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Pedersen C, Marzano SYL. Mechanisms of Primed Defense: Plant Immunity Induced by Endophytic Colonization of a Mycovirus-Induced Hypovirulent Fungal Pathogen. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:726-736. [PMID: 37459471 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-23-0083-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
How mycovirus-induced hypovirulence in fungi activates plant defense is still poorly understood. The changes in plant fitness and gene expression caused by the inoculation of the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum harboring and made hypovirulent by the mycovirus soybean leaf-associated gemygorvirus-1 (SlaGemV-1) of the species Gemycircularvirus soybe1 were examined in this study. As the hypovirulent fungus (DK3V) colonized soybean Glycine max, plant transcriptomic analysis indicated changes in defense responses and photosynthetic activity, supported by an upregulation of individual genes and overrepresentation of photosystem gene ontology groups. The upregulated genes include genes relating to both pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity as well as various genes relating to the induction of systemic acquired resistance and the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid. Plants colonized with DK3V showed a resistant phenotype to virulent S. sclerotiorum infection. Plant height and leaf area were also determined to be larger in plants grown with the virus-infected fungus. Here, we hypothesize that inoculation of soybean with DK3V can result in the triggering of a wide range of defense mechanisms to prime against later infection. The knowledge gained from this study about plant transcriptomics and phenotype will help prime plant immunity with mycovirus-infected hypovirulent fungal strains more effectively. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Pedersen
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Toledo, OH 43606, U.S.A
| | - Shin-Yi Lee Marzano
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Toledo, OH 43606, U.S.A
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Yang Y, Li Y, Guang Y, Lin J, Zhou Y, Yu T, Ding F, Wang Y, Chen J, Zhou Y, Dang F. Red light induces salicylic acid accumulation by activating CaHY5 to enhance pepper resistance against Phytophthora capsici. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad213. [PMID: 38046851 PMCID: PMC10689078 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is frequently challenged by various pathogens, among which Phytophthora capsici is the most devastating to pepper production. Red light signal acts as a positive induction of plant resistance against multiple pathogens. However, little is known about how the red light signal affects pepper resistance to P. capsici infection (PCI). Here, we report that red light regulates salicylic acid (SA) accumulation by activating elongated hypocotyl5 (CaHY5), a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor, thereby decreasing pepper susceptibility to PCI. Exogenous SA treatment reduced pepper susceptibility to PCI, while silencing of CaPHYB (a red light photoreceptor) increased its susceptibility. PCI significantly induced CaHY5 expression, and silencing of CaHY5 reduced SA accumulation, accompanied by decreases in the expression levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 3 (CaPAL3), CaPAL7, pathogenesis-related 1 (CaPR1), and CaPR1L, which finally resulted in higher susceptibility of pepper to PCI. Moreover, CaHY5 was found to activate the expression of CaPAL3 and CaPAL7, which are essential for SA biosynthesis, by directly binding to their promoters. Further analysis revealed that exogenous SA treatment could restore the resistance of CaHY5-silenced pepper plants to PCI. Collectively, this study reveals a critical mechanism through which red light induces SA accumulation by regulating CaHY5-mediated CaPAL3 and CaPAL7 expression, leading to enhanced resistance to PCI. Moreover, red light-induced CaHY5 regulates pepper resistance to PCI, which may have implications for PCI control in protected vegetable production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxin Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Yu Li
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Yelan Guang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Jinhui Lin
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural science, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Fei Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi 716000, China
| | - Jinyin Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fengfeng Dang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi 716000, China
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Kanojia A, Bhola D, Mudgil Y. Light signaling as cellular integrator of multiple environmental cues in plants. