1
|
Wang S, Shi Y, Zhou Y, Hu W, Liu F. Full-length transcriptome sequencing of Arabidopsis plants provided new insights into the autophagic regulation of photosynthesis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14588. [PMID: 38918488 PMCID: PMC11199623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved eukaryotic pathway and plays a crucial role in cell survival under stress conditions. Here, we applied a full-length transcriptome approach to study an Arabidopsis autophagy mutant (atg5-1) subjected to nitrogen-starvation, using Oxford Nanopore Technologies. A total of 39,033 transcripts were identified, including 11,356 new transcripts. In addition, alternative splicing (AS) events and lncRNAs were also detected between Col-0 (WT) and atg5-1. Differentially expressed transcript enrichment showed that autophagy upregulates the expression of many stress-responsive genes and inhibits the transcription of photosynthesis-associated genes. The qRT-PCR results showed that the expression patterns of photosynthesis-related genes in the atg5-1 differed under the conditions of nitrogen starvation and carbon starvation. Under nitrogen starvation treatment, many genes related to photosynthesis also exhibited AS. Chlorophyll fluorescence images revealed that the Fv/Fm and ΦPSII of old atg5-1 leaves were significantly reduced after nitrogen starvation treatment, but the Y(NPQ) indices were significantly increased compared to those of the WT plants. The results of qRT-PCR suggest that autophagy appears to be involved in the degradation of genes related to photodamage repair in PSII. Taken together, the full-length transcriptiome sequencing provide new insights into how new transcripts, lncRNAs and alternative splicing (AS) are involved in plant autophagy through full-length transcriptome sequencing and suggest a new potential link between autophagy and photosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Jiangxi Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, 332900, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yunfeng Shi
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Jiangxi Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, 332900, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yanhui Zhou
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Jiangxi Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, 332900, Jiangxi, China
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Weiming Hu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Jiangxi Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, 332900, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Fen Liu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Jiangxi Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, 332900, Jiangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guichard M, Holla S, Wernerová D, Grossmann G, Minina EA. RoPod, a customizable toolkit for non-invasive root imaging, reveals cell type-specific dynamics of plant autophagy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12664. [PMID: 38830985 PMCID: PMC11148066 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis root is a classic model system in plant cell and molecular biology. The sensitivity of plant roots to local environmental perturbation challenges data reproducibility and incentivizes further optimization of imaging and phenotyping tools. Here we present RoPod, an easy-to-use toolkit for low-stress live time-lapse imaging of Arabidopsis roots. RoPod comprises a dedicated protocol for plant cultivation and a customizable 3D-printed vessel with integrated microscopy-grade glass that serves simultaneously as a growth and imaging chamber. RoPod reduces impact of sample handling, preserves live samples for prolonged imaging sessions, and facilitates application of treatments during image acquisition. We describe a protocol for RoPods fabrication and provide illustrative application pipelines for monitoring root hair growth and autophagic activity. Furthermore, we showcase how the use of RoPods advanced our understanding of plant autophagy, a major catabolic pathway and a key player in plant fitness. Specifically, we obtained fine time resolution for autophagy response to commonly used chemical modulators of the pathway and revealed previously overlooked cell type-specific changes in the autophagy response. These results will aid a deeper understanding of the physiological role of autophagy and provide valuable guidelines for choosing sampling time during end-point assays currently employed in plant autophagy research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Guichard
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Institute of Cell and Interaction Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- CEPLAS Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Sanjana Holla
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daša Wernerová
- Institute of Cell and Interaction Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Cell and Interaction Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- CEPLAS Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Elena A Minina
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yagyu M, Yoshimoto K. New insights into plant autophagy: molecular mechanisms and roles in development and stress responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1234-1251. [PMID: 37978884 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic intracellular degradation process. Although the molecular mechanisms of plant autophagy share similarities with those in yeast and mammals, certain unique mechanisms have been identified. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of autophagy during vegetative growth stages as well as in plant-specific developmental processes, such as seed development, germination, flowering, and somatic reprogramming. Autophagy enables plants to adapt to and manage severe environmental conditions, such as nutrient starvation, high-intensity light stress, and heat stress, leading to intracellular remodeling and physiological changes in response to stress. In the past, plant autophagy research lagged behind similar studies in yeast and mammals; however, recent advances have greatly expanded our understanding of plant-specific autophagy mechanisms and functions. This review summarizes current knowledge and latest research findings on the mechanisms and roles of plant autophagy with the objective of improving our understanding of this vital process in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mako Yagyu
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
- Life Sciences Program, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kohki Yoshimoto
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
- Life Sciences Program, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yen CC, Hsu CM, Jiang PL, Jauh GY. Dynamic organelle changes and autophagic processes in lily pollen germination. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2024; 65:5. [PMID: 38273136 PMCID: PMC10811312 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-024-00410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Pollen germination is a crucial process in the life cycle of flowering plants, signifying the transition of quiescent pollen grains into active growth. This study delves into the dynamic changes within organelles and the pivotal role of autophagy during lily pollen germination. Initially, mature pollen grains harbor undifferentiated organelles, including amyloplasts, mitochondria, and the Golgi apparatus. However, germination unveils remarkable transformations, such as the redifferentiation of amyloplasts accompanied by starch granule accumulation. We investigate the self-sustained nature of amylogenesis during germination, shedding light on its association with osmotic pressure. Employing BODIPY 493/503 staining, we tracked lipid body distribution throughout pollen germination, both with or without autophagy inhibitors (3-MA, NEM). Typically, lipid bodies undergo polarized movement from pollen grains into elongating pollen tubes, a process crucial for directional growth. Inhibiting autophagy disrupted this essential lipid body redistribution, underscoring the interaction between autophagy and lipid body dynamics. Notably, the presence of tubular endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-like structures associated with developing amyloplasts and lipid bodies implies their participation in autophagy. Starch granules, lipid bodies, and membrane remnants observed within vacuoles further reinforce the involvement of autophagic processes. Among the autophagy inhibitors, particularly BFA, significantly impede germination and growth, thereby affecting Golgi morphology. Immunogold labeling substantiates the pivotal role of the ER in forming autophagosome-like compartments and protein localization. Our proposed speculative model of pollen germination encompasses proplastid differentiation and autophagosome formation. This study advances our understanding of organelle dynamics and autophagy during pollen germination, providing valuable insights into the realm of plant reproductive physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Yen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Mei Hsu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Luen Jiang
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Huwei Township, Yulin County, Taiwan.
| | - Guang-Yuh Jauh
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, International Graduate Program, National Chung-Hsing University, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liang Y, Meng F, Zhao X, He X, Liu J. OsHLP1 is an endoplasmic-reticulum-phagy receptor in rice plants. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113480. [PMID: 38019652 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest intracellular endomembrane system; it shows dynamic changes upon environmental stress. To maintain ER morphology and homeostasis under stress, the excessive ER membrane and the associated unwanted proteins can be removed via ER-phagy. Although a few ER-phagy receptors have been reported in mammals and yeast, their functional counterparts in plants remain largely unexplored. Here, we report that the HVA22 family protein OsHLP1 is an uncharacterized ER-phagy receptor in rice (Oryza sativa L.). OsHLP1 interacts with OsATG8b and recruits ER subdomains and the cargo protein OsNTL6, a negative immune regulator, to autophagosomes upon infection with the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, which substantially activates disease resistance in rice. AtHVA22J, an Arabidopsis thaliana OsHLP1 ortholog, induced similar ER-phagy in plants. Altogether, we unraveled a conservative protein family that may act as ER-phagy receptors in higher plants, and in particular, we highlighted their roles in rice immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingbo Liang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fanwei Meng
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinyi He
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhou M, Zhang Y, Yang J. Analysis of Nitrogen Dynamics and Transcriptomic Activity Revealed a Pivotal Role of Some Amino Acid Transporters in Nitrogen Remobilization in Poplar Senescing Leaves. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4140. [PMID: 38140467 PMCID: PMC10747403 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is an important developmental process for deciduous trees during which part of leaf nitrogen is remobilized to branches, thus being beneficial for nitrogen conservation. However, the associated regulatory mechanism remains largely unknown in deciduous trees. In this study, nitrogen dynamics and transcriptomic activity in senescing leaves were measured during autumnal senescence in hybrid poplar. Both concentrations of leaf total nitrogen (N) and amine compounds were found to decline from the pre-senescence (PRE) to the middle-senescence (MS) stage. Although the total N concentration decreased further from MS to the late-senescence (LS) and leveled off to abscission (ABS) stage, amine compound concentration increased continuously from MS to ABS, suggesting that translocation of amine compounds underperformed production of amine compounds in leaves during this period. L-glutamate, L-glutamine and α-aminoadipic acid were the top three amine compounds accumulated in senescent leaves. RNA-Seq profiling identified thousands of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with functional association with a metabolic transition towards disassimilation. Many genes encoding amino acid metabolism enzymes and amino acid transporters (AATs) were up-regulated. Comparison of expression trend with leaf N dynamics and phylogenetic analysis identified several PtAATs which exhibited down-regulation from MS to LS stage and putatively limited leaf N remobilization. This study can serve as a primary basis to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms of nitrogen remobilization in poplar senescing leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiading Yang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Barros JAS, Cavalcanti JHF, Pimentel KG, Magen S, Soroka Y, Weiss S, Medeiros DB, Nunes-Nesi A, Fernie AR, Avin-Wittenberg T, Araújo WL. The interplay between autophagy and chloroplast vesiculation pathways under dark-induced senescence. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3721-3736. [PMID: 37615309 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
