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Alabadi-Bierman A, Spencer-Hwang R, Beeson WL, Paalani M, Dos Santos H. The Association Between Lifestyle Factors and COVID-19 Among Older Adults in Southern California: The Loma Linda Longevity Study. J Appl Gerontol 2024:7334648241242687. [PMID: 38556624 DOI: 10.1177/07334648241242687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Amid a global aging trend, particularly notable in the U.S., there is a growing focus on achieving enhanced longevity and well-being. We evaluated the association between lifestyle factors (sleep, diet, and healthy lifestyle index) and COVID-19 infection in an older adult population in San Bernardino and Riverside counties in Southern California, the United States. A sample of 380 older adults ≥75 years old were surveyed cross-sectionally and self-reported lifestyle behaviors and COVID-19 infection. The results revealed that half the participants reported COVID-19 infection. Participants who slept less than 7 hours or more than 8 hours/night had higher odds of COVID-19 infection than those who slept 7-8 hours/night (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.55). Healthy lifestyle behaviors were significantly associated with reduced COVID-19 infection (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.40, 0.92). In conclusion, adequate sleep and healthy lifestyle behaviors may be protective against COVID-19 infection among older adults and should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael Paalani
- Loma Linda University School of Public Health, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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2
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Khodorova N, Calvez J, Pilard S, Benoit S, Gaudichon C, Rutledge DN. Urine Metabolite Profiles after the Consumption of a Low- and a High-Digestible Protein Meal, and Comparison of Urine Normalization Techniques. Metabolites 2024; 14:177. [PMID: 38668305 PMCID: PMC11052258 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the context of dietary transition toward plant proteins, it is necessary to ensure protein security in populations. It would thus be of interest to identify biomarkers of altered protein digestibility in populations. We examined the association between urinary metabolites and the acute intake of low- or highly digestible protein in healthy volunteers. The urine samples were collected before and 9 h after the ingestion of a meal containing either no protein, zein (low-digestible) or whey protein isolate (highly digestible). The liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry metabolomics approach was used for the profiling of the urinary metabolites. For the standardization of metabolomics data sets, osmolality-based, standard normal variates (SNV) and probabilistic quotient normalization (PQN) techniques were used. The ANOVA-based factorial method, AComDim_ICA, was used for chemometrics analysis. The osmolality adjustment has a beneficial effect and the subsequent mathematical normalization improves the chemometric analysis further. Some changes in the urinary metabolomes were observed 9 h after the meal in the three groups. However, there was no difference in the urine metabolome between groups. No biomarker of protein digestibility can be identified after the ingestion of a single meal, even when marked differences in the digestion efficiency of protein have been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Khodorova
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 91120 Palaiseau, France; (J.C.); (S.B.); (C.G.)
| | - Juliane Calvez
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 91120 Palaiseau, France; (J.C.); (S.B.); (C.G.)
| | - Serge Pilard
- Plateforme Analytique, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France;
| | - Simon Benoit
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 91120 Palaiseau, France; (J.C.); (S.B.); (C.G.)
| | - Claire Gaudichon
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 91120 Palaiseau, France; (J.C.); (S.B.); (C.G.)
| | - Douglas N. Rutledge
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France;
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France
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3
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Gogga P, Mika A, Janczy A, Sztendel A, Sledzinski T, Małgorzewicz S. Profiles of Serum Fatty Acids in Healthy Women on Different Types of Vegetarian Diets. Nutrients 2024; 16:516. [PMID: 38398839 PMCID: PMC10891928 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-based dietary patterns are a source of different amounts and proportions of fatty acids (FAs) from those in traditional diets. Information about the full FAs profile provided by plant-based diets is widely lacking. The aim of this study was to present the exact serum profiles of FAs among people on a plant-based diet compared with omnivorous subjects. METHODS FAs compositions and inflammation statuses (based on serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels) were studied in serum samples obtained from 102 female volunteers (divided into four groups: vegans, vegetarians, pescatarians, and omnivores). The quality of the volunteers' diets was assessed based on seven-day dietary records. RESULTS Both vegans and vegetarians had lower total n-3 PUFAs, EPA, and DHA serum levels than omnivores. Decreased levels of these FAs presumably did not cause inflammation in vegetarians and vegans, as vegetarians had similar serum levels of CRP compared to omnivores, and vegans had even lower levels. CONCLUSION The analysis of serum FAs and CRP levels in vegetarians and vegans suggests that factors other than diet alone influence inflammation and overall health status. Further research on long-term plant-based diet users is needed to better understand this issue, and supplementation with EPA and DHA is worth considering in vegans and vegetarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Gogga
- Department of Food Commodity Science, Medical University of Gdansk, ul. Debinki 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Adriana Mika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, ul. Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (A.M.); (A.S.); (T.S.)
