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Li Z, Meng S, Qin F, Wang S, Liang J, He X, Lu J. Host root exudates initiate a foraging preference by the root parasite Santalum album. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:301-314. [PMID: 36209450 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Haustoria of root-parasitic plants draw nutrients from the roots of host species. While recent studies have assessed host preferences of parasitic plants, how root-exuded chemicals can mediate host tropism and selection by root-parasitic plants is poorly understood. Under greenhouse conditions, we performed two pot experiments to determine whether the root parasite Santalum album selectively forages for superior hosts (N2-fixing Acacia confusa Merr. or Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen) rather than for inferior hosts (non-N2-fixing Bischofia polycarpa (levl.) Airy Shaw or Dracontomelon duperreranum Pierre), and whether S. album uses host root exudates and/or specific chemicals in these root exudates to locate and trigger haustorium formation. Lateral roots and haustoria of S. album seedlings exhibited greater growth in the direction of D. odorifera roots than toward roots from the other three hosts. Comparative metabolic analysis revealed that D. odorifera root exudates were enriched in isoflavonoid, flavonoid and flavone/flavonol biosynthesis pathways, and that the relative contents of flavonoids were significantly greater in the root exudates of D. odorifera than in those of the other three hosts. Root exudates from D. odorifera significantly promoted S. album root growth, haustorium formation and reactive oxygen species accumulation in haustoria. Our results demonstrate that the key step in plant parasitism by S. album is based on root exudation by a host plant; the exudates function as a metabolite signal that activate lateral root growth and haustorium formation. Our results also indicate that flavonoids in the root exudates could play an important role in S. album foraging activity. Information on the responses of root parasites to host root exudates and/or haustorium-inducing chemicals may be useful for selecting superior host species to plant with valuable species of root parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenshuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 682 Guangshan 1st Road, Guangdong 510520, China
| | - Sen Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 682 Guangshan 1st Road, Guangdong 510520, China
| | - Fangcuo Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 682 Guangshan 1st Road, Guangdong 510520, China
| | - Shengkun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 682 Guangshan 1st Road, Guangdong 510520, China
| | - Junfeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 682 Guangshan 1st Road, Guangdong 510520, China
| | - Xinhua He
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California at Davis, One Shield Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Junkun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 682 Guangshan 1st Road, Guangdong 510520, China
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Zagorchev L, Stöggl W, Teofanova D, Li J, Kranner I. Plant Parasites under Pressure: Effects of Abiotic Stress on the Interactions between Parasitic Plants and Their Hosts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7418. [PMID: 34299036 PMCID: PMC8304456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic angiosperms, comprising a diverse group of flowering plants, are partially or fully dependent on their hosts to acquire water, mineral nutrients and organic compounds. Some have detrimental effects on agriculturally important crop plants. They are also intriguing model systems to study adaptive mechanisms required for the transition from an autotrophic to a heterotrophic metabolism. No less than any other plant, parasitic plants are affected by abiotic stress factors such as drought and changes in temperature, saline soils or contamination with metals or herbicides. These effects may be attributed to the direct influence of the stress, but also to diminished host availability and suitability. Although several studies on abiotic stress response of parasitic plants are available, still little is known about how abiotic factors affect host preferences, defense mechanisms of both hosts and parasites and the effects of combinations of abiotic and biotic stress experienced by the host plants. The latter effects are of specific interest as parasitic plants pose additional pressure on contemporary agriculture in times of climate change. This review summarizes the existing literature on abiotic stress response of parasitic plants, highlighting knowledge gaps and discussing perspectives for future research and potential agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyuben Zagorchev
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China;
- Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Wolfgang Stöggl
- Department of Botany and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (W.S.); (I.K.)
| | - Denitsa Teofanova
- Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Junmin Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China;
| | - Ilse Kranner
- Department of Botany and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (W.S.); (I.K.)
