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Gerunova LK, Gerunov TV, P'yanova LG, Lavrenov AV, Sedanova AV, Delyagina MS, Fedorov YN, Kornienko NV, Kryuchek YO, Tarasenko AA. Butyric acid and prospects for creation of new medicines based on its derivatives: a literature review. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e23. [PMID: 38568825 PMCID: PMC10990906 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of antimicrobials causes antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The use of butyric acid and its derivatives is an alternative tactic. This review summarizes the literature on the role of butyric acid in the body and provides further prospects for the clinical use of its derivatives and delivery methods to the animal body. Thus far, there is evidence confirming the vital role of butyric acid in the body and the effectiveness of its derivatives when used as animal medicines and growth stimulants. Butyric acid salts stimulate immunomodulatory activity by reducing microbial colonization of the intestine and suppressing inflammation. Extraintestinal effects occur against the background of hemoglobinopathy, hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance, and cerebral ischemia. Butyric acid derivatives inhibit histone deacetylase. Aberrant histone deacetylase activity is associated with the development of certain types of cancer in humans. Feed additives containing butyric acid salts or tributyrin are used widely in animal husbandry. They improve the functional status of the intestine and accelerate animal growth and development. On the other hand, high concentrations of butyric acid stimulate the apoptosis of epithelial cells and disrupt the intestinal barrier function. This review highlights the biological activity and the mechanism of action of butyric acid, its salts, and esters, revealing their role in the treatment of various animal and human diseases. This paper also discussed the possibility of using butyric acid and its derivatives as surface modifiers of enterosorbents to obtain new drugs with bifunctional action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila K Gerunova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Omsk State Agrarian University named after P. A. Stolypin, Omsk 644008, Russian Federation
| | - Taras V Gerunov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Omsk State Agrarian University named after P. A. Stolypin, Omsk 644008, Russian Federation
| | - Lydia G P'yanova
- Department of Materials Science and Physicochemical Research Methods, Center of New Chemical Technologies BIC, Omsk 644040, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander V Lavrenov
- Department of Materials Science and Physicochemical Research Methods, Center of New Chemical Technologies BIC, Omsk 644040, Russian Federation
| | - Anna V Sedanova
- Department of Materials Science and Physicochemical Research Methods, Center of New Chemical Technologies BIC, Omsk 644040, Russian Federation
| | - Maria S Delyagina
- Department of Materials Science and Physicochemical Research Methods, Center of New Chemical Technologies BIC, Omsk 644040, Russian Federation.
| | - Yuri N Fedorov
- Laboratory of Immunology, All-Russian Research and Technological Institute of Biological Industry, pos. Biokombinata, Shchelkovskii Region, Moscow Province 141142, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia V Kornienko
- Department of Materials Science and Physicochemical Research Methods, Center of New Chemical Technologies BIC, Omsk 644040, Russian Federation
| | - Yana O Kryuchek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Omsk State Agrarian University named after P. A. Stolypin, Omsk 644008, Russian Federation
| | - Anna A Tarasenko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Omsk State Agrarian University named after P. A. Stolypin, Omsk 644008, Russian Federation
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Itani K, Marcussen C, Rocha SDC, Kathiresan P, Mydland LT, Press CM, Xie Z, Tauson AH, Øverland M. Effect of Cyberlindnera jadinii yeast on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut health of broiler chickens from 1 to 34 d of age. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103127. [PMID: 37837676 PMCID: PMC10585334 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of dietary graded levels of Cyberlindnera jadinii yeast (C. jadinii) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut health of broilers was evaluated from 1 to 34 d of age. A total of 360 male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (6 replicate pens each) consisting of a wheat-soybean meal-based pelleted diet (Control or CJ0), and 3 diets in which 10% (CJ10), 20% (CJ20), and 30% (CJ30) of the crude protein were supplied by C. jadinii, by gradually replacing protein-rich ingredients. Body weight and feed intake were measured at d 1, 11, 22, and 32. Pellet temperature, durability, and hardness increased linearly (P < 0.05) with C. jadinii inclusion, with highest (P < 0.05) values for CJ30. Up until d 22, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was similar between treatments (P = 0.169). Overall, increasing C. jadinii inclusion linearly increased (P = 0.047) feed intake but had no effect on weight gain or mortality. FCR increased (P < 0.05) linearly with increasing C. jadinii inclusion but only birds fed CJ30 had a significantly poorer FCR compared to the Control. Ileal digestibility was not affected by C. jadinii inclusion, however, there was a significant linear decrease in crude protein and phosphorus, and a tendency for a decrease in fat digestibility. Apparent metabolizable energy (AME) decreased (P < 0.001) quadratically with increasing C. jadinii and was significantly lower in CJ30 compared to the Control. Ileal concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were not affected by C. jadinii inclusion, but butyric acid and total VFAs were linearly and quadratically increased and were significantly higher in cecal digesta of birds fed CJ20 and CJ30. Increasing C. jadinii inclusion was associated with an increase (P < 0.05) in the relative abundance of lactobacillus in the ileum and cecum. In conclusion, C. jadinii yeast can supply up to 20% of the total dietary protein without negatively affecting performance, digestibility, or gut health of broilers. The potential confounding role of feed processing and C. jadinii cell wall components on broiler performance is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Itani
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Caroline Marcussen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Gronnegärdsvej 3, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlagevej 16, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sérgio D C Rocha
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Purushothaman Kathiresan
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Liv Torunn Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Charles McLean Press
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Zhuqing Xie
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26,1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anne-Helene Tauson
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Gronnegärdsvej 3, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway.
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Kato T, Kamiya S, Narasaki S, Sumii A, Tsutsumi YM, Machida K, Hara K, Izumi-Mishima Y, Tsutsumi R, Sakaue H. Partially Hydrolyzed Guar Gum Intake Supports the Gut Microbiota and Attenuates Inflammation during Influenza H1N1 Virus Infection in Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:4252. [PMID: 37836536 PMCID: PMC10574490 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) is a soluble dietary fiber that is effective for defecation control. It influences the gut microbiota, by which it is metabolized to yield short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and it was also recently shown to protect against influenza infection in humans. We here investigated the effects of PHGG in a mouse model of influenza H1N1 virus infection. Eight-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed normal chow with or without PHGG (500 mg/kg per day) for 4 weeks, infected with H1N1 at 10 weeks of age, and analyzed at 12 weeks of age. Administration of PHGG attenuated the decline in body weight induced by H1N1 infection without affecting food intake. It also ameliorated intestinal atrophy and increased the production of SCFAs including acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid in the cecum, thereby preventing the inhibitory effect of H1N1 infection on SCFA production. The H1N1-induced increases in the serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines including interferon-γ and interleukin-6 and anti-inflammatory cytokine such as interleukin-10 were all inhibited by PHGG intake. In addition, PHGG administration attenuated inflammatory gene expression in the lung and promoted both natural killer cell activity and regulatory T-cell differentiation in the spleen. Our findings suggest that the consumption of PHGG may improve the gut environment and thereby limit the inflammatory response to H1N1 infection. They may thus provide the basis for novel dietary intervention strategies to suppress the excessive inflammation associated with virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kato
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University Graduate School, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kamiya
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University Graduate School, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan
| | - Soshi Narasaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University Graduate School, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan
| | - Ayako Sumii
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University Graduate School, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuo M. Tsutsumi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University Graduate School, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan
| | - Kyoka Machida
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan
| | - Kanako Hara
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan
| | - Yuna Izumi-Mishima
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan
| | - Rie Tsutsumi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University Graduate School, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakaue
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan
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Kiernan DP, O’Doherty JV, Sweeney T. The Effect of Maternal Probiotic or Synbiotic Supplementation on Sow and Offspring Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Health, and Performance. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2996. [PMID: 37835602 PMCID: PMC10571980 DOI: 10.3390/ani13192996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens has prompted the reduction in antibiotic and antimicrobial use in commercial pig production. This has led to increased research efforts to identify alternative dietary interventions to support the health and development of the pig. The crucial role of the GIT microbiota in animal health and performance is becoming increasingly evident. Hence, promoting an improved GIT microbiota, particularly the pioneer microbiota in the young pig, is a fundamental focus. Recent research has indicated that the sow's GIT microbiota is a significant contributor to the development of the offspring's microbiota. Thus, dietary manipulation of the sow's microbiota with probiotics or synbiotics, before farrowing and during lactation, is a compelling area of exploration. This review aims to identify the potential health benefits of maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation to both the sow and her offspring and to explore their possible modes of action. Finally, the results of maternal sow probiotic and synbiotic supplementation studies are collated and summarized. Maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation offers an effective strategy to modulate the sow's microbiota and thereby enhance the formation of a health-promoting pioneer microbiota in the offspring. In addition, this strategy can potentially reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in the sow and her offspring, enhance the immune potential of the milk, the immune system development in the offspring, and the sow's feed intake during lactation. Although many studies have used probiotics in the maternal sow diet, the most effective probiotic or probiotic blends remain unclear. To this extent, further direct comparative investigations using different probiotics are warranted to advance the current understanding in this area. Moreover, the number of investigations supplementing synbiotics in the maternal sow diet is limited and is an area where further exploration is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon P. Kiernan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - John V. O’Doherty
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Torres Sweeney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
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Yan Y, Zhang J, Chen X, Wang Z. Effects of Black Soldier Fly Larvae ( Hermetia illucens Larvae) Meal on the Production Performance and Cecal Microbiota of Hens. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050364. [PMID: 37235447 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of Hermetia illucens larvae meal (HILM) as a feed supplement on production performance and cecal microflora were studied in 900 Hy-line Brown laying hens. Laying hens (60 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups. Each group had five replicates, and each replicate had 45 hens. The control group was fed with a corn-soybean-based diet, and the experimental groups were fed with 1% HILM, 2% HILM, or 3% HILM. Results were as follows: (1) With the increase in HILM level, the laying rate increased linearly (p ≤ 0.05), and the feed/egg and cracked-egg rate decreased linearly (p ≤ 0.05). (2) Community composition analysis showed that the dominant bacteria in each group were Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, followed by Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, which accounted for more than 97% of 16S rRNA gene sequence of the total cecal bacteria. (3) Alpha diversity analysis at the operational taxonomic unit classification level showed that the HILM-addition groups had higher community richness and community diversity than the control group. (4) Principal co-ordinates analysis showed that the cecum samples in each group were significantly separated (p ≤ 0.05). At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in the HILM addition groups was significantly lower than that in the control group (p < 0.001), and the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the HILM addition groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.001). In conclusion, dietary HILM supplementation had a significant effect on the production performance and cecal microflora of laying hens at the late laying period under the conditions of this experiment but had no adverse effect on the intestinal dominant flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Henan Provincial Academician Workstation of Feed Resource Development and Healthy Livestock, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 271023, China
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- Henan Provincial Academician Workstation of Feed Resource Development and Healthy Livestock, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 271023, China
| | - Xiaochen Chen
- Henan Provincial Academician Workstation of Feed Resource Development and Healthy Livestock, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 271023, China
| | - Zhanbin Wang
- Henan Provincial Academician Workstation of Feed Resource Development and Healthy Livestock, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 271023, China