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Janczy
- Department of Food Commodity Science, Medical University of Gdansk, ul. Debinki 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Alicja Sztendel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, ul. Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (A.M.); (A.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Tomasz Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, ul. Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (A.M.); (A.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Sylwia Małgorzewicz
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Gdansk, ul. Debinki 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
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4
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Butler FM, Utt J, Mathew RO, Casiano CA, Montgomery S, Wiafe SA, Lampe JW, Fraser GE. Plasma metabolomics profiles in Black and White participants of the Adventist Health Study-2 cohort. BMC Med 2023; 21:408. [PMID: 37904137 PMCID: PMC10617178 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black Americans suffer disparities in risk for cardiometabolic and other chronic diseases. Findings from the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) cohort have shown associations of plant-based dietary patterns and healthy lifestyle factors with prevention of such diseases. Hence, it is likely that racial differences in metabolic profiles correlating with disparities in chronic diseases are explained largely by diet and lifestyle, besides social determinants of health. METHODS Untargeted plasma metabolomics screening was performed on plasma samples from 350 participants of the AHS-2, including 171 Black and 179 White participants, using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and a global platform of 892 metabolites. Differences in metabolites or biochemical subclasses by race were analyzed using linear regression, considering various models adjusted for known confounders, dietary and/or other lifestyle behaviors, social vulnerability, and psychosocial stress. The Storey permutation approach was used to adjust for false discovery at FDR < 0.05. RESULTS Linear regression revealed differential abundance of over 40% of individual metabolites or biochemical subclasses when comparing Black with White participants after adjustment for false discovery (FDR < 0.05), with the vast majority showing lower abundance in Blacks. Associations were not appreciably altered with adjustment for dietary patterns and socioeconomic or psychosocial stress. Metabolite subclasses showing consistently lower abundance in Black participants included various lipids, such as lysophospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamines, monoacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, and long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids, among other subclasses or lipid categories. Among all biochemical subclasses, creatine metabolism exclusively showed higher abundance in Black participants, although among metabolites within this subclass, only creatine showed differential abundance after adjustment for glomerular filtration rate. Notable metabolites in higher abundance in Black participants included methyl and propyl paraben sulfates, piperine metabolites, and a considerable proportion of acetylated amino acids, including many previously found associated with glomerular filtration rate. CONCLUSIONS Differences in metabolic profiles were evident when comparing Black and White participants of the AHS-2 cohort. These differences are likely attributed in part to dietary behaviors not adequately explained by dietary pattern covariates, besides other environmental or genetic factors. Alterations in these metabolites and associated subclasses may have implications for the prevention of chronic diseases in Black Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayth M Butler
- Adventist Health Study, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, 24951 Circle Drive, NH2031, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
| | - Jason Utt
- Adventist Health Study, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Roy O Mathew
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda VA Health Care System, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Carlos A Casiano
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Suzanne Montgomery
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Seth A Wiafe
- Center for Leadership in Health Systems, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Johanna W Lampe
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gary E Fraser
- Adventist Health Study, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, 24951 Circle Drive, NH2031, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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5
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Guerrero-Flores GN, Pacheco FJ, Boskovic DS, Pacheco SOS, Zhang G, Fraser GE, Miles FL. Sialic acids Neu5Ac and KDN in adipose tissue samples from individuals following habitual vegetarian or non-vegetarian dietary patterns. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12593. [PMID: 37537165 PMCID: PMC10400564 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38102-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids (Sias) are a class of sugar molecules with a parent nine-carbon neuraminic acid, generally present at the ends of carbohydrate chains, either attached to cellular surfaces or as secreted glycoconjugates. Given their position and structural diversity, Sias modulate a wide variety of biological processes. However, little is known about the role of Sias in human adipose tissue, or their implications for health and disease, particularly among individuals following different dietary patterns. The goal of this study was to measure N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), N-Glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), and 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nononic acid (KDN) concentrations in adipose tissue samples from participants in the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) and to compare the abundance of these Sias in individuals following habitual, long-term vegetarian or non-vegetarian dietary patterns. A method was successfully developed for the extraction and detection of Sias in adipose tissue. Sias levels were quantified in 52 vegans, 56 lacto-vegetarians, and 48 non-vegetarians using LC-MS/MS with Neu5Ac-D-1,2,3-13C3 as an internal standard. Dietary groups were compared using linear regression. Vegans and lacto-ovo-vegetarians had significantly higher concentrations of Neu5Ac relative to non-vegetarians. While KDN levels tended to be higher in vegans and lacto-ovo-vegetarians, these differences were not statistically significant. However, KDN levels were significantly inversely associated with body mass index. In contrast, Neu5Gc was not detected in human adipose samples. It is plausible that different Neu5Ac concentrations in adipose tissues of vegetarians, compared to those of non-vegetarians, reflect a difference in the baseline inflammatory status between the two groups. Epidemiologic studies examining levels of Sias in human adipose tissue and other biospecimens will help to further explore their roles in development and progression of inflammatory conditions and chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo N Guerrero-Flores
