81. [PMID: 33858286 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2021.1910631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the association between intake of total polyphenols, polyphenol classes and the 10 most consumed individual polyphenols with serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in 749 European adolescents (53% girls; 15% overweight; 12.5-17.5 years-old) from the cross-sectional HELENA study of 2006-2007. Dietary polyphenol intake was calculated from two non-consecutive 24-h recalls matched with the Phenol-Explorer database. Multilevel linear models examined the associations between dietary polyphenols and TAC. Polyphenol intake was rather low (median = 321mg/day; p25 = 158; p75 = 536) and TAC was comparable to other literature findings (median = 1.57 mmol/L; p25 = 1.45; p75 = 1.74). Total polyphenol intake, polyphenol classes and the top 10 compounds were not associated with TAC in a linear, quadratic or cubic way in partially or fully confounder-adjusted models. A direct anti-oxidative effect of dietary polyphenol intake was not observed in European adolescents. Polyphenol biomarkers and additional antioxidant measures are needed in future prospective studies to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratih W Wisnuwardani
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Faculty of Public Health, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria Forsner
- Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- School of Education, Health and Social Sciences, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
| | - Frédéric Gottrand
- CHU Lille, Inserm U995, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Antonios G Kafatos
- Clinic of Nutrition and Disease Prevention, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - Mathilde Kersting
- Research Department of Child Nutrition, Pediatric University Clinic, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Viktoria Knaze
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Esther Nova
- Department of Metabolism & Nutrition, Immunonutrition Research Group, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dénes Molnár
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | | | - Stefania Sette
- CREA Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Kurt Widhalm
- Department of Pediatric, Division of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luis A Moreno
- Faculty of Health Science, GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nathalie Michels
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Altınok A, Karabay A, Akyürek EG. Acute effects of cocoa flavanols on visual working memory: maintenance and updating. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:1665-1678. [PMID: 35031887 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02767-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of cocoa flavanols may have acute physiological effects on the brain due to their ability to activate nitric oxide synthesis. Nitric oxide mediates vasodilation, which increases cerebral blood flow, and can also act as a neurotransmitter. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine whether cocoa flavanols have an acute influence on visual working memory (WM). METHODS Two separate randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced crossover experiments were conducted on normal healthy young adult volunteers (NExp1 = 48 and NExp2 = 32, gender-balanced). In these experiments, 415 mg of cocoa flavanols were administered to test their acute effects on visual working memory. In the first experiment, memory recall precision was measured in a task that required only passive maintenance of grating orientations in WM. In the second experiment, recall was measured after active updating (mental rotation) of WM contents. Habitual daily flavanols intake, body mass index, and gender were also considered in the analysis. RESULTS The results suggested that neither passive maintenance in visual WM nor active updating of WM were acutely enhanced by consumption of cocoa flavanols. Exploratory analyses with covariates (body mass index and daily flavanols intake), and the between-subjects factor of gender also showed no evidence for effects of cocoa flavanols, neither in terms of reaction time, nor accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Overall, cocoa flavanols did not improve visual working memory recall performance during maintenance, nor did it improve recall accuracy after memory updating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Altınok
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Aytaç Karabay
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elkan G Akyürek
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Das M, Devi KP, Belwal T, Devkota HP, Tewari D, Sahebnasagh A, Nabavi SF, Khayat Kashani HR, Rasekhian M, Xu S, Amirizadeh M, Amini K, Banach M, Xiao J, Aghaabdollahian S, Nabavi SM. Harnessing polyphenol power by targeting eNOS for vascular diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:2093-2118. [PMID: 34553653 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1971153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vascular diseases arise due to vascular endothelium dysfunction in response to several pro-inflammatory stimuli and invading pathogens. Thickening of the vessel wall, formation of atherosclerotic plaques consisting of proliferating smooth muscle cells, macrophages and lymphocytes are the major consequences of impaired endothelium resulting in atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure and many others. Decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability was found to be associated with anomalous endothelial function because of either its reduced production level by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) which synthesize this potent endogenous vasodilator from L-arginine or its enhanced breakdown due to severe oxidative stress and eNOS uncoupling. Polyphenols are a group of bioactive compounds having more than 7000 chemical entities present in different cereals, fruits and vegetables. These natural compounds possess many OH groups which are largely responsible for their strong antioxidative, anti-inflammatory antithrombotic and anti-hypersensitive properties. Several flavonoid-derived polyphenols like flavones, isoflavones, flavanones, flavonols and anthocyanidins and non-flavonoid polyphenols like tannins, curcumins and resveratrol have attracted scientific interest for their beneficial effects in preventing endothelial dysfunction. This article will focus on in vitro as well as in vivo and clinical studies evidences of the polyphenols with eNOS modulating activity against vascular disease condition while their molecular mechanism will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamali Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University [Science Campus], Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kasi Pandima Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University [Science Campus], Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tarun Belwal
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, China
| | | | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Adeleh Sahebnasagh
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Rasekhian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Suowen Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Mehran Amirizadeh
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of pharmacy, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Kiumarth Amini
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Safieh Aghaabdollahian
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bawadi H, Kassab M, Zanabili AH, Tayyem R. Identification of Adolescents with Adiposities and Elevated Blood Pressure and Implementation of Preventive Measures Warrants the Use of Multiple Clinical Assessment Tools. J Pers Med 2021; 11:873. [PMID: 34575650 PMCID: PMC8470353 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11090873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The burden of abdominal adiposity has increased globally, which is recognized as a key condition for the development of obesity-related disorders among youth, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension. High blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular diseases increase the rates of premature mortality and morbidity substantially. Aims: to investigate the relation between abdominal adiposity and elevated BP among adolescent males in Jordan. Methods: Nationally representative sample of male adolescents was selected using multi-cluster sampling technique. Study sample included 1035 adolescent males aged 12 to 17 years. Multiple indicators were used to assess adiposity including waist circumference (WC) and total body fat (TF), truncal fat (TrF), and visceral fat (VF). Systolic blood pressure was measured to assess hypertension. Results: After adjusting for age, smoking status, and physical activity, the odds of having stage two hypertension increased 6, 7, and 8 times for adolescents who were on 90th percentile or above for Trf, VF, and WC, respectively. Conclusion: Elevated BP was significantly associated with total and abdominal adiposity among adolescent males in Jordan. Use of multiple clinical assessment tools is essential to assess abdominal obesity among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Bawadi
- Department of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Manal Kassab
- Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science & Technology (JUST), P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan;
| | - Abdel Hadi Zanabili
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan;
| | - Reema Tayyem
- Department of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
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Koizumi R, Fushimi T, Sato Y, Fujii Y, Sato H, Osakabe N. Relationship between hemodynamic alteration and sympathetic nerve activation following a single oral dose of cinnamtannin A2. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:491-498. [PMID: 32321314 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1759805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that a single dose of B-type procyanidin mixture increase in skeletal muscle blood flow (BF). We compared BF changes following administration of (-)-epicatechin (EC, monomer) and the B-type procyanidins procyanidin B2 (B2, dimer), procyanidin C1 (C1, trimer), and cinnamtannin A2 (A2, tetramer). Each chemical was administered orally to rats, followed by BF measurement in cremaster arteriole for 60 min. About 10 and 100 µg/kg of B2 and C1 elicited BF increase, the effect was potent at 100 µg/kg. BF also increased significantly after administration of 10 µg/kg A2, but not with the administration at 100 µg/kg. EC yielded no BF changes. Co-treatment with the nonselective adrenaline blocker carvedilol attenuated the BF increase seen with 10 µg/kg A2 treatment. This outcome suggested the involvement of sympathetic nerve activation in the BF increase by this dose of A2. Co-treatment of 100 µg/kg A2 with the α2 blocker yohimbine exhibited an increase of BF significantly. The α2 adrenaline receptor in the vasomotor centre is an inhibitory receptor and it regulates hemodynamics. This result suggested that high doses of A2 did not alter BF because of activating the α2 adrenergic receptor. Phosphorylation of aortic endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) increased with 10 µg/kg A2 alone or co-treatment with 100 µg/kg A2 and yohimbine, but not with co-treatment of 10 µg/kg A2 and carvedilol or 100 µg/kg A2 alone. These results imply that A2 does not directly activate eNOS, but that shear stress from the increased BF might be associated with eNOS phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Koizumi