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Hu L, Wang J, Yang C, Islam F, Bouwmeester HJ, Muños S, Zhou W. The Effect of Virulence and Resistance Mechanisms on the Interactions between Parasitic Plants and Their Hosts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9013. [PMID: 33260931 PMCID: PMC7730841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic plants have a unique heterotrophic lifestyle based on the extraction of water and nutrients from host plants. Some parasitic plant species, particularly those of the family Orobanchaceae, attack crops and cause substantial yield losses. The breeding of resistant crop varieties is an inexpensive way to control parasitic weeds, but often does not provide a long-lasting solution because the parasites rapidly evolve to overcome resistance. Understanding mechanisms underlying naturally occurring parasitic plant resistance is of great interest and could help to develop methods to control parasitic plants. In this review, we describe the virulence mechanisms of parasitic plants and resistance mechanisms in their hosts, focusing on obligate root parasites of the genera Orobanche and Striga. We noticed that the resistance (R) genes in the host genome often encode proteins with nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat domains (NLR proteins), hence we proposed a mechanism by which host plants use NLR proteins to activate downstream resistance gene expression. We speculated how parasitic plants and their hosts co-evolved and discussed what drives the evolution of virulence effectors in parasitic plants by considering concepts from similar studies of plant-microbe interaction. Most previous studies have focused on the host rather than the parasite, so we also provided an updated summary of genomic resources for parasitic plants and parasitic genes for further research to test our hypotheses. Finally, we discussed new approaches such as CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing and RNAi silencing that can provide deeper insight into the intriguing life cycle of parasitic plants and could potentially contribute to the development of novel strategies for controlling parasitic weeds, thereby enhancing crop productivity and food security globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Hu
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.H.); (J.W.); (F.I.)
| | - Jiansu Wang
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.H.); (J.W.); (F.I.)
| | - Chong Yang
- Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China;
| | - Faisal Islam
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.H.); (J.W.); (F.I.)
| | - Harro J. Bouwmeester
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1000 BE Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Stéphane Muños
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France;
| | - Weijun Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.H.); (J.W.); (F.I.)
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Fernández-Aparicio M, Delavault P, Timko MP. Management of Infection by Parasitic Weeds: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1184. [PMID: 32932904 PMCID: PMC7570238 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic plants rely on neighboring host plants to complete their life cycle, forming vascular connections through which they withdraw needed nutritive resources. In natural ecosystems, parasitic plants form one component of the plant community and parasitism contributes to overall community balance. In contrast, when parasitic plants become established in low biodiversified agroecosystems, their persistence causes tremendous yield losses rendering agricultural lands uncultivable. The control of parasitic weeds is challenging because there are few sources of crop resistance and it is difficult to apply controlling methods selective enough to kill the weeds without damaging the crop to which they are physically and biochemically attached. The management of parasitic weeds is also hindered by their high fecundity, dispersal efficiency, persistent seedbank, and rapid responses to changes in agricultural practices, which allow them to adapt to new hosts and manifest increased aggressiveness against new resistant cultivars. New understanding of the physiological and molecular mechanisms behind the processes of germination and haustorium development, and behind the crop resistant response, in addition to the discovery of new targets for herbicides and bioherbicides will guide researchers on the design of modern agricultural strategies for more effective, durable, and health compatible parasitic weed control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Fernández-Aparicio
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Philippe Delavault
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Pathology, University of Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France;
| | - Michael P. Timko
- Department of Biology University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4328, USA;
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Wakatake T, Ogawa S, Yoshida S, Shirasu K. An auxin transport network underlies xylem bridge formation between the hemi-parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum and host Arabidopsis. Development 2020; 147:dev187781. [PMID: 32586973 DOI: 10.1242/dev.187781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Parasitic plants form vascular connections with host plants for efficient material transport. The haustorium is the responsible organ for host invasion and subsequent vascular connection. After invasion of host tissues, vascular meristem-like cells emerge in the central region of the haustorium, differentiate into tracheary elements and establish a connection, known as a xylem bridge, between parasite and host xylem systems. Despite the importance of this parasitic connection, the regulatory mechanisms of xylem bridge formation are unknown. Here, we show the role of auxin and auxin transporters during the process of xylem bridge formation using an Orobanchaceae hemiparasitic plant, Phtheirospermum japonicum The auxin response marker DR5 has a similar expression pattern to tracheary element differentiation genes in haustoria. Auxin transport inhibitors alter tracheary element differentiation in haustoria, but biosynthesis inhibitors do not, demonstrating the importance of auxin transport during xylem bridge formation. The expression patterns and subcellular localization of PIN family auxin efflux carriers and AUX1/LAX influx carriers correlate with DR5 expression patterns. The cooperative action of auxin transporters is therefore responsible for controlling xylem vessel connections between parasite and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Wakatake