- Interdisciplinary Center for Research in Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad Adventista del Plata, 3103, Libertador San Martín, Entre Ríos, Argentina
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), 3100, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Fabio J Pacheco
- Interdisciplinary Center for Research in Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad Adventista del Plata, 3103, Libertador San Martín, Entre Ríos, Argentina
- Institute for Food Science and Nutrition, Universidad Adventista del Plata, 3103, Libertador San Martín, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Danilo S Boskovic
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Sandaly O S Pacheco
- Interdisciplinary Center for Research in Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad Adventista del Plata, 3103, Libertador San Martín, Entre Ríos, Argentina
- Institute for Food Science and Nutrition, Universidad Adventista del Plata, 3103, Libertador San Martín, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Gary E Fraser
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyles and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
- Adventist Health Study, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Fayth L Miles
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyles and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
- Adventist Health Study, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
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Ambroszkiewicz J, Gajewska J, Mazur J, Kuśmierska K, Klemarczyk W, Rowicka G, Strucińska M, Chełchowska M. Dietary Intake and Circulating Amino Acid Concentrations in Relation with Bone Metabolism Markers in Children Following Vegetarian and Omnivorous Diets. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061376. [PMID: 36986105 PMCID: PMC10055473 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientific studies reported that most vegetarians meet the total protein requirements; however, little is known about their amino acid intakes. We aimed to assess dietary intake and serum amino acid levels in relation to bone metabolism markers in prepubertal children on vegetarian and traditional diets. Data from 51 vegetarian and 25 omnivorous children aged 4–9 years were analyzed. Dietary intake of macro- and micronutrients were assessed using the nutritional program Dieta 5®. Serum amino acid analysis was performed using high-pressure liquid chromatography technique, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathormone–electrochemiluminescent immunoassay, and bone metabolism markers, albumin, and prealbumin levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Vegetarian children had a significantly lower intake of protein and amino acids with median differences of about 30–50% compared to omnivores. Concentrations of four amino acids (valine, lysine, leucine, isoleucine) in serum varied significantly by diet groups and were lower by 10–15% in vegetarians than meat-eaters. Vegetarian children also had lower (p < 0.001) serum albumin levels compared to omnivores. Among bone markers, they had higher (p < 0.05) levels of C-terminal telopeptide of collagen type I (CTX-I) than omnivores. Correlation patterns between amino acids and bone metabolism markers differed in the vegetarian and omnivore groups. Out of bone markers, especially osteoprotegerin was positively correlated with several amino acids, such as tryptophan, alanine, aspartate, glutamine, and serine, and ornithine in vegetarians. Vegetarian children consumed apparently sufficient but lower protein and amino acids compared to omnivores. In circulation these differences were less marked than in the diet. Significantly lower amino acid intake and serum levels of valine, lysine, leucine, and isoleucine as well as the observed correlations between serum amino acids and biochemical bone marker levels indicated the relations between diet, protein quality, and bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Ambroszkiewicz
- Department of Screening Tests and Metabolic Diagnostics, Institute of Mother and Child, Kasprzaka 17a, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Joanna Gajewska
- Department of Screening Tests and Metabolic Diagnostics, Institute of Mother and Child, Kasprzaka 17a, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Mazur
- Department of Humanization in Medicine and Sexology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, 65-729 Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kuśmierska
- Department of Screening Tests and Metabolic Diagnostics, Institute of Mother and Child, Kasprzaka 17a, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Witold Klemarczyk
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Mother and Child, Kasprzaka 17a, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Rowicka
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Mother and Child, Kasprzaka 17a, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Strucińska
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Mother and Child, Kasprzaka 17a, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chełchowska
- Department of Screening Tests and Metabolic Diagnostics, Institute of Mother and Child, Kasprzaka 17a, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland
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Dierkes J, Dietrich S, Abraham K, Monien BH, McCann A, Borgå K, Weikert C. Stable isotope ratios of nitrogen and carbon as biomarkers of a vegan diet. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:433-441. [PMID: 36087137 PMCID: PMC9899720 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02992-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dietary biomarkers can potentially overcome the limitations of self-reported dietary data. While in ecology and archaeology, stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen are widely used as biomarkers, this is not the case in nutrition research. Since the abundance of the 13C and the 15N isotope differ in food sources from plant and animal origin, stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C and δ15N) may differ in human biological material. Here, we investigated the stable isotope ratios of nitrogen and carbon in serum and urine from vegans and omnivores. METHOD Measurement of δ15N and δ13C in serum and 24 h urine was performed by Elemental Analyzer-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer in the cross-sectional study "Risks and Benefits of a Vegan Diet". The study included 36 vegans and 36 omnivores with a median age of 37.5 years (matched for age and sex), who adhered to their diet for at least 1 year. RESULTS Both δ15N and δ13C were significantly lower in both the serum and 24 h urine of vegans compared to omnivores. δ15N either in serum or urine had 100% specificity and sensitivity to discriminate between vegans and omnivores. Specificity of δ13C was also > 90%, while sensitivity was 93% in serum and 77% in urine. CONCLUSION δ15N both in serum and urine was able to accurately identify vegans and thus appears to be a promising marker for dietary habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Dierkes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Nutrition, Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken 15, 5021 Bergen, Norway ,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stefan Dietrich