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Pardo Z, Mateos I, Saro C, Campos R, Argüello H, Lachica M, Ranilla MJ, Fernández-Fígares I. The Effect of Supplementation with Betaine and Zinc on In Vitro Large Intestinal Fermentation in Iberian Pigs under Heat Stress. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13061102. [PMID: 36978642 PMCID: PMC10044697 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of betaine and zinc on the in vitro fermentation of pigs under heat stress (HS). Twenty-four Iberian pigs (43.4 ± 1.2 kg) under HS (30 °C) were assigned to treatments for 4 weeks: control (unsupplemented), betaine (5 g/kg), and zinc (0.120 g/kg) supplemented diet. Rectal content was used as the inoculum in 24-hincubations with pure substrates (starch, pectin, inulin, cellulose). Total gas, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), and methane production and ammonia concentration were measured. The abundance of total bacteria and several bacterial groups was assessed. Betaine increased the acetate production with pectin and inulin, butyrate production with starch and inulin, and ammonia concentration, and decreased propionate production with pectin and inulin. The abundance of Bifidobacterium and two groups of Clostridium decreased with betaine supplementation. Zinc decreased the production of SCFA and gas with starch and inulin, associated with diminished bacterial activity. Propionate production decreased with starch, pectin, and inulin while butyrate production increased with inulin, and isoacid production increased with cellulose and inulin in pigs supplemented with zinc. The ammonia concentration increased for all substrates. The Clostridium cluster XIV abundance decreased in pigs fed zinc supplemented diets. The results reported were dependent on the substrate fermented, but the augmented butyrate production with both betaine and zinc could be of benefit for the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Pardo
- Departamento de Nutrición y Producción Animal Sostenible, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, (CSIC) Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Iván Mateos
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain
| | - Cristina Saro
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain
| | - Rómulo Campos
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 32 # 12-00, Palmira 76531, Colombia
| | - Héctor Argüello
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Manuel Lachica
- Departamento de Nutrición y Producción Animal Sostenible, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, (CSIC) Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - María José Ranilla
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fernández-Fígares
- Departamento de Nutrición y Producción Animal Sostenible, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, (CSIC) Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: or
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Nutritional Management of Intestinal Failure due to Short Bowel Syndrome in Children. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010062. [PMID: 36615720 PMCID: PMC9823779 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most common cause of intestinal failure (IF) in childhood remains short bowel syndrome (SBS), where bowel mass is significantly reduced due to a congenital atresia or resection and parenteral nutrition (PN) needed. Home PN has improved outcome and quality of life, but the long-term therapeutic goal is to achieve enteral autonomy whilst avoiding long term complications. This paper is aimed at discussing nutritional strategies available to clinicians caring for these patients. METHODS A literature search was performed from 1992 to 2022 using Pubmed, MEDLINE and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and recent guidelines were reviewed. In the absence of evidence, recommendations reflect the authors' expert opinion. RESULTS Consensus on the best possible way of feeding children with IF-SBS is lacking and practice varies widely between centres. Feeding should commence as soon as possible following surgery. Oral feeding is the preferred route and breast milk (BM) the first milk of choice in infants. Donor BM, standard preterm or term formula are alternatives in the absence of maternal BM. Extensively hydrolysed or amino acid-based feeds are used when these are not tolerated. Solids should be introduced as soon as clinically appropriate. Children are encouraged to eat by mouth and experience different tastes and textures to avoid oral aversion. Aggressive weaning of PN and tube (over-) feeding are now discouraged. CONCLUSIONS To date, uniform agreement on the optimal type of feed, timing of food introduction and feeding regime used is lacking and great difference in practice remains. There is need for more research to establish common treatment protocols.
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Cheng C, Yin Y, Bian G. Effects of whole maize high-grain diet feeding on colonic fermentation and bacterial community in weaned lambs. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1018284. [PMID: 36569065 PMCID: PMC9772272 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1018284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grain diet is commonly used in intensive production to boost yield in short term, which may cause adverse effects such as rumen and colonic acidosis in ruminants. Maize is one of the key components of high-grain diet, and different processing methods of maize affect the digestive absorption and gastrointestinal development of ruminants. To investigate the effects of maize form in high-grain diets on colonic fermentation and bacterial community of weaned lambs, twenty-two 2.5-month-old healthy Hu lambs were fed separately a maize meal low-grain diet (19.2% grain; CON), a maize meal high-grain diet (50.4% grain; CM), and a whole maize high-grain diet (50.4% grain; CG). After 7 weeks of feeding, the total volatile fatty acid concentration (P = 0.035) were significantly higher in lambs from CM than that from CON. The sequencing results of colonic content microbial composition revealed that the relative abundance of genera Parasutterella (P = 0.028), Comamonas (P = 0.031), Butyricicoccus (P = 0.049), and Olsenella (P = 0.010) were higher in CM than those in CON; compared with CM, the CG diet had the higher relative abundance of genera Bacteroides (P = 0.024) and Angelakisella (P = 0.020), while the lower relative abundance of genera Olsenella (P = 0.031) and Paraprevotella (P = 0.006). For colonic mucosal microbiota, the relative abundance of genera Duncaniella (P = 0.024), Succiniclasticum (P = 0.044), and Comamonas (P = 0.012) were significantly higher in CM than those in CON. In comparison, the relative abundance of genera Alistipes (P = 0.020) and Campylobacter (P = 0.017) were significantly lower. And the relative abundance of genera Colidextribacter (P = 0.005), Duncaniella (P = 0.032), Christensenella (P = 0.042), and Lawsonibacter (P = 0.018) were increased in the CG than those in the CM. Furthermore, the CG downregulated the relative abundance of genes encoding infectious-disease-parasitic (P = 0.049), cancer-specific-types (P = 0.049), and neurodegenerative-disease (P = 0.037) in colonic microbiota than those in the CM. Overall, these results indicated that maize with different grain sizes might influence the colonic health of weaned lambs by altering the composition of the colonic bacterial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuyang Yin
- Huzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huzhou, China
| | - Gaorui Bian
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
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Sacakli P, Çınar ÖÖ, Ceylan A, Ramay MS, Harijaona JA, Bayraktaroglu AG, Shastak Y, Calik A. Performance and gut health status of broilers fed diets supplemented with two graded levels of a monoglyceride blend. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102359. [PMID: 36512871 PMCID: PMC9763682 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of 2 graded levels (0.03 and 0.05% of diet) of a monoglyceride blend containing butyric, caprylic, and capric acids in broilers' diet for optimizing gut structure and animal growth performance. For this purpose, a total of 210, one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 3 experimental treatments using 7 replicates each and 10 birds/replicate. The treatment groups involved supplementation of blend of short and medium chain fatty acids at the level of 0, 0.03, and 0.05% of the diet for 42 d. The incorporation of mixes of monoglycerides into broilers' diet linearly improved BWG between d 0 and 21 (P = 0.034). At the end of trial, however, no significant changes were observed in performance indexes (BWG, FI, FCR). Jejunal morphometric parameters (villus height, crypt depth, and their ratio) remained unaltered with the monoglyceride supplementation on d 21. The results further showed that monoglycerides supplementation increased the goblet cell counts along the jejunal villi (P = 0.034) and crypt regions (P = 0.022), as well as it effectively modulated the mRNA abundances of tight junction protein (ZO-1, P = 0.033) and nutrient transporters (SGLT, PePT1; P = 0.005, 0.023, respectively) in the jejunum. Moreover, the downregulation in mRNA abundance of TNFα (P = 0.030) was observed with the monoglyceride supplementation. The SCFAs analysis of cecal contents showed no notable differences with monoglyceride blend supplementation when compared to the unsupplemented group. Collectively, high goblet cell numbers in the jejunum along with downregulation of the mRNA abundances of pro-inflammatory cytokines, upregulation of tight junction proteins, and nutrient transporters showed favorable responses of low doses of monoglycerides blend in broiler feeding. Further studies should be conducted in different rearing conditions to examine the effectiveness of such low levels of a monoglyceride blend in the modulation of gut structure, its functionality and animal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Sacakli
- Department of Animal Nutrition & Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, 06110, Turkey
| | - Özge Özgenç Çınar
- Department of Histology Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, 06110, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ceylan
- Department of Histology Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, 06110, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Shazaib Ramay
- Department of Animal Nutrition & Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, 06110, Turkey
| | - Josoa André Harijaona
- Department of Animal Nutrition & Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, 06110, Turkey
| | - Alev Gurol Bayraktaroglu
- Department of Histology Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, 06110, Turkey
| | | | - Ali Calik
- Department of Animal Nutrition & Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, 06110, Turkey.
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10
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Sadurní M, Barroeta AC, Sala R, Sol C, Puyalto M, Castillejos L. Impact of Dietary Supplementation with Sodium Butyrate Protected by Medium-Chain Fatty Acid Salts on Gut Health of Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192496. [PMID: 36230237 PMCID: PMC9558768 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nutritional strategies to improve gut health are under research to reduce antibiotic use in poultry production. This study investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with sodium butyrate protected by sodium salts of medium-chain fatty acids as a feed additive on broiler gut health. A first trial was conducted to assess the effectiveness of this feed additive supplemented at a dose range of 0.5, 1, and 2 kg/t to promote a good health status on broilers raised under optimal conditions. Supplementation at 0.5 and 1 kg/t maintained the number of mucin-secretory cells contained in the gut barrier of young chickens, and the use of 1 kg/t improved the intestinal immune system of aged broilers. However, the beneficial effects of some feed additives are not detected under non-challenged conditions. Therefore, the second experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of the feed additive at 1 kg/t in coccidiosis-challenged broilers. In this context, sodium butyrate protected by sodium salts of medium-chain fatty acids restored the number of mucin-secretory cells as well as impacted on the intestinal morphometry and microbiota. The results of the present study suggest that this feed additive could be a useful strategy to reinforce the gut barrier, especially for birds with coccidiosis. Abstract Nutritional strategies to improve gut health of broilers are under research. This study investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with sodium butyrate protected by sodium salts of medium-chain fatty acids as a feed additive on broiler gut health. The first experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing at 0.5, 1, and 2 kg/t in broilers housed under optimal conditions. Supplementation at 0.5 and 1 kg/t maintained goblet cell counts at 10 days of age (p ≤ 0.05), and supplementation at 1 kg/t decreased intraepithelial lymphocyte counts compared to 2 kg/t at 39 days (p ≤ 0.10). Abdominal fat pad levels of lauric and myristic acids were gradually increased by supplement dose (p ≤ 0.05). In the second experiment, the feed additive at 1 kg/t was evaluated in coccidiosis-challenged broilers. Experimental treatments were as follows: non-challenged, control-challenged, and supplemented-challenged treatments. Coccidiosis negatively impact performance and modify histomorphometry and microbiota (p ≤ 0.05). The feed additive increased crypt depth at 7 days post-inoculation and goblet cell count at 14 days post-inoculation (p ≤ 0.05). Further, supplementation interacted with the microbiota modification led by the coccidiosis (p ≤ 0.05). These results suggest that this feed additive could be a useful strategy to reinforce the gut barrier, especially for birds under coccidiosis-challenge treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Sadurní
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Animal and Food Science Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ana Cristina Barroeta
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Animal and Food Science Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Roser Sala
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Animal and Food Science Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | | | - Lorena Castillejos
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Animal and Food Science Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Correspondence:
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11
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Zeng X, Yang Y, Wang J, Wang Z, Li J, Yin Y, Yang H. Dietary butyrate, lauric acid and stearic acid improve gut morphology and epithelial cell turnover in weaned piglets. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 11:276-282. [PMID: 36263412 PMCID: PMC9556789 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Alterations in Intestinal Brush Border Membrane Functionality and Bacterial Populations Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Nicotinamide Riboside and Its Derivatives. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153130. [PMID: 35956307 PMCID: PMC9370700 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide riboside (NR) acts as a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) precursor where NR supplementation has previously been shown to be beneficial. Thus, we synthesized and characterized nicotinamide riboside tributyrate chloride (NRTBCl, water-soluble) and nicotinamide riboside trioleate chloride (NRTOCl, oil-soluble) as two new ester derivatives of nicotinamide riboside chloride (NRCl). NRCl and its derivatives were assessed in vivo, via intra-amniotic administration (Gallus gallus), with the following treatment groups: (1) non-injected (control); and injection of (2) deionized H2O (control); (3) NRCl (30 mg/mL dose); (4) NRTBCl (30 mg/mL dose); and (5) NRTOCl (30 mg/mL dose). Post-intervention, the effects on physiological markers associated with brush border membrane morphology, intestinal bacterial populations, and duodenal gene expression of key proteins were investigated. Although no significant changes were observed in average body weights, NRTBCl exposure increased average cecum weight. NR treatment significantly increased Clostridium and NRCl treatment resulted in increased populations of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and E. coli. Duodenal gene expression analysis revealed that NRCl, NRTBCl, and NRTOCl treatments upregulated the expression of ZnT1, MUC2, and IL6 compared to the controls, suggesting alterations in brush border membrane functionality. The administration of NRCl and its derivatives appears to trigger increased expression of brush border membrane digestive proteins, with added effects on the composition and function of cecal microbial populations. Additional research is now warranted to further elucidate the effects on inflammatory biomarkers and observe changes in the specific intestinal bacterial populations post introduction of NR and its derivatives.
