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Han Z, Wang S, Mu T, Zhao P, Song L, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Yin W, Wu Y, Wang H, Gong B, Ji M, Roden RBS, Yang Y, Klein M, Wu K. Vaccination with a Human Papillomavirus L2 Multimer Provides Broad Protection against 17 Human Papillomavirus Types in the Mouse Cervicovaginal Challenge Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:689. [PMID: 38932417 PMCID: PMC11209485 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a prevalent cause of mucosal and cutaneous infections and underlying conditions ranging from benign warts to anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers affecting both males and females, notably cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths among women globally and is the most impactful in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where the costs of screening and licensed L1-based HPV vaccines pose significant barriers to comprehensive administration. Additionally, the licensed L1-based HPV vaccines fail to protect against all oncogenic HPV types. This study generated three independent lots of an L2-based target antigen (LBTA), which was engineered from conserved linear L2-protective epitopes (aa11-88) from five human alphapapillomavirus genotypes in E. coli under cGMP conditions and adjuvanted with aluminum phosphate. Vaccination of rabbits with LBTA generated high neutralizing antibody titers against all 17 HPV types tested, surpassing the nine types covered by Gardasil®9. Passive transfer of naïve mice with LBTA antiserum revealed its capacity to confer protection against vaginal challenge with all 17 αHPV types tested. LBTA shows stability at room temperature over >1 month. Standard in vitro and in vivo toxicology studies suggest a promising safety profile. These findings suggest LBTA's promise as a next-generation vaccine with comprehensive coverage aimed at reducing the economic and healthcare burden of cervical and other HPV+ cancers in LMICs, and it has received regulatory approval for a first-in-human clinical study (NCT05672966).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Han
- Project Management Department, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China;
| | - Shen Wang
- Regulatory and Medical Affairs Department, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (S.W.); (L.S.); (B.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Ting Mu
- Innovative Discovery Department, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (T.M.); (Y.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Ping Zhao
- Test Development Department, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (P.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Lingli Song
- Regulatory and Medical Affairs Department, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (S.W.); (L.S.); (B.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Ying Zhang
- Innovative Discovery Department, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (T.M.); (Y.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Jin Zhao
- Test Development Department, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (P.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Wen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China;
| | - Yue Wu
- Test Development Department, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (P.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Huan Wang
- Innovative Discovery Department, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (T.M.); (Y.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Bo Gong
- Regulatory and Medical Affairs Department, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (S.W.); (L.S.); (B.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Min Ji
- Regulatory and Medical Affairs Department, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (S.W.); (L.S.); (B.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Richard B. S. Roden
- Departments of Pathology, Oncology and Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Yanping Yang
- Executive Office, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China;
- Executive Office, Shanghai BravoBio Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Michel Klein
- Executive Office, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China;
- Executive Office, Shanghai BravoBio Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Executive Office, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China;
- Executive Office, Shanghai BravoBio Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200000, China
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Mashhadi Abolghasem Shirazi M, Sadat SM, Haghighat S, Roohvand F, Arashkia A. Alum and a TLR7 agonist combined with built-in TLR4 and 5 agonists synergistically enhance immune responses against HPV RG1 epitope. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16801. [PMID: 37798448 PMCID: PMC10556035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43965-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To relieve the limitations of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines based on L1 capsid protein, vaccine formulations based on RG1 epitope of HPV L2 using various built-in adjuvants are under study. Herein, we describe design and construction of a rejoined peptide (RP) harboring HPV16 RG1 epitope fused to TLR4/5 agonists and a tetanus toxoid epitope, which were linked by the (GGGS)3 linker in tandem. In silico analyses indicated the proper physicochemical, immunogenic and safety profile of the RP. Docking analyses on predicted 3D model suggested the effective interaction of TLR4/5 agonists within RP with their corresponding TLRs. Expressing the 1206 bp RP-coding DNA in E. coli produced a 46 kDa protein, and immunization of mice by natively-purified RP in different adjuvant formulations indicated the crucial role of the built-in adjuvants for induction of anti-RG1 responses that could be further enhanced by combination of TLR7 agonist/alum adjuvants. While the TLR4/5 agonists contributed in the elicitation of the Th2-polarized immune responses, combination with TLR7 agonist changed the polarization to the balanced Th1/Th2 immune responses. Indeed, RP + TLR7 agonist/alum adjuvants induced the strongest immune responses that could efficiently neutralize the HPV pseudoviruses, and thus might be a promising formulation for an inexpensive and cross-reactive HPV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seyed Mehdi Sadat
- Department of Hepatitis, AIDS and Blood borne Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh Haghighat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzin Roohvand
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, No. 69, Pasteur Ave, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, No. 69, Pasteur Ave, Tehran, Iran.
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Olczak P, Wong M, Tsai HL, Wang H, Kirnbauer R, Griffith AJ, Lambert PF, Roden R. Vaccination with human alphapapillomavirus-derived L2 multimer protects against human betapapillomavirus challenge, including in epidermodysplasia verruciformis model mice. Virology 2022; 575:63-73. [PMID: 36070626 PMCID: PMC9710205 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human alphapapillomaviruses (αHPV) infect genital mucosa, and a high-risk subset is a necessary cause of cervical cancer. Licensed L1 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines offer immunity against the nine most common αHPV associated with cervical cancer and genital warts. However, vaccination with an αHPV L2-based multimer vaccine, α11-88x5, protected mice and rabbits from vaginal and skin challenge with diverse αHPV types. While generally clinically inapparent, human betapapillomaviruses (βHPV) are possibly associated with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) in epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) and immunocompromised patients. Here we show that α11-88x5 vaccination protected wild type and EV model mice against HPV5 challenge. Passive transfer of antiserum conferred protection independently of Fc receptors (FcR) or Gr-1+ phagocytes. Antisera demonstrated robust antibody titers against ten βHPV by L1/L2 VLP ELISA and neutralized and protected against challenge by 3 additional βHPV (HPV49/76/96). Thus, unlike the licensed vaccines, α11-88x5 vaccination elicits broad immunity against αHPV and βHPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pola Olczak
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, 1550 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States
| | - Margaret Wong
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, 1550 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States
| | - Hua-Ling Tsai
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, 550 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, 550 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Reinhard Kirnbauer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrew J Griffith
- Department of Otolaryngology Head-Neck Surgery, College of Medicine-Memphis, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, 910 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN, 38163, United States
| | - Paul F Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, United States
| | - Richard Roden
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, 1550 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States.
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Olczak P, Matsui K, Wong M, Alvarez J, Lambert P, Christensen ND, Hu J, Huber B, Kirnbauer R, Wang JW, Roden RBS. RG2-VLP: a Vaccine Designed to Broadly Protect against Anogenital and Skin Human Papillomaviruses Causing Human Cancer. J Virol 2022; 96:e0056622. [PMID: 35703545 PMCID: PMC9278150 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00566-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of human papillomaviruses (HPV) includes over 400 genotypes. Genus α genotypes generally infect the anogenital mucosa, and a subset of these HPV are a necessary, but not sufficient, cause of cervical cancer. Of the 13 high-risk (HR) and 11 intermediate-risk (IR) HPV associated with cervical cancer, genotypes 16 and 18 cause 50% and 20% of cases, respectively, whereas HPV16 dominates in other anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. A plethora of βHPVs are associated with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC), especially in sun-exposed skin sites of epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), AIDS, and immunosuppressed patients. Licensed L1 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines, such as Gardasil 9, target a subset of αHPV but no βHPV. To comprehensively target both α- and βHPVs, we developed a two-component VLP vaccine, RG2-VLP, in which L2 protective epitopes derived from a conserved αHPV epitope (amino acids 17 to 36 of HPV16 L2) and a consensus βHPV sequence in the same region are displayed within the DE loop of HPV16 and HPV18 L1 VLP, respectively. Unlike vaccination with Gardasil 9, vaccination of wild-type and EV model mice (Tmc6Δ/Δ or Tmc8Δ/Δ) with RG2-VLP induced robust L2-specific antibody titers and protected against β-type HPV5. RG2-VLP protected rabbits against 17 αHPV, including those not covered by Gardasil 9. HPV16- and HPV18-specific neutralizing antibody responses were similar between RG2-VLP- and Gardasil 9-vaccinated animals. However, only transfer of RG2-VLP antiserum effectively protected naive mice from challenge with all βHPVs tested. Taken together, these observations suggest RG2-VLP's potential as a broad-spectrum vaccine to prevent αHPV-driven anogenital, oropharyngeal, and βHPV-associated cutaneous cancers. IMPORTANCE Licensed preventive HPV vaccines are composed of VLPs derived by expression of major capsid protein L1. They confer protection generally restricted to infection by the αHPVs targeted by the up-to-9-valent vaccine, and their associated anogenital cancers and genital warts, but do not target βHPV that are associated with CSCC in EV and immunocompromised patients. We describe the development of a two-antigen vaccine protective in animal models against known oncogenic αHPVs as well as diverse βHPVs by incorporation into HPV16 and HPV18 L1 VLP of 20-amino-acid conserved protective epitopes derived from minor capsid protein L2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pola Olczak
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Margaret Wong
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jade Alvarez
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Neil D. Christensen
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jiafen Hu
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bettina Huber