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Taiki Fushimi
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuki Sato
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujii
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naomi Osakabe
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
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11
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A mapping-based universal Kriging model for order-of-addition experiments in drug combination studies. Comput Stat Data Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csda.2020.107155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Secondary Metabolites of Plants as Modulators of Endothelium Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052533. [PMID: 33802468 PMCID: PMC7959468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide. They may be caused by various factors or combinations of factors. Frequently, endothelial dysfunction is involved in either development of the disorder or results from it. On the other hand, the endothelium may be disordered for other reasons, e.g., due to infection, such as COVID-19. The understanding of the role and significance of the endothelium in the body has changed significantly over time—from a simple physical barrier to a complex system encompassing local and systemic regulation of numerous processes in the body. Endothelium disorders may arise from impairment of one or more signaling pathways affecting dilator or constrictor activity, including nitric oxide–cyclic guanosine monophosphate activation, prostacyclin–cyclic adenosine monophosphate activation, phosphodiesterase inhibition, and potassium channel activation or intracellular calcium level inhibition. In this review, plants are summarized as sources of biologically active substances affecting the endothelium. This paper compares individual substances and mechanisms that are known to affect the endothelium, and which subsequently may cause the development of cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Zhao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dennis K. J. Lin
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Min-Qian Liu
- School of Statistics and Data Science, LPMC & KLMDASR, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Krittanawong C, Narasimhan B, Wang Z, Hahn J, Virk HUH, Farrell AM, Zhang H, Tang WW. Association between chocolate consumption and risk of coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2020; 28:e33-e35. [PMID: 32697925 DOI: 10.1177/2047487320936787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chayakrit Krittanawong
- Section of Cardiology, The Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center, USA.,Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA.,The Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA
| | - Bharat Narasimhan
- The Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Robert D and Patricia E Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, USA.,Division of Health Care Policy and Research, Mayo Clinic, USA
| | - Joshua Hahn
- Section of Cardiology, The Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center, USA.,Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | | | | | | | - Wh Wilson Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, USA
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Cho JM, Chae J, Jeong SR, Moon MJ, Ha KC, Kim S, Lee JH. The cholesterol-lowering effect of unripe Rubus coreanus is associated with decreased oxidized LDL and apolipoprotein B levels in subjects with borderline-high cholesterol levels: a randomized controlled trial. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:166. [PMID: 32646501 PMCID: PMC7350759 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01338-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rubus coreanus (R. coreanus) possesses properties that may decrease cholesterol levels. METHODS The effects of unripe R. coreanus (uRC) consumption on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol levels related to decreased circulating apolipoprotein (Apo) B and oxidized LDL levels were evaluated. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study included subjects with borderline-high cholesterol levels (between 200 and 239 mg/dL) who consumed one capsule daily containing 600 mg of freeze-dried uRC extract (n = 39) or the placebo (n = 38). RESULTS After 12 weeks, the uRC group showed reductions of 21.23 ± 4.36 mg/dL in total cholesterol levels (P = 0.007) and 15.61 ± 4.16 mg/dL in LDL cholesterol levels (P = 0.032). In addition, significantly greater reductions in Apo B levels were observed in the uRC group (- 3.48 ± 3.40 mg/dL), but Apo B levels were increased in the placebo group (6.21 ± 2.84 mg/dL; P = 0.032). Furthermore, a remarkably lower oxidized LDL level was detected in the uRC group (57.76 ± 2.07 U/L) than in the placebo group (66.09 ± 3.47 U/L) after 12 weeks of consumption (P = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS Because of its cholesterol-lowering effect, uRC shows great promise as a therapeutic agent for subjects with borderline-high total blood cholesterol levels. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03649620 (8/28/2018, retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Cho
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jisuk Chae
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sa Rang Jeong
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Jung Moon
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki-Chan Ha
- Healthcare Claims & Management Incorporation, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunoh Kim
- B&Tech Co., Ltd., R&D Center, Gwangju, 61239, South Korea.
| | - Jong Ho Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
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16
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Yang JF, Sun F, Xu H. A Component-Position Model, Analysis and Design for Order-of-Addition Experiments. Technometrics 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00401706.2020.1764394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Yang
- School of Statistics and Data Science, LPMC & KLMDASR, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fasheng Sun
- KLAS and School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Hongquan Xu
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, U.S.A
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Chen J, Mukerjee R, Lin DK. Construction of optimal fractional Order-of-Addition designs via block designs. Stat Probab Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.spl.2020.108728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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The effects of regular consumption of green or black tea beverage on blood pressure in those with elevated blood pressure or hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med 2020; 51:102430. [PMID: 32507441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As a popular beverage, there has been much interest in studying the effects of tea intake on hypertension (HTN), a particular risk factor for cardiovascular disorders (CVDs). We have thus aimed to isolate the randomized controlled trials investigating the efficacy of black or green tea as a beverage in subjects with elevated blood pressure (BP), or HTN. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest dissertations and theses databases were searched from February 1, 1995, up to July 20, 2019, to identify relevant studies. RESULTS The search strategy generated 1119 trials, of which finally five trials fulfilled the criteria for being included in the current study. Three out of 5 articles showed a low risk of bias. According to nine measurements derived from 5 trials on 408 individuals, it was found that regular tea intake resulted in the reduction in SBP (weighted mean difference (WMD): -4.81 mmHg, 95 %CI: -8.40 to -1.58, P = .004) and DBP (WMD:-1.98 mmHg, 95 %CI: -3.77 to -0.20, P = .029); however, excluding the most heterogeneous trials showed that regular tea intake might reduce SBP and DBP by about -3.53 and -0.99 mmHg, respectively. Based on meta-regression findings, we found the longer the duration of tea intake (≥3months), the higher the decrease in both SBP and DBP. Categorized studies, according to the tea type, revealed that the hypotensive effects of green tea were more pronounced compared to black tea. None of the studies reported any side effects. CONCLUSION These results suggest the positive effects of regular tea intake on BP in subjects with elevated BP or HTN. Hence, it may be applicable to physicians, health care providers, and particularly HTN patients.
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Cardioprotective Effects of Dietary Phytochemicals on Oxidative Stress in Heart Failure by a Sex-Gender-Oriented Point of View. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2176728. [PMID: 31998434 PMCID: PMC6975222 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2176728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dietary phytochemicals are considered an innovative strategy that helps to reduce cardiovascular risk factors. Some phytochemicals have been shown to play a beneficial role in lipid metabolism, to improve endothelial function and to modify oxidative stress pathways in experimental and clinical models of cardiovascular impairment. Importantly, investigation on phytochemical effect on cardiac remodeling appears to be promising. Nowadays, drug therapy and implantation of devices have demonstrated to ameliorate survival. Of interest, sex-gender seems to influence the response to HF canonical therapies. In fact, starting by the evidence of the feminization of world population and the scarce efficacy and safety of the traditional drugs in women, the search of alternative therapeutic tools has become mandatory. The aim of this review is to summarize the possible role of dietary phytochemicals in HF therapy and the evidence of a different sex-gender-oriented response.
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Cognitive Function and Consumption of Fruit and Vegetable Polyphenols in a Young Population: Is There a Relationship? Foods 2019; 8:foods8100507. [PMID: 31627296 PMCID: PMC6836211 DOI: 10.3390/foods8100507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific evidence has shown the relationship between consumption of fruits and vegetables and their polyphenols with the prevention or treatment of diseases. The aim of this review was to find out whether the same relationship exists between fruits and vegetables and cognitive function, especially memory, in a young population. The mechanisms by which polyphenols of fruits and vegetables can exert cognitive benefits were also evaluated. These compounds act to improve neuronal plasticity through the protein CREB (Camp Response Element Binding) in the hippocampus, modulating pathways of signaling and transcription factors (ERK/Akt). In the same way, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is implicated in the maintenance, survival, growth, and differentiation of neurons. All these effects are produced by an increase of cerebral blood flow and an increase of the blood’s nitric oxide levels and oxygenation.