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13
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Liang Z, Yan Y, Zhang W, Luo H, Yao B, Huang H, Tu T. Review of glucose oxidase as a feed additive: production, engineering, applications, growth-promoting mechanisms, and outlook. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022:1-18. [PMID: 35723581 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2057275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The regulation and prohibition of antibiotics used as growth promoters (AGP) in the feed field are increasing because they cause antimicrobial resistance and drug residue issues and threaten community health. Recently, glucose oxidase (GOx) has attracted increasing interest in the feed industry as an alternative to antibiotics. GOx specifically catalyzes the production of gluconic acid (GA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by consuming molecular oxygen, and plays an important role in relieving oxidative stress, preserving health, and promoting animal growth. To expand the application of GOx in the feed field, considerable efforts have been made to mine new genetic resources. Efforts have also been made to heterologously overexpress relevant genes to reduce production costs and to engineer proteins by modifying enzyme properties, both of which are bottleneck problems that limit industrial feed applications. Herein, the: different sources, diverse biochemical properties, distinct structural features, and various strategies of GOx engineering and heterologous overexpression are summarized. The mechanism through which GOx promotes growth in animal production, including the improvement of antioxidant capacity, maintenance of intestinal microbiota homeostasis, and enhancement of gut function, are also systematically addressed. Finally, a new perspective is provided for the future development of GOx applications in the feed field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yaru Yan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Zhang R, Huang G, Ren Y, Wang H, Ye Y, Guo J, Wang M, Zhu W, Yu K. Effects of Dietary Indole-3-carboxaldehyde Supplementation on Growth Performance, Intestinal Epithelial Function, and Intestinal Microbial Composition in Weaned Piglets. Front Nutr 2022; 9:896815. [PMID: 35651506 PMCID: PMC9149414 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.896815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As a microbial tryptophan metabolite, indole-3-carboxaldehyde (ICA) has been suggested to confer benefits to host, such as regulation of intestinal barrier function. This study aimed to elucidate the role of ICA in modulating intestinal homeostasis via using a weaned pig model. Twenty-four weaned piglets were randomly allocated into three groups: the control group (a basal diet), ICA100 group (the basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg ICA), and ICA200 group (the basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg ICA). The experiment lasted 14 d, and pigs from the control and ICA100 groups were slaughtered. The results showed no significant differences in the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) among the three groups (P > 0.05). However, the ICA100 group had a lower feed to gain ratio (F:G) (P < 0.05). Dietary ICA supplementation did not alter the villus height, crypt depth, and villus height/crypt depth ratio in the small intestine, and did not change the intestinal permeability and antioxidant parameters (P > 0.05). Intriguingly, ICA treatment significantly increased the jejunal, ileal and colonic indexes in piglets (P < 0.05). Besides, the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the intestine was up-regulated by ICA treatment. Moreover, in vitro experiments demonstrated that 15 μM ICA significantly accelerated the proliferation activity of IPEC-J2 cells, and increased the expression of the ICA receptor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and the proliferation markers PCNA and Cyclin D1 (P < 0.05). In addition, dietary ICA supplementation modulated the intestinal flora, increasing the richness estimators and diversity index, decreasing the abundances of phylum Fibrobacterota and genera Alloprevotella, Prevotella, and Parabacteroides, and enriching the abundance of genera Butyrivibrio. These data reveal a beneficial role for the microbial metabolite ICA on intestinal epithelial proliferation, rather than intestinal barrier function, in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruofan Zhang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guowen Huang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuting Ren
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Changjia Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxin Ye
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaqing Guo
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengting Wang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaifan Yu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Saleri R, Borghetti P, Ravanetti F, Cavalli V, Ferrari L, De Angelis E, Andrani M, Martelli P. Effects of different short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) on gene expression of proteins involved in barrier function in IPEC-J2. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:21. [PMID: 35590351 PMCID: PMC9118747 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gut microbial anaerobic fermentation produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which are important substrates for energy metabolism and anabolic processes in mammals. SCFA can regulate the inflammatory response and increase the intestinal barrier integrity by enhancing the tight junction protein (TJp) functions, which prevent the passage of antigens through the paracellular space. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of in vitro supplementation with SCFA (acetate, propionate, butyrate, and lactate) at different concentrations on viability, nitric oxide (NO) release (oxidative stress parameter) in cell culture supernatants, and gene expression of TJp (occludin, zonula occludens-1, and claudin-4) and pro-inflammatory pathway-related mediators (β-defensin 1, TNF-α, and NF-κB) in intestinal porcine epithelial cell line J2 (IPEC-J2). Results The SCFA tested showed significant effects on IPEC-J2, which proved to be dependent on the type and specific concentration of the fatty acid. Acetate stimulated cell viability and NO production in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05), and specifically, 5 mM acetate activated the barrier response through claudin-4, and immunity through β-defensin 1 (P < 0.05). The same effect on these parameters was shown by propionate supplementation, especially at 1 mM (P < 0.05). Contrarily, lactate and butyrate showed different effects compared to acetate and propionate, as they did not stimulate an increase of cell viability and regulated barrier integrity through zonula occludens-1 and occludin, especially at 30 mM and 0.5 mM, respectively (P < 0.05). Upon supplementation with SCFA, the increase of NO release at low levels proved not to have detrimental effects on IPEC-J2 proliferation/survival, and in the case of acetate and propionate, such levels were associated with beneficial effects. Furthermore, the results showed that SCFA supplementation induced β-defensin 1 (P < 0.05) that, in turn, may have been involved in the inhibition of TNF-α and NF-κB gene expression (P < 0.05). Conclusions The present study demonstrates that the supplementation with specific SCFA in IPEC-J2 can significantly modulate the process of barrier protection, and that particularly acetate and propionate sustain cell viability, low oxidative stress activity and intestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Saleri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Ravanetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Elena De Angelis
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Melania Andrani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
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16
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Jia L, Hsu CY, Zhang X, Li X, Schilling MW, Peebles ED, Kiess AS, Zhang L. Effects of dietary bacitracin or Bacillus subtilis on the woody breast myopathy-associated gut microbiome of Eimeria spp. challenged and unchallenged broilers. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101960. [PMID: 35690000 PMCID: PMC9192972 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Study suggested that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota may affect the etiology of woody breast (WB). In the current study, the cecal microbiota and WB in chickens fed three different diets were investigated. A total of 504 male chicks were used in a randomized complete block design with a 3 (Diet) × 2 (Challenge) factorial arrangement of treatments with 6 replicates per treatment, 6 treatments per block, and 14 birds per treatment. The experimental diets were a control diet (corn-soybean meal basal diet), an antibiotic diet (basal diet + 6.075 mg bacitracin/kg feed), and a probiotic diet (basal diet + 2.2 × 108 CFU Bacillus subtilis PB6/kg feed). On d 14, birds that were assigned to the challenge treatment received a 20 × live cocci vaccine. On d 41, breast muscle hardness in live birds was palpated and grouped into normal (NB) and WB phenotypes. Cecal contents were collected and their bacterial compositions were analyzed and compared. The genomic DNA of the cecal contents was extracted and the V3 and V4 regions of 16S rRNA gene were amplified and sequenced via an Illumina MiSeq platform. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in Shannon and Chao 1 indexes between the challenges, diets, and phenotypes (NB vs. WB). However, there was a difference (P = 0.001) in the beta diversity of the samples between the challenged and nonchallenged groups. Relative bacterial abundance differed (false discovery rate, FDR < 0.05) between the challenge treatments, but there were no significant differences (FDR > 0.05) among the three diets or two phenotypes. Predicted energy metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, and amino acid and coenzyme biosynthesis activities only differed (q-value < 0.05) between challenged and nonchallenged groups. The cocci challenge altered the gut microbial composition on Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum, Sporobacter termitidis, and Subdoligranulum variabile, but the dietary antibiotic and probiotic treatments did not impact gut microbial composition. No strong association was found between WB myopathy and gut microbial composition in this study.
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17
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Effects of micronized bamboo powder on growth performance, serum biochemical indexes, cecal chyme microflora and metabolism of broilers aged 1-22 days. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:166. [PMID: 35437649 PMCID: PMC9015971 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Adding insoluble fiber to diet of broilers has been reported to improve intestinal health and promote growth performance. Bamboo powder is a cheap raw material with rich insoluble fiber. This study aims to explore the effects of feeding micronized bamboo powder (MBP) on growth performance, serum biochemical indexes, intestinal microflora, and metabolism of broilers. A total of 1440 1-day-old slow-growing Ephedra chickens were randomly divided into three groups considering gender and body weight: (1) Group D: feeding with basal diet without antibiotics; (2) Group E: feeding with basal diet supplemented with 5% rice bran (RB); (3) Group F: feeding with basal diet supplemented with 1% MBP. Each group involved 8 replicates feeding for 22 days, with 60 chickens per replicate. Various indexes were detected. For the growth performance, the weight gain and feed consumption ratio (G: F) of Group F supplemented with MBP is 0.57 ± 0.04, which is significantly higher than that of E group supplemented with RB (0.52 ± 0.01, P < 0.05). For the serum biochemical indexes, the glutathione peroxidase activity in Group F is significantly higher than that of Group D, while the malondialdehyde content is significantly lower than that of Group D and Group E (P < 0.05 for all). The fresh cecal chyme is taken for determination. In Group F, the α diversity index Faith_pd is significantly lower in Group F than that of Group D. The microorganism species in cecal chyme of Group F and Group E are also different. The metabolic pathways of Group F, mainly in fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and intestinal immune IgA production, were different from those of Group D and Group E. Adding 1% MBP to broiler diet can enhance the anti-oxidant capacity, improve chyme microflora, regulate the metabolism pathways responsible for intestinal fatty acids, amino acids, and immunity.