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Kirnbauer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Gardella B, Gritti A, Soleymaninejadian E, Pasquali MF, Riemma G, La Verde M, Schettino MT, Fortunato N, Torella M, Dominoni M. New Perspectives in Therapeutic Vaccines for HPV: A Critical Review. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58070860. [PMID: 35888579 PMCID: PMC9315585 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58070860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus is the main cause of cervical cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx, anus, rectum, penis, vagina, and vulva. In recent years, considerable effort has been made to control HPV-induced diseases using either prophylactic or therapeutic approaches. A critical review of the literature about the therapeutic Human Papillomavirus vaccine was performed to analyze its efficacy in the treatment of female lower genital tract lesions and its possible perspective application in clinical practice. The most important medical databases were consulted, and all papers published from 2000 until 2021 were considered. We retrieved a group of seven papers, reporting the role of anti HPV therapeutic vaccines against the L2 protein in the order of their efficacy and safety in female lower genital tract disease. In addition, the immune response due to vaccine administration was evaluated. The development of therapeutic vaccines represents an interesting challenge for the treatment of HPV infection of the lower genital tract. Literature data underline that the L2 protein may be an interesting and promising target in the development of therapeutic HPV vaccines, but the possible strengths and the unclear longevity of L2 immune responses are factors to be considered before clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gardella
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (B.G.); (M.F.P.); (M.D.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Fundation Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Andrea Gritti
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (B.G.); (M.F.P.); (M.D.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Fundation Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-00382-503722
| | - Ehsan Soleymaninejadian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Fundation Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Marianna Francesca Pasquali
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (B.G.); (M.F.P.); (M.D.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Fundation Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Gaetano Riemma
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (M.L.V.); (M.T.S.); (N.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Marco La Verde
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (M.L.V.); (M.T.S.); (N.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Maria Teresa Schettino
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (M.L.V.); (M.T.S.); (N.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Nicola Fortunato
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (M.L.V.); (M.T.S.); (N.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Marco Torella
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (M.L.V.); (M.T.S.); (N.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Mattia Dominoni
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (B.G.); (M.F.P.); (M.D.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Fundation Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
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Mixed Bacteriophage MS2-L2 VLPs Elicit Long-Lasting Protective Antibodies against HPV Pseudovirus 51. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061113. [PMID: 34200586 PMCID: PMC8227171 DOI: 10.3390/v13061113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three prophylactic vaccines are approved to protect against HPV infections. These vaccines are highly immunogenic. The most recent HPV vaccine, Gardasil-9, protects against HPV types associated with ~90% of cervical cancer (worldwide). Thus, ~10% of HPV-associated cancers are not protected by Gardasil-9. Although this is not a large percentage overall, the HPV types associated with 10% of cervical cancer not protected by the current vaccine are significantly important, especially in HIV/AIDS patients who are infected with multiple HPV types. To broaden the spectrum of protection against HPV infections, we developed mixed MS2-L2 VLPs (MS2-31L2/16L2 VLPs and MS2-consL2 (69-86) VLPs) in a previous study. Immunization with the VLPs neutralized/protected mice against infection with eleven high-risk HPV types associated with ~95% of cervical cancer and against one low-risk HPV type associated with ~36% of genital warts & up to 32% of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Here, we report that the mixed MS2-L2 VLPs can protect mice from three additional HPV types: HPV51, which is associated with ~0.8% of cervical cancer; HPV6, which is associated with up to 60% of genital warts; HPV5, which is associated with skin cancers in patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). Overall, mixed MS2-L2 VLPs can protect against twelve HPV types associated with ~95.8% of cervical cancers and against two HPV types associated with ~90% of genital warts and >90% recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Additionally, the VLPs protect against one of two HPV types associated with ~90% of HPV-associated skin cancers in patients with EV. More importantly, we observed that mixed MS2-L2 VLPs elicit protective antibodies that last over 9 months. Furthermore, a spray-freeze-dried formulation of the VLPs is stable, immunogenic, and protective at room temperature and 37 °C.
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Huber B, Wang JW, Roden RBS, Kirnbauer R. RG1-VLP and Other L2-Based, Broad-Spectrum HPV Vaccine Candidates. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10051044. [PMID: 33802456 PMCID: PMC7959455 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10051044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Licensed human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines contain virus-like particles (VLPs) self-assembled from L1 major-capsid proteins that are remarkably effective prophylactic immunogens. However, the induced type-restricted immune response limits coverage to the included vaccine types, and costly multiplex formulations, restrictive storage and distribution conditions drive the need for next generation HPV vaccines. Vaccine candidates based upon the minor structural protein L2 are particularly promising because conserved N-terminal epitopes induce broadly cross-type neutralizing and protective antibodies. Several strategies to increase the immunological potency of such epitopes are being investigated, including concatemeric multimers, fusion to toll-like receptors ligands or T cell epitopes, as well as immunodominant presentation by different nanoparticle or VLP structures. Several promising L2-based vaccine candidates have reached or will soon enter first-in-man clinical studies. RG1-VLP present the HPV16L2 amino-acid 17–36 conserved neutralization epitope “RG1” repetitively and closely spaced on an immunodominant surface loop of HPV16 L1-VLP and small animal immunizations provide cross-protection against challenge with all medically-significant high-risk and several low-risk HPV types. With a successful current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) campaign and this promising breadth of activity, even encompassing cross-neutralization of several cutaneous HPV types, RG1-VLP are ready for a first-in-human clinical study. This review aims to provide a general overview of these candidates with a special focus on the RG1-VLP vaccine and its road to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Huber
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Joshua Weiyuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (J.W.W.); (R.B.S.R.)
- PathoVax LLC, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Richard B. S. Roden
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (J.W.W.); (R.B.S.R.)
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Reinhard Kirnbauer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-40400-77680
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Farmer E, Cheng MA, Hung CF, Wu TC. Vaccination Strategies for the Control and Treatment of HPV Infection and HPV-Associated Cancer. Recent Results Cancer Res 2021; 217:157-195. [PMID: 33200366 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-57362-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection, currently affecting close to 80 million Americans. Importantly, HPV infection is recognized as the etiologic factor for numerous cancers, including cervical, vulval, vaginal, penile, anal, and a subset of oropharyngeal cancers. The prevalence of HPV infection and its associated diseases are a significant problem, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Likewise, the incidence of HPV infection poses a significant burden on individuals and the broader healthcare system. Between 2011 and 2015, there were an estimated 42,700 new cases of HPV-associated cancers each year in the United States alone. Similarly, the global burden of HPV is high, with around 630,000 new cases of HPV-associated cancer occurring each year. In the last decade, a total of three preventive major capsid protein (L1) virus-like particle-based HPV vaccines have been licensed and brought to market as a means to prevent the spread of HPV infection. These prophylactic vaccines have been demonstrated to be safe and efficacious in preventing HPV infection. The most recent iteration of the preventive HPV vaccine, a nanovalent, L1-VLP vaccine, protects against a total of nine HPV types (seven high-risk and two low-risk HPV types), including the high-risk types HPV16 and HPV18, which are responsible for causing the majority of HPV-associated cancers. Although current prophylactic HPV vaccines have demonstrated huge success in preventing infection, existing barriers to vaccine acquisition have limited their widespread use, especially in low- and middle-income countries, where the burden of HPV-associated diseases is highest. Prophylactic vaccines are unable to provide protection to individuals with existing HPV infections or HPV-associated diseases. Instead, therapeutic HPV vaccines capable of generating T cell-mediated immunity against HPV infection and associated diseases are needed to ameliorate the burden of disease in individuals with existing HPV infection. To generate a cell-mediated immune response against HPV, most therapeutic vaccines target HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7. Several types of therapeutic HPV vaccine candidates have been developed including live-vector, protein, peptide, dendritic cell, and DNA-based vaccines. This chapter will review the commercially available prophylactic HPV vaccines and discuss the recent progress in the development of therapeutic HPV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Farmer
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Cancer Research Building II, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Max A Cheng
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Cancer Research Building II, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Cancer Research Building II, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Cancer Research Building II, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - T-C Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Cancer Research Building II, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA. .,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Cancer Research Building II, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Cancer Research Building II, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Oncology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Cancer Research Building II, Room 309, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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Progress in L2-Based Prophylactic Vaccine Development for Protection against Diverse Human Papillomavirus Genotypes and Associated Diseases. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040568. [PMID: 33019516 PMCID: PMC7712070 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a family of small DNA tumor viruses including over 200 genotypes classified by phylogeny into several genera. Different genera of HPVs cause ano-genital and oropharyngeal cancers, skin cancers, as well as benign diseases including skin and genital warts. Licensed vaccines composed of L1 virus-like particles (VLPs) confer protection generally restricted to the ≤9 HPV types targeted. Here, we examine approaches aimed at broadening the protection against diverse HPV types by targeting conserved epitopes of the minor capsid protein, L2. Compared to L1 VLP, L2 is less immunogenic. However, with appropriate presentation to the immune system, L2 can elicit durable, broadly cross-neutralizing antibody responses and protection against skin and genital challenge with diverse HPV types. Such approaches to enhance the strength and breadth of the humoral response include the display of L2 peptides on VLPs or viral capsids, bacteria, thioredoxin and other platforms for multimerization. Neither L2 nor L1 vaccinations elicit a therapeutic response. However, fusion of L2 with early viral antigens has the potential to elicit both prophylactic and therapeutic immunity. This review of cross-protective HPV vaccines based on L2 is timely as several candidates have recently entered early-phase clinical trials.