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Kuchta A, Konopacka A, Waleron K, Viapiana A, Wesołowski M, Dąbkowski K, Ćwiklińska A, Mickiewicz A, Śledzińska A, Wieczorek E, Gliwińska A, Kortas-Stempak B, Jankowski M. The effect of Cistus incanus herbal tea supplementation on oxidative stress markers and lipid profile in healthy adults. Cardiol J 2019; 28:534-542. [PMID: 30912576 DOI: 10.5603/cj.a2019.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and dyslipidemia play a critical role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Regular intake of polyphenol-rich diets is associated with a reduced risk of CVDs. METHODS The present study was a pilot study with 24 healthy volunteers and was designed to determine if a 12-week administration of Cistus incanus herbal tea, containing phenolic acids and flavonoids, reduces cardiovascular risk factors including oxidative stress and dyslipidemia in healthy adults. Phenolic compounds profile and antibacterial activity of Cistus incanus infusion were also measured. RESULTS Herbal infusion led to improvement in lipid profile by increase (D4%, p = 0.033) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration and decrease triglyceride (D14%, p = 0.013) concentrations. In addition, the Cistus incanus diet was associated with decreased serum concentrations of malondialdehyde (D16%, p < 0.01) and advanced oxidation protein products (D18%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Cistus incanus administration decreases cardiovascular risk factors including oxidative stress and dyslipidemia and this action supports the idea of using Cistus incanus tea on a daily basis as an effective dietary component for prevention of atherosclerotic CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kuchta
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Konopacka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Waleron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Viapiana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marek Wesołowski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Kamil Dąbkowski
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | | | | | - Anna Śledzińska
- Department of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Pharmacogenetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Wieczorek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Gliwińska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Maciej Jankowski
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
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Fraga CG, Oteiza PI, Galleano M. Plant bioactives and redox signaling: (-)-Epicatechin as a paradigm. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 61:31-40. [PMID: 29421170 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols are bioactives claimed to be responsible for some of the health benefits provided by fruit and vegetables. It is currently accepted that the bioactivities of polyphenols can be mostly ascribed to their interactions with proteins and lipids. Such interactions can affect cell oxidant production and cell signaling, and explain in part the ability of polyphenols to promote health. EC can modulate redox sensitive signaling by: i) defining the extent of oxidant levels that can modify cell signaling, function, and fate, e.g. regulating enzymes that generate superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide; or ii) regulating the activation of transcription factors sensible to oxidants. The latter includes the regulation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nfr2) pathway, which in turn can promote the synthesis of antioxidant defenses, and of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) pathway, which mediates the expression of oxidants generating enzymes, as well as proteins not involved in redox reactions. In summary, a significant amount of data vindicates the participation of EC in redox regulated signaling pathways. Progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in EC biological actions will help to define recommendations in terms of which fruit and vegetables are healthier and the amounts necessary to provide health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar G Fraga
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - Patricia I Oteiza
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Monica Galleano
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Caligiuri SPB, Pierce GN. A review of the relative efficacy of dietary, nutritional supplements, lifestyle, and drug therapies in the management of hypertension. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 57:3508-3527. [PMID: 27494115 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1142420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite advancements in hypertensive therapies, the prevalence of hypertension and associated morbidities are still immense. Physicians are in great need for updated information on novel and effective antihypertensive therapies. Therefore, the study objective was to provide comprehensive information on the efficacy of available antihypertensive therapies. Antihypertensive therapies were divided into four general approaches: diet, nutritional supplements, lifestyle modification, and conventional antihypertensive medications. A search of PubMed and Google Scholar resulted in an analysis of 30 antihypertensive therapies from meta-analyses and randomized-controlled trials (RCTs). The studies were analyzed using the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology classification system. Calculated average blood pressure reductions were: (systolic/diastolic) 6/4 mmHg, 4/2 mmHg, 5/3 mmHg, and 9/5 mmHg for dietary, nutritional supplements, lifestyle, and medications, respectively. The results demonstrate that dietary, nutritional supplement and lifestyle strategies have a solid level of evidence to support their efficacy as antihypertensive strategies. These strategies can be as effective as medications and, in some cases, even more effective. Dissemination of this information to physicians/dietitians can help facilitate an important shift in hypertension management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie P B Caligiuri
- a Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine (CCARM) and the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre , and the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada
| | - Grant N Pierce
- a Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine (CCARM) and the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre , and the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada
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The acute effects of cocoa flavanols on temporal and spatial attention. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1497-1511. [PMID: 29502273 PMCID: PMC5920121 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4861-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated how the acute physiological effects of cocoa flavanols might result in specific cognitive changes, in particular in temporal and spatial attention. To this end, we pre-registered and implemented a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and baseline-controlled crossover design. A sample of 48 university students participated in the study and each of them completed the experimental tasks in four conditions (baseline, placebo, low dose, and high-dose flavanol), administered in separate sessions with a 1-week washout interval. A rapid serial visual presentation task was used to test flavanol effects on temporal attention and integration, and a visual search task was similarly employed to investigate spatial attention. Results indicated that cocoa flavanols improved visual search efficiency, reflected by reduced reaction time. However, cocoa flavanols did not facilitate temporal attention nor integration, suggesting that flavanols may affect some aspects of attention, but not others. Potential underlying mechanisms are discussed.
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Do flavanols-rich natural products relieve obesity-related insulin resistance? Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 112:157-167. [PMID: 29288757 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence support that insulin resistance may occur as a severe problem due to chronic energetic overfeeding and subsequent obesity. When an abundance of glucose and saturated fat enter the cell, impaired blood flow, hypoxia, inflammation and macrophage infiltration in obese adipose tissue may induce oxidative stress and insulin resistance. Excessive circulating saturated fatty acids ectopically accumulate in insulin-sensitive tissues and impair insulin action. In this context, excessive hepatic lipid accumulation may play a central, pathogenic role in insulin resistance. It is thought that dietary polyphenols may ameliorate obesity-related insulin resistance by attenuating inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. The most often occurring natural polyphenolic compounds are flavonoids. In this review, the possible mechanistic effect of flavonoid-rich natural products on insulin resistance-related metabolic pathways is discussed. Polyphenol intake can prevent high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance via cell surface G protein-coupled estrogen receptors by upregulating the expression of related genes, and their pathways, which are responsible for the insulin sensitivity.
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Marsh CE, Carter HH, Guelfi KJ, Smith KJ, Pike KE, Naylor LH, Green DJ. Brachial and Cerebrovascular Functions Are Enhanced in Postmenopausal Women after Ingestion of Chocolate with a High Concentration of Cocoa. J Nutr 2017; 147:1686-1692. [PMID: 28794213 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.250225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cocoa contains polyphenols that are thought to be beneficial for vascular health.Objective: We assessed the impact of chocolate containing distinct concentrations of cocoa on cerebrovascular function and cognition.Methods: Using a counterbalanced within-subject design, we compared the acute impact of consumption of energy-matched chocolate containing 80%, 35%, and 0% single-origin cacao on vascular endothelial function, cognition, and cerebrovascular function in 12 healthy postmenopausal women (mean ± SD age: 57.3 ± 5.3 y). Participants attended a familiarization session, followed by 3 experimental trials, each separated by 1 wk. Outcome measures included cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFv) responses, recorded before and during completion of a computerized cognitive assessment battery (CogState); brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD); and hemodynamic responses (heart rate and blood pressure).Results: When CBFv data before and after chocolate intake were compared between conditions through the use of 2-factor ANOVA, an interaction effect (P = 0.003) and main effects for chocolate (P = 0.043) and time (P = 0.001) were evident. Post hoc analysis revealed that both milk chocolate (MC; 35% cocoa; P = 0.02) and dark chocolate (DC; 80% cocoa; P = 0.003) induced significantly lower cerebral blood flow responses during the cognitive tasks, after normalizing for changes in arterial pressure. DC consumption also increased brachial FMD compared with the baseline value before chocolate consumption (P = 0.002), whereas MC and white chocolate (0% cocoa) caused no change (P-interaction between conditions = 0.034).Conclusions: Consumption of chocolate containing high concentrations of cocoa enhanced vascular endothelial function, which was reflected by improvements in FMD. Cognitive function outcomes did not differ between conditions; however, cerebral blood flow responses during these cognitive tasks were lower in those consuming MC and DC. These findings suggest that chocolate containing high concentrations of cocoa may modify the relation between cerebral metabolism and blood flow responses in postmenopausal women. This trial was registered at www.ANZCTR.orgau as ACTRN12616000990426.