In cellular circumstances where carbohydrates are scarce, plants can use alternative substrates for cellular energetic maintenance. In plants, the main protein reserve is present in the chloroplast, which contains most of the total leaf proteins and represents a rich source of nitrogen and amino acids. Autophagy plays a key role in chloroplast breakdown, a well-recognised symptom of both natural and stress-induced plant senescence. Remarkably, an autophagic-independent route of chloroplast degradation associated with chloroplast vesiculation (CV) gene was previously demonstrated. During extended darkness, CV is highly induced in the absence of autophagy, contributing to the early senescence phenotype of atg mutants. To further investigate the role of CV under dark-induced senescence conditions, mutants with low expression of CV (amircv) and double mutants amircv1xatg5 were characterised. Following darkness treatment, no aberrant phenotypes were observed in amircv single mutants; however, amircv1xatg5 double mutants displayed early senescence and altered dismantling of chloroplast and membrane structures under these conditions. Metabolic characterisation revealed that the functional lack of both CV and autophagy leads to higher impairment of amino acid release and differential organic acid accumulation during starvation conditions. The data obtained are discussed in the context of the role of CV and autophagy, both in terms of cellular metabolism and the regulation of chloroplast degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A S Barros
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Henrique F Cavalcanti
- Instituto de Educação, Agricultura e Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Humaitá, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Karla G Pimentel
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sahar Magen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yoram Soroka
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shahar Weiss
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David B Medeiros
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tamar Avin-Wittenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hickey K, Nazarov T, Smertenko A. Organellomic gradients in the fourth dimension. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:98-111. [PMID: 37243543 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Organelles function as hubs of cellular metabolism and elements of cellular architecture. In addition to 3 spatial dimensions that describe the morphology and localization of each organelle, the time dimension describes complexity of the organelle life cycle, comprising formation, maturation, functioning, decay, and degradation. Thus, structurally identical organelles could be biochemically different. All organelles present in a biological system at a given moment of time constitute the organellome. The homeostasis of the organellome is maintained by complex feedback and feedforward interactions between cellular chemical reactions and by the energy demands. Synchronized changes of organelle structure, activity, and abundance in response to environmental cues generate the fourth dimension of plant polarity. Temporal variability of the organellome highlights the importance of organellomic parameters for understanding plant phenotypic plasticity and environmental resiliency. Organellomics involves experimental approaches for characterizing structural diversity and quantifying the abundance of organelles in individual cells, tissues, or organs. Expanding the arsenal of appropriate organellomics tools and determining parameters of the organellome complexity would complement existing -omics approaches in comprehending the phenomenon of plant polarity. To highlight the importance of the fourth dimension, this review provides examples of organellome plasticity during different developmental or environmental situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Hickey
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resources Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164 WA, USA
| | - Taras Nazarov
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resources Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164 WA, USA
| | - Andrei Smertenko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resources Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164 WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Erlichman OA, Weiss S, Abu Arkia M, Ankary-Khaner M, Soroka Y, Jasinska W, Rosental L, Brotman Y, Avin-Wittenberg T. Autophagy in maternal tissues contributes to Arabidopsis seed development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:611-626. [PMID: 37313772 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Seeds are an essential food source, providing nutrients for germination and early seedling growth. Degradation events in the seed and the mother plant accompany seed development, including autophagy, which facilitates cellular component breakdown in the lytic organelle. Autophagy influences various aspects of plant physiology, specifically nutrient availability and remobilization, suggesting its involvement in source-sink interactions. During seed development, autophagy affects nutrient remobilization from mother plants and functions in the embryo. However, it is impossible to distinguish between the contribution of autophagy in the source (i.e. the mother plant) and the sink tissue (i.e. the embryo) when using autophagy knockout (atg mutant) plants. To address this, we employed an approach to differentiate between autophagy in source and sink tissues. We investigated how autophagy in the maternal tissue affects seed development by performing reciprocal crosses between wild type and atg mutant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants. Although F1 seedlings possessed a functional autophagy mechanism, etiolated F1 plants from maternal atg mutants displayed reduced growth. This was attributed to altered protein but not lipid accumulation in the seeds, suggesting autophagy differentially regulates carbon and nitrogen remobilization. Surprisingly, F1 seeds of maternal atg mutants exhibited faster germination, resulting from altered seed coat development. Our study emphasizes the importance of examining autophagy in a tissue-specific manner, revealing valuable insights into the interplay between different tissues during seed development. It also sheds light on the tissue-specific functions of autophagy, offering potential for research into the underlying mechanisms governing seed development and crop yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ori Avraham Erlichman
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Shahar Weiss
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Maria Abu Arkia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Moria Ankary-Khaner
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Yoram Soroka
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Weronika Jasinska
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Leah Rosental
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Tamar Avin-Wittenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zou J, Chen X, Liu C, Guo M, Kanwar MK, Qi Z, Yang P, Wang G, Bao Y, Bassham DC, Yu J, Zhou J. Autophagy promotes jasmonate-mediated defense against nematodes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4769. [PMID: 37553319 PMCID: PMC10409745 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, as an intracellular degradation system, plays a critical role in plant immunity. However, the involvement of autophagy in the plant immune system and its function in plant nematode resistance are largely unknown. Here, we show that root-knot nematode (RKN; Meloidogyne incognita) infection induces autophagy in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and different atg mutants exhibit high sensitivity to RKNs. The jasmonate (JA) signaling negative regulators JASMONATE-ASSOCIATED MYC2-LIKE 1 (JAM1), JAM2 and JAM3 interact with ATG8s via an ATG8-interacting motif (AIM), and JAM1 is degraded by autophagy during RKN infection. JAM1 impairs the formation of a transcriptional activation complex between ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 1 (ERF1) and MEDIATOR 25 (MED25) and interferes with transcriptional regulation of JA-mediated defense-related genes by ERF1. Furthermore, ERF1 acts in a positive feedback loop and regulates autophagy activity by transcriptionally activating ATG expression in response to RKN infection. Therefore, autophagy promotes JA-mediated defense against RKNs via forming a positive feedback circuit in the degradation of JAMs and transcriptional activation by ERF1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Zou
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinlin Chen
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenxu Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingyue Guo
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mukesh Kumar Kanwar
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Qi
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, 572000, Sanya, China
- Agricultural Experiment Station, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Yuhangtang Road 866, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Agricultural Experiment Station, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, 276000, Linyi, China
| | - Yan Bao
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, 572000, Sanya, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Yuhangtang Road 866, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, 572000, Sanya, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Yuhangtang Road 866, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, 276000, Linyi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Elander PH, Holla S, Sabljić I, Gutierrez-Beltran E, Willems P, Bozhkov PV, Minina EA. Interactome of Arabidopsis ATG5 Suggests Functions beyond Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12300. [PMID: 37569688 PMCID: PMC10418956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic pathway capable of degrading cellular components ranging from individual molecules to organelles. Autophagy helps cells cope with stress by removing superfluous or hazardous material. In a previous work, we demonstrated that transcriptional upregulation of two autophagy-related genes, ATG5 and ATG7, in Arabidopsis thaliana positively affected agronomically important traits: biomass, seed yield, tolerance to pathogens and oxidative stress. Although the occurrence of these traits correlated with enhanced autophagic activity, it is possible that autophagy-independent roles of ATG5 and ATG7 also contributed to the phenotypes. In this study, we employed affinity purification and LC-MS/MS to identify the interactome of wild-type ATG5 and its autophagy-inactive substitution mutant, ATG5K128R Here we present the first interactome of plant ATG5, encompassing not only known autophagy regulators but also stress-response factors, components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, proteins involved in endomembrane trafficking, and potential partners of the nuclear fraction of ATG5. Furthermore, we discovered post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation and acetylation present on ATG5 complex components that are likely to play regulatory functions. These results strongly indicate that plant ATG5 complex proteins have roles beyond autophagy itself, opening avenues for further investigations on the complex roles of autophagy in plant growth and stress responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla H. Elander
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 750-07 Uppsala, Sweden; (P.H.E.); (S.H.); (I.S.); (P.V.B.)
| | - Sanjana Holla
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 750-07 Uppsala, Sweden; (P.H.E.); (S.H.); (I.S.); (P.V.B.)
| | - Igor Sabljić
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 750-07 Uppsala, Sweden; (P.H.E.); (S.H.); (I.S.); (P.V.B.)
| | - Emilio Gutierrez-Beltran
- Instituto de Bioquımica Vegetal y Fotosıntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientıficas, 41092 Sevilla, Spain;
- Departamento de Bioquimica Vegetal y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Patrick Willems
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter V. Bozhkov
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 750-07 Uppsala, Sweden; (P.H.E.); (S.H.); (I.S.); (P.V.B.)
| | - Elena A. Minina
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 750-07 Uppsala, Sweden; (P.H.E.); (S.H.); (I.S.); (P.V.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Klińska-Bąchor S, Kędzierska S, Demski K, Banaś A. Phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase1-overexpression stimulates lipid turnover, oil production and fitness in cold-grown plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:370. [PMID: 37491206 PMCID: PMC10369929 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive population growth and climate change accelerate the search for alternative ways of plant-based biomass, biofuel and feed production. Here, we focus on hitherto unknow, new promising cold-stimulated function of phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase1 (PDAT1) - an enzyme catalyzing the last step of triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis. RESULT Overexpression of AtPDAT1 boosted seed yield by 160% in Arabidopsis plants exposed to long-term cold compared to standard conditions. Such seeds increased both their weight and acyl-lipids content. This work also elucidates PDAT1's role in leaves, which was previously unclear. Aerial parts of AtPDAT1-overexpressing plants were characterized by accelerated growth at early and vegetative stages of development and by biomass weighing three times more than control. Overexpression of PDAT1 increased the expression of SUGAR-DEPENDENT1 (SDP1) TAG lipase and enhanced lipid remodeling, driving lipid turnover and influencing biomass increment. This effect was especially pronounced in cold conditions, where the elevated synergistic expression of PDAT1 and SDP1 resulted in double biomass increase compared to standard conditions. Elevated phospholipid remodeling also enhanced autophagy flux in AtPDAT1-overexpresing lines subjected to cold, despite the overall diminished autophagy intensity in cold conditions. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that PDAT1 promotes greater vitality in cold-exposed plants, stimulates their longevity and boosts oilseed oil production at low temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Klińska-Bąchor
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, 80-307, Poland.