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogawa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Satoko Yoshida
- Institute for Research Initiatives, Division for Research Strategy, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Krupp A, Heller A, Spring O. Development of phloem connection between the parasitic plant Orobanche cumana and its host sunflower. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1385-1397. [PMID: 31111243 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01393-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Orobanche cumana is a root parasitic plant causing considerable yield losses in sunflower cultivation. The holoparasite fulfills its entire demand for water, minerals, and organic nutrients from the host's vascular system. In this study, the ultrastructure of the phloem connection between the haustorium of young O. cumana tubercles and the sunflower root has been examined for the first time. Parasite and host tissues were intermingled at the contact site and difficult to distinguish, but sieve-tube elements of O. cumana and sunflower could be differentiated according to their plastid ultrastructure. While O. cumana sieve-element plastids were larger, often irregular in shape and contained few, small starch inclusions, sieve-element plastids of the host were significantly smaller, always roundish with more and larger starch inclusions. This made it possible to trace the exact contact site of host and parasite sieve elements to show a direct symplastic phloem connection between the two species. The interspecific sieve plate showed more callose on the host side. This allowed detection of newly formed plasmodesmata between host sieve-tube elements and parenchymatic parasite cells, thus showing that undifferentiated cells of the parasite could connect to fully differentiated sieve elements of sunflower. Furthermore, the arrangement of phloem within the O. cumana tubercle as well as differences in sieve-element plastid ultrastructure during shoot development in O. cumana were investigated and are discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krupp
- Institute of Botany (210), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Annerose Heller
- Institute of Botany (210), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Otmar Spring
- Institute of Botany (210), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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Wakatake T, Yoshida S, Shirasu K. Induced cell fate transitions at multiple cell layers configure haustorium development in parasitic plants. Development 2018; 145:dev164848. [PMID: 29950390 PMCID: PMC6078332 DOI: 10.1242/dev.164848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The haustorium in parasitic plants is an organ specialized for invasion and nutrient uptake from host plant tissues. Despite its importance, the developmental processes of haustoria are mostly unknown. To understand the dynamics of cell fate change and cellular lineage during haustorium development, we performed live imaging-based marker expression analysis and cell-lineage tracing during haustorium formation in the model facultative root parasite Phtheirospermum japonicum Our live-imaging analysis revealed that haustorium formation was associated with induction of simultaneous cell division in multiple cellular layers, such as epidermis, cortex and endodermis. In addition, we found that procambium-like cells, monitored by cell type-specific markers, emerged within the central region of the haustorium before xylem connection to the host plant. Our clonal analysis of cell lineages showed that cells in multiple cellular layers differentiated into procambium-like cells, whereas epidermal cells eventually transitioned into specialized cells interfacing with the host plant. Thus, our data provide a cell fate transition map during de novo haustorium organogenesis in parasitic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Wakatake
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Satoko Yoshida
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Institute for Research Initiatives, Division for Research Strategy, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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Yang C, Xu L, Zhang N, Islam F, Song W, Hu L, Liu D, Xie X, Zhou W. iTRAQ-based proteomics of sunflower cultivars differing in resistance to parasitic weed Orobanche cumana. Proteomics 2017; 17. [PMID: 28618117 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Orobanche cumana is an obligate root parasite causing severe damage to many economically important crops, including sunflowers worldwide. For efficient control measures, it is necessary to understand the resistant mechanism during interaction at molecular level. The present study emphasizes on comparative proteomics to investigate the mechanistic basis of compatible and incompatible interaction of O. cumana with resistant (JY207) and susceptible (TK0409) sunflowers. More than 3500 proteins were identified from two cultivars by iTRAQ analysis. Identified proteins associated with general functions, posttranslational modification, energy production and conversion, carbohydrate transport and metabolism, and signal transduction mechanisms were the most represented category of induced proteins in both cultivars. The resistant interaction was characterized by alteration of defense-related proteins involved in recognition of parasites, accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins, biosynthesis of lignin, and detoxification of toxic metabolites in JY207 after inoculation. The susceptible interaction was characterized by decreased abundance of proteins involved in biosynthesis and signaling of plant growth regulators including auxin, gibberellin, brassinosteroid, and ethylene in TK0409 after inoculation. The present study provides comprehensive details of proteins and differential modulation of pathways regulated under compatible and incompatible interaction, allowing the identification of important molecular components for development of sustainable resistance against this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Yang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ling Xu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Faisal Islam
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wenjian Song
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Luyang Hu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Xiaonan Xie