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1485-1503. [PMID: 38076763 PMCID: PMC10709290 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants being sessile need to rapidly adapt to the constantly changing environment through modifications in their internal clock, metabolism, and gene expression. They have evolved an intricate system to perceive and transfer the signals from the primary environmental factors namely light, temperature and water to regulate their growth development and survival. Over past few decades rigorous research using molecular genetics approaches, especially in model plant Arabidopsis, has resulted in substantial progress in discovering various photoreceptor systems and light signaling components. In parallel several molecular pathways operating in response to other environmental cues have also been elucidated. Interestingly, the studies have shown that expression profiles of genes involved in photomorphogenesis can undergo modulation in response to other cues from the environment. Recently, the photoreceptor, PHYB, has been shown to function as a thermosensor. Downstream components of light signaling pathway like COP1 and PIF have also emerged as integrating hubs for various kinds of signals. All these findings indicate that light signaling components may act as central integrator of various environmental cues to regulate plant growth and development processes. In this review, we present a perspective on cross talk of signaling mechanisms induced in response to myriad array of signals and their integration with the light signaling components. By putting light signals on the central stage, we propose the possibilities of enhancing plant resilience to the changing environment by fine-tuning the genetic manipulation of its signaling components in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kanojia
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Diksha Bhola
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Yashwanti Mudgil
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007 India
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Qiu X, Sun G, Liu F, Hu W. Functions of Plant Phytochrome Signaling Pathways in Adaptation to Diverse Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13201. [PMID: 37686008 PMCID: PMC10487518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes are receptors for red light (R)/far-red light (FR), which are not only involved in regulating the growth and development of plants but also in mediated resistance to various stresses. Studies have revealed that phytochrome signaling pathways play a crucial role in enabling plants to cope with abiotic stresses such as high/low temperatures, drought, high-intensity light, and salinity. Phytochromes and their components in light signaling pathways can also respond to biotic stresses caused by insect pests and microbial pathogens, thereby inducing plant resistance against them. Given that, this paper reviews recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of action of phytochromes in plant resistance to adversity and discusses the importance of modulating the genes involved in phytochrome signaling pathways to coordinate plant growth, development, and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Qiu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Jiangxi Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332000, China; (X.Q.); (G.S.)
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Guanghua Sun
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Jiangxi Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332000, China; (X.Q.); (G.S.)
| | - Fen Liu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Jiangxi Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332000, China; (X.Q.); (G.S.)
| | - Weiming Hu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Jiangxi Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332000, China; (X.Q.); (G.S.)
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Jimmy JL, Karn R, Kumari S, Sruthilaxmi CB, Pooja S, Emerson IA, Babu S. Rice WRKY13 TF protein binds to motifs in the promoter region to regulate downstream disease resistance-related genes. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:249. [PMID: 37474674 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
In plants, pathogen resistance is brought about by the binding of certain transcription factor (TF) proteins to the cis-elements of certain target genes. These cis-elements are present upstream in the motif of the promoters of each gene. This ensures the binding of a specific TF to a specific promoter, therefore regulating the expression of that gene. Therefore, the study of each promoter sequence of all the rice genes would help identify the target genes of a specific TF. Rice 1 kb upstream promoter sequences of 55,986 annotated genes were analyzed using the Perl program algorithm to detect WRKY13 binding motifs (bm). The resulting genes were grouped using Gene Ontology and gene set enrichment analysis. A gene with more than 4 TF bm in their promoter was selected. Ten genes reported to have a role in rice disease resistance were selected for further analysis. Cis-acting regulatory element analysis was carried out to find the cis-elements and confirm the presence of the corresponding motifs in the promoter sequences of these genes. The 3D structure of WRKY13 TF and the corresponding ten genes were built, and the interacting residues were determined. The binding capacity of WRKY13 to the promoter of these selected genes was analyzed using docking studies. WRKY13 was considered for docking analysis based on the prior reports of autoregulation. Molecular dynamic simulations provided more details regarding the interactions. Expression data revealed the expression of the genes that helped provide the mechanism of interaction. Further co-expression network helped to characterize the interaction of these selected disease resistance-related genes with the WRKY13 TF protein. This study suggests downstream target genes that are regulated by the WRKY13 TF. The molecular mechanism involving the gene network regulated by WRKY13 TF in disease resistance against rice fungal pathogens is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lilly Jimmy
- School of Bio Science and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India.