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Yadav R, Zhai L, Tumban E. Virus-like Particle-Based L2 Vaccines against HPVs: Where Are We Today? Viruses 2019; 12:v12010018. [PMID: 31877975 PMCID: PMC7019592 DOI: 10.3390/v12010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. Ninety percent of infected individuals clear the infection within two years; however, in the remaining 10% of infected individuals, the infection(s) persists and ultimately leads to cancers (anogenital cancers and head and neck cancers) and genital warts. Fortunately, three prophylactic vaccines have been approved to protect against HPV infections. The most recent HPV vaccine, Gardasil-9 (a nonavalent vaccine), protects against seven HPV types associated with ~90% of cervical cancer and against two HPV types associated with ~90% genital warts with little cross-protection against non-vaccine HPV types. The current vaccines are based on virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from the major capsid protein, L1. The L1 protein is not conserved among HPV types. The minor capsid protein, L2, on the other hand, is highly conserved among HPV types and has been an alternative target antigen, for over two decades, to develop a broadly protective HPV vaccine. The L2 protein, unlike the L1, cannot form VLPs and as such, it is less immunogenic. This review summarizes current studies aimed at developing HPV L2 vaccines by multivalently displaying L2 peptides on VLPs derived from bacteriophages and eukaryotic viruses. Recent data show that a monovalent HPV L1 VLP as well as bivalent MS2 VLPs displaying HPV L2 peptides (representing amino acids 17–36 and/or consensus amino acids 69–86) elicit robust broadly protective antibodies against diverse HPV types (6/11/16/18/26/31/33/34/35/39/43/44/45/51/52/53/56/58/59/66/68/73) associated with cancers and genital warts. Thus, VLP-based L2 vaccines look promising and may be favorable, in the near future, over current L1-based HPV vaccines and should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashi Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA; (R.Y.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lukai Zhai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA; (R.Y.); (L.Z.)
- Current address: Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Ebenezer Tumban
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA; (R.Y.); (L.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-906-487-2256; Fax: +1-906-487-3167
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11
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In silico/In vivo analysis of high-risk papillomavirus L1 and L2 conserved sequences for development of cross-subtype prophylactic vaccine. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15225. [PMID: 31645650 PMCID: PMC6811573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the world and the main cause of cervical cancer. Nowadays, the virus-like particles (VLPs) based on L1 proteins have been considered as the best candidate for vaccine development against HPV infections. Two commercial HPV (Gardasil and Cervarix) are available. These HPV VLP vaccines induce genotype-limited protection. The major impediments such as economic barriers especially gaps in financing obstructed the optimal delivery of vaccines in developing countries. Thus, many efforts are underway to develop the next generation of vaccines against other types of high-risk HPV. In this study, we developed DNA constructs (based on L1 and L2 genes) that were potentially immunogenic and highly conserved among the high-risk HPV types. The framework of analysis include (1) B-cell epitope mapping, (2) T-cell epitope mapping (i.e., CD4+ and CD8+ T cells), (3) allergenicity assessment, (4) tap transport and proteasomal cleavage, (5) population coverage, (6) global and template-based docking, and (7) data collection, analysis, and design of the L1 and L2 DNA constructs. Our data indicated the 8-epitope candidates for helper T-cell and CTL in L1 and L2 sequences. For the L1 and L2 constructs, combination of these peptides in a single universal vaccine could involve all world population by the rate of 95.55% and 96.33%, respectively. In vitro studies showed high expression rates of multiepitope L1 (~57.86%) and L2 (~68.42%) DNA constructs in HEK-293T cells. Moreover, in vivo studies indicated that the combination of L1 and L2 DNA constructs without any adjuvant or delivery system induced effective immune responses, and protected mice against C3 tumor cells (the percentage of tumor-free mice: ~66.67%). Thus, the designed L1 and L2 DNA constructs would represent promising applications for HPV vaccine development.
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12
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Prophylactic human papilloma virus vaccination in head and neck: indications and future perspectives. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019; 27:85-90. [PMID: 30694913 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0000000000000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To gain the evidence-based knowledge concerning the efficacy of HPV vaccination for oropharyngeal sites and to highlight the trials and strategies for vaccine administration in HPV-dependent head and neck diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Vaccination can be provided in two injections. There is increasing anecdotal evidence that therapeutic vaccination is effective in treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. SUMMARY The availability and broadening spectrum of HPV vaccines make possible the prevention of cervical and other HPV-dependent diseases. Vaccination is now included in the national immunization programs of most industrial countries and will be used, it is hoped, in developing countries within the next few years. In developing countries, few women are screened for cervical precancerous lesions, making immunization even more important. In affluent countries and matured societies, with high coverage of cervical screening, the focus of interest will shift to other HPV-related diseases. The HPV vaccination is effective in preventing oral infection with types targeted by the vaccines.
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13
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Zhang T, Chen X, Liu H, Bao Q, Wang Z, Liao G, Xu X. A rationally designed flagellin-L2 fusion protein induced serum and mucosal neutralizing antibodies against multiple HPV types. Vaccine 2019; 37:4022-4030. [PMID: 31213378 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The amino terminus of human papillomavirus (HPV) minor capsid protein L2 harbors several conserved neutralizing epitopes, including aa.17-36 (RG-1 epitope) and aa.65-85 consensus epitope (cL2 epitope), which are considered to be promising for the construction of cost-effective pan-HPV vaccine candidates. However, the immunogenicity of L2 epitope/peptide is rather weak, and the neutralizing spectrum induced by single type of L2 antigen is suboptimal. In this study, we constructed L2 concatemer with HPV18/33/58/59 RG-1 epitopes and 16L2 aa.11-88 peptide, and fused it with flagellin, a strong systemic and mucosal adjuvant, by hypervariable region replacement. A copy of cL2 epitope was also introduced to the C-terminus of the recombinant protein. The resultant Fla-5PcL2 protein can be produced in E. coli expression system with high yield and good stability. We assessed the immunogenicity of Fla-5PcL2 in mouse model via systemic and mucosal route, and found that subcutaneous immunization with Fla-5PcL2 induced robust serum neutralizing antibodies against divergent HPV types, while intranasal immunization with Fla-5PcL2 induced remarkable L2-specific IgA and cross-neutralizing antibodies in mucosal secretions, and medium titers of cross-neutralizing antibodies in sera. Moreover, Fla-5PcL2 induced full protection against vaginal HPV challenges. As mucosal antibodies provide the first-line defense at infection sites, and needle-free immunizations may increase vaccine compliance and require less public health resources, our results demonstrate that Fla-5PcL2 is a promising vaccine candidate which possibly meet the need in low-resource regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyang Liu
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qifeng Bao
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhirong Wang
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyang Liao
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xuemei Xu
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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14
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Wu X, Ma X, Li Y, Xu Y, Zheng N, Xu S, Nawaz W, Wu Z. Induction of neutralizing antibodies by human papillomavirus vaccine generated in mammalian cells. Antib Ther 2019; 2:45-53. [PMID: 33928221 PMCID: PMC7990147 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbz004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infections is one of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide. Current preventative HPV vaccines on the market are composed of HPV L1 protein produced either in the yeast such as Gardasil or in the insect cells such as Cervarix. The duration of efficacy and cross-protection remain highly desirable for the improvement of current prophylactic HPV vaccine. Given that HPV carries out infection and replicates in mammalian cells, L2 protein, which is not included in the current licensed vaccines, is included in the third generation of HPV vaccine in pursuing of providing broader prevention. We hypothesize that a virus-like particle (VLP) consisting of HPV L1 plus L2 proteins generated in mammalian cells will present conformations more closely to native HPV, thus it will provide more durable and broader efficacy of prevention. Methods We took advantage of 293TT cells to produce VLP containing L1 and L2 proteins of HPV16 and HPV18, respectively. Results VLP particles of uniformed size and morphology were observed, and potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies were induced in mice and rabbits. In addition, compared to bivalent HPV vaccine of Cervarix, our HPV L1-L2 VLPs elicited higher titer of anti-sera, and the anti-sera also presented comparable neutralization potency against HPV16 and HPV18 infections even a much less potent adjuvant was used in our case. Conclusion Our VLPs were capable of eliciting stronger and more broadly neutralizing activities against various HPV subtypes and were potential candidate HPV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Wu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR, China
| | - Xiaohua Ma
- Antibody Department, Y-Clone Medical Science Co.Ltd., Suzhou, PR, China
| | - Yanlei Li
- Antibody Department, Y-Clone Medical Science Co.Ltd., Suzhou, PR, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Antibody Department, Y-Clone Medical Science Co.Ltd., Suzhou, PR, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR, China
| | - Shijie Xu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR, China
| | - Waqas Nawaz
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR, China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR, China
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15
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Jabbar B, Rafique S, Salo-Ahen OMH, Ali A, Munir M, Idrees M, Mirza MU, Vanmeert M, Shah SZ, Jabbar I, Rana MA. Antigenic Peptide Prediction From E6 and E7 Oncoproteins of HPV Types 16 and 18 for Therapeutic Vaccine Design Using Immunoinformatics and MD Simulation Analysis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:3000. [PMID: 30619353 PMCID: PMC6305797 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) induced cervical cancer is the second most common cause of death, after breast cancer, in females. Three prophylactic vaccines by Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD) and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) have been confirmed to prevent high-risk HPV strains but these vaccines have been shown to be effective only in girls who have not been exposed to HPV previously. The constitutively expressed HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 are usually used as target antigens for HPV therapeutic vaccines. These early (E) proteins are involved, for example, in maintaining the malignant phenotype of the cells. In this study, we predicted antigenic peptides of HPV types 16 and 18, encoded by E6 and E7 genes, using an immunoinformatics approach. To further evaluate the immunogenic potential of the predicted peptides, we studied their ability to bind to class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) molecules in a computational docking study that was supported by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and estimation of the free energies of binding of the peptides at the MHC-I binding cleft. Some of the predicted peptides exhibited comparable binding free energies and/or pattern of binding to experimentally verified MHC-I-binding epitopes that we used as references in MD simulations. Such peptides with good predicted affinity may serve as candidate epitopes for the development of therapeutic HPV peptide vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basit Jabbar
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Rafique
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Outi M H Salo-Ahen
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Amjad Ali
- Department of Genetics, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Mobeen Munir
- Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Idrees
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.,Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Mirza
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michiel Vanmeert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Syed Zawar Shah
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Jabbar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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16
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Dadar M, Chakraborty S, Dhama K, Prasad M, Khandia R, Hassan S, Munjal A, Tiwari R, Karthik K, Kumar D, Iqbal HMN, Chaicumpa W. Advances in Designing and Developing Vaccines, Drugs and Therapeutic Approaches to Counter Human Papilloma Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2478. [PMID: 30483247 PMCID: PMC6240620 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a viral infection with skin-to-skin based transmission mode. HPV annually caused over 500,000 cancer cases including cervical, anogenital and oropharyngeal cancer among others. HPV vaccination has become a public-health concern, worldwide, to prevent the cases of HPV infections including precancerous lesions, cervical cancers, and genital warts especially in adolescent female and male population by launching national programs with international alliances. Currently, available prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines are expensive to be used in developing countries for vaccination programs. The recent progress in immunotherapy, biotechnology, recombinant DNA technology and molecular biology along with alternative and complementary medicinal systems have paved novel ways and valuable opportunities to design and develop effective prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines, drugs and treatment approach to counter HPV effectively. Exploration and more researches on such advances could result in the gradual reduction in the incidences of HPV cases across the world. The present review presents a current global scenario and futuristic prospects of the advanced prophylactic and therapeutic approaches against HPV along with recent patents coverage of the progress and advances in drugs, vaccines and therapeutic regimens to effectively combat HPV infections and its cancerous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, West Tripura, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Minakshi Prasad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- Department of Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Sameer Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, U P Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Department of Parasitology, Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Faculty of Medicine SIriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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17