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Weijun Zhou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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Dor E, Galili S, Smirnov E, Hacham Y, Amir R, Hershenhorn J. The Effects of Herbicides Targeting Aromatic and Branched Chain Amino Acid Biosynthesis Support the Presence of Functional Pathways in Broomrape. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:707. [PMID: 28523011 PMCID: PMC5415608 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It is not clear why herbicides targeting aromatic and branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis successfully control broomrapes-obligate parasitic plants that obtain all of their nutritional requirements, including amino acids, from the host. Our objective was to reveal the mode of action of imazapic and glyphosate in controlling the broomrape Phelipanche aegyptiaca and clarify if this obligatory parasite has its own machinery for the amino acids biosynthesis. P. aegyptiaca callus was studied to exclude the indirect influence of the herbicides on the parasite through the host plant. Using HRT - tomato plants resistant to imidazolinone herbicides, it was shown that imazapic is translocated from the foliage of treated plants to broomrape attachments on its roots and controls the parasite. Both herbicides inhibited P. aegyptiaca callus growth and altered the free amino acid content. Blasting of Arabidopsis thaliana 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) and acetolactate synthase (ALS) cDNA against the genomic DNA of P. aegyptiaca yielded a single copy of each homolog in the latter, with about 78 and 75% similarity, respectively, to A. thaliana counterparts at the protein level. We also show for the first time that both EPSPS and ALS are active in P. aegyptiaca callus and flowering shoots and are inhibited by glyphosate and imazapic, respectively. Thus leading to deficiency of those amino acids in the parasite tissues and ultimately, death of the parasite, indicating the ability of P. aegyptiaca to synthesize branched-chain and aromatic amino acids through the activity of ALS and EPSPS, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Dor
- Department of Phytopathology and Weed Science, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research CenterRamat Yishay, Israel
| | - Shmuel Galili
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani CenterRishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Evgeny Smirnov
- Department of Phytopathology and Weed Science, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research CenterRamat Yishay, Israel
| | - Yael Hacham
- MIGAL – Galilee Technology CenterKiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Rachel Amir
- MIGAL – Galilee Technology CenterKiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Joseph Hershenhorn
- Department of Phytopathology and Weed Science, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research CenterRamat Yishay, Israel
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Shilo T, Zygier L, Rubin B, Wolf S, Eizenberg H. Mechanism of glyphosate control of Phelipanche aegyptiaca. PLANTA 2016; 244:1095-1107. [PMID: 27440121 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2565-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Despite its total reliance on its host plant, the holoparasite Phelipanche aegyptiaca suffers from a deficiency of aromatic amino acids upon exposure to glyphosate. The herbicide glyphosate inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids. However, the functionality of the EPSPS pathway in the obligate root holoparasite Phelipanche aegyptiaca is not straightforward because of the parasite's total dependence on the host plant. Despite the importance of glyphosate as a means of controlling P. aegyptiaca, the mechanism of action of the herbicide in this parasite is not clearly understood. We characterized glyphosate control of P. aegyptiaca by using a glyphosate-resistant tomato (GRT) genotype as the host plant and evaluating the activity of EPSPS and the levels of free aromatic amino acids in the parasite. The viability of the parasite's tissues deteriorated within the first 40 h after treatment (HAT) with glyphosate. In parallel, shikimate accumulation in the parasite was first detected at 24 HAT and increased over time. However, shikimate levels in the GRT host did not increase, indicating that the host was indeed glyphosate tolerant. Free phenylalanine and tyrosine levels decreased by 48 HAT in the parasite, indicating a deficiency of aromatic amino acids. The use of GRT as the host enabled us to observe, in an in situ experimental system, both endogenous EPSPS inhibition and a deficiency of aromatic amino acids in the parasite. We thus provided evidence for the presence of an active EPSPS and aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway in P. aegyptiaca and pinpointed this pathway as the target of glyphosate action in this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Shilo
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel.
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Lilach Zygier
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Baruch Rubin
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shmuel Wolf
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hanan Eizenberg
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
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Yoshida S, Cui S, Ichihashi Y, Shirasu K. The Haustorium, a Specialized Invasive Organ in Parasitic Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:643-67. [PMID: 27128469 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-111702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic plants thrive by infecting other plants. Flowering plants evolved parasitism independently at least 12 times, in all cases developing a unique multicellular organ called the haustorium that forms upon detection of haustorium-inducing factors derived from the host plant. This organ penetrates into the host stem or root and connects to its vasculature, allowing exchange of materials such as water, nutrients, proteins, nucleotides, pathogens, and retrotransposons between the host and the parasite. In this review, we focus on the formation and function of the haustorium in parasitic plants, with a specific emphasis on recent advances in molecular studies of root parasites in the Orobanchaceae and stem parasites in the Convolvulaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Yoshida
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; , , ,
| | - Songkui Cui
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; , , ,
| | - Yasunori Ichihashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; , , ,
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; , , ,