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Affiliation(s)
- Channa E Marsh
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Howard H Carter
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kym J Guelfi
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kurt J Smith
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kerryn E Pike
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise H Naylor
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; .,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and.,National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra, Australia
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Vahedian Z, Fakhraie G, Bovet J, Mozaffarieh M. Nutritional recommendations for individuals with Flammer syndrome. EPMA J 2017; 8:187-195. [PMID: 28824740 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-017-0093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Flammer syndrome (FS) describes the phenotype of people with a predisposition for an altered reaction of the blood vessels to stimuli like coldness or emotional stress. The question whether such people should be treated is often discussed. On the one hand, most of these subjects are healthy; on the other hand, FS seems to predispose to certain eye diseases such as normal tension glaucoma or retinitis pigmentosa or systemic diseases such as multiple sclerosis or tinnitus. A compromise between doing nothing and a drug treatment is the adaption of nutrition. But what do we mean by healthy food consumption for subjects with FS? The adaption of nutrition depends on the health condition. Whereas patients with e.g. a metabolic syndrome should reduce their calorie intake, this can be counterproductive for subjects with FS, as most subjects with FS have already a low body mass index (BMI) and the lower the BMI the stronger the FS symptoms. Accordingly, while fasting is healthy e.g. for subjects with metabolic syndrome, fasting can even dangerously aggravate the vascular dysregulation, as it has been nicely demonstrated by the loss of retinal vascular regulation during fasting. To give another example, while reducing salt intake is recommended for subjects with systemic hypertensions, such a salt restriction can aggravate systemic hypotension and thereby indirectly also the vascular regulation in subjects with FS. This clearly demonstrates that such a preventive adaption of nutrition needs to be personalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakieh Vahedian
- Glaucoma Service, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Fakhraie
- Glaucoma Service, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maneli Mozaffarieh
- Augen Glattzentrum, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Mittlere Strasse 91, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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Decroix L, Tonoli C, Soares DD, Descat A, Drittij-Reijnders MJ, Weseler AR, Bast A, Stahl W, Heyman E, Meeusen R. Acute cocoa Flavanols intake has minimal effects on exercise-induced oxidative stress and nitric oxide production in healthy cyclists: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14:28. [PMID: 28811749 PMCID: PMC5553857 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocoa flavanols (CF) can stimulate vasodilation by improved nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities. This study aimed to examine whether acute CF intake can affect exercise-induced changes in antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress, inflammation and NO production, as well as exercise performance and recovery in well-trained cyclists. METHODS Twelve well-trained male cyclists (mean ± SD age, VO2max: 30 ± 3 years, 63.0 ± 3.5 ml/kg/min) participated in this randomized, double-blind, cross over study. On 2 separate occasions, subjects performed two 30-min time trials 1.5 (TT1) and 3 (TT2) hours after CF (900 mg CF) or placebo (PL, 13 mg CF) intake, interposed by passive rest. Lactate, glucose, heartrate, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and power output were measured during the TTs. Blood was drawn at baseline, before and after each TT and analyzed for epicatechin serum concentrations, trolox equivalent antioxidative capacity (TEAC), uric acid (UA), malonaldehyde (MDA), L-arginine/ADMA, citrulline, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α plasma concentrations. Relative changes in blood markers and pacing strategy during TT were analysed by repeated measured ANOVA. TT performance was compared between PL and CF by paired t-test. RESULTS Epicatechin concentrations were increased by CF intake. Exercise-induced increase in TEAC/UA was improved by CF intake (F(1) = 5.57; p = .038) (post-TT1: PL: 113.34 ± 3.9%, CF: 117.64 ± 3.96%, post-TT2: PL: 108.59 ± 3.95%, CF: 123.72 ± 7.4% to baseline), while exercise-induced increases in MDA, IL-1 and IL-6 were not affected by CF intake. TNF-α was unaltered by exercise and by CF. Exercise-induced decreases in L-arginine/ADMA and increases in citrulline were not affected by CF intake. TT1 and TT2 performance and exercise-induced physiological changes were unaffected by CF intake. CONCLUSION Acute CF intake increased total antioxidant capacity in rest and during exercise, but did not affect exercise-induced lipid peroxidation, inflammation, nor NO production in healthy athletes. Acute CF intake did not improve TT performance and recovery. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN32875, 21-11-2016, retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselot Decroix
- Human Physiology Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Physical Activity, Muscle and Health, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Cajsa Tonoli
- Human Physiology Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Physical Activity, Muscle and Health, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Université de Lille, Lille, France.,Department Rehabilitation sciences and kinesitherapy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Danusa Dias Soares
- Department of Physical Education, University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Amandine Descat
- Center of measurements and analysis (CMA), Facultyof Pharmaceutical Sciences, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Antje R Weseler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Aalt Bast
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm Stahl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Elsa Heyman
- Department of Physical Activity, Muscle and Health, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Human Physiology Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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29
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Takanashi K, Suda M, Matsumoto K, Ishihara C, Toda K, Kawaguchi K, Senga S, Kobayashi N, Ichikawa M, Katoh M, Hattori Y, Kawahara SI, Umezawa K, Fujii H, Makabe H. Epicatechin oligomers longer than trimers have anti-cancer activities, but not the catechin counterparts. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7791. [PMID: 28798415 PMCID: PMC5552761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Since procyanidins (oligomeric catechin or epicatechin) were reported to exhibit health benefits, much attention has been paid to the synthesis of these compounds, especially those that are longer than trimers. In the present study, syntheses of cinnamtannin A3 (epicatechin pentamer), A4 (epicatechin hexamer), catechin tetramer, pentamer, arecatannin A2 (epicatechin-epicatechin-epicatechin-catechin) and A3 (epicatechin-epicatechin-epicatechin-epicatechin-catechin) were achieved. The key reaction was a Lewis acid mediated equimolar condensation. The antitumor effects of these synthesized compounds against a human prostate cancer cell line (PC-3) were investigated. Among the tested compounds, cinnamtannin A3, A4 and arecatannin A3, which possess epicatechin oligomers longer than tetramers as the basic scaffold, showed significant activities for suppression of cell growth, invasion and FABP5 (fatty acid-binding protein 5) gene expression. Effects on cell cycle distribution showed that cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase was induced. Furthermore, these epicatechin oligomers suppressed significantly the expression of the cancer-promoting gene, FABP5, which is related to cell proliferation and metastasis in various cancer cells. Interestingly, the suppressive activities were associated with the degree of oligomerization of epicatechin. Thus, synthetic studies clearly demonstrate that epicatechin oligomers longer than trimers have significant anti-tumorigenic activities, but not the catechin counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohki Takanashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Sciences of Functional Foods, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Manato Suda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Sciences of Functional Foods, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Kiriko Matsumoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Chisato Ishihara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Kazuya Toda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kawaguchi
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Shogo Senga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Narumi Kobayashi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Ichikawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Sciences of Functional Foods, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Miyuki Katoh
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Sciences of Functional Foods, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Yasunao Hattori
- Center for Instrumental Analysis, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8412, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichi Kawahara
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Koji Umezawa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.,Department of Interdisciplinary Genome Sciences and Cell Metabolism, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujii
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan. .,Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan. .,Department of Interdisciplinary Genome Sciences and Cell Metabolism, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.
| | - Hidefumi Makabe
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Sciences of Functional Foods, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan. .,Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan. .,Department of Interdisciplinary Genome Sciences and Cell Metabolism, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.