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Barra F, Leone Roberti Maggiore U, Bogani G, Ditto A, Signorelli M, Martinelli F, Chiappa V, Lorusso D, Raspagliesi F, Ferrero S. New prophylactics human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines against cervical cancer. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2018; 39:1-10. [DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2018.1493441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Barra
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Bogani
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonino Ditto
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Signorelli
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Martinelli
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Chiappa
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenica Lorusso
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Simone Ferrero
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
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18
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Bywaters SM, Brendle SA, Biryukov J, Wang JW, Walston J, Milici J, Roden RB, Meyers C, Christensen ND. Production and characterization of a novel HPV anti-L2 monoclonal antibody panel. Virology 2018; 524:106-113. [PMID: 30170240 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The major capsid protein of HPV, L1, assembles into pentamers that form a T = 7 icosahedral particle, but the location of the co-assembled minor capsid protein, L2, remains controversial. Several researchers have developed useful monoclonal antibodies targeting L2, but most react with linear epitopes toward the N-terminus. As a means to better define the virus capsid and better assess the localization and exposure of L2 epitopes in the context of assembled HPV, we have developed a panel of 30 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which target the N-terminus of L2 amino acids 11-200, previously defined as a broadly protective immunogen. Select mAbs were processed with enzymes and anti-L2 Fabs were generated. These new mAb/Fab probes will be beneficial in future studies to unravel the placement of L2 and to help better define the role of L2 in the HPV lifecycle and the nature of the broadly protective epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Bywaters
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - S A Brendle
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - J Biryukov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - J W Wang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - J Walston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - J Milici
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - R B Roden
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - C Meyers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - N D Christensen
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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19
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Adenovirus based HPV L2 vaccine induces broad cross-reactive humoral immune responses. Vaccine 2018; 36:4462-4470. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Chen X, Zhang T, Liu H, Hao Y, Liao G, Xu X. Displaying 31RG-1 peptide on the surface of HPV16 L1 by use of a human papillomavirus chimeric virus-like particle induces cross-neutralizing antibody responses in mice. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2025-2033. [PMID: 29683766 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1464355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current available human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are based on the major capsid protein L1 virus-like particles (VLPs), which mainly induce type-specific neutralizing antibodies against vaccine types. Continuing to add more types of VLPs in a vaccine raises the complexity and cost of production which remains the principal impediment to achieve broad implementation of HPV vaccines, particularly in developing regions. In this study, we constructed 16L1-31L2 chimeric VLP (cVLP) by displaying HPV31 L2 aa.17-38 on the h4 coil surface region of HPV16 L1, and assessed its immunogenicity in mouse model. We found that the cVLP adjuvanted with alum plus monophosphoryl lipid A could induce cross-neutralizing antibody responses against 16 out of 17 tested HPV pseudoviruses, and the titer against HPV16 was as high as that was induced by HPV16 L1VLP (titer > 105), more importantly, titers over 103 were observed against two HR-HPVs including HPV31 (titer, 2,200) and -59 (titer, 1,013), among which HPV59 was not covered by Gardasil-9, and medium or low titers of cross-neutralizing antibodies against other 13 tested HPV pseudoviruses were also observed. Our data demonstrate that 16L1-31L2 cVLP is a promising candidate for the formulation of broader spectrum HPV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- a Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology , Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Ting Zhang
- a Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology , Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Hongyang Liu
- a Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology , Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Yaru Hao
- a Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology , Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Guoyang Liao
- b The Fifth Department of Biological Products , Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College , Yunnan , China
| | - Xuemei Xu
- a Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology , Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
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21
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A Dual-Type L2 11-88 Peptide from HPV Types 16/18 Formulated in Montanide ISA 720 Induced Strong and Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Responses, Associated with High Titers of Broad Spectrum Cross-Reactive Antibodies in Vaccinated Mice. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:9464186. [PMID: 29854852 PMCID: PMC5960516 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9464186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
E. coli-derived concatenated, multitype L2-conserved epitopes of human papillomavirus (HPV) L2 protein might represent a less expensive and pan-type vaccine alternative (compared to type-specific HPV L1 virus-like particles), if stable protein expression and strong immunogenicity features could be met. Herein, three dual-type- (DT-) HPV L2 fusion peptides comprising the three head-to-tail tandem repeats (multimers) of either HPV 16 epitope “17-36” or “69-81” or one copy (monomer) of 11-88 fused to the same residues of HPV 18 were constructed and expressed in E. coli. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analyses indicated the proper expression and stability of the E. coli-derived DT peptides. Mice immunized by formulation of the purified DT peptides and Freund's adjuvant (CFA/IFA) raised neutralizing antibodies (NAbs; the highest for DT: 11-88 peptide) which showed proper cross-reactivity to HPV types: 18, 16, 31, and 45 and efficiently neutralized HPV 18/16 pseudoviruses in vitro. Immunization studies in mice by formulation of the DT: 11-88 × 1 peptide with various adjuvants (alum, MF59, and Montanides ISA 720 and 50) indicated that Montanide adjuvants elicited the highest cross-reactive titers of NAbs and similar levels of IgG1 and IgG2a (switching towards balanced Th1/Th2 responses). The results implied development of low-cost E. coli-derived DT: 11-88 peptide formulated in human compatible ISA 720 adjuvant as a HPV vaccine.
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Hasche D, Vinzón SE, Rösl F. Cutaneous Papillomaviruses and Non-melanoma Skin Cancer: Causal Agents or Innocent Bystanders? Front Microbiol 2018; 9:874. [PMID: 29770129 PMCID: PMC5942179 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is still controversy in the scientific field about whether certain types of cutaneous human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are causally involved in the development of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Deciphering the etiological role of cutaneous HPVs requires - besides tissue culture systems - appropriate preclinical models to match the obtained results with clinical data from affected patients. Clear scientific evidence about the etiology and underlying mechanisms involved in NMSC development is fundamental to provide reasonable arguments for public health institutions to classify at least certain cutaneous HPVs as group 1 carcinogens. This in turn would have implications on fundraising institutions and health care decision makers to force - similarly as for anogenital cancer - the implementation of a broad vaccination program against "high-risk" cutaneous HPVs to prevent NMSC as the most frequent cancer worldwide. Precise knowledge of the multi-step progression from normal cells to cancer is a prerequisite to understand the functional and clinical impact of cofactors that affect the individual outcome and the personalized treatment of a disease. This overview summarizes not only recent arguments that favor the acceptance of a viral etiology in NMSC development but also reflects aspects of causality in medicine, the use of empirically meaningful model systems and strategies for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hasche
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, Research Program "Infection, Inflammation and Cancer", German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina E Vinzón
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Frank Rösl
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, Research Program "Infection, Inflammation and Cancer", German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Wang L, Cai Y, Xiong Y, Du W, Cen D, Zhang C, Song Y, Zhu S, Xue X, Zhang L. DNA plasmid vaccine carrying Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) major outer membrane and human papillomavirus 16L2 proteins for anti-Ct infection. Oncotarget 2018; 8:33241-33251. [PMID: 28402260 PMCID: PMC5464864 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is one of the most frequently encountered sexual infection all over the world, yielding tremendous reproductive problems (e.g. infertility and ectopic pregnancy) in the women. This work described the design of a plasmid vaccine that protect mice from Ct infection, and reduce productive tract damage by generating effective antibody and cytotoxic T cell immunity. The vaccine, s was composed of MOMP multi-epitope and HPV16L2 genes carried in pcDNA plasmid (i.e. pcDNA3.1/MOMP/HPV16L). In transfection, the vaccine expressed the chimeric genes (i.e. MOMP and HPV16L2), as demonstrated via western blot, RT-PCR and fluorescence imaging. In vitro, the vaccine transfected COS-7 cells and expressed the proteins corresponding to the genes carried in the vaccine. Through intramuscular immunization in BALB/c mice, the vaccine induced higher levels of anti-Ct IgG titer, anti-HPV16L2 IgG titer in serum and IgA titer in local mucosal secretions, compared to plasmid vaccines that carry only Ct MOMP multi-epitope or HPV16L2 chimeric component only. In mice intravaginally challenged with Ct, the vaccines pcDNA3.1/MOMP/HPV16L2 generated a higher level of genital protection compared to other vaccine formulations. Additionally, histochemical staining indicated that pcDNA3.1/MOMP/HPV16L2 eliminated mouse genital tract tissue pathologies induced by Ct infection. This work demonstrated that pcDNA/MOMP/HPV16L2 vaccine can protect against Ct infection by regulating antibody production, cytotoxic T cell killing functions and reducing pathological damage in mice genital tract. This work can potentially offer us a new vaccine platform against Ct infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ledan Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiqi Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yirong Xiong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wangqi Du
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danwei Cen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chanqiong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiling Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shanli Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangyang Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
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Minor Capsid Protein L2 Polytope Induces Broad Protection against Oncogenic and Mucosal Human Papillomaviruses. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01930-17. [PMID: 29212932 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01930-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The amino terminus of the human papillomavirus (HPV) minor capsid protein L2 contains a major cross-neutralization epitope which provides the basis for the development of a broadly protecting HPV vaccine. A wide range of protection against different HPV types would eliminate one of the major drawbacks of the commercial, L1-based prophylactic vaccines. Previously, we have reported that insertion of the L2 epitope into a scaffold composed of bacterial thioredoxin protein generates a potent antigen inducing comprehensive protection against different animal and human papillomaviruses. We also reported, however, that although protection is broad, some oncogenic HPV types escape the neutralizing antibody response, if L2 epitopes from single HPV types are used as immunogen. We were able to compensate for this by applying a mix of thioredoxin proteins carrying L2 epitopes from HPV16, -31, and -51. As the development of a cost-efficient HPV prophylactic vaccines is one of our objectives, this approach is not feasible as it requires the development of multiple good manufacturing production processes in combination with a complex vaccine formulation. Here, we report the development of a thermostable thioredoxin-based single-peptide vaccine carrying an L2 polytope of up to 11 different HPV types. The L2 polytope antigens have excellent abilities in respect to broadness of protection and robustness of induced immune responses. To further increase immunogenicity, we fused the thioredoxin L2 polytope antigen with a heptamerization domain. In the final vaccine design, we achieve protective responses against all 14 oncogenic HPV types that we have analyzed plus the low-risk HPVs 6 and 11 and a number of cutaneous HPVs.IMPORTANCE Infections by a large number of human papillomaviruses lead to malignant and nonmalignant disease. Current commercial vaccines based on virus-like particles (VLPs) effectively protect against some HPV types but fail to do so for most others. Further, only about a third of all countries have access to the VLP vaccines. The minor capsid protein L2 has been shown to contain so-called neutralization epitopes within its N terminus. We designed polytopes comprising the L2 epitope amino acids 20 to 38 of up to 11 different mucosal HPV types and inserted them into the scaffold of thioredoxin derived from a thermophile archaebacterium. The antigen induced neutralizing antibody responses in mice and guinea pigs against 26 mucosal and cutaneous HPV types. Further, addition of a heptamerization domain significantly increased the immunogenicity. The final vaccine design comprising a heptamerized L2 8-mer thioredoxin single-peptide antigen with excellent thermal stability might overcome some of the limitations of the current VLP vaccines.