| | - Rohit Karn
- School of Bio Science and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Sweta Kumari
- School of Bio Science and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | | | - Singh Pooja
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Isaac Arnold Emerson
- School of Bio Science and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Subramanian Babu
- VIT School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
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Yang J, Zhang H, Chen H, Sun Z, Ke H, Wang G, Meng C, Wu L, Zhang Y, Wang X, Ma Z. Genome-wide association study reveals novel SNPs and genes in Gossypium hirsutum underlying Aphis gossypii resistance. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:171. [PMID: 37420143 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04415-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
A. gossypii resistance showed great variability in G. hirsutum varieties. One hundred and seventy-six SNPs associated with A. gossypii resistance were identified using GWAS. Four candidate resistance genes were functionally validated. Aphis gossypii is an economically important sap-feeding pest and is widely distributed in the world's cotton-producing regions. Identification of cotton genotypes and developing cultivars with improved A. gossypii resistance (AGR) is essential and desirable for sustainable agriculture. In the present study, A. gossypii was offered no choice but to propagate on 200 Gossypium hirsutum accessions. A relative aphid reproduction index (RARI) was used to evaluate the AGR, which showed large variability in cotton accessions and was classified into 6 grades. A significantly positive correlation was found between AGR and Verticillium wilt resistance. A total of 176 SNPs significantly associated with the RARI were identified using GWAS. Of these, 21 SNPs could be repeatedly detected in three replicates. Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence, a restriction digestion-based genotyping assay, was developed using SNP1 with the highest observed -log10(P-value). Four genes within the 650 kb region of SNP1 were further identified, including GhRem (remorin-like), GhLAF1 (long after far-red light 1), GhCFIm25 (pre-mRNA cleavage factor Im 25 kDa subunit) and GhPMEI (plant invertase/pectin methylesterase inhibitor superfamily protein). The aphid infection could induce their expression and showed a significant difference between resistant and susceptible cotton varieties. Silencing of GhRem, GhLAF1 or GhCFIm25 could significantly increase aphid reproduction on cotton seedlings. Silencing of GhRem significantly reduced callose deposition, which is reasonably believed to be the cause for the higher AGR. Our results provide insights into understanding the genetic regulation of AGR in cotton and suggest candidate germplasms, SNPs and genes for developing cultivars with improved AGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Haonan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Zhengwen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Huifeng Ke
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Guoning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Chengsheng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Liqiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Xingfen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China.
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Cerón-Bustamante M, Tini F, Beccari G, Benincasa P, Covarelli L. Effect of Different Light Wavelengths on Zymoseptoria tritici Development and Leaf Colonization in Bread Wheat. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:670. [PMID: 37367606 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici can respond to light by modulating its gene expression. Because several virulence-related genes are differentially expressed in response to light, different wavelengths could have a crucial role in the Z. tritici-wheat interaction. To explore this opportunity, the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of blue (470 nm), red (627 nm), blue-red, and white light on the in vitro and in planta development of Z. tritici. The morphology (mycelium appearance, color) and phenotypic (mycelium growth) characteristics of a Z. tritici strain were evaluated after 14 days under the different light conditions in two independent experiments. In addition, bread wheat plants were artificially inoculated with Z. tritici and grown for 35 days under the same light treatments. The disease incidence, severity, and fungal DNA were analyzed in a single experiment. Statistical differences were determined by using an ANOVA. The obtained results showed that the different light wavelengths induced specific morphological changes in mycelial growth. The blue light significantly reduced colony growth, while the dark and red light favored fungal development (p < 0.05). The light quality also influenced host colonization, whereby the white and red light had stimulating and repressing effects, respectively (p < 0.05). This precursory study demonstrated the influence of light on Z. tritici colonization in bread wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minely Cerón-Bustamante
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Benincasa
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