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Deane CS, Wilkinson DJ, Phillips BE, Smith K, Etheridge T, Atherton PJ. "Nutraceuticals" in relation to human skeletal muscle and exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 312:E282-E299. [PMID: 28143855 PMCID: PMC5406990 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00230.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles have a fundamental role in locomotion and whole body metabolism, with muscle mass and quality being linked to improved health and even lifespan. Optimizing nutrition in combination with exercise is considered an established, effective ergogenic practice for athletic performance. Importantly, exercise and nutritional approaches also remain arguably the most effective countermeasure for muscle dysfunction associated with aging and numerous clinical conditions, e.g., cancer cachexia, COPD, and organ failure, via engendering favorable adaptations such as increased muscle mass and oxidative capacity. Therefore, it is important to consider the effects of established and novel effectors of muscle mass, function, and metabolism in relation to nutrition and exercise. To address this gap, in this review, we detail existing evidence surrounding the efficacy of a nonexhaustive list of macronutrient, micronutrient, and "nutraceutical" compounds alone and in combination with exercise in relation to skeletal muscle mass, metabolism (protein and fuel), and exercise performance (i.e., strength and endurance capacity). It has long been established that macronutrients have specific roles and impact upon protein metabolism and exercise performance, (i.e., protein positively influences muscle mass and protein metabolism), whereas carbohydrate and fat intakes can influence fuel metabolism and exercise performance. Regarding novel nutraceuticals, we show that the following ones in particular may have effects in relation to 1) muscle mass/protein metabolism: leucine, hydroxyl β-methylbutyrate, creatine, vitamin-D, ursolic acid, and phosphatidic acid; and 2) exercise performance: (i.e., strength or endurance capacity): hydroxyl β-methylbutyrate, carnitine, creatine, nitrates, and β-alanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen S Deane
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health and Social Science, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; and
- Department of Sport and Health Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Etheridge
- Department of Sport and Health Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Atherton
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom;
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Kenny TP, Keen CL, Jones P, Kung HJ, Schmitz HH, Gershwin ME. Pentameric Procyanidins Isolated from Theobroma cacao Seeds Selectively Downregulate ErbB2 in Human Aortic Endothelial Cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 229:255-63. [PMID: 14988518 DOI: 10.1177/153537020422900306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids isolated from cocoa have biological activities relevant to oxidant defenses, vascular health, tumor suppression, and immune function. The intake of certain dietary flavonoids, along with other dietary substances such as tocopherols, ascorbate, and carotenoids, is epidemiologically associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Flavonoids have also been shown to modulate tumor pathology in vitro and in animal models. We took advantage of the conserved sequences found in tyrosine kinases to study the influence of cocoa fractions and controls on gene expression. We report that the pentameric procyanidin (molecular weight of 1442 daltons) fraction isolated from cocoa was a potent inhibitor of tyrosine kinase ErbB2 expression, a receptor important in angiogenesis regulation. Consistent with this primary observation, the cocoa flavonoid fraction also suppressed human aortic endothelial cell (HAEC) growth and decreased expression of two tyrosine kinases responsive to ErbB2 modulation, namely VEGFR-2/KDR and MapK 11/p38β2. These inhibitory effects were observed when HAECs were treated with the flavonol fraction (molecular weight 280 daltons) isolated from cocoa, which comprise the structural subunits from which the procyanidin flavonoid subclass is biosynthetically constructed. Down-regulation of ErbB2 and inhibition of HAEC growth by cocoa procyanidins may have several downstream implications, including reduced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) activity and angiogenic activity associated with tumor pathology. These results suggest specific dietary flavonoids are capable of selectively inhibiting ErbB2 and therefore may offer important insight into the design of therapeutic agents that target tumors overexpressing ErbB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Kenny
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Saito A, Inagawa K, Ebe R, Fukase S, Horikoshi Y, Shibata M, Osakabe N. Onset of a hypotensive effect following ingestion of flavan 3-ols involved in the activation of adrenergic receptors. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:584-592. [PMID: 27616615 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A lot of epidemiological and intervention studies support the hypotensive action resulting from ingestion of foods rich in flavan 3-ols. However, the mechanisms of this action remain unclear. We have reported previously on the alteration of the micro- and systemic circulations after administration of a flavan 3-ol fraction (FL) derived from cocoa in mammals. We also confirmed that blood catecholamine levels increase significantly after administration of FL. In the present study, we examined whether adrenaline receptors are involved in the hemodynamic changes using several adrenaline receptor (AR) blockers. First, we confirmed that mean blood pressure (MBP) decreased significantly and aortic endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) levels increased significantly following oral treatment of 10mg/kg FL for 2 weeks in normal rats compared with vehicle administration. However, these changes were not observed with treatment of 1mg/kg (-)-epicatechin (EC), which contains nearly equivalent amount of 10mg/kg FL. Secondly, we observed that a single dose of FL produced different hemodynamic changes, such as a transient elevation in heart rate (HR) after ingestion of 1-100mg/kg FL, but not with 1mg/kg EC. Furthermore, although MBP rose transiently after 1 and 10mg/kg FL, this effect was not observed with 100mg/kg or 1mg/kg EC. The increases in HR, MBP, and aortic phosphorylated eNOS (p-eNOS) induced by 10mg/kg FL were prevented completely by pretreatment with the AR blocker, carvedilol. Combination treatment with 100mg/kg FL and an α1AR blocker, prazosin, significantly reduced MBP, whereas the elevation in HR was enhanced. In addition, after pretreatment with the β2AR blocker, butoxamine, we observed no significant hemodynamic changes with or without 100mg/kg FL. Moreover, the combination of 100mg/kg FL and the α2AR blocker, yohimbine, markedly increased MBP, HR and aortic p-eNOS level. These results suggested that the postprandial hemodynamic changes after a single oral dose of FL were induced by an adrenergic effect. This adrenomimetic activity suggested the involvement of a hypotensive effect of FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Saito
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kodai Inagawa
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Rikihiko Ebe
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shinobu Fukase
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yukari Horikoshi
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shibata
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naomi Osakabe
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Saitama, Japan.
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Forte M, Conti V, Damato A, Ambrosio M, Puca AA, Sciarretta S, Frati G, Vecchione C, Carrizzo A. Targeting Nitric Oxide with Natural Derived Compounds as a Therapeutic Strategy in Vascular Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:7364138. [PMID: 27651855 PMCID: PMC5019908 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7364138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Within the family of endogenous gasotransmitters, nitric oxide (NO) is the smallest gaseous intercellular messenger involved in the modulation of several processes, such as blood flow and platelet aggregation control, essential to maintain vascular homeostasis. NO is produced by nitric oxide synthases (NOS) and its effects are mediated by cGMP-dependent or cGMP-independent mechanisms. Growing evidence suggests a crosstalk between the NO signaling and the occurrence of oxidative stress in the onset and progression of vascular diseases, such as hypertension, heart failure, ischemia, and stroke. For these reasons, NO is considered as an emerging molecular target for developing therapeutic strategies for cardio- and cerebrovascular pathologies. Several natural derived compounds, such as polyphenols, are now proposed as modulators of NO-mediated pathways. The aim of this review is to highlight the experimental evidence on the involvement of nitric oxide in vascular homeostasis focusing on the therapeutic potential of targeting NO with some natural compounds in patients with vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Forte
- IRCCS Neuromed, Vascular Physiopathology Unit, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Valeria Conti
- Università degli Studi di Salerno, Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Antonio Damato
- IRCCS Neuromed, Vascular Physiopathology Unit, Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Annibale A. Puca
- Università degli Studi di Salerno, Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Baronissi, Italy
- IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- IRCCS Neuromed, Vascular Physiopathology Unit, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- IRCCS Neuromed, Vascular Physiopathology Unit, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Vecchione
- IRCCS Neuromed, Vascular Physiopathology Unit, Pozzilli, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Salerno, Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Albino Carrizzo
- IRCCS Neuromed, Vascular Physiopathology Unit, Pozzilli, Italy
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Asiedu-Gyekye IJ, Edem Kukuia KK, Seidu AM, Antwi-Boasiako C, N'guessan BB, Frimpong-Manso S, Adjei S, Zobi J, Tettey AT, Nyarko AK. Unsweetened Natural Cocoa Powder Has the Potential to Attenuate High Dose Artemether-Lumefantrine-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Non-Malarious Guinea Pigs. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2016; 2016:7387286. [PMID: 27493672 PMCID: PMC4963575 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7387286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective. This study investigated the elemental composition of unsweetened natural cocoa powder (UNCP), its effect on nitric oxide, and its hepatoprotective potential during simultaneous administration with high-dose artemether/lumefantrine (A/L). Method. Macro- and microelements in UNCP were analyzed with EDXRF spectroscopy. Thirty (30) male guinea-pigs were then divided into five groups. For groups 3 (low-dose), 4 (medium-dose), and 5 (high-dose), the animals received oral UNCP prophylactically for 14 days. Group 1 received distilled water (14 days) and group 2 A/L for the last 3 days (days 12 to 14). After euthanisation, biochemical and histopathological examinations were carried out in all groups. Results. Phytochemical analysis of UNCP showed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and cardiac glycosides. Thirty-eight (38) macro- and microelements were found. UNCP produced significant decreases in ALT, ALP, GGT, and AST levels. A significant increase in total protein levels was observed during A/L+UNCP administration in comparison to 75 mg/kg A/L group. Histopathological examinations buttressed the protective effects of cocoa administration. UNCP administration increased nitric oxide levels 149.71% (P < 0.05) compared to controls. Conclusion. UNCP increases nitric oxide levels and has hepatoprotective potential during A/L administration. A high level of copper was observed which may be detrimental during high daily consumptions of UNCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Julius Asiedu-Gyekye
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Ghana