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Broadly neutralizing antiviral responses induced by a single-molecule HPV vaccine based on thermostable thioredoxin-L2 multiepitope nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:18000. [PMID: 29269879 PMCID: PMC5740060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines targeting the human papillomavirus (HPV) minor capsid protein L2 are emerging as chemico-physically robust and broadly protective alternatives to the current HPV (L1-VLP) vaccines. We have previously developed a trivalent L2 vaccine prototype exploiting Pyrococcus furiosus thioredoxin (PfTrx) as a thermostable scaffold for the separate presentation of three distinct HPV L2(20–38) epitopes. With the aim of achieving a highly immunogenic, yet simpler and more GMP-production affordable formulation, we report here on a novel thermostable nanoparticle vaccine relying on genetic fusion of PfTrx-L2 with the heptamerizing coiled-coil polypeptide OVX313. A prototype HPV16 monoepitope version of this nanoparticle vaccine (PfTrx-L2-OVX313; median radius: 8.6 ± 1.0 nm) proved to be approximately 10-fold more immunogenic and with a strikingly enhanced cross-neutralization capacity compared to its monomeric counterpart. Vaccine-induced (cross-)neutralizing responses were further potentiated in a multiepitope derivative displaying eight different L2(20–38) epitopes, which elicited neutralizing antibodies against 10 different HPVs including three viral types not represented in the vaccine. Considering the prospective safety of the PfTrx scaffold and of the OVX313 heptamerization module, PfTrx-OVX313 nanoparticles lend themselves as robust L2-based immunogens with a high translational potential as a 3rd generation HPV vaccine, but also as a novel and extremely versatile peptide-antigen presentation platform.
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Negahdaripour M, Eslami M, Nezafat N, Hajighahramani N, Ghoshoon MB, Shoolian E, Dehshahri A, Erfani N, Morowvat MH, Ghasemi Y. A novel HPV prophylactic peptide vaccine, designed by immunoinformatics and structural vaccinology approaches. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 54:402-416. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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A novel candidate HPV vaccine: MS2 phage VLP displaying a tandem HPV L2 peptide offers similar protection in mice to Gardasil-9. Antiviral Res 2017; 147:116-123. [PMID: 28939477 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause approximately 5% of cancer cases worldwide. Fortunately, three prophylactic vaccines have been approved to protect against HPV infections. Gardasil-9, the most recent HPV vaccine, is predicted to offer protection against the HPV types that cause ∼90% of cervical cancer, 86% of HPV-associated penile cancers, and ∼93% of HPV-associated head & neck cancers. As an alternative to Gardasil-9, we developed and tested a novel candidate vaccine targeting conserved epitopes in the HPV minor capsid protein, L2. We displayed a tandem HPV31/16L2 peptide (amino acid 17-31) or consensus peptides from HPV L2 (amino acid 69-86 or 108-122) on the surface of bacteriophage MS2 virus-like particles (VLPs). Mice immunized with the MS2 VLPs displaying the tandem peptide or immunized with a mixture of VLPs (displaying the tandem peptide and consensus peptide 69-86) elicited high titer antibodies against individual L2 epitopes. Moreover, vaccinated mice were protected from cervicovaginal infection with HPV pseudoviruses 16, 31, 45, 58 and sera from immunized mice neutralized HPV pseudoviruses 18 and 33 at levels similar to mice immunized with Gardasil-9. These results suggest that immunization with a tandem, L2 peptide or a low valency mixture of L2 peptide-displaying VLPs can provide broad protection against multiple HPV types.
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Khiavi FM, Arashkia A, Nasimi M, Mahdavi M, Golkar M, Roohvand F, Azadmanesh K. Immunization of mice by a multimeric L2-based linear epitope (17-36) from HPV type 16/18 induced cross reactive neutralizing antibodies. Res Pharm Sci 2017; 12:265-273. [PMID: 28855937 PMCID: PMC5566000 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.212043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current licensed and commercially available prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines (Cervarix and quadrivalent/nine valents Gardasil) are based on major capsid protein L1 virus-like particles (VLPs) production which are expensive and type specific. Minor capsid L2-RG1 linear epitope (17-36) is a known candidate for induction of cross-neutralizing antibodies to develop low-cost pan-HPV vaccines. Herein, we report construction and expression of a three tandem repeats of L2-RG1 derived from HPV16 and 18 fused with the same head to tail pattern (HPV16:17-36×3+ HPV18:17-36×3; hereafter termed dual-type fusion L2 peptide) in E. coli and provide the results of its immunogenicity in mice. SDS-PAGE and western blot analyses indicated proper expression of the peptide that could be further purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography via the located C-terminal 6xHis-tag. Mice immunized by formulation of the purified peptide and Freund adjuvant raised neutralizing antibodies which showed proper cross reactivity to HPV L2 (11-200) of types: 18, 16, 31 and 45 (which totally are responsible for 90% of cervical cancers) and efficiently neutralized HPV18/16 pseudoviruses in vitro. Our results imply the possibility of development of a simple, low-cost preventive HPV vaccine based on this dual-type fusion L2 peptide in bacterial expression system with broad spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Maryam Nasimi
- Department of Dermatology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Mehdi Mahdavi
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Majid Golkar
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Farzin Roohvand
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Kayhan Azadmanesh
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, I.R. Iran
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Kalnin K, Chivukula S, Tibbitts T, Yan Y, Stegalkina S, Shen L, Cieszynski J, Costa V, Sabharwal R, Anderson SF, Christensen N, Jagu S, Roden RBS, Kleanthous H. Incorporation of RG1 epitope concatemers into a self-adjuvanting Flagellin-L2 vaccine broaden durable protection against cutaneous challenge with diverse human papillomavirus genotypes. Vaccine 2017; 35:4942-4951. [PMID: 28778613 PMCID: PMC6454882 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To achieve durable and broad protection against human papillomaviruses by vaccination with multimers of minor capsid antigen L2 using self-adjuvanting fusions with the toll-like receptor-5 (TLR5) ligand bacterial flagellin (Fla) instead of co-formulation with alum. METHODS Fla fusions with L2 protective epitopes comprising residues 11-200, 11-88 and/or 17-38 of a single or multiple HPV types were produced in E. coli and their capacity to activate TLR5 signaling was assessed. Immunogenicity was evaluated serially following administration of 3 intramuscular doses of Fla-L2 multimer without exogenous adjuvant, followed by challenge 1, 3, 6 or 12months later, and efficacy compared to vaccination with human doses of L1 VLP vaccines (Gardasil and Cervarix) or L2 multimer formulated in alum. Serum antibody responses were assessed by peptide ELISA, in vitro neutralization assays and passive transfer to naïve rabbits in which End-Point Protection Titers (EPPT) were determined using serial dilutions of pooled immune sera collected 1, 3, 6 or 12months after completing active immunization. Efficacy was assessed by determining wart volume following concurrent challenge at different sites with HPV6/16/18/31/45/58 'quasivirions' containing cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) genomes. RESULTS Vaccination in the absence of exogenous adjuvant with Fla-HPV16 L2 11-200 fusion protein elicited durable protection against HPV16, but limited cross-protection against other HPV types. Peptide mapping data suggested the importance of the 17-38 aa region in conferring immunity. Indeed, addition of L2 residues 17-38 of HPV6/18/31/39/52 to a Fla-HPV16 L2 11-200 or 11-88 elicited broader protection via active or passive immunization, similar to that seen with vaccination with an alum-adjuvanted L2 multimer comprising the aa 11-88 peptides of five or eight genital HPV types. CONCLUSIONS Vaccination with flagellin fused L2 multimers provided lasting (>1year) immunity without the need for an exogenous adjuvant. Inclusion of the L2 amino acid 17-38 region in such multi-HPV type fusions expanded the spectrum of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Kalnin
- Research, Sanofi Pasteur, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | | | - Yanhua Yan
- Research, Sanofi Pasteur, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Lihua Shen
- Research, Sanofi Pasteur, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Victor Costa
- Research, Sanofi Pasteur, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Neil Christensen
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Subhashini Jagu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard B S Roden
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Pouyanfard S, Müller M. Human papillomavirus first and second generation vaccines-current status and future directions. Biol Chem 2017; 398:871-889. [PMID: 28328521 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been more than 10 years that the first prophylactic papillomavirus vaccine became available, although distribution has been mainly limited to the more affluent countries. The first two vaccines have been a great success, hundreds of millions of women and a much smaller number of men have been vaccinated ever since. In a few countries with high vaccination coverage, in particular Australia but also parts of Great Britain and others, clinical impact of vaccination programs is already visible and there are indications for herd immunity as well. Vaccine efficacy is higher than originally estimated and the vaccines have an excellent safety profile. Gardasil9 is a second generation HPV virus-like particle vaccine that was licensed in 2015 and there are more to come in the near future. Currently, burning questions in respect to HPV vaccination are the duration of protection - especially in regard to cross-protection - reduction of the three-dose regimen and its impact on cross-protection; and duration of response, as well as protection against oropharyngeal HPV infections. Furthermore, researchers are seeking to overcome limitations of the VLP vaccines, namely low thermal stability, cost, invasive administration, limited coverage of non-vaccine HPV types, and lack of therapeutic efficacy. In this review we summarize the current status of licensed VLP vaccines and address questions related to second and third generation HPV vaccines.