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Lee S, Völz R, Lim YJ, Harris W, Kim S, Lee YH. The nuclear effector MoHTR3 of Magnaporthe oryzae modulates host defence signalling in the biotrophic stage of rice infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:602-615. [PMID: 36977203 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fungal effectors play a pivotal role in suppressing the host defence system, and their evolution is highly dynamic. By comparative sequence analysis of plant-pathogenic fungi and Magnaporthe oryzae, we identified the small secreted C2 H2 zinc finger protein MoHTR3. MoHTR3 exhibited high conservation in M. oryzae strains but low conservation among other plant-pathogenic fungi, suggesting an emerging evolutionary selection process. MoHTR3 is exclusively expressed in the biotrophic stage of fungal invasion, and the encoded protein localizes to the biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC) and the host cell nucleus. The signal peptide crucial for MoHTR3' secretion to the BIC and the protein section required for its translocation to the nucleus were both identified by a functional protein domain study. The host-nuclear localization of MoHTR3 suggests a function as a transcriptional modulator of host defence gene induction. After ΔMohtr3 infection, the expression of jasmonic acid- and ethylene-associated genes was diminished in rice, in contrast to when the MoHTR3-overexpressing strain (MoHTR3ox) was applied. The transcript levels of salicylic acid- and defence-related genes were also affected after ΔMohtr3 and MoHTR3ox application. In pathogenicity assays, ΔMohtr3 was indistinguishable from the wild type. However, MoHTR3ox-infected plants showed diminished lesion formation and hydrogen peroxide accumulation, accompanied by a decrease in susceptibility, suggesting that the MoHTR3-induced manipulation of host cells affects host-pathogen interaction. MoHTR3 emphasizes the role of the host nucleus as a critical target for the pathogen-driven manipulation of host defence mechanisms and underscores the ongoing evolution of rice blast's arms race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehee Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ronny Völz
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - You-Jin Lim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - William Harris
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongbeom Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Plant Microbiome Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Yuan DP, Yang S, Feng L, Chu J, Dong H, Sun J, Chen H, Li Z, Yamamoto N, Zheng A, Li S, Yoon HC, Chen J, Ma D, Xuan YH. Red-light receptor phytochrome B inhibits BZR1-NAC028-CAD8B signaling to negatively regulate rice resistance to sheath blight. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1249-1263. [PMID: 36457051 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytochrome (Phy)-regulated light signalling plays important roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, its function in rice defence against sheath blight disease (ShB) remains unclear. Here, we found that PhyB mutation or shade treatment promoted rice resistance to ShB, while resistance was reduced by PhyB overexpression. Further analysis showed that PhyB interacts with phytochrome-interacting factor-like 15 (PIL15), brassinazole resistant 1 (BZR1), and vascular plant one-zinc-finger 2 (VOZ2). Plants overexpressing PIL15 were more susceptible to ShB in contrast to bzr1-D-overexpressing plants compared with the wild-type, suggesting that PhyB may inhibit BZR1 to negatively regulate rice resistance to ShB. Although BZR1 is known to regulate brassinosteroid (BR) signalling, the observation that BR signalling negatively regulated resistance to ShB indicated an independent role for BZR1 in controlling rice resistance. It was also found that the BZR1 ligand NAC028 positively regulated resistance to ShB. RNA sequencing showed that cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 8B (CAD8B), involved in lignin biosynthesis was upregulated in both bzr1-D- and NAC028-overexpressing plants compared with the wild-type. Yeast-one hybrid, ChIP, and transactivation assays demonstrated that BZR1 and NAC028 activate CAD8B directly. Taken together, the analyses demonstrated that PhyB-mediated light signalling inhibits the BZR1-NAC028-CAD8B pathway to regulate rice resistance to ShB.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Peng Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lu Feng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jin Chu
- Laboratory of Rice Disease Research, Institution of Plant Protection, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Hai Dong
- Laboratory of Rice Disease Research, Institution of Plant Protection, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Rice Research Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Plant Protection, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- Department of Plant Protection, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Biological Science, College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, China
| | | | - Jingsheng Chen
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dianrong Ma
- Rice Research Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Hu Xuan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Chen N, Shao Q, Xiong Z. Isolation and characterization of a pathogenesis-related protein 1 (SlPR1) gene with induced expression in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) during Ralstonia solanacearum infection. Gene 2023; 855:147105. [PMID: 36513189 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In order to explore the function of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins in regulating tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) biological stress response, a PR protein gene (SlPR1) (Gen ID: Solyc01g106620.2) was isolated from tomato by RT-PCR. The full-length cDNA was 760 bp, which encoded a total of 179 amino acids. The cDNA contained a 42 bp 5' non-coding region, a 178 bp 3' non-coding region, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 540 bp. Homologous sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that SlPR1 was highly homologous with a S. tuberosum PR1 protein, followed by S. pennellii. The predicted molecular weight of SlPR1 was 20,123.47 Da, the isoelectric point was 8.48, and the protein was found to be a secreted protein with a transmembrane structure. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that SlPR1 gene expression was highest in tomato stems, and could be induced by infection with Ralstonia solanacearum, and treatment with salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate acid (MeJA).Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of SlPR1 decreased plant resistance to bacterial wilt, suggesting that SlPR1 positively regulates tomato resistance to this disease.This study provides a reference for the further exploration of the role of SlPR1 in the response of tomato to bacterial wilt and other stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China.