| | - Sara Kędzierska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, 80-307, Poland
| | - Kamil Demski
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Box 190, 234 22, Sweden
| | - Antoni Banaś
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, 80-307, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lin LY, Chow HX, Chen CH, Mitsuda N, Chou WC, Liu TY. Role of autophagy-related proteins ATG8f and ATG8h in the maintenance of autophagic activity in Arabidopsis roots under phosphate starvation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1018984. [PMID: 37434600 PMCID: PMC10331476 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1018984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient starvation-induced autophagy is a conserved process in eukaryotes. Plants defective in autophagy show hypersensitivity to carbon and nitrogen limitation. However, the role of autophagy in plant phosphate (Pi) starvation response is relatively less explored. Among the core autophagy-related (ATG) genes, ATG8 encodes a ubiquitin-like protein involved in autophagosome formation and selective cargo recruitment. The Arabidopsis thaliana ATG8 genes, AtATG8f and AtATG8h, are notably induced in roots under low Pi. In this study, we show that such upregulation correlates with their promoter activities and can be suppressed in the phosphate response 1 (phr1) mutant. Yeast one-hybrid analysis failed to attest the binding of the AtPHR1 transcription factor to the promoter regions of AtATG8f and AtATG8h. Dual luciferase reporter assays in Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts also indicated that AtPHR1 could not transactivate the expression of both genes. Loss of AtATG8f and AtATG8h leads to decreased root microsomal-enriched ATG8 but increased ATG8 lipidation. Moreover, atg8f/atg8h mutants exhibit reduced autophagic flux estimated by the vacuolar degradation of ATG8 in the Pi-limited root but maintain normal cellular Pi homeostasis with reduced number of lateral roots. While the expression patterns of AtATG8f and AtATG8h overlap in the root stele, AtATG8f is more strongly expressed in the root apex and root hair and remarkably at sites where lateral root primordia develop. We hypothesize that Pi starvation-induction of AtATG8f and AtATG8h may not directly contribute to Pi recycling but rely on a second wave of transcriptional activation triggered by PHR1 that fine-tunes cell type-specific autophagic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yen Lin
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Xuan Chow
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Wen-Chun Chou
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yin Liu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Luo K, Li J, Lu M, An H, Wu X. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Rosa roxburghii Autophagy-Related Genes in Response to Top-Rot Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030556. [PMID: 36979491 PMCID: PMC10046283 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved process in eukaryotes that degrades and recycles damaged cells in plants and is involved in plant growth, development, senescence, and resistance to external stress. Top-rot disease (TRD) in Rosa roxburghii fruits caused by Colletotrichum fructicola often leads to huge yield losses. However, little information is available about the autophagy underlying the defense response to TRD. Here, we identified a total of 40 R. roxburghii autophagy-related genes (RrATGs), which were highly homologous to Arabidopsis thaliana ATGs. Transcriptomic data show that RrATGs were involved in the development and ripening processes of R. roxburghii fruits. Gene expression patterns in fruits with different degrees of TRD occurrence suggest that several members of the RrATGs family responded to TRD, of which RrATG18e was significantly up-regulated at the initial infection stage of C. fructicola. Furthermore, exogenous calcium (Ca2+) significantly promoted the mRNA accumulation of RrATG18e and fruit resistance to TRD, suggesting that this gene might be involved in the calcium-mediated TRD defense response. This study provided a better understanding of R. roxburghii autophagy-related genes and their potential roles in disease resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaisha Luo
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Crops, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jiaohong Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Min Lu
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Crops, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Huaming An
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Crops, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaomao Wu
- Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Region, Guiyang 550025, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Praveen A, Dubey S, Singh S, Sharma VK. Abiotic stress tolerance in plants: a fascinating action of defense mechanisms. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:102. [PMID: 36866326 PMCID: PMC9971429 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03519-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate fluctuation mediated abiotic stress consequences loss in crop yields. These stresses have a negative impact on plant growth and development by causing physiological and molecular changes. In this review, we have attempted to outline recent studies (5 years) associated with abiotic stress resistance in plants. We investigated the various factors that contribute to coping with abiotic challenges, such as transcription factors (TFs), microRNAs (miRNAs), epigenetic changes, chemical priming, transgenic breeding, autophagy, and non-coding RNAs. Stress responsive genes are regulated mostly by TFs, and these can be used to enhance stress resistance in plants. Plants express some miRNA during stress imposition that act on stress-related target genes to help them survive. Epigenetic alterations govern gene expression and facilitate stress tolerance. Chemical priming enhances growth in plants by modulating physiological parameters. Transgenic breeding enables identification of genes involved in precise plant responses during stressful situations. In addition to protein coding genes, non-coding RNAs also influence the growth of the plant by causing alterations at gene expression levels. For achieving sustainable agriculture for a rising world population, it is crucial to develop abiotic-resistant crops with anticipated agronomical traits. To achieve this objective, understanding the diverse mechanisms by which plants protect themselves against abiotic stresses is imperative. This review emphasizes on recent progress and future prospects for abiotic stress tolerance and productivity in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afsana Praveen
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, School of Sciences, Noida International University, Yamuna Expressway, Sector 17A, Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 203201 India
| | - Sonali Dubey
- National Botanical Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Lukhnow, 226001 India
| | - Shilpy Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, School of Sciences, Noida International University, Yamuna Expressway, Sector 17A, Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 203201 India
| | - Varun Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, School of Sciences, Noida International University, Yamuna Expressway, Sector 17A, Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 203201 India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wu M, Zhang Q, Wu G, Zhang L, Xu X, Hu X, Gong Z, Chen Y, Li Z, Li H, Deng W. SlMYB72 affects pollen development by regulating autophagy in tomato. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhac286. [PMID: 36938568 PMCID: PMC10015339 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The formation and development of pollen are among the most critical processes for reproduction and genetic diversity in the life cycle of flowering plants. The present study found that SlMYB72 was highly expressed in the pollen and tapetum of tomato flowers. Downregulation of SlMYB72 led to a decrease in the amounts of seeds due to abnormal pollen development compared with wild-type plants. Downregulation of SlMYB72 delayed tapetum degradation and inhibited autophagy in tomato anther. Overexpression of SlMYB72 led to abnormal pollen development and delayed tapetum degradation. Expression levels of some autophagy-related genes (ATGs) were decreased in SlMYB72 downregulated plants and increased in overexpression plants. SlMYB72 was directly bound to ACCAAC/ACCAAA motif of the SlATG7 promoter and activated its expression. Downregulation of SlATG7 inhibited the autophagy process and tapetum degradation, resulting in abnormal pollen development in tomatoes. These results indicated SlMYB72 affects the tapetum degradation and pollen development by transcriptional activation of SlATG7 and autophagy in tomato anther. The study expands the understanding of the regulation of autophagy by SlMYB72, uncovers the critical role that autophagy plays in pollen development, and provides potential candidate genes for the production of male-sterility in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guanle Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaowei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Zehao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | | | - Wei Deng
- Corresponding authors. E-mails: ;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li X, Liao J, Bai H, Bei J, Li K, Luo M, Shen W, Yang C, Gao C. Arabidopsis flowering integrator SOC1 transcriptionally regulates autophagy in response to long-term carbon starvation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6589-6599. [PMID: 35852462 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved, self-digestion process that is essential for plant adaptations to various environmental stresses. Although the core components of autophagy in plants have been well established, the molecular basis for its transcriptional regulation remains to be fully characterized. In this study, we demonstrate that SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1), a MADS-box family transcription factor that determines flowering transition in Arabidopsis, functions as a transcriptional repressor of autophagy. EMSAs, ChIP-qPCR assays, and dual-luciferase receptor assays showed that SOC1 can bind to the promoters of ATG4b, ATG7, and ATG18c via the conserved CArG box. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the three ATG genes ATG4b, ATG7, and ATG18c were up-regulated in the soc1-2 mutant. In line with this, the mutant also displayed enhanced autophagy activity, as revealed by increased autophagosome formation and elevated autophagic flux compared with the wild type. More importantly, SOC1 negatively affected the tolerance of plants to long-term carbon starvation, and this process requires a functional autophagy pathway. Finally, we found that SOC1 was repressed upon carbon starvation at both the transcriptional and protein levels. Overall, our study not only uncovers an important transcriptional mechanism that contributes to the regulation of plant autophagy in response to nutrient starvation, but also highlights novel cellular functions of the flowering integrator SOC1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xibao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieying Bei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kailin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjin Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caiji Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- MOE & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sharma I, Kirti PB, Pati PK. Autophagy: a game changer for plant development and crop improvement. PLANTA 2022; 256:103. [PMID: 36307739 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of autophagic pathway represents a tremendous opportunity for designing climate-smart crops with improved yield and better adaptability to changing environment. For exploiting autophagy to its full potential, identification and comprehensive characterization of adapters/receptor complex and elucidation of its regulatory network in crop plants is highly warranted. Autophagy is a major intracellular trafficking pathway in eukaryotes involved in vacuolar degradation of cytoplasmic constituents, mis-folded proteins, and defective organelles. Under optimum conditions, autophagy operates at a basal level to maintain cellular homeostasis, but under stressed conditions, it is induced further to provide temporal stress relief. Our understanding of this highly dynamic process has evolved exponentially in the past few years with special reference to several plant-specific roles of autophagy. Here, we review the most recent advances in the field of autophagy in plants and discuss its potential implications in designing crops with improved stress and disease-tolerance, enhanced yield potential, and improved capabilities for producing metabolites of high economic value. We also assess the current knowledge gaps and the possible strategies to develop a robust module for biotechnological application of autophagy to enhance bioeconomy and sustainability of agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isha Sharma
- AgriBiotech Foundation, PJTS Agriculture University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500032, India.