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18
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Effects of Brewer Grain Meal with Enzyme Combination on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Intestinal Morphology, Immunity, and Oxidative Status in Growing Pigs. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8040172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of supplementing feed with various levels of brewer grain meal (BGM) and enzymes (amylase, xylanase, β-glucanase, lipase, cellulase, β-mannanase, phytase, and pectinase) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, immunity, and oxidative status in growing pigs. Eighty growing pigs were subjected to four feed treatments (five replicates per treatment), based on a corn-soybean basal diet: feeds with 0.1% enzyme combination supplementation (PC), no enzyme supplementation (NC), 20% BGM with 0.1% enzyme combination (BGM20), and 40% BGM with 0.1% enzyme combination (BGM40). Supplementing the feed with both BGM-supplemented diets significantly increased final body weight, average daily gain, the digestibility of crude protein and ash, serum concentration of total proteins, superoxide dismutase activity, villus height in the duodenum and jejunum, and duodenal villus height to crypt depth ratio; however, it did not significantly increase blood urea nitrogen, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, malondialdehyde levels, and duodenal crypt depth compared to the NC diet (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a lower hindgut pH in the middle of the colon was detected following the BGM-supplemented diet compared to PC treatment (p = 0.005). Increased levels of triglycerides and albumin were detected in BGM20-fed pigs, whereas increased levels of glucose, total antioxidant capacity, and glutathione peroxidase but decreased interleukine-6 levels were observed in the BGM40 compared with the NC group (p = 0.05). No differences were observed in the average daily feed intake and gain to feed ratio, in the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase or immunoglobulins (p > 0.05). The addition of up to 40% BGM combined with 0.1% enzyme supplementation positively promotes the growth performance, nutrient utilization, and intestinal health of growing pigs.
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19
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Gomez-Osorio LM, Yepes-Medina V, Ballou A, Parini M, Angel R. Short and Medium Chain Fatty Acids and Their Derivatives as a Natural Strategy in the Control of Necrotic Enteritis and Microbial Homeostasis in Broiler Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:773372. [PMID: 34970616 PMCID: PMC8712453 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.773372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) has historically been the most important prophylactic strategy for the control of Necrotic Enteritis (NE) caused by some Clostridium perfringens toxin types in poultry. During the last five decades, AGPs have also been supplemented in feed to improve body weight gain and feed efficiency as well as to modulate the microbiome (consisting of microbes and their genes both beneficial and potentially harmful) and reduce enteric pathogens, among other benefits. New regulatory requirements and consumer preferences have led to strong interest in natural alternatives to the AGPs for the prevention and control of illnesses caused by enteric pathogens. This interest is not just focused on the direct removal or inhibition of the causative microorganisms but also the improvement of intestinal health and homeostasis using a range of feed additives. A group of promising feed additives is short- and medium-chain fatty acids (SCFA and MCFA, respectively) and their derivatives. The use of SCFA and MCFA, including butyric, caproic, caprylic, capric, and lauric acids, has shown strong effects against NE in broilers both at experimental and commercial levels. These fatty acids also benefit intestinal health integrity and homeostasis. Other effects have also been documented, including increases in intestinal angiogenesis and gene expression of tight junctions. Chemical modifications to improve stability and point of release in the intestine have been shown to improve the efficacy of SCFA and MCFA and their derivatives. The aim of this review is to give an overview of SCFA, MCFA and their derivatives, as an alternative to replace AGPs to control the incidence and severity of NE in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne Ballou
- Iluma Innovation Labs, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Roselina Angel
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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20
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Xu E, Chen C, Fu J, Zhu L, Shu J, Jin M, Wang Y, Zong X. Dietary fatty acids in gut health: Absorption, metabolism and function. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:1337-1344. [PMID: 34786506 PMCID: PMC8570925 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In biological responses, fatty acids (FA) are absorbed and metabolized in the form of substrates for energy production. The molecular structures (number of double bonds and chain length) and composition of dietary FA impact digestion, absorption and metabolism, and the biological roles of FA. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that FA are essentially utilized as an energy source and are signaling molecules that exert physiological activity of gut microbiota and immune responses. In addition, FA could serve as natural ligands for orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), also called free fatty acid receptors (FFAR), which intertwine metabolic and immune systems via multiple mechanisms. The present review explores the recent findings on FA absorption and its impact on gut health, particularly addressing the mechanism by which dietary FA potentially influences intestinal microbiota and epithelial functions. Also, this work attempts to uncover research ideas for devising future strategies for manipulating the composition of dietary FA to regulate gut health and support a normal immune system for metabolic and immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Aniaml Science, Guizhou University, 550025 Guiyang, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Aniaml Science, Guizhou University, 550025 Guiyang, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Luoyi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Junlan Shu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Aniaml Science, Guizhou University, 550025 Guiyang, China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
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21
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Neath C, Portocarero N, Jones C. In vitro susceptibility of swine pathogens to feed additives and active ingredients with potential as antibiotic replacements. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:1713-1723. [PMID: 34608714 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The rise in antibiotic resistance requires the reduction of antibiotic use in all sectors. In animal production, many commercial alternatives to antibiotics have been developed for incorporation into feeds, but a lack of evidence on their antibacterial activity limits confidence in their application. We aim to compare the antibacterial activity of feed additives and active ingredients to better understand their usefulness. METHODS AND RESULTS The antibacterial activity of 34 active ingredients and feed additives, including medium- and short-chain organic acids and essential oils, was tested against pure cultures of five bacterial swine pathogens. Antibacterial activity was observed using an agar plug diffusion method and quantified via broth microdilution. A diverse range of antibacterial activities were observed. The highest inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus suis was exhibited by the C12 monoglyceride (0.49 mg ml-1 ). The monoglyceride of C12 was more effective than C12:0 against Strep. suis, but neither C12:0 nor its monoglyceride showed efficacy against the gram-negative micro-organisms tested. The most active against Escherichia coli were the C6:0 medium-chain organic acids and potassium diformate (1.95 mg ml-1 ). For Salmonella Typhimurium, potassium diformate, sodium diformate, and a blend of C8:0/C10:0 (each 1.96 mg ml-1 ), and for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, eugenol (0.49 mg ml-1 ) showed the most promising activity. CONCLUSIONS We identified broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, such as the C6:0 MCOA, and those with interesting narrow-spectrum activity, notably the killing of Strep. suis by C12 monoglyceride. We have identified additives that show the most promising bioactivity against specific pathogens. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY We broadly compare a large collection of feed additives and active ingredients for their antibacterial activity against a diverse panel of bacterial swine pathogens. This provides a solid base of evidence which can drive the development of feed supplementation strategies with the aim of reducing dependency on antibiotic use in swine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Neath
- Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science, School of Applied Sciences, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
| | | | - Cerith Jones
- Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science, School of Applied Sciences, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
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22
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De Cuyper A, Winkler DE, Tütken T, Bosch G, Hummel J, Kreuzer M, Muñoz Saravia A, Janssens GPJ, Clauss M. Digestion of bamboo compared to grass and lucerne in a small hindgut fermenting herbivore, the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2021; 337:128-140. [PMID: 34411456 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bamboo is an enigmatic forage, representing a niche food for pandas and bamboo lemurs. Bamboo might not represent a suitable forage for herbivores relying on fermentative digestion, potentially due to its low fermentability. To test this hypothesis, guinea pigs (n = 36) were used as model species and fed ad libitum with one of three forages (bamboo, lucerne, or timothy grass) in a fresh or dried state, with six individuals per group, for 3 weeks. The nutrient composition and in vitro fermentation profile of bamboo displayed low fermentation potential, i.e. high lignin and silica levels together with a gas production (Hohenheim gas test) at 12 h of only 36% of that of lucerne and grass. Although silica levels were more abundant in the leftovers of (almost) all groups, guinea pigs did not select against lignin on bamboo. Dry matter (DM) intake was highest and DM digestibility lowest on the bamboo forage. Total short-chain fatty acid levels in caecal content were highest for lucerne and lowest for grass and bamboo. Bamboo-fed guinea pigs had a lower body weight gain than the grass and lucerne group. The forage hydration state did not substantially affect digestion, but dry forage led to a numerically higher total wet gut fill. Although guinea pigs increased DM intake on the bamboo diet, the negative effects on fermentation of lignin and silica in bamboo seemed overriding. For herbivores that did not evolutionary adapt, bamboo as an exclusive food resource can be considered as inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies De Cuyper
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Daniela E Winkler
- Applied and Analytical Palaeontology, Institute of Geosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of 12 Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Thomas Tütken
- Applied and Analytical Palaeontology, Institute of Geosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Guido Bosch
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arturo Muñoz Saravia
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geert P J Janssens
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Butyrate and the Intestinal Epithelium: Modulation of Proliferation and Inflammation in Homeostasis and Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071775. [PMID: 34359944 PMCID: PMC8304699 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial metabolite butyrate serves as a link between the intestinal microbiome and epithelium. The monocarboxylate transporters MCT1 and SMCT1 are the predominant means of butyrate transport from the intestinal lumen to epithelial cytoplasm, where the molecule undergoes rapid β-oxidation to generate cellular fuel. However, not all epithelial cells metabolize butyrate equally. Undifferentiated colonocytes, including neoplastic cells and intestinal stem cells at the epithelial crypt base preferentially utilize glucose over butyrate for cellular fuel. This divergent metabolic conditioning is central to the phenomenon known as “butyrate paradox”, in which butyrate induces contradictory effects on epithelial proliferation in undifferentiated and differentiated colonocytes. There is evidence that accumulation of butyrate in epithelial cells results in histone modification and altered transcriptional activation that halts cell cycle progression. This manifests in the apparent protective effect of butyrate against colonic neoplasia. A corollary to this process is butyrate-induced inhibition of intestinal stem cells. Yet, emerging research has illustrated that the evolution of the crypt, along with butyrate-producing bacteria in the intestine, serve to protect crypt base stem cells from butyrate’s anti-proliferative effects. Butyrate also regulates epithelial inflammation and tolerance to antigens, through production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells. The role of butyrate in the pathogenesis and treatment of intestinal neoplasia, inflammatory bowel disease and malabsorptive states is evolving, and holds promise for the potential translation of butyrate’s cellular function into clinical therapies.