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Abraham
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard H. Monien
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Katrine Borgå
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cornelia Weikert
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Sinclair AJ, Wang Y, Li D. What Is the Evidence for Dietary-Induced DHA Deficiency in Human Brains? Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010161. [PMID: 36615819 PMCID: PMC9824463 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a major constituent of neural and visual membranes and is required for optimal neural and visual function. DHA is derived from food or by endogenous synthesis from α-linolenic acid (ALA), an essential fatty acid. Low blood levels of DHA in some westernised populations have led to speculations that child development disorders and various neurological conditions are associated with sub-optimal neural DHA levels, a proposition which has been supported by the supplement industry. This review searched for evidence of deficiency of DHA in human populations, based on elevated levels of the biochemical marker of n-3 deficiency, docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-6). Three scenarios/situations were identified for the insufficient supply of DHA, namely in the brain of new-born infants fed with high-linoleic acid (LA), low-ALA formulas, in cord blood of women at birth who were vegetarians and in the milk of women from North Sudan. Twenty post-mortem brain studies from the developed world from adults with various neurological disorders revealed no evidence of raised levels of 22:5n-6, even in the samples with reduced DHA levels compared with control subjects. Human populations most likely at risk of n-3 deficiency are new-born and weanling infants, children and adolescents in areas of dryland agriculture, in famines, or are refugees, however, these populations have rarely been studied. This is an important topic for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Sinclair
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3152, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-(0)414-906-341
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Duo Li
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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9
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Koeder C, Perez-Cueto FJA. Vegan nutrition: a preliminary guide for health professionals. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:670-707. [PMID: 35959711 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2107997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Since the beginning of the 21st century, interest in vegan diets has been rapidly increasing in most countries. Misconceptions about vegan diets are widespread among the general population and health professionals. Vegan diets can be health-promoting and may offer certain important advantages compared to typical Western (and other mainstream) eating patterns. However, adequate dietary sources/supplements of nutrients of focus specific to vegan diets should be identified and communicated. Without supplements/fortified foods, severe vitamin B12 deficiency may occur. Other potential nutrients of focus are calcium, vitamin D, iodine, omega-3 fatty acids, iron, zinc, selenium, vitamin A, and protein. Ensuring adequate nutrient status is particularly important during pregnancy, lactation, infancy, and childhood. Health professionals are often expected to be able to provide advice on the topic of vegan nutrition, but a precise and practical vegan nutrition guide for health professionals is lacking. Consequently, it is important and urgent to provide such a set of dietary recommendations. It is the aim of this article to provide vegan nutrition guidelines, based on current evidence, which can easily be communicated to vegan patients/clients, with the goal of ensuring adequate nutrient status in vegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Koeder
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hanover, Hanover, Germany
- Department of Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Münster, Münster, Germany
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10
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Miles FL, Orlich MJ, Mashchak A, Chandler PD, Lampe JW, Duerksen-Hughes P, Fraser GE. The Biology of Veganism: Plasma Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Distinct Profiles of Vegans and Non-Vegetarians in the Adventist Health Study-2 Cohort. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030709. [PMID: 35277064 PMCID: PMC8839915 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear how vegetarian dietary patterns influence plasma metabolites involved in biological processes regulating chronic diseases. We sought to identify plasma metabolic profiles distinguishing vegans (avoiding meat, eggs, dairy) from non-vegetarians (consuming ≥28 g/day red meat) of the Adventist Health Study-2 cohort using global metabolomics profiling with ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Differences in abundance of metabolites or biochemical subclasses were analyzed using linear regression models, adjusting for surrogate and confounding variables, with cross-validation to simulate results from an independent sample. Random forest was used as a learning tool for classification, and principal component analysis was used to identify clusters of related metabolites. Differences in covariate-adjusted metabolite abundance were identified in over 60% of metabolites (586/930), after adjustment for false discovery. The vast majority of differentially abundant metabolites or metabolite subclasses showed lower abundance in vegans, including xanthine, histidine, branched fatty acids, acetylated peptides, ceramides, and long-chain acylcarnitines, among others. Many of these metabolite subclasses have roles in insulin dysregulation, cardiometabolic phenotypes, and inflammation. Analysis of metabolic profiles in vegans and non-vegetarians revealed vast differences in these two dietary groups, reflecting differences in consumption of animal and plant products. These metabolites serve as biomarkers of food intake, many with potential pathophysiological consequences for cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayth L. Miles
- Adventist Health Study, Research Affairs, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (F.L.M.); (M.J.O.); (A.M.)