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Xu L, Zhang W, Ali B, Islam F, Zhu J, Zhou W. Synergism of herbicide toxicity by 5-aminolevulinic acid is related to physiological and ultra-structural disorders in crickweed (Malachium aquaticum L.). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 125:53-61. [PMID: 26615151 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Selection of effective herbicides to control weeds has been one of the major objectives of scientists. This study determines the differential tolerance or susceptibility of crickweed (Malachium aquaticum L.) to various concentration combinations of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) (1, 10 and 100mg/L) and propyl 4-(2-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yloxy)benzylamino)benzoate (ZJ0273) (100, 200, and 500mg/L). ALA was applied as pre- and post-treatment alone or in combination with ZJ0273. Results showed that ZJ0273 stress alone imposed negative effects on M. aquaticum seedling's growth, net photosynthetic rates and SPAD values, and the rate of decline was consistently increased with the increase in ZJ0273 concentration. The ZJ0273 treatment showed a gradual decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and increase in the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA). Changes in chloroplast swelling, increased number of plastoglobuli, disruption of thylakoid, disintegrated mitochondria and turbid nucleoplasm were noticed. Moreover, SDS-PAGE analysis of total proteins revealed that herbicide stress in the leaves was associated with the decrease or disappearance of some protein bands. Further, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) results showed that proteins in different spots were classified into three types for M. aquaticum. These results indicate that the combined treatment of ALA and ZJ0273 synergizes the herbicide toxicity which is different from its independent effects on M. aquaticum and thus, could improve weed control efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenfang Zhang
- Jiading District Agro-Technology Extension Service Center, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Basharat Ali
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Faisal Islam
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinwen Zhu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Weijun Zhou
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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13
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Stable transformation and actin visualization in callus cultures of dodder (Cuscuta europaea). Biologia (Bratisl) 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-013-0188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Švubová R, Ovečka M, Pavlovič A, Slováková Ľ, Blehová A. Cuscuta europaea plastid apparatus in various developmental stages: localization of THF1 protein. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e24037. [PMID: 23438585 PMCID: PMC3907459 DOI: 10.4161/psb.24037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
It was generally accepted that Cuscuta europaea is mostly adapted to a parasitic lifestyle with no detectable levels of chlorophylls. We found out relatively high level of chlorophylls (Chls a+b) in young developmental stages of dodder. Significant lowering of Chls (a+b) content and increase of carotenoid concentration was typical only for ontogenetically more developed stages. Lower content of photosynthesis-related proteins involved in Chls biosynthesis and in photosystem formation as well as low photochemical activity of PSII indicate that photosynthesis is not the main activity of C. europaea plastids. Previously, it has been shown in other species that the Thylakoid Formation Protein 1 (THF1) is involved in thylakoid membrane differentiation, plant-fungal and plant-bacterial interactions and in sugar signaling with its preferential localization to plastids. Our immunofluorescence localization studies and analyses of haustorial plasma membrane fractions revealed that in addition to plastids, the THF1 protein localizes also to the plasma membrane and plasmodesmata in developing C. europaea haustorium, most abundantly in the digitate cells of the endophyte primordium. These results are supported by western blot analysis, documenting the highest levels of the THF1 protein in "get together" tissues of dodder and tobacco. Based on the fact that photosynthesis is not a typical process in the C. europaea haustorium and on the extra-plastidial localization pattern of the THF1, our data support rather other functions of this protein in the complex relationship between C. europaea and its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renáta Švubová
- Department of Plant Physiology; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Institute of Botany; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Researc; Faculty of Science; Palacky University in Olomouc; Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Pavlovič
- Department of Plant Physiology; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ľudmila Slováková
- Department of Plant Physiology; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Alžbeta Blehová
- Department of Plant Physiology; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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15
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Péron T, Véronési C, Mortreau E, Pouvreau JB, Thoiron S, Leduc N, Delavault P, Simier P. Role of the sucrose synthase encoding PrSus1 gene in the development of the parasitic plant Phelipanche ramosa L. (Pomel). MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:402-11. [PMID: 22088196 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-11-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phelipanche ramosa L. (Pomel) is a major root-parasitic weed attacking many important crops. Success in controlling this parasite is rare and a better understanding of its unique biology is needed to develop new specific control strategies. In the present study, quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiments showed that sucrose synthase encoding PrSus1 transcripts accumulate at their highest level once the parasite is connected to the host (tomato) vascular system, mainly in the parasite tubercles, which bear numerous adventitious roots. In situ hybridization experiments revealed strong PrSus1 expression in both shoot and root apices, especially in shoot apical meristems and in the vascular tissues of scale leaves and stems, and in the apical meristems and developing xylem in roots. In addition, immunolocalization experiments showed that a sucrose synthase protein co-localized with cell-wall thickening in xylem elements. These findings highlight the role of PrSus1 in the utilization of host-derived sucrose in meristematic areas and in cellulose biosynthesis in differentiating vascular elements. We also demonstrate that PrSus1 is downregulated in response to 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid-induced inhibition of polar auxin transport in the host stem, suggesting that PrSus1 activity in xylem maturation is controlled by host-derived auxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Péron