| | - Kennedy Kwami Edem Kukuia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Ghana
| | - Abdulai Mahmood Seidu
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Korle-Bu, Ghana
| | - Charles Antwi-Boasiako
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Korle-Bu, Ghana
| | - Benoit Banga N'guessan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Ghana
| | - Samuel Frimpong-Manso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Ghana
| | - Samuel Adjei
- Department of Animal Experimentation, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jonathan Zobi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Ghana
| | - Abraham Terkpertey Tettey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Ghana
| | - Alexander Kwadwo Nyarko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Ghana
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De Palma R, Sotto I, Wood EG, Khan NQ, Butler J, Johnston A, Rothman MT, Corder R. Cocoa flavanols reduce N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with chronic heart failure. ESC Heart Fail 2016; 3:97-106. [PMID: 27588209 PMCID: PMC4985700 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Poor prognosis in chronic heart failure (HF) is linked to endothelial dysfunction for which there is no specific treatment currently available. Previous studies have shown reproducible improvements in endothelial function with cocoa flavanols, but the clinical benefit of this effect in chronic HF has yet to be determined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the potential therapeutic value of a high dose of cocoa flavanols in patients with chronic HF, by using reductions in N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) as an index of improved cardiac function. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-two patients with chronic HF, stable on guideline-directed medical therapy, were randomized to consume 50 g/day of high-flavanol dark chocolate (HFDC; 1064 mg of flavanols/day) or low-flavanol dark chocolate (LFDC; 88 mg of flavanols/day) for 4 weeks and then crossed over to consume the alternative dark chocolate for a further 4 weeks. Twenty-four patients completed the study. After 4 weeks of HFDC, NT-proBNP (mean decrease % ± standard deviation) was significantly reduced compared with baseline (-44 ± 69%), LFDC (-33 ± 72%), and follow-up (-41 ± 77%) values. HFDC also reduced diastolic blood pressure compared with values after LFDC (-6.7 ± 10.1 mmHg). CONCLUSIONS Reductions in blood pressure and NT-proBNP after HFDC indicate decreased vascular resistance resulting in reduced left ventricular afterload. These effects warrant further investigation in patients with chronic HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney De Palma
- Department of Cardiology, The London Chest HospitalBarts Health NHS TrustBonner RoadLondonE2 9JXUK
| | - Imelda Sotto
- Department of Cardiology, The London Chest HospitalBarts Health NHS TrustBonner RoadLondonE2 9JXUK
| | - Elizabeth G. Wood
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonCharterhouse SquareLondonEC1M 6BQUK
| | - Noorafza Q. Khan
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonCharterhouse SquareLondonEC1M 6BQUK
| | - Jane Butler
- Department of Cardiology, The London Chest HospitalBarts Health NHS TrustBonner RoadLondonE2 9JXUK
| | - Atholl Johnston
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonCharterhouse SquareLondonEC1M 6BQUK
| | - Martin T. Rothman
- Department of Cardiology, The London Chest HospitalBarts Health NHS TrustBonner RoadLondonE2 9JXUK
| | - Roger Corder
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonCharterhouse SquareLondonEC1M 6BQUK
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Afoakwa E. Cocoa and chocolate consumption – Are there aphrodisiac and other benefits for human health? SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2008.11734163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Jumar A, Schmieder RE. Cocoa Flavanol Cardiovascular Effects Beyond Blood Pressure Reduction. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2016; 18:352-8. [PMID: 26514936 PMCID: PMC8031944 DOI: 10.1111/jch.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The protective cardiovascular (CV) effect of cocoa flavanol has been a target of many recent clinical prospective and retrospective investigations. Epidemiological data in different patient cohorts revealed an association between higher intake of flavanol-rich foods and decreased incidence of CV events, especially stroke and myocardial infarction. Cocoa flavanol has been shown to reduce systolic (2.8 mm Hg) and diastolic (2.2 mm Hg) office blood pressure (BP). Greater BP reduction has been found in hypertensive patients and people younger than 50 years. Cocoa flavanol intake exerts beneficial effects on pathophysiologic mechanisms of hypertension-related organ damage, such as improved endothelial function, anti-inflammatory potency, inhibition of platelet activation, and increased vasodilatory capacity. Recent clinical trials have focused on establishing a potential link between epidemiology and pathophysiology of flavanol and identified possible mechanisms for prevention of end-organ damage in patients at CV risk. This review summarizes the available data on the antihypertensive effects of cocoa flavanol beyond BP-BP lowering lowering effects, accentuates subgroup-specific protective actions of cocoa according to patients' different CV risk profile, and outlines potential cocoa flavanol-associated clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Jumar
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionUniversity Hospital of the Friedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU)ErlangenGermany
| | - Roland E. Schmieder
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionUniversity Hospital of the Friedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU)ErlangenGermany
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Jeong HS, Kim S, Hong SJ, Choi SC, Choi JH, Kim JH, Park CY, Cho JY, Lee TB, Kwon JW, Joo HJ, Park JH, Yu CW, Lim DS. Black Raspberry Extract Increased Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Improved Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Food 2016; 19:346-52. [PMID: 26891216 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2015.3563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) is known to improve vascular endothelial function in patients at a high risk for cardiovascular (CV) disease. We investigated short-term effects of black raspberry on circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and arterial stiffness in patients with metabolic syndrome. Patients with metabolic syndrome (n = 51) were prospectively randomized into the black raspberry group (n = 26, 750 mg/day) and placebo group (n = 25) during the 12-week follow-up. Central blood pressure, augmentation index, and EPCs, such as CD34/KDR(+), CD34/CD117(+), and CD34/CD133(+), were measured at baseline and at 12-week follow-up. Radial augmentation indexes were significantly decreased in the black raspberry group compared to the placebo group (-5% ± 10% vs. 3% ± 14%, P < .05). CD34/CD133(+) cells at 12-week follow-up were significantly higher in the black raspberry group compared to the placebo group (19 ± 109/μL vs. -28 ± 57/μL, P < .05). Decreases from the baseline in interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were significantly greater in the black raspberry group compared to the placebo group (-0.5 ± 1.4 pg/mL vs. -0.1 ± 1.1 pg/mL, P < .05 and -5.4 ± 4.5 pg/mL vs. -0.8 ± 4.0 pg/mL, P < .05, respectively). Increases from the baseline in adiponectin levels (2.9 ± 2.1 μg/mL vs. -0.2 ± 2.5 μg/mL, P < .05) were significant in the black raspberry group. The use of black raspberry significantly lowered the augmentation index and increased circulating EPCs, thereby improving CV risks in patients with metabolic syndrome during the 12-week follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Saem Jeong
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital , Seoul, Korea
| | - Sohyeon Kim
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital , Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon Jun Hong
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital , Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Cheol Choi
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital , Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Choi
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Kim
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital , Seoul, Korea
| | - Chi-Yeon Park
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Young Cho
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital , Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Bum Lee
- 2 Gochang Black Raspberry Research Institute , Gochang, Korea
| | - Ji-Wung Kwon
- 2 Gochang Black Raspberry Research Institute , Gochang, Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Joo
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyoung Park
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital , Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Woong Yu
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital , Seoul, Korea
| | - Do-Sun Lim
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital , Seoul, Korea
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Phillips BE, Atherton PJ, Varadhan K, Limb MC, Williams JP, Smith K. Acute cocoa flavanol supplementation improves muscle macro- and microvascular but not anabolic responses to amino acids in older men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:548-56. [PMID: 27120341 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The anabolic effects of nutrition on skeletal muscle may depend on adequate skeletal muscle perfusion, which is impaired in older people. Cocoa flavanols have been shown to improve flow-mediated dilation, an established measure of endothelial function. However, their effect on muscle microvascular blood flow is currently unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore links between the consumption of cocoa flavanols, muscle microvascular blood flow, and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in response to nutrition in older men. To achieve this objective, leg blood flow (LBF), muscle microvascular blood volume (MBV), and MPS were measured under postabsorptive and postprandial (intravenous Glamin (Fresenius Kabi, Germany), dextrose to sustain glucose ∼7.5 mmol·L(-1)) conditions in 20 older men. Ten of these men were studied with no cocoa flavanol intervention and a further 10 were studied with the addition of 350 mg of cocoa flavanols at the same time that nutrition began. Leg (femoral artery) blood flow was measured by Doppler ultrasound, muscle MBV by contrast-enhanced ultrasound using Definity (Lantheus Medical Imaging, Mass., USA) perflutren contrast agent and MPS using [1, 2-(13)C2]leucine tracer techniques. Our results show that although older individuals do not show an increase in LBF or MBV in response to feeding, these absent responses are apparent when cocoa flavanols are given acutely with nutrition. However, this restoration in vascular responsiveness is not associated with improved MPS responses to nutrition. We conclude that acute cocoa flavanol supplementation improves muscle macro- and microvascular responses to nutrition, independently of modifying muscle protein anabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan E Phillips
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Krishna Varadhan
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Marie C Limb
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - John P Williams
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
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Myung HJ, Jeong HS, Hwang TY, Go KH, Kim J, Cho W, Choi YK, Park J, Hong SJ. Black Raspberry Improved Lipid Profiles and Vascular Endothelial Function in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Subgroup Analysis of Statin Naïve Participants. J Lipid Atheroscler 2016. [DOI: 10.12997/jla.2016.5.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jun Myung
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Saem Jeong
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Yeon Hwang
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Ho Go
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juwon Kim
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woori Cho
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiae Park