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, 502324, Patancheru, Telangana, India.
| | | | - Pratap Kumar Pati
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 140301, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Leveraging orthology within maize and Arabidopsis QTL to identify genes affecting natural variation in gravitropism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2212199119. [PMID: 36161933 PMCID: PMC9546580 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212199119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants typically orient their organs with respect to the Earth's gravity field by a dynamic process called gravitropism. To discover conserved genetic elements affecting seedling root gravitropism, we measured the process in a set of Zea mays (maize) recombinant inbred lines with machine vision and compared the results with those obtained in a similar study of Arabidopsis thaliana. Each of the several quantitative trait loci that we mapped in both species spanned many hundreds of genes, too many to test individually for causality. We reasoned that orthologous genes may be responsible for natural variation in monocot and dicot root gravitropism. If so, pairs of orthologous genes affecting gravitropism may be present within the maize and Arabidopsis QTL intervals. A reciprocal comparison of sequences within the QTL intervals identified seven pairs of such one-to-one orthologs. Analysis of knockout mutants demonstrated a role in gravitropism for four of the seven: CCT2 functions in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, ATG5 functions in membrane remodeling during autophagy, UGP2 produces the substrate for cellulose and callose polymer extension, and FAMA is a transcription factor. Automated phenotyping enabled this discovery of four naturally varying components of a conserved process (gravitropism) by making it feasible to conduct the same large-scale experiment in two species.
Collapse
|
20
|
Autophagy in the Lifetime of Plants: From Seed to Seed. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911410. [PMID: 36232711 PMCID: PMC9570326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved self-degradation mechanism in eukaryotes. Excess or harmful intracellular content can be encapsulated by double-membrane autophagic vacuoles and transferred to vacuoles for degradation in plants. Current research shows three types of autophagy in plants, with macroautophagy being the most important autophagic degradation pathway. Until now, more than 40 autophagy-related (ATG) proteins have been identified in plants that are involved in macroautophagy, and these proteins play an important role in plant growth regulation and stress responses. In this review, we mainly introduce the research progress of autophagy in plant vegetative growth (roots and leaves), reproductive growth (pollen), and resistance to biotic (viruses, bacteria, and fungi) and abiotic stresses (nutrients, drought, salt, cold, and heat stress), and we discuss the application direction of plant autophagy in the future.
Collapse
|
21
|
Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate controls autophagosome formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4385. [PMID: 35902598 PMCID: PMC9334301 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation mechanism critical for plant acclimation to environmental stresses. Central to autophagy is the formation of specialized vesicles, the autophagosomes, which target and deliver cargo to the lytic vacuole. How autophagosomes form in plant cells remains poorly understood. Here, we uncover the importance of the lipid phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate in autophagy using pharmacological and genetical approaches. Combining biochemical and live-microscopy analyses, we show that PI4K activity is required for early stages of autophagosome formation. Further, our results show that the plasma membrane-localized PI4Kα1 is involved in autophagy and that a substantial portion of autophagy structures are found in proximity to the PI4P-enriched plasma membrane. Together, our study unravels critical insights into the molecular determinants of autophagy, proposing a model whereby the plasma membrane provides PI4P to support the proper assembly and expansion of the phagophore thus governing autophagosome formation in Arabidopsis. Autophagosomes are specialized vesicles that target and deliver cargo to the lytic vacuole. Here the authors show that plasma-membrane derived lipid phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate supports the assembly and expansion of autophagosomes in Arabidopsis
Collapse
|
22
|
Koyro HW, Huchzermeyer B. From Soil Amendments to Controlling Autophagy: Supporting Plant Metabolism under Conditions of Water Shortage and Salinity. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11131654. [PMID: 35807605 PMCID: PMC9269222 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Crop resistance to environmental stress is a major issue. The globally increasing land degradation and desertification enhance the demand on management practices to balance both food and environmental objectives, including strategies that tighten nutrient cycles and maintain yields. Agriculture needs to provide, among other things, future additional ecosystem services, such as water quantity and quality, runoff control, soil fertility maintenance, carbon storage, climate regulation, and biodiversity. Numerous research projects have focused on the food–soil–climate nexus, and results were summarized in several reviews during the last decades. Based on this impressive piece of information, we have selected only a few aspects with the intention of studying plant–soil interactions and methods for optimization. In the short term, the use of soil amendments is currently attracting great interest to cover the current demand in agriculture. We will discuss the impact of biochar at water shortage, and plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) at improving nutrient supply to plants. In this review, our focus is on the interplay of both soil amendments on primary reactions of photosynthesis, plant growth conditions, and signaling during adaptation to environmental stress. Moreover, we aim at providing a general overview of how dehydration and salinity affect signaling in cells. With the use of the example of abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene, we discuss the effects that can be observed when biochar and PGPB are used in the presence of stress. The stress response of plants is a multifactorial trait. Nevertheless, we will show that plants follow a general concept to adapt to unfavorable environmental conditions in the short and long term. However, plant species differ in the upper and lower regulatory limits of gene expression. Therefore, the presented data may help in the identification of traits for future breeding of stress-resistant crops. One target for breeding could be the removal and efficient recycling of damaged as well as needless compounds and structures. Furthermore, in this context, we will show that autophagy can be a useful goal of breeding measures, since the recycling of building blocks helps the cells to overcome a period of imbalanced substrate supply during stress adjustment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Werner Koyro
- Institute of Plantecology, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Bernhard Huchzermeyer
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Str. 2, 30416 Hannover, Germany; or
- AK Biotechnology, VDI-BV-Hannover, Hanomagstr. 12, 30449 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Alseekh S, Zhu F, Vallarino JG, Sokolowska EM, Yoshida T, Bergmann S, Wendenburg R, Bolze A, Skirycz A, Avin-Wittenberg T, Fernie AR. Autophagy modulates the metabolism and growth of tomato fruit during development. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac129. [PMID: 35928403 PMCID: PMC9343920 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although autophagy is a conserved mechanism operating across eukaryotes, its effects on crops and especially their metabolism has received relatively little attention. Indeed, whilst a few recent studies have used systems biology tools to look at the consequences of lack of autophagy in maize these focused on leaf tissues rather than the kernels. Here we utilized RNA interference (RNAi) to generate tomato plants that were deficient in the autophagy-regulating protease ATG4. Plants displayed an early senescence phenotype yet relatively mild changes in the foliar metabolome and were characterized by a reduced fruit yield phenotype. Metabolite profiling indicated that metabolites of ATG4-RNAi tomato leaves just exhibited minor alterations while that of fruit displayed bigger difference compared to the WT. In detail, many primary metabolites exhibited decreases in the ATG4-RNAi lines, such as proline, tryptophan and phenylalanine, while the representative secondary metabolites (quinic acid and 3-trans-caffeoylquinic acid) were present at substantially higher levels in ATG4-RNAi green fruits than in WT. Moreover, transcriptome analysis indicated that the most prominent differences were in the significant upregulation of organelle degradation genes involved in the proteasome or chloroplast vesiculation pathways, which was further confirmed by the reduced levels of chloroplastic proteins in the proteomics data. Furthermore, integration analysis of the metabolome, transcriptome and proteome data indicated that ATG4 significantly affected the lipid metabolism, chlorophyll binding proteins and chloroplast biosynthesis. These data collectively lead us to propose a more sophisticated model to explain the cellular co-ordination of the process of autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José G Vallarino
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Takuya Yoshida
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Susan Bergmann
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Regina Wendenburg
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Antje Bolze
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Skirycz
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 14850, Ithaca, US
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Leong JX, Raffeiner M, Spinti D, Langin G, Franz-Wachtel M, Guzman AR, Kim JG, Pandey P, Minina AE, Macek B, Hafrén A, Bozkurt TO, Mudgett MB, Börnke F, Hofius D, Üstün S. A bacterial effector counteracts host autophagy by promoting degradation of an autophagy component. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110352. [PMID: 35620914 PMCID: PMC9251887 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021110352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond its role in cellular homeostasis, autophagy plays anti‐ and promicrobial roles in host–microbe interactions, both in animals and plants. One prominent role of antimicrobial autophagy is to degrade intracellular pathogens or microbial molecules, in a process termed xenophagy. Consequently, microbes evolved mechanisms to hijack or modulate autophagy to escape elimination. Although well‐described in animals, the extent to which xenophagy contributes to plant–bacteria interactions remains unknown. Here, we provide evidence that Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) suppresses host autophagy by utilizing type‐III effector XopL. XopL interacts with and degrades the autophagy component SH3P2 via its E3 ligase activity to promote infection. Intriguingly, XopL is targeted for degradation by defense‐related selective autophagy mediated by NBR1/Joka2, revealing a complex antagonistic interplay between XopL and the host autophagy machinery. Our results implicate plant antimicrobial autophagy in the depletion of a bacterial virulence factor and unravel an unprecedented pathogen strategy to counteract defense‐related autophagy in plant–bacteria interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xuan Leong
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Margot Raffeiner
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Daniela Spinti
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Gautier Langin
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mirita Franz-Wachtel
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Quantitative Proteomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrew R Guzman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jung-Gun Kim
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pooja Pandey
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alyona E Minina
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Boris Macek
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Quantitative Proteomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anders Hafrén
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tolga O Bozkurt
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Frederik Börnke
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Großbeeren, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniel Hofius
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Suayib Üstün
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang J, Miao S, Liu Y, Wang Y. Linking Autophagy to Potential Agronomic Trait Improvement in Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094793. [PMID: 35563184 PMCID: PMC9103229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process in eukaryotic cells, by which the superfluous or damaged cytoplasmic components can be delivered into vacuoles or lysosomes for degradation and recycling. Two decades of autophagy research in plants uncovers the important roles of autophagy during diverse biological processes, including development, metabolism, and various stress responses. Additionally, molecular machineries contributing to plant autophagy onset and regulation have also gradually come into people’s sights. With the advancement of our knowledge of autophagy from model plants, autophagy research has expanded to include crops in recent years, for a better understanding of autophagy engagement in crop biology and its potentials in improving agricultural performance. In this review, we summarize the current research progress of autophagy in crops and discuss the autophagy-related approaches for potential agronomic trait improvement in crop plants.