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Chen X, Liu H, Wang Z, Wang S, Zhang T, Hu M, Qiao L, Xu X. Human papillomavirus 16L1-58L2 chimeric virus-like particles elicit durable neutralizing antibody responses against a broad-spectrum of human papillomavirus types. Oncotarget 2017; 8:63333-63344. [PMID: 28968993 PMCID: PMC5609925 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The neutralizing antibodies elicited by human papillomavirus (HPV) major capsid protein L1 virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines are largely type-specific. An HPV vaccine inducing cross-neutralizing antibodies broadly will be cost-effective and of great value. To this end, we constructed HPV16L1-58L2 chimeric VLP (cVLP) by displaying HPV58 L2 aa.16-37 on the DE surface region of HPV16 L1. We found that vaccination with the HPV16L1-58L2 cVLP formulated with alum plus monophosphoryl lipid A (Alum-MPL) adjuvant elicited robust neutralizing antibodies in both mice and rabbits against all tested HPV types including HPV16/31/33/35/52/58 (genus α9), HPV18/39/45/59/68 (genus α7), HPV6/11 (genus α10), HPV2/27/57 (genus α4), and HPV5 (genus β1). Importantly, the cross-neutralizing antibody response was maintained at least 82 weeks in mice or 42 weeks in rabbits, and complete protection against HPV58 was observed at week 85 in mice. Our data demonstrate that HPV16L1-58L2 cVLP is an excellent pan-HPV vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Hongyang Liu
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Zhirong Wang
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Meili Hu
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.,Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.,Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, China
| | - Xuemei Xu
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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Spontaneous and Vaccine-Induced Clearance of Mus Musculus Papillomavirus 1 Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00699-17. [PMID: 28515303 PMCID: PMC5512245 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00699-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mus musculus papillomavirus 1 (MmuPV1/MusPV1) induces persistent papillomas in immunodeficient mice but not in common laboratory strains. To facilitate the study of immune control, we sought an outbred and immunocompetent laboratory mouse strain in which persistent papillomas could be established. We found that challenge of SKH1 mice (Crl:SKH1-Hrhr) with MmuPV1 by scarification on their tail resulted in three clinical outcomes: (i) persistent (>2-month) papillomas (∼20%); (ii) transient papillomas that spontaneously regress, typically within 2 months (∼15%); and (iii) no visible papillomas and viral clearance (∼65%). SKH1 mice with persistent papillomas were treated by using a candidate preventive/therapeutic naked-DNA vaccine that expresses human calreticulin (hCRT) fused in frame to MmuPV1 E6 (mE6) and mE7 early proteins and residues 11 to 200 of the late protein L2 (hCRTmE6/mE7/mL2). Three intramuscular DNA vaccinations were delivered biweekly via in vivo electroporation, and both humoral and CD8 T cell responses were mapped and measured. Previously persistent papillomas disappeared within 2 months after the final vaccination. Coincident virologic clearance was confirmed by in situ hybridization and a failure of disease to recur after CD3 T cell depletion. Vaccination induced strong mE6 and mE7 CD8+ T cell responses in all mice, although they were significantly weaker in mice that initially presented with persistent warts than in those that spontaneously cleared their infection. A human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16)-targeted version of the DNA vaccine also induced L2 antibodies and protected mice from vaginal challenge with an HPV16 pseudovirus. Thus, MmuPV1 challenge of SKH1 mice is a promising model of spontaneous and immunotherapy-directed clearances of HPV-related disease.IMPORTANCE High-risk-type human papillomaviruses (hrHPVs) cause 5% of all cancer cases worldwide, notably cervical, anogenital, and oropharyngeal cancers. Since preventative HPV vaccines have not been widely used in many countries and do not impact existing infections, there is considerable interest in the development of therapeutic vaccines to address existing disease and infections. The strict tropism of HPV requires the use of animal papillomavirus models for therapeutic vaccine development. However, MmuPV1 failed to grow in common laboratory strains of mice with an intact immune system. We show that MmuPV1 challenge of the outbred immunocompetent SKH1 strain produces both transient and persistent papillomas and that vaccination of the mice with a DNA expressing an MmuPV1 E6E7L2 fusion with calreticulin can rapidly clear persistent papillomas. Furthermore, an HPV16-targeted version of the DNA can protect against vaginal challenge with HPV16, suggesting the promise of this approach to both prevent and treat papillomavirus-related disease.
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Gupta G, Glueck R, Patel PR. HPV vaccines: Global perspectives. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1-4. [PMID: 28362244 PMCID: PMC5489288 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1289301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of HPV as the etiological factor for HPV-associated malignancies and disease has opened up several opportunities for prevention and therapy. Current commercially available HPV vaccines (Gardasil, Gardasil 9, and Cervarix) are prophylactic in nature and derived from adjuvanted L1-based virus-like particles of HPV. Globally, through several clinical trials, they were found to be very safe and efficacious. Certain limitations such as cost-effectiveness, low coverage against all HPV types and a 3-dose schedule make these vaccines difficult to use worldwide. Approaches to address these issues involve alternate expression systems using L1 or alternate antigen (L2) as well as optimizing doses and broadening protection to provide cheap and cross-protective vaccines. Additionally, promising preclinical immunogenicity results from our own studies using alternative hosts such as Pichia and an antigen delivery system-based measles vector have potential for development as next generation HPV prophylactic vaccines. Several other therapeutic approaches are also ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Gupta
- Vaccine Technology Centre, Zydus Biologics Compound, Changodar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Reinhard Glueck
- Vaccine Technology Centre, Zydus Biologics Compound, Changodar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Pankaj R. Patel
- Vaccine Technology Centre, Zydus Biologics Compound, Changodar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Ghorban Hosseini N, Tebianian M, Farhadi A, Hossein khani A, Rahimi A, Mortazavi M, Hosseini SY, Taghizadeh M, Rezaei M, Mahdavi M. In Silico Analysis of L1/L2 Sequences of Human Papillomaviruses: Implication for Universal Vaccine Design. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:210-223. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nazila Ghorban Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Tebianian
- Department of Biotechnology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ayoub Farhadi
- Laboratory for Molecular Cytogenetic, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali Hossein khani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Young Researchers and Elite Club, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arian Rahimi
- Department of Microbiology, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Mortazavi
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Science, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Seyed Younes Hosseini
- GastroenteroHepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Morteza Taghizadeh
- Department of Medical Virology, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Rezaei
- Department of Microbiology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mahdavi
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Huber B, Schellenbacher C, Shafti-Keramat S, Jindra C, Christensen N, Kirnbauer R. Chimeric L2-Based Virus-Like Particle (VLP) Vaccines Targeting Cutaneous Human Papillomaviruses (HPV). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169533. [PMID: 28056100 PMCID: PMC5215943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Common cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) types induce skin warts, whereas species beta HPV are implicated, together with UV-radiation, in the development of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) in immunosuppressed patients. Licensed HPV vaccines contain virus-like particles (VLP) self-assembled from L1 major capsid proteins that provide type-restricted protection against mucosal HPV infections causing cervical and other ano-genital and oro-pharyngeal carcinomas and warts (condylomas), but do not target heterologous HPV. Experimental papillomavirus vaccines have been designed based on L2 minor capsid proteins that contain type-common neutralization epitopes, to broaden protection to heterologous mucosal and cutaneous HPV types. Repetitive display of the HPV16 L2 cross-neutralization epitope RG1 (amino acids (aa) 17-36) on the surface of HPV16 L1 VLP has greatly enhanced immunogenicity of the L2 peptide. To more directly target cutaneous HPV, L1 fusion proteins were designed that incorporate the RG1 homolog of beta HPV17, the beta HPV5 L2 peptide aa53-72, or the common cutaneous HPV4 RG1 homolog, inserted into DE surface loops of HPV1, 5, 16 or 18 L1 VLP scaffolds. Baculovirus expressed chimeric proteins self-assembled into VLP and VLP-raised NZW rabbit immune sera were evaluated by ELISA and L1- and L2-based pseudovirion (PsV) neutralizing assays, including 12 novel beta PsV types. Chimeric VLP displaying the HPV17 RG1 epitope, but not the HPV5L2 aa53-72 epitope, induced cross-neutralizing humoral immune responses to beta HPV. In vivo cross-protection was evaluated by passive serum transfer in a murine PsV challenge model. Immune sera to HPV16L1-17RG1 VLP (cross-) protected against beta HPV5/20/24/38/96/16 (but not type 76), while antisera to HPV5L1-17RG1 VLP cross-protected against HPV20/24/96 only, and sera to HPV1L1-4RG1 VLP cross-protected against HPV4 challenge. In conclusion, RG1-based VLP are promising next generation vaccine candidates to target cutaneous HPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Huber
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Schellenbacher
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Saeed Shafti-Keramat
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Jindra
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Neil Christensen
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Reinhard Kirnbauer
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Developments in L2-based human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines. Virus Res 2016; 231:166-175. [PMID: 27889616 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infections with sexually transmitted high-risk Human Papillomavirus (hrHPV), of which there are at least 15 genotypes, are responsible for a tremendous disease burden by causing cervical, and subsets of other ano-genital and oro-pharyngeal carcinomas, together representing 5% of all cancer cases worldwide. HPV subunit vaccines consisting of virus-like particles (VLP) self-assembled from major capsid protein L1 plus adjuvant have been licensed. Prophylactic vaccinations with the 2-valent (HPV16/18), 4-valent (HPV6/11/16/18), or 9-valent (HPV6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58) vaccine induce high-titer neutralizing antibodies restricted to the vaccine types that cause up to 90% of cervical carcinomas, a subset of other ano-genital and oro-pharyngeal cancers and 90% of benign ano-genital warts (condylomata). The complexity of manufacturing multivalent L1-VLP vaccines limits the number of included VLP types and thus the vaccines' spectrum of protection, leaving a panel of oncogenic mucosal HPV unaddressed. In addition, current vaccines do not protect against cutaneous HPV types causing benign skin warts, or against beta-papillomavirus (betaPV) types implicated in the development of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) in immunosuppressed patients. In contrast with L1-VLP, the minor capsid protein L2 contains type-common epitopes that induce low-titer yet broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies to heterologous PV types and provide cross-protection in animal challenge models. Efforts to increase the low immunogenicity of L2 (poly)-peptides and thereby to develop broader-spectrum HPV vaccines are the focus of this review.