- LUNAM Université Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Nantes, France
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16
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Fernández-Aparicio M, Rubiales D, Bandaranayake PCG, Yoder JI, Westwood JH. Transformation and regeneration of the holoparasitic plant Phelipanche aegyptiaca. PLANT METHODS 2011; 7:36. [PMID: 22067615 PMCID: PMC3285091 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-7-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transformation and subsequent regeneration of holoparasitic plants has never been reported, in part due to challenges in developing transformation protocols, but also because regeneration of obligate parasites is difficult since their survival depends completely on successful haustorium penetration of a host and the formation of vascular connections. The recent completion of a massive transcriptome sequencing project (the Parasitic Plant Genome Project) will fuel the use of genomic tools for studies on parasitic plants. A reliable system for holoparasite transformation is needed to realize the full value of this resource for reverse genetics and functional genomics studies. RESULTS Here we demonstrate that transformation of Phelipanche aegyptiaca is achieved by infection of 3 month-old in vitro grown P. aegyptiaca calli with Agrobacterium rhizogenes harboring the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). Four months later, YFP-positive regenerated calli were inoculated onto tomato plants growing in a minirhizotron system. Eight days after inoculation, transgenic parasite tissue formed lateral haustoria that penetrated the host and could be visualized under UV illumination through intact host root tissue. YFP-positive shoot buds were observed one month after inoculation. CONCLUSIONS This work constitutes a breakthrough in holoparasitic plant research methods. The method described here is a robust system for transformation and regeneration of a holoparasitic plant and will facilitate research on unique parasitic plant capabilities such as host plant recognition, haustorial formation, penetration and vascular connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Fernández-Aparicio
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, IAS-CSIC, Dept. of Plant Breeding, Córdoba, 14080, Spain
- Virginia Tech, Dept. of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, IAS-CSIC, Dept. of Plant Breeding, Córdoba, 14080, Spain
| | | | - John I Yoder
- University of California-Davis, Dept. of Plant Sciences, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - James H Westwood
- Virginia Tech, Dept. of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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17
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Koua FHM, Abbas FM, Elgaali EI, Khalafallah MM, Babiker HAA. In vitro host-free seed culture, callus development and organogenesis of an obligatory root-parasite Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth: the witch-weed and medicinal plant. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.4081/pb.2011.e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
<p class="abstract"><em><span>Striga</span></em><span> <em>hermonthica</em> (Del.) Benth a well-known hemi-parasitic weed, it also has been used widely in African folk medicine to remedy broad spectra of diseases. The current contribution is an attempt to establish reproducible <em>in vitro</em> callusing system.<em> <span>In vitro </span></em>seedling’s stem segments were used as an explant for callus induction, in 1.5% or 3.0% sucrose added into Murashig and Skoog medium (MS) and supplemented with different auxins, α-Naphthalene-3-acetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), or Indole-3-butryic acid (IBA) at different concentrations each alone or in combination with cytokinin 0.5 mgl<sup>-1</sup> 6-benzyl aminopurine. The most effective auxin was NAA with maximum 79% callus induction rate. All auxin treatments induced callus in all concentration when used alone or combined with BAP, except 2,4-D, which induced the callus only when combined with BAP. A high sucrose concentration was required for high callus induction rate by all auxin treatments. IAA and IBA auxins induced direct shoot regeneration and had low callus induction rates. NAA, IAA and IBA induced organogenic calli, whereas 2,4-D in combination with BAP induced non-organogenic callus. We further screened preliminarily the phytochemical contents of the callus and intact plant, which was revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenes, saponins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, tannins and coumarins. Experimental data of both seed culture and callus induction could provide a route to further enhance the efficiency of callus initiation of <em>S. hermonthica</em> for medicinal purposes and understanding the infection mechanism of the witch-weed plant.<strong> </strong></span></p><p class="abstract"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><br /></em></span></p>
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18
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González-Verdejo CI, Die JV, Nadal S, Jiménez-Marín A, Moreno MT, Román B. Selection of housekeeping genes for normalization by real-time RT-PCR: analysis of Or-MYB1 gene expression in Orobanche ramosa development. Anal Biochem 2008; 379:176-81. [PMID: 18503743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Real-time PCR has become the method of choice for accurate and in-depth expression studies of candidate genes. To avoid bias, real-time PCR is referred to one or several internal control genes that should not fluctuate among treatments. A need for reference genes in the parasitic plant Orobanche ramosa has emerged, and the studies in this area have not yet been evaluated. In this study, the genes 18S rRNA, Or-act1, Or-tub1, and Or-ubq1 were compared in terms of expression stability using the BestKeeper software program. Among the four common endogenous control genes, Or-act1 and Or-ubq1 were the most stable in O. ramosa samples. In parallel, a study was carried out studying the expression of the transcription factor Or-MYB1 that seemed to be implicated during preinfection stages. The normalization strategy presented here is a prerequisite to accurate real-time PCR expression profiling that, among other things, opens up the possibility of studying messenger RNA levels of low-copy-number-like transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I González-Verdejo
- IFAPA, Centro Alameda del Obispo, Area de Mejora y Biotecnologi a, 14080 Córdoba, Spain.