Collapse
|
26
|
Magen S, Seybold H, Laloum D, Avin-Wittenberg T. Metabolism and autophagy in plants - A perfect match. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2133-2151. [PMID: 35470431 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a eukaryotic cellular transport mechanism that delivers intracellular macromolecules, proteins, and even organelles to a lytic organelle (vacuole in yeast and plants/lysosome in animals) for degradation and nutrient recycling. The process is mediated by highly conserved Autophagy-Related (ATG) proteins. In plants, autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis under favorable conditions, guaranteeing normal plant growth and fitness. Severe stress such as nutrient starvation and plant senescence further induce it, thus ensuring plant survival under unfavorable conditions by providing nutrients through the removal of damaged or aged proteins, or organelles. In this article, we examine the interplay between metabolism and autophagy, focusing on the different aspects of this reciprocal relationship. We show that autophagy has a strong influence on a range of metabolic processes, whereas, at the same time, even single metabolites can activate autophagy. We highlight the involvement of ATG genes in metabolism, examine the role of the macronutrients carbon and nitrogen, as well as various micronutrients, and take a closer look at how the interaction between autophagy and metabolism impacts on plant phenotypes and yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Magen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Heike Seybold
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniel Laloum
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamar Avin-Wittenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Laloum D, Magen S, Soroka Y, Avin-Wittenberg T. Exploring the Contribution of Autophagy to the Excess-Sucrose Response in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073891. [PMID: 35409249 PMCID: PMC8999498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential intracellular eukaryotic recycling mechanism, functioning in, among others, carbon starvation. Surprisingly, although autophagy-deficient plants (atg mutants) are hypersensitive to carbon starvation, metabolic analysis revealed that they accumulate sugars under such conditions. In plants, sugars serve as both an energy source and as signaling molecules, affecting many developmental processes, including root and shoot formation. We thus set out to understand the interplay between autophagy and sucrose excess, comparing wild-type and atg mutant seedlings. The presented work showed that autophagy contributes to primary root elongation arrest under conditions of exogenous sucrose and glucose excess but not during fructose or mannitol treatment. Minor or no alterations in starch and primary metabolites were observed between atg mutants and wild-type plants, indicating that the sucrose response relates to its signaling and not its metabolic role. Extensive proteomic analysis of roots performed to further understand the mechanism found an accumulation of proteins essential for ROS reduction and auxin maintenance, which are necessary for root elongation, in atg plants under sucrose excess. The analysis also suggested mitochondrial and peroxisomal involvement in the autophagy-mediated sucrose response. This research increases our knowledge of the complex interplay between autophagy and sugar signaling in plants.
Collapse
|
28
|
Tang J, Bassham DC. Autophagy during drought: function, regulation, and potential application. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:390-401. [PMID: 34469611 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a major challenge for agricultural production since it causes substantial yield reduction and economic loss. Autophagy is a subcellular degradation and recycling pathway that functions in plant development and responses to many stresses, including drought. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the function of autophagy and how autophagy is upregulated during drought stress. Autophagy helps plants to survive drought stress, and the mechanistic basis for this is beginning to be elucidated. Autophagy can selectively degrade aquaporins to adjust water permeability, and also degrades excess heme and damaged proteins to reduce their toxicity. In addition, autophagy can degrade regulators or components of hormone signaling pathways to promote stress responses. During drought recovery, autophagy degrades drought-induced proteins to reset the cell status. Autophagy is activated by multiple mechanisms during drought stress. Several transcription factors are induced by drought to upregulate autophagy-related gene expression, and autophagy is also regulated post-translationally through protein modification and stability. Based on these observations, manipulation of autophagy activity may be a promising approach for conferring drought tolerance in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Simoni EB, Oliveira CC, Fraga OT, Reis PAB, Fontes EPB. Cell Death Signaling From Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress: Plant-Specific and Conserved Features. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:835738. [PMID: 35185996 PMCID: PMC8850647 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.835738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response is triggered by any condition that disrupts protein folding and promotes the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the lumen of the organelle. In eukaryotic cells, the evolutionarily conserved unfolded protein response is activated to clear unfolded proteins and restore ER homeostasis. The recovery from ER stress is accomplished by decreasing protein translation and loading into the organelle, increasing the ER protein processing capacity and ER-associated protein degradation activity. However, if the ER stress persists and cannot be reversed, the chronically prolonged stress leads to cellular dysfunction that activates cell death signaling as an ultimate attempt to survive. Accumulating evidence implicates ER stress-induced cell death signaling pathways as significant contributors for stress adaptation in plants, making modulators of ER stress pathways potentially attractive targets for stress tolerance engineering. Here, we summarize recent advances in understanding plant-specific molecular mechanisms that elicit cell death signaling from ER stress. We also highlight the conserved features of ER stress-induced cell death signaling in plants shared by eukaryotic cells.
Collapse
|
30
|
Nucleolar Stress Functions Upstream to Stimulate Expression of Autophagy Regulators. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246220. [PMID: 34944838 PMCID: PMC8699128 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Ribosome biogenesis takes place in nucleoli and is essential for cellular survival and proliferation. In case this function is disturbed, either due to defects in regulatory factors or the structure of the nucleolus, nucleolar stress is provoked. Consequently, cells classically undergo cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Induction of nucleolar stress is known to eliminate cells in the background of cancer therapy and paradoxically is also associated with increased cancer formation. Recent reports demonstrated that nucleolar stress triggers autophagy, a conserved pathway responsible for recycling endogenous material. Thus, it was suggested that autophagy might serve as compensatory pro-survival response. However, the mechanisms how nucleolar stress triggers autophagy are poorly understood. Here we show that induction of nucleolar stress by depleting ribosome biogenesis factors or by interfering with RNA polymerase I function, triggers expression of various key autophagy regulators. Moreover, we demonstrate that RNA pol I inhibition by CX-5461 correlates with increased ATG7 and ATGL16L1 levels, essential factors for generating autophagosomes, and stimulates autophagic flux. Abstract Ribosome biogenesis is essential for protein synthesis, cell growth and survival. The process takes places in nucleoli and is orchestrated by various proteins, among them RNA polymerases I–III as well as ribosome biogenesis factors. Perturbation of ribosome biogenesis activates the nucleolar stress response, which classically triggers cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Nucleolar stress is utilized in modern anti-cancer therapies, however, also contributes to the development of various pathologies, including cancer. Growing evidence suggests that nucleolar stress stimulates compensatory cascades, for instance bulk autophagy. However, underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that induction of nucleolar stress activates expression of key autophagic regulators such as ATG7 and ATG16L1, essential for generation of autophagosomes. We show that knockdown of the ribosomopathy factor SBDS, or of key ribosome biogenesis factors (PPAN, NPM, PES1) is associated with enhanced levels of ATG7 in cancer cells. The same holds true when interfering with RNA polymerase I function by either pharmacological inhibition (CX-5461) or depletion of the transcription factor UBF-1. Moreover, we demonstrate that RNA pol I inhibition by CX-5461 stimulates autophagic flux. Together, our data establish that nucleolar stress affects transcriptional regulation of autophagy. Given the contribution of both axes in propagation or cure of cancer, our data uncover a connection that might be targeted in future.