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon Jun Hong
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Grassi D, Desideri G, Mai F, Martella L, De Feo M, Soddu D, Fellini E, Veneri M, Stamerra CA, Ferri C. Cocoa, glucose tolerance, and insulin signaling: cardiometabolic protection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9919-9926. [PMID: 26126077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Experimental and clinical evidence reported that some polyphenol-rich natural products may offer opportunities for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes, due to their biological properties. Natural products have been suggested to modulate carbohydrate metabolism by various mechanisms, such as restoring β-cell integrity and physiology and enhancing insulin-releasing activity and glucose uptake. Endothelium is fundamental in regulating arterial function, whereas insulin resistance plays a pivotal role in pathophysiological mechanisms of prediabetic and diabetic states. Glucose and insulin actions in the skeletal muscle are improved by insulin-dependent production of nitric oxide, favoring capillary recruitment, vasodilatation, and increased blood flow. Endothelial dysfunction, with decreased nitric oxide bioavailability, is a critical step in the development of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, insulin resistance has been described, at least in part, to negatively affect endothelial function. Consistent with this, conditions of insulin resistance are usually linked to endothelial dysfunction, and the exposure of the endothelial cells to cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia is associated with reduced nitric oxide bioavailability, resulting in impaired endothelial-dependent vasodilatation. Moreover, endothelial dysfunction has been described as an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk and events. Cocoa and cocoa flavonoids may positively affect the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction with possible benefits in the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Grassi
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , Coppito, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Desideri
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , Coppito, Italy
| | - Francesca Mai
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , Coppito, Italy
| | - Letizia Martella
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , Coppito, Italy
| | - Martina De Feo
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , Coppito, Italy
| | - Daniele Soddu
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , Coppito, Italy
| | - Emanuela Fellini
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , Coppito, Italy
| | - Mariangela Veneri
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , Coppito, Italy
| | - Cosimo A Stamerra
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , Coppito, Italy
| | - Claudio Ferri
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , Coppito, Italy
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Aprotosoaie AC, Luca SV, Miron A. Flavor Chemistry of Cocoa and Cocoa Products-An Overview. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015; 15:73-91. [PMID: 33371573 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cocoa originates from beans of the cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao L.) and it is an important commodity in the world and the main ingredient in chocolate manufacture. Its value and quality are related to unique and complex flavors. Bulk cocoas (Forastero type) exhibit strong basic cocoa notes, whereas fine varieties (Criollo, Nacional) show aromatic, floral, or smoother flavor characteristics. About 600 various compounds (alcohols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and pyrazines) have been identified as odor-active components. The specific cocoa aroma arises from complex biochemical and chemical reactions during the postharvest processing of raw beans, and from many influences of the cocoa genotype, chemical make-up of raw seeds, environmental conditions, farming practices, processing, and manufacturing stages. There has been much research on cocoa flavor components. However, the relationships between all chemical components that are likely to play a role in cocoa flavor, their sensory properties, and the sources and mechanisms of flavor formation are not fully understood. This paper provides an overview on cocoa flavor from a compositional and a sensory perspective. The nonvolatile and volatile chemical components of cocoa and chocolate flavor, and their sensory properties correlated to the main influences involved in flavor formation, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara Aprotosoaie
- Dept. of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ. of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa-Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Simon Vlad Luca
- Dept. of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ. of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa-Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Anca Miron
- Dept. of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ. of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa-Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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43
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Apples and cardiovascular health--is the gut microbiota a core consideration? Nutrients 2015; 7:3959-98. [PMID: 26016654 PMCID: PMC4488768 DOI: 10.3390/nu7063959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is now considerable scientific evidence that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables can improve human health and protect against chronic diseases. However, it is not clear whether different fruits and vegetables have distinct beneficial effects. Apples are among the most frequently consumed fruits and a rich source of polyphenols and fiber. A major proportion of the bioactive components in apples, including the high molecular weight polyphenols, escape absorption in the upper gastrointestinal tract and reach the large intestine relatively intact. There, they can be converted by the colonic microbiota to bioavailable and biologically active compounds with systemic effects, in addition to modulating microbial composition. Epidemiological studies have identified associations between frequent apple consumption and reduced risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease. Human and animal intervention studies demonstrate beneficial effects on lipid metabolism, vascular function and inflammation but only a few studies have attempted to link these mechanistically with the gut microbiota. This review will focus on the reciprocal interaction between apple components and the gut microbiota, the potential link to cardiovascular health and the possible mechanisms of action.
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44
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Ivey KL, Hodgson JM, Croft KD, Lewis JR, Prince RL. Flavonoid intake and all-cause mortality. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:1012-20. [PMID: 25832340 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.073106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoids are bioactive compounds found in foods such as tea, chocolate, red wine, fruit, and vegetables. Higher intakes of specific flavonoids and flavonoid-rich foods have been linked to reduced mortality from specific vascular diseases and cancers. However, the importance of flavonoids in preventing all-cause mortality remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE The objective was to explore the association between flavonoid intake and risk of 5-y mortality from all causes by using 2 comprehensive food composition databases to assess flavonoid intake. DESIGN The study population included 1063 randomly selected women aged >75 y. All-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortalities were assessed over 5 y of follow-up through the Western Australia Data Linkage System. Two estimates of flavonoid intake (total flavonoidUSDA and total flavonoidPE) were determined by using food composition data from the USDA and the Phenol-Explorer (PE) databases, respectively. RESULTS During the 5-y follow-up period, 129 (12%) deaths were documented. Participants with high total flavonoid intake were at lower risk [multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI)] of 5-y all-cause mortality than those with low total flavonoid consumption [total flavonoidUSDA: 0.37 (0.22, 0.58); total flavonoidPE: 0.36 (0.22, 0.60)]. Similar beneficial relations were observed for both cardiovascular disease mortality [total flavonoidUSDA: 0.34 (0.17, 0.69); flavonoidPE: 0.32 (0.16, 0.61)] and cancer mortality [total flavonoidUSDA: 0.25 (0.10, 0.62); flavonoidPE: 0.26 (0.11, 0.62)]. CONCLUSIONS Using the most comprehensive flavonoid databases, we provide evidence that high consumption of flavonoids is associated with reduced risk of mortality in older women. The benefits of flavonoids may extend to the etiology of cancer and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry L Ivey
- From the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia (KLI, JRL, and RLP); the Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia (KLI, JRL, and RLP); and the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia (JMH and KDC)
| | - Jonathan M Hodgson
- From the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia (KLI, JRL, and RLP); the Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia (KLI, JRL, and RLP); and the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia (JMH and KDC)
| | - Kevin D Croft
- From the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia (KLI, JRL, and RLP); the Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia (KLI, JRL, and RLP); and the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia (JMH and KDC)
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- From the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia (KLI, JRL, and RLP); the Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia (KLI, JRL, and RLP); and the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia (JMH and KDC)
| | - Richard L Prince
- From the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia (KLI, JRL, and RLP); the Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia (KLI, JRL, and RLP); and the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia (JMH and KDC)
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The effect of flavanol-rich cocoa on cerebral perfusion in healthy older adults during conscious resting state: a placebo controlled, crossover, acute trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3227-34. [PMID: 26047963 PMCID: PMC4534492 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3972-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE There has recently been increasing interest in the potential of flavanols, plant-derived compounds found in foods such as fruit and vegetables, to ameliorate age-related cognitive decline. Research suggests that cocoa flavanols improve memory and learning, possibly as a result of their anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. These effects may be mediated by increased cerebral blood flow (CBF), thus, stimulating neuronal function. OBJECTIVES The present study employed arterial spin labelling functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore the effect of a single acute dose of cocoa flavanols on regional CBF. METHODS CBF was measured pre- and post-consumption of low (23 mg) or high (494 mg) 330 ml equicaloric flavanol drinks matched for caffeine, theobromine, taste and appearance according to a randomized counterbalanced crossover double-blind design in eight males and ten females, aged 50-65 years. Changes in perfusion from pre- to post-consumption were calculated as a function of each drink. RESULTS Significant increases in regional perfusion across the brain were observed following consumption of the high flavanol drink relative to the low flavanol drink, particularly in the anterior cingulate cortex and the central opercular cortex of the parietal lobe. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of cocoa flavanol improves regional cerebral perfusion in older adults. This provides evidence for a possible acute mechanism by which cocoa flavanols are associated with benefits for cognitive performance.