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
| | - Michael J. Orlich
- Adventist Health Study, Research Affairs, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (F.L.M.); (M.J.O.); (A.M.)
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Andrew Mashchak
- Adventist Health Study, Research Affairs, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (F.L.M.); (M.J.O.); (A.M.)
| | - Paulette D. Chandler
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Johanna W. Lampe
- Public Health Sciences Division, Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - Penelope Duerksen-Hughes
- Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
| | - Gary E. Fraser
- Adventist Health Study, Research Affairs, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (F.L.M.); (M.J.O.); (A.M.)
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-909-558-4753
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11
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Yue Y, Yuan C, Wang DD, Wang M, Song M, Shan Z, Hu F, Rosner B, Smith-Warner SA, Willett WC. Reproducibility and validity of diet quality scores derived from food-frequency questionnaires. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 115:843-853. [PMID: 34788377 PMCID: PMC8895225 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet quality scores (DQSs) are frequently used to study diet-disease relations but the validity of these scores derived from FFQs has rarely been evaluated. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the validity and reproducibility of 6 commonly used DQSs derived from the FFQ, including the Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Trial score, alternative Mediterranean diet score, and 3 plant-based diet indices (overall, healthful, and unhealthful). METHODS This analysis included 1394 participants from the Men's Lifestyle Validation Study (N = 652) and the Women's Lifestyle Validation Study (N = 742). Participants completed a 152-item FFQ at the beginning of the study and 1 y later, as well as completed 2 weighed 7-d dietary records (7DDRs) and donated 2 blood samples 6 mo apart between FFQ assessments. The reproducibility of the FFQs was evaluated by rank intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). The validity was assessed by comparing FFQ-derived DQSs with those from the average of two 7DDRs using Spearman rank correlation coefficients deattenuated for random measurement error in the 7DDRs (rs). Furthermore, we calculated the correlations between DQSs and plasma biomarkers of diet, including fatty acids, folate, carotenoids, retinol, and α- and γ-tocopherol. RESULTS Six FFQ-derived DQSs demonstrated moderate to high reproducibility (energy-adjusted ICCs: 0.61-0.84) and validity (energy-adjusted, deattenuated rs = 0.56-0.80) in both men and women. We consistently observed expected correlations between FFQ-derived DQSs with plasma fatty acids, including long-chain n-3 (ω-3) and trans fatty acids, most carotenoids, and γ-tocopherol (rs > 0.2). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the validity of the FFQ to evaluate overall diet quality using 6 commonly used DQSs. In addition, these DQSs have qualitatively demonstrated biological relevance, as indicated by their correlations with circulating biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Yue
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Changzheng Yuan
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Big Data and Health Science, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dong D Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Molin Wang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhilei Shan
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernard Rosner
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie A Smith-Warner
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Gajski G, Gerić M, Jakaša I, Peremin I, Domijan AM, Vučić Lovrenčić M, Kežić S, Bituh M, Moraes de Andrade V. Inflammatory, oxidative and DNA damage status in vegetarians: is the future of human diet green? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-33. [PMID: 34634971 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1986464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The health benefit of a vegetarian diet is still under debate as it may result in a higher intake of some beneficial micronutrients, while others may be reduced, thus influencing various metabolic pathways and health-related biomarkers. This scoping review discusses inflammatory, oxidative and DNA damage status in vegetarians and vegans compared to omnivores. Most of the reviewed studies indicated favorable effects of a vegetarian diet on oxidative status compared to omnivores but did not clearly associate particular dietary habits to genome damage. The evidence on the effect of vegetarian diet on the inflammatory and immunological biomarkers is poor, which could at least partly be explained by methodological constraints such as small sample size, short duration of vegetarianism and inconsistent definitions of the omnivorous diet. The only inflammatory biomarker that seems to be associated with the vegetarian diet was inflammatory mediator C-reactive protein, which in several studies showed lower values in vegetarians as compared to omnivores. There were very few studies on immunological markers and the results on the difference between vegetarians and omnivores were inconclusive. Although several biomarkers involved in oxidative stress and inflammation showed a beneficial association with the vegetarian diet, further research in well-defined and sufficiently sized cohorts is needed to provide more evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Gajski