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24
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Emami NK, Dalloul RA. Centennial Review: Recent developments in host-pathogen interactions during necrotic enteritis in poultry. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101330. [PMID: 34280643 PMCID: PMC8318987 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a significant enteric disease in commercial poultry with considerable economic effect on profitability manifested by an estimated $6 billion in annual losses to the global industry. NE presents a unique challenge, being a complex enteric disease that often leads to either clinical (acute) or subclinical (chronic) form. The latter typically results in poor performance (reduced feed intake, weight gain and eventually higher feed conversion ratio [FCR]) with low mortality rates, and represents the greatest economic impact on poultry production. The use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) has been an effective tool in protecting birds from enteric diseases by maintaining enteric health and modifying gut microbiota, thus improving broilers’ production efficiency and overall health. The removal of AGPs presented the poultry industry with several challenges, including reduced bird health and immunity as well as questioning the safety of poultry products. Consequently, research on antibiotic alternatives that can support gut health was intensified. Probiotics, prebiotics, essential oils, and organic acids were among various additives that have been tested for their efficacy against NE with some being effective but not to the level of AGPs. The focus of this review is on the relationship between NE pathogenesis, microbiome, and host immune responses, along with references to recent reviews addressing production aspects of NE. With a comprehensive understanding of these dynamic changes, new and programmed strategies could be developed to make use of the current products more effectively or build a stepping stone toward the development of a new generation of supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima K Emami
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Rami A Dalloul
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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25
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26
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Xiao SS, Mi JD, Mei L, Liang J, Feng KX, Wu YB, Liao XD, Wang Y. Microbial Diversity and Community Variation in the Intestines of Layer Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030840. [PMID: 33809729 PMCID: PMC8002243 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is increasingly recognized as an important component of host health, metabolism and immunity. Early gut colonizers are pivotal in the establishment of microbial community structures affecting the health and growth performance of chickens. White Lohmann layer is a common commercial breed. Therefore, this breed was selected to study the pattern of changes of microbiota with age. In this study, the duodenum, caecum and colorectum contents of white Lohmann layer chickens from same environment control farm were collected and analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing to explore the spatial and temporal variations in intestinal microbiota. The results showed that the diversity of the microbial community structure in the duodenum, caecum and colorectum increased with age and tended to be stable when the layer chickens reached 50 days of age and the distinct succession patterns of the intestinal microbiota between the duodenum and large intestine (caecum and colorectum). On day 0, the diversity of microbes in the duodenum was higher than that in the caecum and colorectum, but the compositions of intestinal microbes were relatively similar, with facultative anaerobic Proteobacteria as the main microbes. However, the relative abundance of facultative anaerobic bacteria (Escherichia) gradually decreased and was replaced by anaerobic bacteria (Bacteroides and Ruminococcaceae). By day 50, the structure of intestinal microbes had gradually become stable, and Lactobacillus was the dominant bacteria in the duodenum (41.1%). The compositions of dominant microbes in the caecum and colorectum were more complex, but there were certain similarities. Bacteroides, Odoribacter and Clostridiales vadin BB60 group were dominant. The results of this study provide evidence that time and spatial factors are important factors affecting the intestinal microbiota composition. This study provides new knowledge of the intestinal microbiota colonization pattern of layer chickens in early life to improve the intestinal health of layer chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Sha Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.-S.X.); (J.-D.M.); (L.M.); (K.-X.F.); (Y.-B.W.); (X.-D.L.)
| | - Jian-Dui Mi
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.-S.X.); (J.-D.M.); (L.M.); (K.-X.F.); (Y.-B.W.); (X.-D.L.)
| | - Liang Mei
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.-S.X.); (J.-D.M.); (L.M.); (K.-X.F.); (Y.-B.W.); (X.-D.L.)
| | - Juanboo Liang
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Kun-Xian Feng
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.-S.X.); (J.-D.M.); (L.M.); (K.-X.F.); (Y.-B.W.); (X.-D.L.)
| | - Yin-Bao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.-S.X.); (J.-D.M.); (L.M.); (K.-X.F.); (Y.-B.W.); (X.-D.L.)
| | - Xin-Di Liao
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.-S.X.); (J.-D.M.); (L.M.); (K.-X.F.); (Y.-B.W.); (X.-D.L.)
| | - Yan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.-S.X.); (J.-D.M.); (L.M.); (K.-X.F.); (Y.-B.W.); (X.-D.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-85280279; Fax: +86-20-85280740
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27
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Xu E, Yang H, Ren M, Wang Y, Xiao M, Tang Q, Zhu M, Xiao Y. Identification of Enterotype and Its Effects on Intestinal Butyrate Production in Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030730. [PMID: 33800148 PMCID: PMC7999521 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Enterotype (ET) is defined based on different gut microbial community composition. It has been considered as a critical factor strongly associated with the porcine feed efficiency and growth characteristic. However, little is known about whether the ET clustering depends on the pig breeds and the effects of the different enterotypes on the butyrate metabolism in pigs. Therefore, we studied Jinhua pig’s enterotype by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing, and then analyzed the interaction between enterotype and butyrate production. Results showed that we identified three ETs driven by discriminative genera dominated by Lactobacillus, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, and Bacteroides, respectively. Significant differences in the fecal contents of butyrate production and butyrate-producing bacteria were observed among ETs. These findings present a first overview of the enterotypes clustering in Jinhua pigs and provide new insights into the relationship between the different ETs and intestinal butyrate production. Abstract Gut microbiota is thought to play a crucial role in nutrient digestion for pigs, especially in processing indigestible polysaccharides in the diets to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). However, the link between microbiota community structure and phenotypic performances are poorly understood. In the present study, the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age were clustered into three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing. The α-diversity indices (the OTU number and Shannon index) were significantly different among the ETs (p < 0.001). At the genus level, the ET1 group was over-represented by Lactobacillus (17.49%) and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (11.78%), the ET2 group was over-represented by Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (17.49%) and Bifidobacterium (11.78%), and the ET3 group was over-represented by Bacteroides (18.17%). Significant differences in the fecal contents of butyrate were observed among ETs, with the highest level detected in ET3 and the lowest in ET2 (p < 0.05). Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). In addition, of the two genes, But was demonstrated to be more relevant to the butyrate content (R = 0.7464) than Buk (R = 0.4905) by correlation analysis. In addition, based on the taxonomic analysis, we found that Faecalibacterium was the most relevant butyrate-producing genera with fecal butyrate contents in Jinhua pigs, followed by Butyricicoccus, Eubacterium, Butyricimonas, Blautia, and Anaerostipes, all of which showed significantly higher richness in ET3 than as compared to ET1 and ET2 (p < 0.05). Collectively, this work presents a first overview of the enterotypes clustering in Jinhua pigs and will help to unravel the functional implications of ETs for the pig’s phenotypic performance and nutrient metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Xu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (E.X.); (M.R.); (Y.W.); (M.X.); (Q.T.); (M.Z.)
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
| | - Minmin Ren
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (E.X.); (M.R.); (Y.W.); (M.X.); (Q.T.); (M.Z.)
| | - Yuanxia Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (E.X.); (M.R.); (Y.W.); (M.X.); (Q.T.); (M.Z.)
| | - Mingfei Xiao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (E.X.); (M.R.); (Y.W.); (M.X.); (Q.T.); (M.Z.)
| | - Qingsong Tang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (E.X.); (M.R.); (Y.W.); (M.X.); (Q.T.); (M.Z.)
| | - Min Zhu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (E.X.); (M.R.); (Y.W.); (M.X.); (Q.T.); (M.Z.)
| | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-8640-4015; Fax: +86-571-8640-1834
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28
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Zhou H, Sun J, Ge L, Liu Z, Chen H, Yu B, Chen D. Exogenous infusion of short-chain fatty acids can improve intestinal functions independently of the gut microbiota. J Anim Sci 2021; 98:5988194. [PMID: 33205812 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of exogenously infused short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on the growth development and intestinal functions in a germ-free (GF) pig model. Twelve hysterectomy-derived newborn piglets were reared in six sterile isolators. All piglets were hand-fed Co60-γ-irradiated sterile milk powder for 21 d and then were switched to sterile feed for another 21 d. During the second 21-d period, GF piglets (n = 6) were orally infused with 25 mL/kg sterile saline per day, and SCFA piglets (n = 6) were orally infused with 25 mL/kg SCFAs mixture (acetic, propionic, and butyric acids, 45, 15, and 11 mM, respectively) per day. We observed the concentrations of SCFAs in serum and intestine, and the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) abundance of G-protein-coupled receptor-43 in the ileum was increased (P < 0.05) in the SCFA group. Meanwhile, oral infusion of SCFAs enhanced (P < 0.05) the contents of glucagon-like peptide-2 in the jejunum and serum and tended to increase the villi height in the ileum (P < 0.10). Besides, the activities of lipase, trypsin, sucrase, lactase, Na+-K+-adenosine triphosphatase ([ATPase] P < 0.05), and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase (P < 0.10) were stimulated and the mRNA expressions of solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1) and regeneration protein (REG)-ΙΙΙ γ in the jejunum (P < 0.05) were upregulated in the SCFA group. Additionally, SCFAs infusion downregulated the mRNA abundances of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in the jejunum, ileum, or colon (P < 0.05) and increased the counts of white blood cell, neutrophils, and lymphocyte in the blood (P < 0.05). Collectively, exogenous infusion of SCFAs might improve intestinal health through promoting intestinal development and absorption function, and enhancing intestinal immune function, and these effects were occur independently of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuohua Liu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Chica Cardenas LA, Clavijo V, Vives M, Reyes A. Bacterial meta-analysis of chicken cecal microbiota. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10571. [PMID: 33505795 PMCID: PMC7792525 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry production is an industry that generates 90,000 metric tons of chicken meat worldwide. Thus, optimizing chicken growth and sustainable production is of great importance. A central factor determining not only production parameters, but also stability of the immune system and chicken health, is the diversity and variability of the microbiota present throughout the gastrointestinal tract. To date, several studies have investigated the relationship between bacterial communities and the gut microbiome, with limited data to compare. This study aims to create a bacterial meta-analysis based on studies using amplicon sequencing with Illumina sequencing technologies in order to build a baseline for comparison in future analyses of the cecal bacterial composition in chicken. A systematic literature review was performed (SYRF ID: e84f0468-e418-4eec-9da4-b517f1b4809d. Full project URL: https://app.syrf.org.uk/projects/e84f0468-e418-4eec-9da4-b517f1b4809d/detail). From all the available and analyzed manuscripts only nine contained full raw-sequence data available and the corresponding metadata. A total of 324 samples, comprising three different regions within the 16S rRNA gene, were analyzed. Due to the heterogeneity of the data, each region was analyzed independently and an effort for a joint analysis was performed as well. Taxonomic profiling revealed 11 phyla, with Firmicutes as the most prevalent phylum, followed by Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. At genus level, 109 genera were found. Shannon metric for alpha diversity showed that factors like type of chickens (Commercial or experimental) and 16S rRNA gene subregion have negligible effect on diversity. Despite the large number of parameters that were taken into account, the identification of common bacteria showed five genera to be common for all sets in at least 50% of the samples. These genera are highly associated to cellulose degradation and short chain fatty acids synthesis. In general, it was possible to identify some commonalities in the bacterial cecal microbial community despite the extensive variability and factors differing from one study to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Chica Cardenas
- Research Group on Computational Biology and Microbial Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biology, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Viviana Clavijo
- Centro de Investigaciones Microbiológicas, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Martha Vives
- Centro de Investigaciones Microbiológicas, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Reyes
- Research Group on Computational Biology and Microbial Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biology, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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30