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhou X, Zhao P, Sun MX. Autophagy in sexual plant reproduction: new insights. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:7658-7667. [PMID: 34338297 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a mechanism by which damaged or unwanted cells are degraded and their constituents recycled. Over the past decades, research focused on autophagy has expanded from yeast to mammals and plants, and the core machinery regulating autophagy appears to be conserved. In plants, autophagy has essential roles in responses to stressful conditions and also contributes to normal development, especially in the context of reproduction. Here, based on recent efforts to understand the roles and molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy, we highlight the specific roles of autophagy in plant reproduction and provide new insights for further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, Engineering Research Centre for the Protection and Utilization of Bioresource in Ethnic Area of Southern China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Meng-Xiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yang Y, Xiang Y, Niu Y. An Overview of the Molecular Mechanisms and Functions of Autophagic Pathways in Plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1977527. [PMID: 34617497 PMCID: PMC9208794 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1977527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway for the degradation of damaged or toxic components. Under normal conditions, autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis. It can be triggered by senescence and various stresses. In the process of autophagy, autophagy-related (ATG) proteins not only function as central signal regulators but also participate in the development of complex survival mechanisms when plants suffer from adverse environments. Therefore, ATGs play significant roles in metabolism, development and stress tolerance. In the past decade, both the molecular mechanisms of autophagy and a large number of components involved in the assembly of autophagic vesicles have been identified. In recent studies, an increasing number of components, mechanisms, and receptors have appeared in the autophagy pathway. In this paper, we mainly review the recent progress of research on the molecular mechanisms of plant autophagy, as well as its function under biotic stress and abiotic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Moe Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences,Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- Moe Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences,Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yue Niu
- Moe Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences,Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jia X, Jia X, Li T, Wang Y, Sun X, Huo L, Wang P, Che R, Gong X, Ma F. MdATG5a induces drought tolerance by improving the antioxidant defenses and promoting starch degradation in apple. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 312:111052. [PMID: 34620447 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Drought occurrence seriously affects the productivity and quality of apple crop worldwide. Autophagy, a conserved process for the degradation and recycling of unwanted cellular components, is considered to positively regulate the tolerance of various abiotic stresses in plants. In the current study, we isolated two ATG5 homologs genes, namely, MdATG5a and MdATG5b, from apple, demonstrating their responsiveness to drought and oxidative stresses. In addition to having the same cellular localization in the nucleus and cytoplasm, both MdATG5a and MdATG5b could interact with MdATG12. Transgenic apple plants overexpressing MdATG5a exhibited an improved drought tolerance, as indicated by less drought-related damage and higher photosynthetic capacities compared to wild-type (WT) plants under drought stress. The overexpression of MdATG5a improved antioxidant defenses in apple when exposed to drought via elevating both antioxidant enzyme activities and the levels of beneficial antioxidants. Furthermore, under drought stress, the overexpression of MdATG5a promoted the mobilization of starch to accumulate greater levels of soluble sugars, contributing to osmotic adjustments and supporting carbon skeletons for proline synthesis. Such changes in physiological responses may be associated with increased autophagic activities in the transgenic plants upon exposure to drought. Our results demonstrate that MdATG5a-mediated autophagy enhances drought tolerance of apple plants via improving antioxidant defenses and metabolic adjustments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xumei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Liuqing Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Runmin Che
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoqing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Rehman NU, Zeng P, Mo Z, Guo S, Liu Y, Huang Y, Xie Q. Conserved and Diversified Mechanism of Autophagy between Plants and Animals upon Various Stresses. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1736. [PMID: 34829607 PMCID: PMC8615172 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved degradation mechanism in eukaryotes, executing the breakdown of unwanted cell components and subsequent recycling of cellular material for stress relief through vacuole-dependence in plants and yeast while it is lysosome-dependent in animal manner. Upon stress, different types of autophagy are stimulated to operate certain biological processes by employing specific selective autophagy receptors (SARs), which hijack the cargo proteins or organelles to the autophagy machinery for subsequent destruction in the vacuole/lysosome. Despite recent advances in autophagy, the conserved and diversified mechanism of autophagy in response to various stresses between plants and animals still remain a mystery. In this review, we intend to summarize and discuss the characterization of the SARs and their corresponding processes, expectantly advancing the scope and perspective of the evolutionary fate of autophagy between plants and animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Ur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (N.U.R.); (P.Z.); (Z.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Peichun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (N.U.R.); (P.Z.); (Z.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Zulong Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (N.U.R.); (P.Z.); (Z.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Shaoying Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (N.U.R.); (P.Z.); (Z.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Yunfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
| | - Yifeng Huang
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310001, China
| | - Qingjun Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (N.U.R.); (P.Z.); (Z.M.); (S.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kanne JV, Ishikawa M, Bressendorff S, Ansbøl J, Hasebe M, Rodriguez E, Petersen M. Overexpression of ATG8/LC3 enhances wound-induced somatic reprogramming in Physcomitrium patens. Autophagy 2021; 18:1463-1466. [PMID: 34612155 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1975913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal and plant somatic cells have the capacity to switch states or reprogram into stem cells to adapt during stress and injury. This ability to deal with stochastic changes or reprogramming of somatic cells also needs macroautophagy/autophagy. Here, we expand on this notion and provide a primary example of how overexpression of ATG8/LC3 in the moss Physcomitrium patens enhances the ability to reprogram somatic cells into stem cells when subjected to severe wounding. This observation suggests that autophagy is not only required for cells to dedifferentiate but also makes cells more competent to do so.ABBREVIATION: ATG: autophagy related; atg5: AUTOPHAGY 5; ATG8/LC3: AUTOPHAGY 8/microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; GFP: green fluorescent protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob V Kanne
- Functional Genomic Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Masaki Ishikawa
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Simon Bressendorff
- Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Ansbøl
- Functional Genomic Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mitsuyasu Hasebe
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Eleazar Rodriguez
- Functional Genomic Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Petersen
- Functional Genomic Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wijerathna-Yapa A, Signorelli S, Fenske R, Ganguly DR, Stroeher E, Li L, Pogson BJ, Duncan O, Millar AH. Autophagy mutants show delayed chloroplast development during de-etiolation in carbon limiting conditions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:459-477. [PMID: 34365695 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process that plays an essential role under nutrient starvation conditions and influences different developmental processes. We observed that seedlings of autophagy mutants (atg2, atg5, atg7, and atg9) germinated in the dark showed delayed chloroplast development following illumination. The delayed chloroplast development was characterized by a decrease in photosynthetic and chlorophyll biosynthetic proteins, lower chlorophyll content, reduced chloroplast size, and increased levels of proteins involved in lipid biosynthesis. Confirming the biological impact of these differences, photosynthetic performance was impaired in autophagy mutants 12 h post-illumination. We observed that while gene expression for photosynthetic machinery during de-etiolation was largely unaffected in atg mutants, several genes involved in photosystem assembly were transcriptionally downregulated. We also investigated if the delayed chloroplast development could be explained by lower lipid import to the chloroplast or lower triglyceride (TAG) turnover. We observed that the limitations in the chloroplast lipid import imposed by trigalactosyldiacylglycerol1 are unlikely to explain the delay in chloroplast development. However, we found that lower TAG mobility in the triacylglycerol lipase mutant sugardependent1 significantly affected de-etiolation. Moreover, we showed that lower levels of carbon resources exacerbated the slow greening phenotype whereas higher levels of carbon resources had an opposite effect. This work suggests a lack of autophagy machinery limits chloroplast development during de-etiolation, and this is exacerbated by limited lipid turnover (lipophagy) that physically or energetically restrains chloroplast development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akila Wijerathna-Yapa
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Science, The University of Western Australia, 6009, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Santiago Signorelli
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Science, The University of Western Australia, 6009, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Ricarda Fenske
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Science, The University of Western Australia, 6009, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Diep R Ganguly
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Elke Stroeher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Science, The University of Western Australia, 6009, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Lei Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Science, The University of Western Australia, 6009, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Barry J Pogson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Owen Duncan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Science, The University of Western Australia, 6009, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - A Harvey Millar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Science, The University of Western Australia, 6009, Crawley, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kambakam S, Ngaki MN, Sahu BB, Kandel DR, Singh P, Sumit R, Swaminathan S, Muliyar-Krishna R, Bhattacharyya MK. Arabidopsis non-host resistance PSS30 gene enhances broad-spectrum disease resistance in the soybean cultivar Williams 82. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1432-1446. [PMID: 34171147 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-host resistance (NHR), which protects all members of a plant species from non-adapted or non-host plant pathogens, is the most common form of plant immunity. NHR provides the most durable and robust form of broad-spectrum immunity against non-adaptive pathogens pathogenic to other crop species. In a mutant screen for loss of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) NHR against the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) pathogen Phytophthora sojae, the Phytophthora sojae-susceptible 30 (pss30) mutant was identified. The pss30 mutant is also susceptible to the soybean pathogen Fusarium virguliforme. PSS30 encodes a folate transporter, AtFOLT1, which was previously localized to chloroplasts and implicated in the transport of folate from the cytosol to plastids. We show that two Arabidopsis folate biosynthesis mutants with reduced folate levels exhibit a loss of non-host immunity against P. sojae. As compared to the wild-type Col-0 ecotype, the steady-state folate levels are reduced in the pss1, atfolt1 and two folate biosynthesis mutants, suggesting that folate is required for non-host immunity. Overexpression of AtFOLT1 enhances immunity of transgenic soybean lines against two serious soybean pathogens, the fungal pathogen F. virguliforme and the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) Heterodera glycines. Transgenic lines showing enhanced SCN resistance also showed increased levels of folate accumulation. This study thus suggests that folate contributes to non-host plant immunity and that overexpression of a non-host resistance gene could be a suitable strategy for generating broad-spectrum disease resistance in crop plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sekhar Kambakam
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011, USA
| | | | - Binod B Sahu
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011, USA
| | - Devi R Kandel
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011, USA
| | - Prashant Singh
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011, USA
| | - Rishi Sumit
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Guo Y, Ren G, Zhang K, Li Z, Miao Y, Guo H. Leaf senescence: progression, regulation, and application. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2021; 1:5. [PMID: 37789484 PMCID: PMC10509828 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-021-00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence, the last stage of leaf development, is a type of postmitotic senescence and is characterized by the functional transition from nutrient assimilation to nutrient remobilization which is essential for plants' fitness. The initiation and progression of leaf senescence are regulated by a variety of internal and external factors such as age, phytohormones, and environmental stresses. Significant breakthroughs in dissecting the molecular mechanisms underpinning leaf senescence have benefited from the identification of senescence-altered mutants through forward genetic screening and functional assessment of hundreds of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) via reverse genetic research in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana as well as in crop plants. Leaf senescence involves highly complex genetic programs that are tightly tuned by multiple layers of regulation, including chromatin and transcription regulation, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational regulation. Due to the significant impact of leaf senescence on photosynthesis, nutrient remobilization, stress responses, and productivity, much effort has been made in devising strategies based on known senescence regulatory mechanisms to manipulate the initiation and progression of leaf senescence, aiming for higher yield, better quality, or improved horticultural performance in crop plants. This review aims to provide an overview of leaf senescence and discuss recent advances in multi-dimensional regulation of leaf senescence from genetic and molecular network perspectives. We also put forward the key issues that need to be addressed, including the nature of leaf age, functional stay-green trait, coordination between different regulatory pathways, source-sink relationship and nutrient remobilization, as well as translational researches on leaf senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Guo
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
| | - Guodong Ren
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004 Zhejiang China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Ying Miao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gomez RE, Lupette J, Chambaud C, Castets J, Ducloy A, Cacas JL, Masclaux-Daubresse C, Bernard A. How Lipids Contribute to Autophagosome Biogenesis, a Critical Process in Plant Responses to Stresses. Cells 2021; 10:1272. [PMID: 34063958 PMCID: PMC8224036 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout their life cycle, plants face a tremendous number of environmental and developmental stresses. To respond to these different constraints, they have developed a set of refined intracellular systems including autophagy. This pathway, highly conserved among eukaryotes, is induced by a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses upon which it mediates the degradation and recycling of cytoplasmic material. Central to autophagy is the formation of highly specialized double membrane vesicles called autophagosomes which select, engulf, and traffic cargo to the lytic vacuole for degradation. The biogenesis of these structures requires a series of membrane remodeling events during which both the quantity and quality of lipids are critical to sustain autophagy activity. This review highlights our knowledge, and raises current questions, regarding the mechanism of autophagy, and its induction and regulation upon environmental stresses with a particular focus on the fundamental contribution of lipids. How autophagy regulates metabolism and the recycling of resources, including lipids, to promote plant acclimation and resistance to stresses is further discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Enrique Gomez
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (R.E.G.); (J.L.); (C.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Josselin Lupette
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (R.E.G.); (J.L.); (C.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Clément Chambaud
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (R.E.G.); (J.L.); (C.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Julie Castets
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (R.E.G.); (J.L.); (C.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Amélie Ducloy
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318 AgroParisTech-INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (A.D.); (J.-L.C.); (C.M.-D.)