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Zhang T, Liu H, Chen X, Wang Z, Wang S, Qu C, Zhang J, Xu X. Lipidated L2 epitope repeats fused with a single-chain antibody fragment targeting human FcγRI elicited cross-neutralizing antibodies against a broad spectrum of human papillomavirus types. Vaccine 2016; 34:5531-5539. [PMID: 27729176 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been identified, and the global burden of diseases associated with HPV infection is remarkable, especially in developing regions. Thus a low-cost broad-spectrum prophylactic vaccine is urgently needed. The N-terminal amino acid 17-36 of HPV 16 L2 protein is confirmed to be a major cross-neutralizing epitope (RG-1 epitope). Monomeric proteins containing RG-1 epitopes and scaffold proteins, such as bacterial thioredoxin or modified IgG1 Fc fragment and L2 epitope fusion protein, induced cross-neutralizing antibodies, arousing the possibility of the development of low-cost monomeric vaccine in bacterial expression system. Here we show that a novel immunogen-scaffold protein containing a lipidated triple-repeat HPV 16RG-1 epitope and a hFcγRI specific single-chain antibody fragment (H22scFv), named LpE3H22, elicited high titers of cross-neutralizing antibodies against a broad range of mucosal and cutaneous HPV types when adjuvanted with MF59 and poly I:C. LpE3H22 was produced in E. coli expression system. In contrast to three repeats of RG-1 epitope (E3) and unlipidated fusion protein E3H22, vaccination of LpE3H22 induced robust cross-neutralizing antibody responses in hFcγRI transgenic mice. Furthermore, the neutralizing antibody response induced by LpE3H22 was significantly weaker in WT mice than in the Tg mice. The cross-neutralizing antibodies induced by LpE3H22 sustained for at least 10months in Tg mice. Our results demonstrate that hFcγRI targeting and lipidation both contribute to the enhancement of immunogenicity of L2 antigen. Therefore, delivering the lipidated L2 antigen with H22scFv opens a new avenue for low-cost pan-HPV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyang Liu
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhirong Wang
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chunfeng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingzhi Zhang
- Changchun Werersai Biotec Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, Changchun, China
| | - Xuemei Xu
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) represent a large collection of viral types associated with significant clinical disease of cutaneous and mucosal epithelium. HPV-associated cancers are found in anogenital and oral mucosa, and at various cutaneous sites. Papillomaviruses are highly species and tissue restricted, and these viruses display both mucosotropic, cutaneotropic or dual tropism for epithelial tissues. A subset of HPV types, predominantly mucosal, are also oncogenic and cancers with these HPV types account for more than 200,000 deaths world-wide. Host control of HPV infections requires both innate and adaptive immunity, but the viruses have developed strategies to escape immune detection. Viral proteins can disrupt both innate pathogen-sensing pathways and T-cell based recognition and subsequent destruction of infected tissues. Current treatments to manage HPV infections include mostly ablative strategies in which recurrences are common and only active disease is treated. Although much is known about the papillomavirus life cycle, viral protein functions, and immune responsiveness, we still lack knowledge in a number of key areas of PV biology including tissue tropism, site-specific cancer progression, codon usage profiles, and what are the best strategies to mount an effective immune response to the carcinogenic stages of PV disease. In this review, disease transmission, protection and control are discussed together with questions related to areas in PV biology that will continue to provide productive opportunities of discovery and to further our understanding of this diverse set of human viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Christensen
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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41
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Spagnoli G, Bolchi A, Cavazzini D, Pouyanfard S, Müller M, Ottonello S. Secretory production of designed multipeptides displayed on a thermostable bacterial thioredoxin scaffold in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 129:150-157. [PMID: 27133916 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Internal grafting of designed peptides to scaffold proteins is a valuable strategy for a variety of applications including recombinant peptide antigen construction. A peptide epitope from human papillomavirus (HPV) minor capsid protein L2 displayed on thioredoxin (Trx) has been validated preclinically as a broadly protective and low-cost alternative HPV vaccine. Focusing on thioredoxin from the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus (PfTrx) as a scaffold, we have constructed a modified Pichia pastoris expression vector and used a PfTrx fusion derivative containing three tandemly repeated copies of a 19 amino acids peptide epitope from HPV-L2 for expression optimization and biochemical-immunological characterization of the Pichia-produced PfTrx-L2 antigen. We show that PfTrx-L2 is produced at high levels (up to 100 mg from a 100 ml starting culture using a multi-cycle induction protocol) and secreted into the culture medium as a highly enriched (>70% pure), non-glycosylated polypeptide that can be purified to homogeneity in a single step. Oxidation and aggregation state, thermal stability and immunogenicity of the endotoxin-free PfTrx-L2 antigen produced in P. pastoris were tested and found to be identical to those of the same antigen produced in Escherichia coli. Secretory production of endotoxin-free PfTrx-peptides in P. pastoris represents a cost- and time-effective alternative to E. coli production. Specifically designed for peptide antigens, the PfTrx-expression vector and conditions described herein are easily transferable to a variety of applications centred on the use of structurally constrained bioactive peptides as immune as well as target-specific binder reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Spagnoli
- Department of Life Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Angelo Bolchi
- Department of Life Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Cavazzini
- Department of Life Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Simone Ottonello
- Department of Life Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Parma, Italy.
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Zhai L, Tumban E. Gardasil-9: A global survey of projected efficacy. Antiviral Res 2016; 130:101-9. [PMID: 27040313 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the causative agents of human neoplasias such as warts and cancers. There are ∼19 HPV types associated with cancers, which has made it very challenging for first generation HPV vaccines to offer complete protection against all cancer-causing HPV types. Recently, a second generation HPV vaccine, Gardasil-9, has been approved to protect against more HPV types. Worldwide, Gardasil-9 will protect against HPV types associated with ∼90% of cervical cancer case in women and 80-95% of other HPV-associated anogenital cancers in both men and women. However, due to variation in HPV-type specific prevalence and distribution, the vaccine will offer different percentages of protection in different geographical regions; Gardasil-9 will offer protection against HPV types associated with ∼87.7% of cervical cancers in Asia, 91.7% in Africa, 92% in North America, 90.9% in Europe, 89.5% in Latin America & the Caribbean, and 86.5% in Australia. Because of this, Pap smear screening and testing for HPV types not included in Gardasil-9 will need to continue, especially in HIV/AIDS patients. In order to achieve complete protection against all HPV types that cause cervical cancer, a third-generation HPV vaccine is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukai Zhai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, United states
| | - Ebenezer Tumban
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, United states.