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Emami NK, Calik A, White MB, Kimminau EA, Dalloul RA. Effect of Probiotics and Multi-Component Feed Additives on Microbiota, Gut Barrier and Immune Responses in Broiler Chickens During Subclinical Necrotic Enteritis. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:572142. [PMID: 33324697 PMCID: PMC7725796 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.572142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters from poultry feed has increased the risk of necrotic enteritis (NE) outbreaks. This study examined the effects of a probiotic (PROB) or probiotic/prebiotic/essential oil supplement (PPEO) during a subclinical NE challenge. On day (d) of hatch, 960 male broilers were randomized to four groups (8 pens/treatment, 30 birds/pen) including (1) negative control (NC): corn-soybean meal diet; (2) positive control (PC): NC + 20 g Virginiamycin/ton diet; (3) NC + 227 g PROB/ton diet; and (4) NC + 453 g PPEO/ton diet. One d after placement, birds were challenged by a coccidia vaccine to induce NE. Feed intake and body weights were measured on d 8 (NE onset) and end of each feeding period. On d 8, the small intestines of three birds/pen were examined for NE lesions. Jejunum samples and ileal mucosal scrapings from one bird/pen were respectively collected to measure mRNA abundance (d 8 and d 14) and profile the microbiota (d 8 and d 42). Data were analyzed in JMP or QIIME 2 and significance between treatments identified by LSD (P < 0.05). PROB and PPEO had significantly lower mortality (d 0–14) and NE lesion scores compared to NC. Feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in PC, PROB, and PPEO, while average daily gain was higher in PPEO and PC groups compared to NC from d 0–42. On d 8 and d 14, mRNA abundance of claudin-3 was higher in PPEO compared to NC. On d 14, compared to NC, mRNA abundance of sIgA and PGC-1α in PROB and PPEO were lower and higher, respectively. Compared to NC, PPEO increased mTOR abundance on d 14. On d 8, relative abundance of Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Ruminiclostridium9, Prevotellaceae, Prevotellaceae UCG-014, ASF356, and Muribaculaceae was higher in NC compared to PPEO and PROB, while Lactobacillus was lower in NC. Escherichia-Shigella had higher abundance in PC compared to PPEO and PROB. Collectively, these data indicate that during a subclinical naturally occurring NE, supplementation of PROB or PPEO supports performance and reduces intestinal lesions, potentially through modifying tight junction proteins, gut microbiota, immune responses, and cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima K Emami
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Ali Calik
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Department of Animal Nutrition & Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mallory B White
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | | | - Rami A Dalloul
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Diao H, Jiao A, Yu B, He J, Zheng P, Yu J, Luo Y, Luo J, Mao X, Chen D. Beet Pulp: An Alternative to Improve the Gut Health of Growing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101860. [PMID: 33065992 PMCID: PMC7600662 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary fiber on the gut health of growing pigs. In total, 30 growing pigs with an initial average body weight of 45.8 ± 2.78 kg were divided into three groups with 10 replicates per treatment, and one pig per replicate. The treatments included a corn-soybean meal-based diet (control group, 1.5% crude fiber (CF)), corn-soybean meal + beet pulp-based diet (beet pulp group, 5.74% CF) and corn-soybean meal-based diet (feed intake-pairing group (pairing group); the feed intake was equal to the beet pulp group, 1.5% CF). The whole trial lasted 28 days. The beet pulp group had a longer length of the large intestine, higher weight of the small intestine and whole intestine, greater density of the large intestine and whole intestine, and higher villus height in the jejunum and ileum than the control group (p < 0.05). The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF), glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2), and glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor (GLP-2R) in the duodenum, EGF and GLP-2 in the jejunum, EGF in the ileum, and GLP-2 in the colon were higher in the beet pulp group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the apparent total tract digestibility of crude ash, energy, dry matter (DM), and crude protein (CP) was lower in the beet pulp group than in the control group (p < 0.05), while the apparent total tract digestibility of CF, the activity of jejunal lactase, and the mRNA abundance of duodenal GLP-2 were higher in the beet pulp group than in the control and pairing groups (p < 0.05). In addition, the beet pulp group had more goblet cells in the colon, more Bifidobacterium spp. in the cecal digesta, higher concentrations of acetic acid and butyric acid in the cecal digesta, and higher mRNA abundance of duodenal regeneration protein Ⅲγ (REG-Ⅲγ), jejunal mucin 2 (MUC-2), and ileal G protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR-43) than the control group (p < 0.05). However, these parameters did not differ between the control and pairing groups (p > 0.05). These findings indicate feeding a high-fiber diet (5.74% CF, obtained from beet pulp) to pigs could modulate the gut microbiota composition, increase the short-chain fatty-acid (SCFA) content in the hindgut, and improve gut health, which is independent of the feed intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Diao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.D.); (A.J.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, No.7 Niusha Road, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Anran Jiao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.D.); (A.J.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.D.); (A.J.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.D.); (A.J.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.D.); (A.J.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.D.); (A.J.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.D.); (A.J.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.D.); (A.J.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.D.); (A.J.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.M.); (D.C.); Tel.: +86-0835-2885106 (D.C.)
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.D.); (A.J.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.M.); (D.C.); Tel.: +86-0835-2885106 (D.C.)
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He Y, Jinno C, Kim K, Wu Z, Tan B, Li X, Whelan R, Liu Y. Dietary Bacillus spp . enhanced growth and disease resistance of weaned pigs by modulating intestinal microbiota and systemic immunity. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:101. [PMID: 32944236 PMCID: PMC7491085 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00498-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research has shown that dietary supplementation of Bacillus spp. probiotics exerts beneficial effects on animals' growth. However, limited studies have evaluated the efficacy of Bacillus spp. on weaned pigs and their effects on host gut health and microbiome, and systemic immunity using a disease challenge model. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of two Bacillus spp. strains (Bacillus subtilis DSM 32540 and Bacillus pumilus DSM 32539) on growth performance, diarrhea, intestinal health, microbiome, and systemic immunity of weaned pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Results Pigs in PRO1 (Bacillus subtilis DSM 32540) had greater (P < 0.05) body weight on d 7 and 14 PI, greater (P < 0.05) ADG from d 0 to 7 and d 7 to 14 PI, compared with pigs in CON (Control). Pigs in PRO1 had milder (P < 0.05) diarrhea on d 2 and 3 PI compared with pigs in CON. However, no differences were observed in growth performance and diarrhea score between PRO2 (Bacillus pumilus DSM 32539) and CON groups. Supplementation of PRO1 decreased (P < 0.05) lymphocyte counts on d 7 and 14 PI, compared with CON. Supplementation of PRO1 and PRO2 both reduced (P < 0.05) total coliforms in mesenteric lymph nodes on d 21 PI. Pigs in PRO2 had greater (P < 0.05) goblet cell number and sulfomucin percentage in duodenal villi and greater (P < 0.05) sialomucin percentage in jejunal villi than pigs in CON. Supplementation of PRO1 up-regulated (P < 0.05) MUC2 gene expression in jejunal mucosa and reduced (P < 0.05) PTGS-2 and IL1B gene expression in ileal mucosa on d 21 PI, compared with CON. Pigs in PRO1 had reduced (P < 0.05) relative abundance of families Lachnospiraceae, Peptostreptococcaceae and Pasteurellaceae in the ileum. Conclusions Supplementation of Bacillus subtilis DSM 32540 improved growth performance, alleviated diarrhea severity, enhanced gut health, and reduced systemic inflammation of weaned pigs infected with ETEC F18. Although Bacillus pumilus DSM 32539 was able to alleviate systemic inflammation, it had limited impacts on growth performance and severity of diarrhea of ETEC F18 challenged weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie He
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Cynthia Jinno
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Kwangwook Kim
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Zhaohai Wu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Bie Tan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125 China
| | - Xunde Li
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Rose Whelan
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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Park S, Lee JW, Jerez Bogota K, Francis D, González-Vega JC, Htoo JK, Woyengo TA. Growth performance and gut health of Escherichia coli-challenged weaned pigs fed diets supplemented with a Bacillus subtilis direct-fed microbial. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa172. [PMID: 33134875 PMCID: PMC7584393 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a direct-fed microbial (DFM) product (Bacillus subtilis strain DSM 32540) in weaned pigs challenged with K88 strain of Escherichia coli on growth performance and indicators of gut health. A total of 21 weaned pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 8.19 kg] were housed individually in pens and fed three diets (seven replicates per diet) for 21 d in a completely randomized design. The three diets were a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet without feed additives, a basal diet with 0.25% antibiotics (neo-Oxy 10-10; neomycin + oxytetracycline), or a basal diet with 0.05% DFM. All pigs were orally challenged with a subclinical dose (6.7 × 108 CFU/mL) of K88 strain of E. coli on day 3 of the study (3 d after weaning). Feed intake and BW data were collected on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21. Fecal scores were recorded daily. On day 21, pigs were sacrificed to determine various indicators of gut health. Supplementation of the basal diet with antibiotics or DFM did not affect the overall (days 0-21) growth performance of pigs. However, antibiotics or DFM supplementation increased (P = 0.010) gain:feed (G:F) of pigs during the post-E. coli challenge period (days 3-21) by 23% and 24%, respectively. The G:F for the DFM-supplemented diet did not differ from that for the antibiotics-supplemented diet. The frequency of diarrhea for pigs fed a diet with antibiotics or DFM tended to be lower (P = 0.071) than that of pigs fed the basal diet. The jejunal villous height (VH) and the VH to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD) were increased (P < 0.001) by 33% and 35%, respectively, due to the inclusion of antibiotics in the basal diet and by 43% and 41%, respectively due to the inclusion of DFM in the basal diet. The VH and VH:CD for the DFM-supplemented diet were greater (P < 0.05) than those for the antibiotics-supplemented diet. Ileal VH was increased (P < 0.05) by 46% due to the inclusion of DFM in the basal diet. The empty weight of small intestine, cecum, or colon relative to live BW was unaffected by dietary antibiotics or DFM supplementation. In conclusion, the addition of DFM to the basal diet improved the feed efficiency of E. coli-challenged weaned pigs to a value similar to that of the antibiotics-supplemented diet and increased jejunal VH and VH:CD ratio to values greater than those for the antibiotics-supplemented diet. Thus, under E. coli challenge, the test DFM product may replace the use of antibiotics as a growth promoter in diets for weaned pigs to improve feed efficiency and gut integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Park
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD.,Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Wook Lee
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD.,Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Kevin Jerez Bogota
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
| | - David Francis
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
| | | | - John K Htoo
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - Tofuko Awori Woyengo
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD.,Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé, Tjele, Denmark
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The relationship among gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and intestinal morphology of growing and healthy broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5883-5895. [PMID: 33142506 PMCID: PMC7647869 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota play an important role in the growth and intestinal health of broilers. The present study was to investigate the gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and intestinal morphology of broilers at different ages. A total of 320 one-day-old male broilers were raised in 8 replicates and fed the same corn–soybean diets for 42 D. The duodenal, jejunal, and ileal segments and their and cecal microbiota were collected on day 1, 7, 14, 21, and 42, respectively. The villous height (VH), crypt depth (CD), and their ratio of VH:CD in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum all increased (P < 0.05) with age. Caecal acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, and isovalerate increased (P < 0.01), but isobutyrate decreased (P < 0.001) with age. The cecum had the greatest (P < 0.001) alpha diversity of bacterial community in broilers at different ages. Beta diversities showed distinct differences in gut microbial compositions among different ages (R = 0.55, P < 0.002) and different intestinal segments (R = 0.53, P < 0.002). Lactobacillus was the most abundant genus in the duodenum (36∼97%), jejunum (39∼72%), and ileum (24∼96%) at all ages, and in the ileum, it was positively correlated with VH (R = 0.559, P < 0.03), VH:CD (R = 0.55, P < 0.03), and acetate contents (R = 0.541, P < 0.04) but negatively correlated (R = -0.50, P < 0.05) with isobutyrate contents. Escherichia–Shigella and Salmonella dominated in the cecum of newly hatched broilers, and then the Bacteroides dominated in the cecum on day 42. In the cecum, Escherichia–Shigella was positively correlated (R = 0.577∼0.662, P < 0.05) with isobutyrate contents and Salmonella negatively correlated (R = -0.539∼-0.843, P < 0.05) with isovalerate, butyrate, and acetate contents. These aforementioned results indicated that the most abundant Lactobacillus from the small intestine and the most diversity of microflora community and short-chain fatty acids in the cecum might contribute to the development of intestinal structure in the whole growing period of broilers.