| | - Jean-Luc Cacas
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318 AgroParisTech-INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (A.D.); (J.-L.C.); (C.M.-D.)
| | - Céline Masclaux-Daubresse
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318 AgroParisTech-INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (A.D.); (J.-L.C.); (C.M.-D.)
| | - Amélie Bernard
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (R.E.G.); (J.L.); (C.C.); (J.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Barros JAS, Magen S, Lapidot-Cohen T, Rosental L, Brotman Y, Araújo WL, Avin-Wittenberg T. Autophagy is required for lipid homeostasis during dark-induced senescence. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1542-1558. [PMID: 33793926 PMCID: PMC8133563 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that mediates the degradation of cytoplasmic components in eukaryotic cells. In plants, autophagy has been extensively associated with the recycling of proteins during carbon-starvation conditions. Even though lipids constitute a significant energy reserve, our understanding of the function of autophagy in the management of cell lipid reserves and components remains fragmented. To further investigate the significance of autophagy in lipid metabolism, we performed an extensive lipidomic characterization of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) autophagy mutants (atg) subjected to dark-induced senescence conditions. Our results revealed an altered lipid profile in atg mutants, suggesting that autophagy affects the homeostasis of multiple lipid components under dark-induced senescence. The acute degradation of chloroplast lipids coupled with the differential accumulation of triacylglycerols (TAGs) and plastoglobuli indicates an alternative metabolic reprogramming toward lipid storage in atg mutants. The imbalance of lipid metabolism compromises the production of cytosolic lipid droplets and the regulation of peroxisomal lipid oxidation pathways in atg mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A S Barros
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, Brazil
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram 9190401, Israel
| | - Sahar Magen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram 9190401, Israel
| | - Taly Lapidot-Cohen
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Leah Rosental
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Tamar Avin-Wittenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram 9190401, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Autophagy in Plant Abiotic Stress Management. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084075. [PMID: 33920817 PMCID: PMC8071135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants can be considered an open system. Throughout their life cycle, plants need to exchange material, energy and information with the outside world. To improve their survival and complete their life cycle, plants have developed sophisticated mechanisms to maintain cellular homeostasis during development and in response to environmental changes. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved self-degradative process that occurs ubiquitously in all eukaryotic cells and plays many physiological roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown that autophagy can be induced not only by starvation but also as a cellular response to various abiotic stresses, including oxidative, salt, drought, cold and heat stresses. This review focuses mainly on the role of autophagy in plant abiotic stress management.
Collapse
|
42
|
Pérez-Pérez ME, Lemaire SD, Crespo JL. The ATG4 protease integrates redox and stress signals to regulate autophagy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3340-3351. [PMID: 33587749 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved degradative pathway that ensures cellular homeostasis through the removal of damaged or useless intracellular components including proteins, membranes, or even entire organelles. A main hallmark of autophagy is the biogenesis of autophagosomes, double-membrane vesicles that engulf and transport to the vacuole the material to be degraded and recycled. The formation of autophagosomes responds to integrated signals produced as a consequence of metabolic reactions or different types of stress and is mediated by the coordinated action of core autophagy-related (ATG) proteins. ATG4 is a key Cys-protease with a dual function in both ATG8 lipidation and free ATG8 recycling whose balance is crucial for proper biogenesis of the autophagosome. ATG4 is conserved in the green lineage, and its regulation by different post-translational modifications has been reported in the model systems Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Arabidopsis. In this review, we discuss the major role of ATG4 in the integration of stress and redox signals that regulate autophagy in algae and plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Esther Pérez-Pérez
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Stéphane D Lemaire
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, Paris, France
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
| | - José L Crespo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio, Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Jia X, Mao K, Wang P, Wang Y, Jia X, Huo L, Sun X, Che R, Gong X, Ma F. Overexpression of MdATG8i improves water use efficiency in transgenic apple by modulating photosynthesis, osmotic balance, and autophagic activity under moderate water deficit. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:81. [PMID: 33790273 PMCID: PMC8012348 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Water deficit is one of the major limiting factors for apple (Malus domestica) production on the Loess Plateau, a major apple cultivation area in China. The identification of genes related to the regulation of water use efficiency (WUE) is a crucial aspect of crop breeding programs. As a conserved degradation and recycling mechanism in eukaryotes, autophagy has been reported to participate in various stress responses. However, the relationship between autophagy and WUE regulation has not been explored. We have shown that a crucial autophagy protein in apple, MdATG8i, plays a role in improving salt tolerance. Here, we explored its biological function in response to long-term moderate drought stress. The results showed that MdATG8i-overexpressing (MdATG8i-OE) apple plants exhibited higher WUE than wild-type (WT) plants under long-term moderate drought conditions. Plant WUE can be increased by improving photosynthetic efficiency. Osmoregulation plays a critical role in plant stress resistance and adaptation. Under long-term drought conditions, the photosynthetic capacity and accumulation of sugar and amino acids were higher in MdATG8i-OE plants than in WT plants. The increased photosynthetic capacity in the OE plants could be attributed to their ability to maintain optimal stomatal aperture, organized chloroplasts, and strong antioxidant activity. MdATG8i overexpression also promoted autophagic activity, which was likely related to the changes described above. In summary, our results demonstrate that MdATG8i-OE apple lines exhibited higher WUE than WT under long-term moderate drought conditions because they maintained robust photosynthesis, effective osmotic adjustment processes, and strong autophagic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ke Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xumei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liuqing Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Runmin Che
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoqing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jasieniecka-Gazarkiewicz K, Demski K, Gidda SK, Klińska S, Niedojadło J, Lager I, Carlsson AS, Minina EA, Mullen RT, Bozhkov PV, Stymne S, Banaś A. Subcellular Localization of Acyl-CoA: Lysophosphatidylethanolamine Acyltransferases (LPEATs) and the Effects of Knocking-Out and Overexpression of Their Genes on Autophagy Markers Level and Life Span of A. thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063006. [PMID: 33809440 PMCID: PMC8000221 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana possesses two acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylethanolamine acyltransferases, LPEAT1 and LPEAT2, which are encoded by At1g80950 and At2g45670 genes, respectively. Both single lpeat2 mutant and double lpeat1 lpeat2 mutant plants exhibit a variety of conspicuous phenotypes, including dwarfed growth. Confocal microscopic analysis of tobacco suspension-cultured cells transiently transformed with green fluorescent protein-tagged versions of LPEAT1 or LPEAT2 revealed that LPEAT1 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), whereas LPEAT2 is localized to both Golgi and late endosomes. Considering that the primary product of the reaction catalyzed by LPEATs is phosphatidylethanolamine, which is known to be covalently conjugated with autophagy-related protein ATG8 during a key step of the formation of autophagosomes, we investigated the requirements for LPEATs to engage in autophagic activity in Arabidopsis. Knocking out of either or both LPEAT genes led to enhanced accumulation of the autophagic adaptor protein NBR1 and decreased levels of both ATG8a mRNA and total ATG8 protein. Moreover, we detected significantly fewer membrane objects in the vacuoles of lpeat1 lpeat2 double mutant mesophyll cells than in vacuoles of control plants. However, contrary to what has been reported on autophagy deficient plants, the lpeat mutants displayed a prolonged life span compared to wild type, including delayed senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Jasieniecka-Gazarkiewicz
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (K.D.); (S.K.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kamil Demski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (K.D.); (S.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Satinder K. Gidda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.K.G.); (R.T.M.)
| | - Sylwia Klińska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (K.D.); (S.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Janusz Niedojadło
- Department of Cell Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Ida Lager
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 230-53 Alnarp, Sweden; (I.L.); (A.S.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Anders S. Carlsson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 230-53 Alnarp, Sweden; (I.L.); (A.S.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Elena A. Minina
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 750-07 Uppsala, Sweden; (E.A.M.); (P.V.B.)
| | - Robert T. Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.K.G.); (R.T.M.)