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Jiang RT, Schellenbacher C, Chackerian B, Roden RBS. Progress and prospects for L2-based human papillomavirus vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:853-62. [PMID: 26901354 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1157479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a worldwide public health problem, particularly in resource-limited countries. Fifteen high-risk genital HPV types are sexually transmitted and cause 5% of all cancers worldwide, primarily cervical, anogenital and oropharyngeal carcinomas. Skin HPV types are generally associated with benign disease, but a subset is linked to non-melanoma skin cancer. Licensed HPV vaccines based on virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from L1 major capsid antigen of key high risk HPVs are effective at preventing these infections but do not cover cutaneous types and are not therapeutic. Vaccines targeting L2 minor capsid antigen, some using capsid display, adjuvant and fusions with early HPV antigens or Toll-like receptor agonists, are in development to fill these gaps. Progress and challenges with L2-based vaccines are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie T Jiang
- a Department of Pathology , The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Christina Schellenbacher
- b Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Department of Dermatology , Medical University Vienna (MUW) , Vienna , Austria
| | - Bryce Chackerian
- c Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology , University of New Mexico School of Medicine , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Richard B S Roden
- a Department of Pathology , The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA.,d Department of Oncology , The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA.,e Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics , The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
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44
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Savini F, Gallina L, Alberti A, Müller M, Scagliarini A. Bovine papillomavirus type 7 in Italy: complete genomes and sequence variants. Virus Genes 2016; 52:253-60. [PMID: 26837892 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Two novel bovine papillomavirus type 7 (BPV-7) variants have been identified in teat cutaneous papillomas affecting dairy cows in northern Italy. The entire genome sequences of two BPV-7 Italian variants showed major sequence differences in the long control region (LCR) and in the L2 gene compared to the Japanese reference strain. In order to define the stability of these genetic variants, the L2 and LCR sequences of seven further BPV-7 positive isolates were characterized. An insertion of six amino acids in the L2 structural protein has been detected in all samples while different genetic variants have been identified for the LCR. These findings provide new insights on intra-type variability of BPVs and represent a starting point for future studies aimed at establishing the biological role of the different BPV genomic regions and investigating the pathogenic potential of papillomavirus variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Savini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Gallina
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alberto Alberti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Martin Müller
- Infections and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), F035, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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45
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Abstract
Cutaneous papillomaviruses are associated with specific skin diseases, such as extensive wart formation and the development of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), especially in immunosuppressed patients. Hence, clinical approaches are required that prevent such lesions. Licensed human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines confer type-restricted protection against HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18, responsible of 90% of genital warts and 70% of cervical cancers, respectively. However, they do not protect against less prevalent high-risk types or cutaneous HPVs. Over the past few years, several studies explored the potential of developing vaccines targeting cutaneous papillomaviruses. These vaccines showed to be immunogenic and prevent skin tumor formation in certain animal models. Furthermore, under conditions mimicking the ones found in the intended target population (i.e., immunosuppression and in the presence of an already established infection before vaccination), recent preclinical data shows that immunization can still be effective. Strategies are currently focused on finding vaccine formulations that can confer protection against a broad range of papillomavirus-associated diseases. The state-of-the-art of these approaches and the future directions in the field will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina E Vinzón
- a Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms ; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) ; Heidelberg , Germany
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46
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Christakos KJ, Chapman JA, Fane BA, Campos SK. PhiXing-it, displaying foreign peptides on bacteriophage ΦX174. Virology 2015; 488:242-8. [PMID: 26655242 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although bacteriophage φX174 is easy to propagate and genetically tractable, it is use as a peptide display platform has not been explored. One region within the φX174 major spike protein G tolerated 13 of 16 assayed insertions, ranging from 10 to 75 amino acids. The recombinant proteins were functional and incorporated into infectious virions. In the folded protein, the peptides would be icosahedrally displayed within loops that extend from the protein׳s β-barrel core. The well-honed genetics of φX174 allowed permissive insertions to be quickly identified by the cellular phenotypes associated with cloned gene expression. The cloned genes were easily transferred from plasmids to phage genomes via recombination rescue. Direct ELISA validated several recombinant virions for epitope display. Some insertions conferred a temperature-sensitive (ts) protein folding defect, which was suppressed by global suppressors in protein G, located too far away from the insertion to directly alter peptide display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristofer J Christakos
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Bentley A Fane
- The Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; The School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; The BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Samuel K Campos
- The Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; The Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; The Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; The BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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47
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Schellenbacher C, Shafti-Keramat S, Huber B, Fink D, Brandt S, Kirnbauer R. Establishment of an in vitro equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) neutralization assay and a VLP-based vaccine for protection of equids against EcPV2-associated genital tumors. Virology 2015; 486:284-90. [PMID: 26519597 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The consistent and specific presence of Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) DNA and mRNA in equine genital squamous cell carcinoma (gSCC) is suggestive of an etiological role in tumor development. To further validate this concept, EcPV2-neutralizing serum antibody titers were determined by an EcPV2 pseudovirion (PsV) neutralization assay. Furthermore, an EcPV2 L1 virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccine was generated and its prophylactic efficacy evaluated in vivo. All 6/6 gSCC-affected, but only 3/20 tumor-free age-matched animals revealed EcPV2-neutralizing serum antibody titers by PsV assay. Vaccination of NZW rabbits and BalbC mice with EcPV2 L1 VLP using Freund׳s or alum respectively as adjuvant induced high-titer neutralizing serum antibodies (1600-12,800). Passive transfer with rabbit EcPV2-VLP immune sera completely protected mice from experimental vaginal EcPV2 PsV infection. These findings support the impact of EcPV2 in equine gSCC development and recommend EcPV2 L1 VLP as prophylactic vaccine against EcPV2 infection and associated disease in equids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schellenbacher
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology (LVO), Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Saeed Shafti-Keramat
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology (LVO), Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Huber
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology (LVO), Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Fink
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Equine Clinic, Veterinary University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Kirnbauer
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology (LVO), Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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48
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Abstract
It is a critically important challenge to rapidly design effective vaccines to reduce the morbidity and mortality of unexpected pandemics. Inspired from the way that most enveloped viruses hijack a host cell membrane and subsequently release by a budding process that requires cell membrane scission, we genetically engineered viral antigen to harbor into cell membrane, then form uniform spherical virus-mimetic nanovesicles (VMVs) that resemble natural virus in size, shape, and specific immunogenicity with the help of surfactants. Incubation of major cell membrane vesicles with surfactants generates a large amount of nano-sized uniform VMVs displaying the native conformational epitopes. With the diverse display of epitopes and viral envelope glycoproteins that can be functionally anchored onto VMVs, we demonstrate VMVs to be straightforward, robust and tunable nanobiotechnology platforms for fabricating antigen delivery systems against a wide range of enveloped viruses.
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49
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Abstract
SUMMARYHuman papillomavirus (HPV) is the necessary cause of cervical cancer, the fourth most common cancer and cause of cancer-related death in females worldwide. HPV also causes anal, vaginal, vulvar, penile, and oropharyngeal cancer. Prophylactic HPV vaccines based on recombinantly expressed virus-like particles have been developed. Two first-generation, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved vaccines prevent infections and disease caused by HPV16 and HPV18, the two HPV genotypes that cause approximately 70% of cervical cancer, and one of these vaccines also prevents HPV6 and HPV11, the two HPV genotypes that cause 90% of genital warts. A next-generation vaccine, recently approved by the U.S. FDA, targets HPV16, HPV18, and five additional HPV genotypes that together causes approximately 90% of cervical cancer as well as HPV6 and HPV11. In clinical trials, these vaccines have shown high levels of efficacy against disease and infections caused by the targeted HPV genotypes in adolescent females and males and older females. Data indicate population effectiveness, and therefore cost effectiveness, is highest in HPV-naive young females prior to becoming sexually active. Countries that implemented HPV vaccination before 2010 have already experienced decreases in population prevalence of targeted HPV genotypes and related anogenital diseases in women and via herd protection in heterosexual men. Importantly, after more than 100 million doses given worldwide, HPV vaccination has demonstrated an excellent safety profile. With demonstrated efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and safety, universal HPV vaccination of all young, adolescent women, and with available resources at least high-risk groups of men, should be a global health priority. Failure to do so will result in millions of women dying from avertable cervical cancers, especially in low- and middle-income countries, and many thousands of women and men dying from other HPV-related cancers.
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50
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Seitz H, Ribeiro-Müller L, Canali E, Bolchi A, Tommasino M, Ottonello S, Müller M. Robust In Vitro and In Vivo Neutralization against Multiple High-Risk HPV Types Induced by a Thermostable Thioredoxin-L2 Vaccine. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:932-41. [PMID: 26170394 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Current prophylactic virus-like particle (VLP) human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are based on the L1 major capsid protein and provide robust but virus type-restricted protection. Moreover, VLP vaccines have a high production cost, require cold-chain storage, and are thus not readily implementable in developing countries, which endure 85% of the cervical cancer-related death burden worldwide. In contrast with L1, immunization with minor capsid protein L2 elicits broad cross-neutralization, and we previously showed that insertion of a peptide spanning amino acids 20-38 of L2 into bacterial thioredoxin (Trx) greatly enhances its immunogenicity. Building on this finding, we use, here, four different neutralization assays to demonstrate that low doses of a trivalent Trx-L2 vaccine, incorporating L2(20-38) epitopes from HPV16, HPV31 and HPV51, and formulated in a human-compatible adjuvant, induce broadly protective responses. Specifically, we show that this vaccine, which uses a far-divergent archaebacterial thioredoxin as scaffold and is amenable to an easy one-step thermal purification, induces robust cross-neutralization against 12 of the 13 known oncogenic HPV types. Immune performance measured with two different in vitro neutralization assays was corroborated by the results of mouse cervico-vaginal challenge and passive transfer experiments indicating robust cross-protection also in vivo. Altogether, our results attest to the potential of Trx-L2 as a thermostable second-generation HPV vaccine particularly well suited for low-resource countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Seitz
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Elena Canali
- Department of Life Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Angelo Bolchi
- Department of Life Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Simone Ottonello
- Department of Life Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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