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46
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Quiñones M, Margalef M, Arola-Arnal A, Muguerza B, Miguel M, Aleixandre A. The blood pressure effect and related plasma levels of flavan-3-ols in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Funct 2015; 6:3479-89. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00547g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We studied the short-term antihypertensive effect of flavan-3-ols (−)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin and (−)-catechin, in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Quiñones
- Dpto. Farmacología
- Fac. Medicina
- U. Complutense
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Maria Margalef
- Nutrigenomic Group
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology
- Rovira i Virgili University
- Tarragona
- Spain
| | - Anna Arola-Arnal
- Nutrigenomic Group
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology
- Rovira i Virgili University
- Tarragona
- Spain
| | - Begoña Muguerza
- Nutrigenomic Group
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology
- Rovira i Virgili University
- Tarragona
- Spain
| | - Marta Miguel
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de Alimentación (CIAL
- CSIC-UAM
- CEI UAM+CSIC)
- Madrid
- Spain
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Terai N, Gedenk A, Spoerl E, Pillunat LE, Stodtmeister R. The short-term effect of flavonoid-rich dark chocolate on retinal vessel diameter in glaucoma patients and age-matched controls. Acta Ophthalmol 2014; 92:e341-5. [PMID: 24628966 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of flavonoid-rich dark chocolate and non-flavonoid-rich white chocolate on retinal vessel diameter in glaucoma patients and age-matched controls. METHODS Thirty glaucoma patients and 30 age-matched subjects were assigned to dark or white chocolate by randomization with forced equal distribution. The number in each of the four groups was 15. Measured parameters included systemic blood pressure (BP), blood glucose levels, static retinal vessel analysis, as measured by central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE) (which relates to the diameter of the central retinal artery), central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE) (which relates to the diameter of central retinal vein) and the arterio-venous ratio (AVR), which represents the CRAE/CRVE ratio, dynamic retinal vessel analysis as measured by the change in vessel diameter in response to flicker light stimulation. Three recording cycles from each were averaged. RESULTS Blood pressure parameters (systolic BP, diastolic BP and pulse), IOP and blood glucose levels did not differ significantly between both groups before and after consumption of white or dark chocolate. Static vessel analysis did not show any significant changes in CRAE, CRVE or AVR before and after dark or white chocolate in both groups (p > 0.05). Mean dilatation of the venules in the control group was 3.2 ± 0.9 % before dark chocolate and 4.2 ± 1.4 % after dark chocolate intake, which was statistically significantly different (p = 0.01). Mean dilatation of the arterioles in the control group was 2.8 ± 1.8 % before dark chocolate and 3.5 ± 1.8 % after dark chocolate intake with a trend to statistical significance (p = 0.14), but not reaching the significance level. Mean diameter changes in the glaucoma group did not show any significant differences after dark chocolate consumption. CONCLUSION The present study showed a significant improvement of venous vasodilatation 2 hr after dark chocolate intake in the control group, but not in the glaucoma group. This effect might be indicative of an increased bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) after dark chocolate consumption. The lack of finding a significant venous response after dark chocolate in the glaucoma group might be related to the already impaired endothelial function in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naim Terai
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Hospital Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Alexandra Gedenk
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Hospital Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Eberhard Spoerl
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Hospital Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Lutz E Pillunat
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Hospital Dresden; Dresden Germany
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Dorenkott MR, Griffin LE, Goodrich KM, Thompson-Witrick KA, Fundaro G, Ye L, Stevens JR, Ali M, O'Keefe SF, Hulver MW, Neilson AP. Oligomeric cocoa procyanidins possess enhanced bioactivity compared to monomeric and polymeric cocoa procyanidins for preventing the development of obesity, insulin resistance, and impaired glucose tolerance during high-fat feeding. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2216-2227. [PMID: 24559282 DOI: 10.1021/jf500333y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There is interest in the potential of cocoa flavanols, including monomers and procyanidins, to prevent obesity and type-2 diabetes. Fermentation and processing of cocoa beans influence the qualitative and quantitative profiles of individual cocoa constituents. Little is known regarding how different cocoa flavanols contribute to inhibition of obesity and type-2 diabetes. The objective of this study was to compare the impacts of long-term dietary exposure to cocoa flavanol monomers, oligomers, and polymers on the effects of high-fat feeding. Mice were fed a high-fat diet supplemented with either a cocoa flavanol extract or a flavanol fraction enriched with monomeric, oligomeric, or polymeric procyanidins for 12 weeks. The oligomer-rich fraction proved to be most effective in preventing weight gain, fat mass, impaired glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance in this model. This is the first long-term feeding study to examine the relative activities of cocoa constituents on diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Dorenkott
- Department of Food Science and Technology, ‡Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, and #Metabolic Phenotyping Core Facility Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
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Abstract
The endothelium, a highly active structure, regulates vascular homeostasis through the release of numerous vasoactive factors that control vascular tone and vascular smooth cell proliferation. A larger number of medicinal plants and their isolated chemical constituents have been shown to beneficially affect the endothelium. For example, flavonoids in black tea, green tea, and concord grape cause a vasodilation possibly through their antioxidant properties. Allicin, a by-product of the enzyme alliinase, has been proposed to be the main active metabolite and responsible for most of the biological activities of garlic, including a dose-dependent dilation on the isolated coronaries. Thymoquinone, the principal phytochemical compound found in the volatile oil of the black seed, and the hawthorn extract have also been shown to improve aging-related impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxations in animal models. In this review, the effect of some of the natural products, including Camellia sinensis (black tea and green tea), Vitis labrusca (concord grape), Allium sativum (garlic), and Nigella sativa (black seed) and Crataegus ssp (hawthorn extract), is explored. The molecular mechanisms behind these potential therapeutic effects are also discussed.
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D'Anna R, Santamaria A, Cannata ML, Interdonato ML, Giorgianni GM, Granese R, Corrado F, Bitto A. Effects of a new flavonoid and Myo-inositol supplement on some biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women: a randomized trial. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:653561. [PMID: 25254044 PMCID: PMC4164131 DOI: 10.1155/2014/653561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim. Cardiovascular risk is increased in women with menopause and metabolic syndrome. Aim of this study was to test the effect of a new supplement formula, combining cocoa polyphenols, myo-inositol, and soy isoflavones, on some biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. Methods and Results. A total of 60 women were enrolled and randomly assigned (n = 30 per group) to receive the supplement (NRT: 30 mg of cocoa polyphenols, 80 mg of soy isoflavones, and 2 gr of myo-inositol), or placebo for 6 months. The study protocol included three visits (baseline, 6, and 12 months) for the evaluation of glucose, triglycerides, and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), adiponectin, visfatin, resistin, and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bone-ALP). At 6 months, a significant difference between NRT and placebo was found for glucose (96 ± 7 versus 108 ± 10 mg/dL), triglycerides (145 ± 14 versus 165 ± 18 mg/dL), visfatin (2.8 ± 0.8 versus 3.7 ± 1.1 ng/mL), resistin (27 ± 7 versus 32 ± 8 µg/L), and b-ALP (19 ± 7 versus 15 ± 5 µg/mL). No difference in HDL-C concentrations nor in adiponectin levels between groups was reported at 6 months. Conclusions. The supplement used in this study improves most of the biomarkers linked to metabolic syndrome. This Trial is registered with NCT01400724.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario D'Anna
- Department of Pediatric, Gynecological, Microbiological, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
- *Rosario D'Anna:
| | - Angelo Santamaria
- Department of Pediatric, Gynecological, Microbiological, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Cannata
- Department of Pediatric, Gynecological, Microbiological, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Lieta Interdonato
- Department of Pediatric, Gynecological, Microbiological, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Granese
- Department of Pediatric, Gynecological, Microbiological, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Corrado
- Department of Pediatric, Gynecological, Microbiological, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
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