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Gerić
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivone Jakaša
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ines Peremin
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana-Marija Domijan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Sanja Kežić
- Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Bituh
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Department of Food Quality Control, Laboratory for Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vanessa Moraes de Andrade
- Health Sciences Unit, Translational Biomedicine Laboratory, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil
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13
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Jang HH, Lee YM, Choe JS, Kwon O. Validation of soy isoflavone intake and its health effects: a review of the development of exposure biomarkers. Nutr Res Pract 2021; 15:1-11. [PMID: 33542788 PMCID: PMC7838478 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2021.15.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES It is difficult to consistently demonstrate the health effects of soy isoflavones owing to the multitude of factors contributing to their bioavailability. To accurately verify these health effects, dietary isoflavone intake should be measured using a biologically active dose rather than an intake dose. This concept has been expanded to the development of new exposure biomarkers in nutrition research. This review aims to provide an overview of the development of exposure biomarkers and suggest a novel research strategy for identifying the health effects of soy isoflavone intake. MATERIALS/METHODS We cover recent studies on the health effects of soy isoflavones focusing on isoflavone metabolites as exposure biomarkers. RESULTS Compared to non-fermented soy foods, fermented soy foods cause an increased concentration of isoflavones in the biofluid immediately following ingestion. The correlation between exposure biomarkers in blood and urine and the food frequency questionnaire was slightly lower than that of corresponding 24-h dietary recalls. Urinary and blood isoflavone levels did not show a consistent association with chronic disease and cancer risk. CONCLUSION It is crucial to understand the variable bioavailabilities of soy isoflavones, which may affect evaluations of soy isoflavone intake in health and disease. Further studies on the development of valid exposure biomarkers are needed to thoroughly investigate the health effects of isoflavone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan-Hee Jang
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03765, Korea
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Division of Applied Food System, Major of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Korea
| | - Jeong-Sook Choe
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Oran Kwon
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03765, Korea
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14
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Miles FL, Mashchak A, Filippov V, Orlich MJ, Duerksen-Hughes P, Chen X, Wang C, Siegmund K, Fraser GE. DNA Methylation Profiles of Vegans and Non-Vegetarians in the Adventist Health Study-2 Cohort. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3697. [PMID: 33266012 PMCID: PMC7761449 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to determine if DNA methylation patterns differed between vegans and non-vegetarians in the Adventist Health Study-2 cohort. Genome-wide DNA methylation derived from buffy coat was profiled in 62 vegans and 142 non-vegetarians. Using linear regression, methylation of CpG sites and genes was categorized or summarized according to various genic/intergenic regions and CpG island-related regions, as well as the promoter. Methylation of genes was measured as the average methylation of available CpG's annotated to the nominated region of the respective gene. A permutation method defining the null distribution adapted from Storey et al. was used to adjust for false discovery. Differences in methylation of several CpG sites and genes were detected at a false discovery rate < 0.05 in region-specific and overall analyses. A vegan diet was associated predominantly with hypomethylation of genes, most notably methyltransferase-like 1 (METTL1). Although a limited number of differentially methylated features were detected in the current study, the false discovery method revealed that a much larger proportion of differentially methylated genes and sites exist, and could be detected with a larger sample size. Our findings suggest modest differences in DNA methylation in vegans and non-vegetarians, with a much greater number of detectable significant differences expected with a larger sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayth L. Miles
- Adventist Health Study, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (F.L.M.); (A.M.); (M.J.O.)
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (V.F.); (P.D.-H.); (X.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Andrew Mashchak
- Adventist Health Study, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (F.L.M.); (A.M.); (M.J.O.)
| | - Valery Filippov
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (V.F.); (P.D.-H.); (X.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Michael J. Orlich
- Adventist Health Study, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (F.L.M.); (A.M.); (M.J.O.)