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19
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Xie X, Yoneyama K, Kusumoto D, Yamada Y, Yokota T, Takeuchi Y, Yoneyama K. Isolation and identification of alectrol as (+)-orobanchyl acetate, a germination stimulant for root parasitic plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:427-31. [PMID: 17822727 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Revised: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Alectrol, a germination stimulant for root parasitic plants, was purified from root exudates of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and identified as a strigolactone, (+)-orobanchyl acetate [(3aS,4S,8bS,E)-8,8-dimethyl-3-(((R)-4-methyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yloxy)methylene)-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,6,7,8,8b-octahydro-2H-indeno[1,2-b]furan-4-yl acetate], by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and ESI- and EI-MS spectrometry. Orobanchyl acetate afforded an [M-42](+) ion in EI-MS and thus had been recognized as an isomer of strigol. Orobanchyl acetate was detected in root exudates of soybean (Glycine max L.) and cowpea (Vigina unguiculata L.) along with orobanchol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Xie
- Weed Science Center, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine-machi, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan
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20
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Xie X, Kusumoto D, Takeuchi Y, Yoneyama K, Yamada Y, Yoneyama K. 2'-epi-orobanchol and solanacol, two unique strigolactones, germination stimulants for root parasitic weeds, produced by tobacco. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:8067-72. [PMID: 17803261 DOI: 10.1021/jf0715121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Germination stimulants for root holoparasitic weeds broomrapes ( Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) produced by tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) were purified and characterized. The root exudates of tobacco contained at least five different stimulants, and LC-MS/MS analyses revealed that four of them were strigolactones; a tetradehydrostrigol isomer, a didehydrostrigol isomer, and two strigol isomers. The two isomers of strigol were identified as (+)-orobanchol and its 2'-epimer by comparison of NMR and GC- and LC-MS data with those of synthetic standards. The structure of the tetradehydrostrigol isomer, the major stimulant of the bright yellow tobacco cultivars, was determined as 4-alpha-hydroxy-5,8-dimethyl-GR24 [( E)-4-alpha-hydroxy-5,8-dimethyl-3-(4-methyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yloxy)methylene)-3a,4-dihydro-3 H-indeno[1,2- b]furan-2(8b H)-one] and named solanacol. 2'-Epi-orobanchol and solanacol are the first natural strigolactones having a 2'-epi stereochemistry and a benzene ring, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Xie
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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21
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Song WJ, Zhou WJ, Jin ZL, Zhang D, Yoneyama K, Takeuchi Y, Joel DM. Growth regulators restore germination of Orobanche seeds that are conditioned under water stress and suboptimal temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1071/ar06131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Broomrapes (Orobanche spp.) are serious root parasitic weeds that cause great damage to crop production in many parts of the world. The study focussed on the influence of plant growth regulators on germination of Orobanche seeds conditioned under suboptimal temperature (at 13°C) and under water stress (at –1 and –2 MPa). Three widely distributed species of broomrapes (O. aegyptiaca, O. ramosa, and O. minor) were used in the experiments. Exogenous GA3 (10 mg/L), brassinolide (1 mg/L), and fluridone (10 mg/L) significantly increased the broomrape seed response to the germination stimulant GR24 (10–6 m) even when seeds were first conditioned at a suboptimal temperature and under water stress. The highest germination was obtained when the combined treatments with fluridone and brassinolide, or with GA3 and brassinolide were applied together with the germination stimulant. This indicates that there were additive effects among various plant growth regulators in the regulation of germination response in Orobanche seeds. With the prolongation of conditioning periods under low temperature stress, the restoration capacities of seed germination by a single growth regulator decreased, but the combined treatments of growth regulators retained their positive effects in restoring seed germination.