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Upadhaya SD, Jiao Y, Kim YM, Lee KY, Kim IH. Coated sodium butyrate supplementation to a reduced nutrient diet enhanced the performance and positively impacted villus height and faecal and digesta bacterial composition in weaner pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Adhikari P, Kiess A, Adhikari R, Jha R. An approach to alternative strategies to control avian coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Synergetic responses of intestinal microbiota and epithelium to dietary inulin supplementation in pigs. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:715-727. [PMID: 32435994 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inulin is a soluble dietary fiber that has been implicated in regulating the intestinal health. Here, we describe a synergetic response of intestinal microbiota and epithelial functions to increased intake of inulin in a porcine model. METHODS Twenty growing-pigs were randomly allocated to two groups (n = 10) and fed with a basal diet (BD) or BD containing 0.5% inulin (INU) for 21 days. RESULTS We show that INU supplementation not only elevated villus height and the abundance of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), but also increased acetate and butyrate concentrations in cecum (P < 0.05). Moreover, INU decreased IL-6 and TNFα secretion, and reduced intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis in ileum and cecum (P < 0.05). Interestingly, we observed an elevated 16S rRNA gene copies in cecum after INU ingestion (P < 0.05). INU had no influence on overall diversity, but acutely altered the abundance of specific bacteria. INU decreased the abundance of phylum Proteobacteria in ileum, but increased the phylum Bacteroidetes in the ileum and cecum (P < 0.05). INU significantly elevated the Lactobacillus spp. and Bacteroides spp. in the ileum and cecum, respectively. Importantly, INU elevated the expression levels of GPR43, GLP-2, and ZO-1, but decreased the expression levels of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and TNFα in the ileum and cecum mucosa (P < 0.05). Moreover, INU also elevated the expression levels of GPR109A and angiopoietin-4 (ANG-4) in the cecum mucosa (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study indicated how the intestinal microbiome and epithelium adapt to inulin ingestion, and furthered our understanding of the mechanisms behind the dietary fiber-modulated intestinal microbiota and health.
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Dai D, Wu SG, Zhang HJ, Qi GH, Wang J. Dynamic alterations in early intestinal development, microbiota and metabolome induced by in ovo feeding of L-arginine in a layer chick model. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:19. [PMID: 32175081 PMCID: PMC7063725 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-0427-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prenatal nutrition is crucial for embryonic development and neonatal growth, and has the potential to be a main determinant of life-long health. In the present study, we used a layer chick model to investigate the effects of in ovo feeding (IOF) of L-arginine (Arg) on growth, intestinal development, intestinal microbiota and metabolism. The treatments included the non-injected control, saline-injected control, and saline containing 2, 6, or 10 mg Arg groups. Results IOF Arg increased early intestinal index and villus height, and enhanced uptake of residual yolk lipid, contributing to subsequent improvement in the early growth performance of chicks. Prenatal Arg supplementation also increased the early microbial α-diversity, the relative abundance of Lactobacillales and Clostridiales, and decreased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria of cecum in chicks. Furthermore, the shift of cecal microbiota composition and the colonization of potential probiotics were accelerated by IOF of Arg. Simultaneously, metabolomics showed that metabolisms of galactose, taurine-conjugated bile acids and lipids were modulated to direct more energy and nutrients towards rapid growth of intestine at the beginning of post-hatch when embryos received IOF of Arg. Conclusions Prenatal Arg supplementation showed beneficial effects on the early intestinal development, cecal microbiota and host metabolism of layer chicks, contributing to subsequent improvement in the early growth performance. These findings provide new insight into the role of IOF of Arg in the establishment of the gut microbiota of newly-hatched layer chicks, and can expand our fundamental knowledge about prenatal nutrition, early bacterial colonization and intestinal development in neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Dai
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, and National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Shu-Geng Wu
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, and National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, and National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Guang-Hai Qi
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, and National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, and National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
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Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Combination of Tributyrin and Essential Oil on Gut Health and Microbiota of Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020180. [PMID: 31973120 PMCID: PMC7070613 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The dietary inclusion of the combination of tributyrin with either oregano or methyl salicylate as a substitution to antibiotics improved intestinal morphological structure of weaned piglets and resulted in major changes in the profiles of intestine microbiota and metabolites, which exerted beneficial effects on intestinal health of piglets. Our study indicated that the combination of tributyrate with oregano or methyl salicylate could be used as an alternative feed additive to the antibiotics. Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary inclusion of the combination of tributyrin with oregano or methyl salicylate as a substitute to antibiotics on gut health and microbiota of piglets. A total of 48 weaned crossbred piglets (Duroc × Large White × Landrace, 8.79 ± 0.97 kg, 21 ± 1 d) were randomly allocated to four experimental groups and fed for 4 weeks: the basal diet (Con); the control plus antibiotics (AB); the control plus oregano and tributyrin (OT); and the control plus methyl salicylate and tributyrin (MT). Although a numerical improvement on feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio was observed in the OT and MT as well as the AB group, the difference was not significant (p > 0.05). The OT and MT groups were larger in villus height in the duodenum compared to the Con (p < 0.05), and were larger in relative abundance of Firmicutes/Bacaeroides in the intestine compared to Con and AB groups (p < 0.01). The amount of major different metabolites was 6, 8 and 8 for the AB, OT and MT groups when compared to the Con, respectively. In conclusion, as a substitute for antibiotics the inclusion of the combination of tributyrin with either oregano or methyl salicylate to the diet of weaned piglets improved the intestinal morphological structure and altered intestinal microbiota and metabolites, which were beneficial to the animal health.
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Olieman J, Kastelijn W. Nutritional Feeding Strategies in Pediatric Intestinal Failure. Nutrients 2020; 12:E177. [PMID: 31936393 PMCID: PMC7019898 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal failure is defined as a critical reduction of the gut mass or function, below the minimum needed to absorb nutrients and fluids. The ultimate goal in intestinal failure is to promote bowel adaptation and reach enteral autonomy while a healthy growth and development is maintained. The condition is heterogeneous and complex. Therefore, recommendations for the type and duration of parenteral, enteral, and oral nutrition are variable, with the child's age as an additional key factor. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of nutritional feeding strategies in this heterogeneous population. Different perspectives on nutritional management, nutrition and adaptation, and microbiome and nutrition will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Olieman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Dietetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
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Hong Y, Cheng Y, Li Y, Li X, Zhou Z, Shi D, Li Z, Xiao Y. Preliminary Study on the Effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TL on Cecal Bacterial Community Structure of Broiler Chickens. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5431354. [PMID: 31687392 PMCID: PMC6794981 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5431354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics can promote the health and growth performance of animals through modulation of intestinal microbiota. When used as a feed additive, they have the potential to minimize or abolish the use of antibiotics. In this study, we investigated the effect of the probiotic strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TL on the growth performance and cecum microflora composition in Cobb 500 broiler chickens. In total, 180 broilers were randomly divided into three groups-each group comprised 4 pens, and each pen contained 15 chickens. The three groups were fed either a control diet, or a diet supplemented with either the antibiotic chlortetracycline or B. amyloliquefaciens TL. Broilers were weighed, and cecum contents were collected on days 7, 14, 21, and 35, respectively. The broilers in both the antibiotic and probiotic groups exhibited significant weight gain compared with controls, exhibiting increases of 16.02% and 13.40%, respectively, after 35 days (P < 0.01). Similarly, the feed conversion ratio (FCR, 1-35 days) of broilers in the chlortetracycline and B. amyloliquefaciens TL groups was lower than that of the controls. HiSeq high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA of the cecal microbiota was performed on days 7, 14, 21, and 35, respectively. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was higher in the chlortetracycline and B. amyloliquefaciens TL groups than in the control group on days 14, 21, and 35, and especially on day 21. The prevalence of genera Oscillospira, Ruminococcus, Butyricicoccus, and Faecalibacterium (Firmicutes) was higher in the antibiotic and probiotic groups, while that of Bacteroides, Parabacteroides (Bacteroidetes), and Lactobacillus was higher in the control group. In this study, the changes in the microbiota of the probiotic group were similar to those in the antibiotic group. These results suggest that the probiotic strain B. amyloliquefaciens TL can modulate the cecal microbiota of broilers similar to chlortetracycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingxian Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanjuan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zutao Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Deshi Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zili Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuncai Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Importance of release location on the mode of action of butyrate derivatives in the avian gastrointestinal tract. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s004393391500269x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Liu JD, Lumpkins B, Mathis G, Williams SM, Fowler J. Evaluation of encapsulated sodium butyrate with varying releasing times on growth performance and necrotic enteritis mitigation in broilers. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3240-3245. [PMID: 30789214 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of an encapsulated sodium butyrate (Na-B) with targeted releasing times on growth performance and mitigating the impact of necrotic enteritis in broilers. Two Na-B (30% of Na-B content) products, CMA (2 h releasing time) and CMP (3 to 4 h releasing time), were evaluated in a necrotic enteritis challenge model. The experiment consisted of 4 Na-B treatments (500 and 1,000 ppm of each product) plus 2 control (non-challenged and challenged). A total of 336 Cobb-Cobb male broilers were placed 8 birds per pen into 7 replicate battery cages. On day 14, birds from challenged treatments were orally gavaged with ∼5,000 oocysts of Eimeria maxima. On day 19, 20, and 21, the challenged birds received 1 mL of 108 cfu/mL Clostridium perfringens. Total pen body weight (BW) and feed weight were assessed on day 14, 21, and 28 for BW gain and mortality-adjusted feed conversion ratio (FCR). On day 21, 3 birds were randomly selected per pen and scored for intestinal lesions. The duodenum and jejunum tissue were collected on day 21 and 28 for quantifying intestinal histology. Results revealed that adding CMA at 500 ppm showed significantly higher cumulative BW gain (P < 0.05) compared to the challenged control from day 1 to 21. Adding CMA at 500 ppm also showed the equivalent cumulative FCR that was comparable to the non-challenged control on day 21. The CMA treatments and CMP at 1,000 ppm treatment showed equivalent BW gain compared to the non-challenge control after an additional 7 d post-challenge on day 28. Both products at 500 or 1,000 ppm had the significantly (P < 0.05) lower intestinal lesion scores compared to the challenged control. However, there was no difference in lesion scores among the Na-B treatments. The Na-B product targeted to release in the anterior intestinal tract shows the beneficial effects on BW gain and feed utilization efficiency in current challenge model. Adding encapsulated Na-B product has the potential to mitigate the impact of necrotic enteritis in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Liu
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - B Lumpkins
- Southern Poultry Research, Inc., 96 Roquemore Road, Athens, GA 30607
| | - G Mathis
- Southern Poultry Research, Inc., 96 Roquemore Road, Athens, GA 30607
| | - S M Williams