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Penelope Duerksen-Hughes
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (V.F.); (P.D.-H.); (X.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (V.F.); (P.D.-H.); (X.C.); (C.W.)
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Charles Wang
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (V.F.); (P.D.-H.); (X.C.); (C.W.)
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Kimberly Siegmund
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
| | - Gary E. Fraser
- Adventist Health Study, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (F.L.M.); (A.M.); (M.J.O.)
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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15
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Shah RD, Tang ZZ, Chen G, Huang S, Ferguson JF. Soy food intake associates with changes in the metabolome and reduced blood pressure in a gut microbiota dependent manner. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:1500-1511. [PMID: 32620337 PMCID: PMC7483644 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Consumption of soy foods has been associated with protection against cardiometabolic disease, but the mechanisms are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that habitual soy food consumption associates with gut microbiome composition, metabolite production, and the interaction between diet, microbiota and metabolites. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed dietary soy intake, plasma and stool metabolites, and gut microbiome data from two independent cross-sectional samples of healthy US individuals (N = 75 lean or overweight, and N = 29 obese). Habitual soy intake associated with several circulating metabolites. There was a significant interaction between soy intake and gut microbiome composition, as defined by gut enterotype, on metabolites in plasma and stool. Soy consumption associated with reduced systolic blood pressure, but only in a subset of individuals defined by their gut microbiome enterotype, suggesting that responsiveness to soy may be dependent on microbiome composition. Soy intake was associated with differences in specific microbial taxa, including two taxa mapping to genus Dialister and Prevotella which appeared to be suppressed by high soy intake We identified context-dependent effects of these taxa, where presence of Prevotella was associated with higher blood pressure and a worse cardiometabolic profile, but only in the absence of Dialister. CONCLUSIONS The gut microbiome is an important intermediate in the interplay between dietary soy intake and systemic metabolism. Consumption of soy foods may shape the microbiome by suppressing specific taxa, and may protect against hypertension only in individuals with soy-responsive microbiota. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRY NCT02010359 at clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana D Shah
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zheng-Zheng Tang
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Guanhua Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shi Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center (VTRACC), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jane F Ferguson
- Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center (VTRACC), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Understand the current prevalence, health benefits, and health risks of vegetarian diets. RECENT FINDINGS Since the publishing of the Adventist Health Study 2 in 2013, there have been several prospective diet studies demonstrating and challenging the health benefits and risks of the vegetarian diet. The definition of the vegetarian diet has become more specific over time and requires standardization for research purposes. Despite an uptrend in sales rates of plant-based foods per year, a 2018 Gallup poll showed overall stagnation of the percentage of self-reported vegetarians and vegans compared to percentages obtained 6 years prior. Compared to the Adventist Health Study, more recent vegetarian diet studies have demonstrated significant although smaller risk reductions for mortality in cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. Recent studies have correlated certain food groups with early death or increased longevity. In addition, the vegetarian health risks of deficiencies of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, vitamin B12, iron, calcium, and zinc are explored.
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17
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Protudjer JLP, Mikkelsen A. Veganism and paediatric food allergy: two increasingly prevalent dietary issues that are challenging when co-occurring. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:341. [PMID: 32650748 PMCID: PMC7350184 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegan diets – defined as the exclusion of all foods of animal origin from the diet- are becoming popular. In recent years, the prevalence of food allergy has also increased, and disproportionately affects children. When vegan diets and food allergy co-occur, this combination can be challenging and pose risks of nutritional deficiencies, particularly during childhood. In this paper, we aim to summarise the major concerns regarding vegan diets and food allergy, review the literature on this topic, and provide some suggestions for healthcare providers, particularly dietitians and nutritionists, who work with food allergic, vegan patients and their family. When working with this patient population, a regular and complete medical nutrition history, including screening for any possible nutritional deficiencies, is warranted. Likewise, the routine tracking of serum markers (especially iodine, iron, zinc, calcium, Vitamins B12, D, B2, and A, selected n-3 fatty acids and protein, which are more abundant in animal vs. plant foods) and symptoms of co-morbid diseases, including asthma, is important, as comorbid diseases may increase energy and nutrient requirements. For infants and children, anthropometry ought to be tracked longitudinally at regular intervals to identify any deviations from the child’s previous growth pattern, and to accommodate any increased requirements for growth and development. Correct diagnoses, education and allergy management must be disseminated to the family in a clear and appropriate manner. Children with allergy may have increased nutritional needs due to comorbidity. This is complicated by coincident food allergy and vegan diet as both impose diet restrictions (limiting sources of important nutrients, need for dietary variety and/or increased consumption due to reduced bioavaliability).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L P Protudjer