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22
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González-Verdejo CI, Barandiaran X, Moreno MT, Cubero JI, Di Pietro A. A peroxidase gene expressed during early developmental stages of the parasitic plant Orobanche ramosa. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2006; 57:185-92. [PMID: 16330525 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erj024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Broomrapes (Orobanche spp.) are holoparasitic weeds that cause devastating losses in many economically important crops. The molecular mechanisms that control the early stages of host infection in Orobanche are poorly understood. In the present study, the role of peroxidase has been examined during pre-infection growth and development of O. ramosa, using an in vitro model system. Peroxidase activity was histochemically localized at the tips of actively growing radicles and nascent attachment organs. Addition of exogenous catalase resulted in a significant reduction in the apical growth rate of the radicle. The prx1 gene encoding a putative class III peroxidase was cloned from a cDNA library of O. ramosa and was found to be expressed specifically during the early stages of the parasitic life cycle. The exogenous addition of sucrose resulted in significantly reduced prx1 transcript levels and in a dramatic change in radicle development from polarized apical growth to isotropic growth and the formation of tubercle-like structures. The results indicate an important role of peroxidases during the early parasitic stages of Orobanche.
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GONZÁLEZ-VERDEJO CLARAISABEL, BARANDIARAN XABIER, MORENO MARIATERESA, CUBERO JOSEIGNACIO, DI PIETRO ANTONIO. An improved axenic system for studying pre-infection development of the parasitic plant Orobanche ramosa. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2005; 96:1121-7. [PMID: 16157629 PMCID: PMC4247100 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mci263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Revised: 04/21/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Broomrapes (Orobanche spp.) are holoparasitic weeds that cause devastating losses in many economically important crops. The molecular mechanisms that control early stages of host infection in Orobanche are poorly understood, partly due to the lack of experimentally tractable in vitro systems that allow the efficient application of molecular tools. Here an improved axenic system for the analysis of pre-infection stages in O. ramosa in the absence of the host plant is described. METHODS An optimized protocol for seed disinfection, based on formaldehyde, was developed. Orobanche ramosa seeds were conditioned in Petri dishes with filter paper, stimulated by addition of the synthetic strigol analogue GR24, and the percentage of germination as well as attachment-organ formation was determined. KEY RESULTS Treatment of O. ramosa seeds with tobacco-root exudate or with GR24 resulted in highly reproducible germination rates around 70 %. A conditioning period of 8 d was both necessary and sufficient to allow optimal germination in response to GR24. Conditioned seeds that were dehydrated for several months remained fully responsive to GR24 without the need of a new conditioning period. Treatments as short as 5 min with GR24 were sufficient to fully and irreversibly induce the seed germination response. Approximately half of the germinated seeds initiated attachment-organ development. Similar rates of attachment organ induction were also detected in the rare cases of seeds that had germinated spontaneously on water. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the conditioning period produces persistent changes in the seeds required for responsiveness to external stimulants. The rapid action of GR24 suggests that it may act via a receptor-mediated signalling mechanism. While germination in O. ramosa is induced by exogenous stimuli, attachment organ differentiation appears to be triggered by unknown endogenous signals. The new in vitro culture system will have useful applications for the molecular analysis of early stages of parasitic development in Orobanche.
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Affiliation(s)
- CLARA ISABEL GONZÁLEZ-VERDEJO
- CIFA, Alameda del Obispo, IFAPA-CICE (Junta de Andalucía) Area de Mejora y Biotecnología, Apdo. 3092, 14080 Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - MARIA TERESA MORENO
- CIFA, Alameda del Obispo, IFAPA-CICE (Junta de Andalucía) Area de Mejora y Biotecnología, Apdo. 3092, 14080 Córdoba, Spain
| | - JOSE IGNACIO CUBERO
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales C5, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - ANTONIO DI PIETRO
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales C5, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Eizenberg H, Shtienberg D, Silberbush M, Ephrath JE. A new method for in-situ monitoring of the underground development of Orobanche cumana in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) with a mini-rhizotron. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2005; 96:1137-40. [PMID: 16157627 PMCID: PMC4247089 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mci252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Revised: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To develop an in-situ, non-destructive method for observation and monitoring of the underground developmental stages of the root parasite Orobanche cumana. SCOPE The parasitic weed Orobanche causes severe damage to vegetables and field crops. Most of the damage caused to the crops occurs during the underground, unobservable parasitism stage. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus 'Adi') plants were planted in soil that was artificially inoculated with O. cumana seeds. Clear Plexiglas mini-rhizotron plastic observation tubes were inserted into the soil. Seed germination, early stage of penetration, and formation of tubercles and spikes were observed non-destructively and were monitored throughout the growing season by mean of a mini-rhizotron camera. Use of this technology enabled the complete individual parasite life cycle from the very early development (including germination) to Orobanche shoot to be monitored. In addition, the effect of the systemic herbicide Cadre (imazapic) on the development of O. cumana was inspected and quantified. CONCLUSIONS This novel methodology facilitates the in-situ study of major aspects of the host-parasite interaction and of parasite suppression, such as parasitism dynamics, parasite growth rate, and the effect of chemical treatments on the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Eizenberg
- Department of Phytopathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, PO Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
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