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - J Fowler
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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Sun D, Mao S, Zhu W, Liu J. Effects of starter feeding on caecal mucosal bacterial composition and expression of genes involved in immune and tight junctions in pre-weaned twin lambs. Anaerobe 2019; 59:167-175. [PMID: 31302308 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the effects of starter feeding on caecal mucosal bacterial composition and the expression of genes involved in immune and tight junctions in pre-weaned lambs. Six pairs of new-born twin lambs were selected. From 10 days of age, one lamb of each pair received ewe's milk only (M group, n = 6), while the other one was fed ewe's milk plus starter feed (M + S group, n = 6). At 56 days of age, the lambs were sacrificed, and then cecum digesta was collected to measure pH values and concentrations of volatile fatty acid (VFA), and caecal mucosa were collected to determine the changes in bacterial communities and the mRNA expression of cytokines, toll-like receptors (TLRs) and tight junction proteins. The results showed the body weight and average daily gain were not significantly different between both groups. Starter feeding significantly (P < 0.05) increased the concentrations of propionate and butyrate; the proportions of acetate, propionate and butyrate to total concentrations of VFA; and decreased the ratio of acetate to propionate in caecal contents. Principal coordinate analysis showed that samples from the M + S group could be distinguished from those from the M group; starter feeding also increased the diversity of caecal mucosal bacteria. At the genus level, starter feeding significantly (FDR < 0.05) increased the relative abundance of Alistipes, Parabacteroides, Parasutterella and Butyricimonas, and caused a decreasing trend (FDR < 0.10) in the relative abundance of Campylobacter and Helicobacter. The real-time PCR results showed that starter feeding significantly (FDR < 0.05) decreased the relative mRNA expression level of IL-12, TNF-α and TLR4 and increased the relative mRNA expression level of claudin-4. These results indicate that starter feeding altered caecal mucosal bacterial communities and decreased the expression of inflammatory factors, which may be beneficial in alleviating the weaning stress of lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daming Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shengyong Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Junhua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Zhang Y, Chen H, Zhu W, Yu K. Cecal Infusion of Sodium Propionate Promotes Intestinal Development and Jejunal Barrier Function in Growing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9060284. [PMID: 31141995 PMCID: PMC6617143 DOI: 10.3390/ani9060284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Microbial-derived short-chain fatty acids can exert influence on intestinal development and intestinal barrier function. Usually, it is well known that short-chain fatty acid butyrate provides energy for the colonic cell turnover and maintains the integrity of the colonic epithelium. However, the effect of short-chain fatty acid propionate on intestinal development and jejunal barrier function is given less attention. In this study, we found that cecal infusion of propionate promoted development of the jejunum and colon, and selectively enhanced jejunal tight junction protein expression. These results suggest that propionate by microbial fermentation in the hindgut has an important role in intestinal development and gut health. Abstract Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by microbial fermentation facilitate the differentiation and proliferation of intestinal epithelium. However, the role of individual SCFAs, such as propionate, on intestinal development is still unclear. In the present study, sixteen barrows fitted with a cecal fistula were randomly divided into two groups for cecal infusion of either saline (control group) or sodium propionate (propionate group). After 28 days, the length and the relative weight of intestinal segments were calculated, the intestinal morphology was assessed, and the expression of tight junction protein was measured using qPCR and Western blotting. Compared to the saline group, the length of the colon was significantly increased in the propionate group (p < 0.05). The jejunal villi length and villi/crypt ratio in the propionate group were significantly higher than in the saline group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, propionate infusion significantly upregulated the mRNA levels of Claudin-4 and the expression of Claudin-1, Claudin-4, and Occludin protein in the jejunal mucosa (p < 0.05). Collectively, these findings revealed that the short-chain fatty acid propionate in the hindgut contributed to intestinal development, and selectively enhanced jejunal tight junction protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Huizi Chen
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Kaifan Yu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Li X, Jensen BB, Canibe N. The Mode of Action of Chicory Roots on Skatole Production in Entire Male Pigs Is neither via Reducing the Population of Skatole-Producing Bacteria nor via Increased Butyrate Production in the Hindgut. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e02327-18. [PMID: 30635386 PMCID: PMC6414384 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02327-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of high levels of dietary chicory roots (25%) and intracecal exogenous butyrate infusion on skatole formation and gut microbiota was investigated in order to clarify the mechanisms underlying the known reducing effect of chicory roots on skatole production in entire male pigs. A Latin square design with 3 treatments (control, chicory, and butyrate), 3 periods, and 6 animals was carried out. Chicory roots showed the lowest numerical levels of skatole in both feces and plasma and butyrate infusion the highest. In the chicory group, an increased abundance of the skatole-producing bacterium Olsenella scatoligenes compared to the control group (P = 0.06), and a numerically higher relative abundance of Olsenella than for the control and butyrate groups, was observed. Regarding butyrate-producing bacteria, the chicory group had lower abundance of Roseburia but a numerically higher abundance of Megasphaera than the control group. Lower species richness was found in the chicory group than in the butyrate group. Moreover, beta diversity revealed that the chicory group formed a distinct cluster, whereas the control and butyrate groups clustered more closely to each other. The current data indicated that the skatole-reducing effect of chicory roots is neither via inhibition of cell apoptosis by butyrate nor via suppression of skatole-producing bacteria in the pig hindgut. Thus, the mode of action is most likely through increased microbial activity with a corresponding high incorporation of amino acids into bacterial biomass, and thereby suppressed conversion of tryptophan into skatole, as indicated in the literature.IMPORTANCE Castration is practiced to avoid the development of boar taint, which negatively affects the taste and odor of pork, and undesirable aggressive behavior. Due to animal welfare issues, alternatives to surgical castration are sought, though. Boar taint is a result of high concentrations of skatole and androstenone in back fat. Skatole is produced by microbial fermentation in the large intestine, and therefore, its production can be influenced by manipulation of the microbiota. Highly fermentable dietary fiber reduces skatole production. However, various theories have been proposed to explain the mode of action. In order to search for other alternatives, more efficient or less expensive, to reduce skatole via feeding, it is important to elucidate the mechanism behind the observed effect of highly fermentable dietary fiber on skatole. Our results indicate that highly fermentable dietary fiber does not affect skatole production by reducing the number of skatole-producing bacteria or stimulating butyrate production in the large intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiong Li
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Bent Borg Jensen
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Nuria Canibe
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
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Xiong X, Tan B, Song M, Ji P, Kim K, Yin Y, Liu Y. Nutritional Intervention for the Intestinal Development and Health of Weaned Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:46. [PMID: 30847348 PMCID: PMC6393345 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Weaning imposes simultaneous stress, resulting in reduced feed intake, and growth rate, and increased morbidity and mortality of weaned pigs. Weaning impairs the intestinal integrity, disturbs digestive and absorptive capacity, and increases the intestinal oxidative stress, and susceptibility of diseases in piglets. The improvement of intestinal development and health is critically important for enhancing nutrient digestibility capacity and disease resistance of weaned pigs, therefore, increasing their survival rate at this most vulnerable stage, and overall productive performance during later stages. A healthy gut may include but not limited several important features: a healthy proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells, an integrated gut barrier function, a preferable or balanced gut microbiota, and a well-developed intestinal mucosa immunity. Burgeoning evidence suggested nutritional intervention are one of promising measures to enhance intestinal health of weaned pigs, although the exact protective mechanisms may vary and are still not completely understood. Previous research indicated that functional amino acids, such as arginine, cysteine, glutamine, or glutamate, may enhance intestinal mucosa immunity (i.e., increased sIgA secretion), reduce oxidative damage, stimulate proliferation of enterocytes, and enhance gut barrier function (i.e., enhanced expression of tight junction protein) of weaned pigs. A number of feed additives are marketed to assist in boosting intestinal immunity and regulating gut microbiota, therefore, reducing the negative impacts of weaning, and other environmental challenges on piglets. The promising results have been demonstrated in antimicrobial peptides, clays, direct-fed microbials, micro-minerals, milk components, oligosaccharides, organic acids, phytochemicals, and many other feed additives. This review summarizes our current understanding of nutritional intervention on intestinal health and development of weaned pigs and the importance of mechanistic studies focusing on this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xiong
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Bie Tan
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Minho Song
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kwangwook Kim
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Yulong Yin
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Diao H, Jiao AR, Yu B, Mao XB, Chen DW. Gastric infusion of short-chain fatty acids can improve intestinal barrier function in weaned piglets. GENES AND NUTRITION 2019; 14:4. [PMID: 30761185 PMCID: PMC6359775 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-019-0626-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of gastric infusion of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) on gut barrier function in a pig model. In this study, 21 DLY barrows with an average initial body weight of (8.31 ± 0.72) kg were randomly allotted into three treatments: (1) control, (2) infusing low SCFA, S1, (3) infusing high SCFA, S2. The experimental period lasted for 7 days. Results Gastric infusion of SCFA increased the concentrations of SCFA in serum and digesta, and enhanced the mRNA and protein abundances of SCFA receptors in pig intestine (P < 0.05). Moreover, gastric infusion of SCFA led to alteration of intestinal morphology, elevation of intestinal development-related gene abundances, and decrease of apoptotic cell percentage, as well as reduction of pro-apoptosis gene and protein abundances (P < 0.05). Besides, the jejunal SLC7A1 and ileal DMT1 mRNA abundances in the SCFA infusion groups were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, gastric infusion of SCFA increased the mRNA abundances of Occludin and Claudin-1 in the duodenum and ileum, enhanced Lactobacillus spp counts in the ileal digesta, decreased the mRNA and protein abundances of IL-1β in the colon, and reduced Escherichia coli count in the ileal digesta (P < 0.05). Conclusions These data indicated that gastric infusion of SCFA, especially high SCFA concentration, may be beneficial to gut development of piglets via improving gut morphology, decreasing apoptotic cell percentage, and maintaining intestinal barrier function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12263-019-0626-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Diao
- 1Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Ya'an, 625014 Sichuan Province People's Republic of China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, Sichuan Province People's Republic of China
| | - A R Jiao
- 1Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Ya'an, 625014 Sichuan Province People's Republic of China
| | - B Yu
- 1Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Ya'an, 625014 Sichuan Province People's Republic of China
| | - X B Mao
- 1Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Ya'an, 625014 Sichuan Province People's Republic of China
| | - D W Chen
- 1Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Ya'an, 625014 Sichuan Province People's Republic of China
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Herosimczyk A, Lepczyński A, Ożgo M, Barszcz M, Marynowska M, Tuśnio A, Taciak M, Markulen A, Skomiał J. Proteome changes in ileal mucosa of young pigs resulting
from different levels of native chicory inulin in the diet. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/93737/2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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