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. .,George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, Winnipeg, Canada. .,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. .,Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. .,Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Andrea Mikkelsen
- Paediatric Primary Health Care Clinics of Västra Götaland, Västra Götaland, Sweden.,Research and Development Primary Health Care, Gothenburg and Södra Bohuslän, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden.,Institute of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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18
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Sherchan P, Miles F, Orlich M, Fraser G, Zhang JH, Talbot K, Duerksen-Hughes PJ. Effects of Lifestyle Factors on Cognitive Resilience: Commentary on "What This Sunny, Religious Town in California Teaches Us About Living Longer". Transl Stroke Res 2020; 11:161-164. [PMID: 32062815 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Fayth Miles
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Michael Orlich
- Department of Preventive Medicine and School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Gary Fraser
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Departments of Anesthesiology and Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Konrad Talbot
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
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19
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Burns-Whitmore B, Froyen E, Heskey C, Parker T, San Pablo G. Alpha-Linolenic and Linoleic Fatty Acids in the Vegan Diet: Do They Require Dietary Reference Intake/Adequate Intake Special Consideration? Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102365. [PMID: 31590264 PMCID: PMC6835948 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Good sources of the long-chain n-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) include cold-water fish and seafood; however, vegan diets (VGNs) do not include animal-origin foods. Typically, US omnivores obtain enough dietary EPA and DHA, but unless VGNs consume algal n-3 supplements, they rely on endogenous production of long-chain fatty acids. VGN diets have several possible concerns: (1) VGNs have high intakes of linoleic acid (LA) as compared to omnivore/non-vegetarian diets. (2) High intakes of LA competitively interfere with the endogenous conversion of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) to EPA and DHA. (3) High somatic levels of LA/low ALA indicate a decreased ALA conversion to EPA and DHA. (4) Some, not all VGNs meet the Dietary Reference Intake Adequate Intake (DRI-AI) for dietary ALA and (5) VGN diets are high in fiber, which possibly interferes with fat absorption. Consequently, health professionals and Registered Dietitians/Registered Dietitian Nutritionists working with VGNs need specific essential fatty acid diet guidelines. The purpose of this review was: (1) to suggest that VGNs have a DRI-AI Special Consideration requirement for ALA and LA based on VGN dietary and biochemical indicators of status and (2) to provide suggestions to ensure that VGNs receive adequate intakes of LA and ALA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonny Burns-Whitmore
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Don B Huntley College of Agriculture, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768, USA.
| | - Erik Froyen
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Don B Huntley College of Agriculture, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768, USA.
| | - Celine Heskey
- Nutrition Department, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Temetra Parker
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Don B Huntley College of Agriculture, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768, USA.
| | - Gregorio San Pablo
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Don B Huntley College of Agriculture, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768, USA.
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20
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Erickson T. Comment on "Plasma, Urine, and Adipose Tissue Biomarkers of Dietary Intake Differ between Vegetarian and Non-Vegetarian Diet Groups in the Adventist Health Study-2". J Nutr 2019; 149:1869. [PMID: 31570945 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Erickson
- From the Department of Applied Health Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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21
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Micronutrient Status of Recreational Runners with Vegetarian or Non-Vegetarian Dietary Patterns. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051146. [PMID: 31121930 PMCID: PMC6566694 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetarian diets have gained popularity in sports. However, few data exist on the status of micronutrients and related biomarkers for vegetarian and vegan athletes. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to compare the micronutrient status of omnivorous (OMN, n = 27), lacto-ovo-vegetarian (LOV, n = 26), and vegan (VEG, n = 28) recreational runners. Biomarkers of vitamin B12, folate, vitamin D, and iron were assessed. Additionally, serum levels of calcium, magnesium, and zinc were examined. Lifestyle factors and supplement intake were recorded via questionnaires. About 80% of each group showed vitamin B12 adequacy with higher levels in supplement users. Mean red blood cell folate exceeded the reference range (>340 nmol/L) in all three groups (OMN: 2213 ± 444, LOV: 2236 ± 596, and VEG: 2354 ± 639 nmol/L; not significant, n.s.). Furthermore, vitamin D levels were comparable (OMN: 90.6 ± 32.1, LOV: 76.8 ± 33.7, and VEG: 86.2 ± 39.5 nmol/L; n.s.), and we found low prevalence (<20%) of vitamin D inadequacy in all three groups. Less than 30% of each group had depleted iron stores, however, iron deficiency anemia was not found in any subject. Our findings suggest that a well-planned, health-conscious lacto-ovo-vegetarian and vegan diet, including supplements, can meet the athlete’s requirements of vitamin B12, vitamin D and iron.
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