| | - Peter V. Bozhkov
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 750-07 Uppsala, Sweden; (E.A.M.); (P.V.B.)
| | - Sten Stymne
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 230-53 Alnarp, Sweden; (I.L.); (A.S.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Antoni Banaś
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (K.D.); (S.K.); (A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wang H, Ding Z, Gou M, Hu J, Wang Y, Wang L, Wang Y, Di T, Zhang X, Hao X, Wang X, Yang Y, Qian W. Genome-wide identification, characterization, and expression analysis of tea plant autophagy-related genes (CsARGs) demonstrates that they play diverse roles during development and under abiotic stress. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:121. [PMID: 33596831 PMCID: PMC7891152 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy, meaning ‘self-eating’, is required for the degradation and recycling of cytoplasmic constituents under stressful and non-stressful conditions, which helps to maintain cellular homeostasis and delay aging and longevity in eukaryotes. To date, the functions of autophagy have been heavily studied in yeast, mammals and model plants, but few studies have focused on economically important crops, especially tea plants (Camellia sinensis). The roles played by autophagy in coping with various environmental stimuli have not been fully elucidated to date. Therefore, investigating the functions of autophagy-related genes in tea plants may help to elucidate the mechanism governing autophagy in response to stresses in woody plants. Results In this study, we identified 35 C. sinensis autophagy-related genes (CsARGs). Each CsARG is highly conserved with its homologues from other plant species, except for CsATG14. Tissue-specific expression analysis demonstrated that the abundances of CsARGs varied across different tissues, but CsATG8c/i showed a degree of tissue specificity. Under hormone and abiotic stress conditions, most CsARGs were upregulated at different time points during the treatment. In addition, the expression levels of 10 CsARGs were higher in the cold-resistant cultivar ‘Longjing43’ than in the cold-susceptible cultivar ‘Damianbai’ during the CA period; however, the expression of CsATG101 showed the opposite tendency. Conclusions We performed a comprehensive bioinformatic and physiological analysis of CsARGs in tea plants, and these results may help to establish a foundation for further research investigating the molecular mechanisms governing autophagy in tea plant growth, development and response to stress. Meanwhile, some CsARGs could serve as putative molecular markers for the breeding of cold-resistant tea plants in future research. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07419-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Zhaotang Ding
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Mengjie Gou
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jianhui Hu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lu Wang
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.,Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Yuchun Wang
- College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Taimei Di
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.,Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Xinfu Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xinyuan Hao
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.,Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Xinchao Wang
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.,Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.,Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Wenjun Qian
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Berenguer E, Minina EA, Carneros E, B�r�ny I, Bozhkov PV, Testillano PS. Suppression of Metacaspase- and Autophagy-Dependent Cell Death Improves Stress-Induced Microspore Embryogenesis in Brassica napus. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 61:2097-2110. [PMID: 33057654 PMCID: PMC7861468 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Microspore embryogenesis is a biotechnological process that allows us to rapidly obtain doubled-haploid plants for breeding programs. The process is initiated by the application of stress treatment, which reprograms microspores to embark on embryonic development. Typically, a part of the microspores undergoes cell death that reduces the efficiency of the process. Metacaspases (MCAs), a phylogenetically broad group of cysteine proteases, and autophagy, the major catabolic process in eukaryotes, are critical regulators of the balance between cell death and survival in various organisms. In this study, we analyzed the role of MCAs and autophagy in cell death during stress-induced microspore embryogenesis in Brassica napus. We demonstrate that this cell death is accompanied by the transcriptional upregulation of three BnMCA genes (BnMCA-Ia, BnMCA-IIa and BnMCA-IIi), an increase in MCA proteolytic activity and the activation of autophagy. Accordingly, inhibition of autophagy and MCA activity, either individually or in combination, suppressed cell death and increased the number of proembryos, indicating that both components play a pro-cell death role and account for decreased efficiency of early embryonic development. Therefore, MCAs and/or autophagy can be used as new biotechnological targets to improve in vitro embryogenesis in Brassica species and doubled-haploid plant production in crop breeding and propagation programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Berenguer
- Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Laboratory, Margarita Salas Center of Biological Research, CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Elena A Minina
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, PO Box 7015, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Elena Carneros
- Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Laboratory, Margarita Salas Center of Biological Research, CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Ivett B�r�ny
- Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Laboratory, Margarita Salas Center of Biological Research, CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Peter V Bozhkov
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, PO Box 7015, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Pilar S Testillano
- Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Laboratory, Margarita Salas Center of Biological Research, CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhen X, Zheng N, Yu J, Bi C, Xu F. Autophagy mediates grain yield and nitrogen stress resistance by modulating nitrogen remobilization in rice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244996. [PMID: 33444362 PMCID: PMC7808584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a conserved cellular process in eukaryotes, has evolved to a sophisticated process to dispose of intracellular constituents and plays important roles in plant development, metabolism, and efficient nutrients remobilization under suboptimal nutrients conditions. Here, we show that OsATG8b, an AUTOPHAGY-RELATED8 (ATG8) gene in rice, was highly induced by nitrogen (N) starvation. Elevated expression of OsATG8b significantly increased ATG8 lipidation, autophagic flux, and grain yield in rice under both sufficient and deficient N conditions. Overexpressing of OsATG8b could greatly increase the activities of enzymes related to N metabolism. Intriguingly, the 15N-labeling assay further revealed that more N was remobilized to seeds in OsATG8b-overexpressing rice, which significantly increased the N remobilization efficiency (NRE), N harvest index, N utilization efficiency (NUE), and N uptake efficiency (NUpE). Conversely, the osatg8b knock-out mutants had the opposite results on these characters. The substantial transcriptional changes of the overexpressed transgenic lines indicated the presence of complex signaling to developmental, metabolic process, and hormone, etc. Excitingly, the transgenic rice under different backgrounds all similarly be boosted in yield and NUE with OsATG8b overexpression. This work provides an excellent candidate gene for improving N remobilization, utilization, and yield in crops simultaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Northern Japonica Rice Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education and Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Rice Research Institute of Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Naimeng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Northern Japonica Rice Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education and Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Rice Research Institute of Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinlei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Northern Japonica Rice Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education and Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Rice Research Institute of Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Congyuan Bi
- Key Laboratory of Northern Japonica Rice Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education and Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Rice Research Institute of Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Northern Japonica Rice Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education and Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Rice Research Institute of Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- * E-mail: ,
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Thanthrige N, Bhowmik SD, Ferguson BJ, Kabbage M, Mundree SG, Williams B. Potential Biotechnological Applications of Autophagy for Agriculture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:760407. [PMID: 34777441 PMCID: PMC8579036 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.760407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a genetically regulated, eukaryotic cellular degradation system that sequestrates cytoplasmic materials in specialised vesicles, termed autophagosomes, for delivery and breakdown in the lysosome or vacuole. In plants, autophagy plays essential roles in development (e.g., senescence) and responses to abiotic (e.g., nutrient starvation, drought and oxidative stress) and biotic stresses (e.g., hypersensitive response). Initially, autophagy was considered a non-selective bulk degradation mechanism that provides energy and building blocks for homeostatic balance during stress. Recent studies, however, reveal that autophagy may be more subtle and selectively target ubiquitylated protein aggregates, protein complexes and even organelles for degradation to regulate vital cellular processes even during favourable conditions. The selective nature of autophagy lends itself to potential manipulation and exploitation as part of designer protein turnover machinery for the development of stress-tolerant and disease-resistant crops, crops with increased yield potential and agricultural efficiency and reduced post-harvest losses. Here, we discuss our current understanding of autophagy and speculate its potential manipulation for improved agricultural performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nipuni Thanthrige
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sudipta Das Bhowmik
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brett J. Ferguson
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mehdi Kabbage
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sagadevan G. Mundree
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brett Williams
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Brett Williams,
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Qi H, Xia FN, Xiao S. Autophagy in plants: Physiological roles and post-translational regulation. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:161-179. [PMID: 32324339 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, autophagy helps maintain cellular homeostasis by degrading and recycling cytoplasmic materials via a tightly regulated pathway. Over the past few decades, significant progress has been made towards understanding the physiological functions and molecular regulation of autophagy in plant cells. Increasing evidence indicates that autophagy is essential for plant responses to several developmental and environmental cues, functioning in diverse processes such as senescence, male fertility, root meristem maintenance, responses to nutrient starvation, and biotic and abiotic stress. Recent studies have demonstrated that, similar to nonplant systems, the modulation of core proteins in the plant autophagy machinery by posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, S-sulfhydration, S-nitrosylation, and acetylation is widely involved in the initiation and progression of autophagy. Here, we provide an overview of the physiological roles and posttranslational regulation of autophagy in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Fan-Nv Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wang P, Wang T, Han J, Li M, Zhao Y, Su T, Ma C. Plant Autophagy: An Intricate Process Controlled by Various Signaling Pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:754982. [PMID: 34630498 PMCID: PMC8495024 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.754982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a ubiquitous process used widely across plant cells to degrade cellular material and is an important regulator of plant growth and various environmental stress responses in plants. The initiation and dynamics of autophagy in plant cells are precisely controlled according to the developmental stage of the plant and changes in the environment, which are transduced into intracellular signaling pathways. These signaling pathways often regulate autophagy by mediating TOR (Target of Rapamycin) kinase activity, an important regulator of autophagy initiation; however, some also act via TOR-independent pathways. Under nutrient starvation, TOR activity is suppressed through glucose or ROS (reactive oxygen species) signaling, thereby promoting the initiation of autophagy. Under stresses, autophagy can be regulated by the regulatory networks connecting stresses, ROS and plant hormones, and in turn, autophagy regulates ROS levels and hormone signaling. This review focuses on the latest research progress in the mechanism of different external signals regulating autophagy.
Collapse
|