| | - Qin Shao
- College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China
| | - Zili Xiong
- Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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Breen S, McLellan H, Birch PRJ, Gilroy EM. Tuning the Wavelength: Manipulation of Light Signaling to Control Plant Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043803. [PMID: 36835216 PMCID: PMC9958957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth-defense trade-off in plants is a phenomenon whereby plants must balance the allocation of their resources between developmental growth and defense against attack by pests and pathogens. Consequently, there are a series of points where growth signaling can negatively regulate defenses and where defense signaling can inhibit growth. Light perception by various photoreceptors has a major role in the control of growth and thus many points where it can influence defense. Plant pathogens secrete effector proteins to manipulate defense signaling in their hosts. Evidence is emerging that some of these effectors target light signaling pathways. Several effectors from different kingdoms of life have converged on key chloroplast processes to take advantage of regulatory crosstalk. Moreover, plant pathogens also perceive and react to light in complex ways to regulate their own growth, development, and virulence. Recent work has shown that varying light wavelengths may provide a novel way of controlling or preventing disease outbreaks in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Breen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Eleanor M. Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1382568827
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Shang J, Zhao LP, Yang XM, Qi XL, Yu JF, Du JB, Li K, He CS, Wang WM, Yang WY. Soybean balanced the growth and defense in response to SMV infection under different light intensities. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1150870. [PMID: 37152165 PMCID: PMC10154679 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1150870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Light is essential for the growth and defense of soybean. It is not clear how soybeans adjust their defenses to different light environments with different cropping patterns. The mechanism of soybean response to Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) infection under different light intensities was analyzed by RNA-seq sequencing method. Enrichment analysis illustrated that most defense-related genes were down-regulated in the dark and the shade, and up-regulated under hard light and normal light. Soybean can resist SMV infection mainly by activating salicylic acid signaling pathway. Light is essential for activating salicylic acid defense signaling pathways. With the increase of light intensity, the oxidative damage of soybean leaves was aggravated, which promoted the infection of virus. When light was insufficient, the growth of soybean was weak, and the plant-pathogen interaction pathway, MAPK pathway and hormone defense pathway in infected soybean was inhibited. Under hard light, some defense genes in infected soybean were down-regulated to reduce the degree of oxidative damage. The expression of differentially expressed genes was verified by real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR. In order to adapt to the change of light intensity, soybean balanced allocation of resources between growth and defense through a series regulation of gene expression. The results of this study will provide a theoretical basis for the research of SMV resistance in intercropping soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System and College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Shang,
| | - Lu-Ping Zhao
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System and College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin-Miao Yang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System and College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Li Qi
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System and College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin-Feng Yu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System and College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun-Bo Du
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System and College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Li
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng-Shan He
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System and College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen-Yu Yang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System and College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Ma J, Morel JB, Riemann M, Nick P. Jasmonic acid contributes to rice resistance against Magnaporthe oryzae. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:601. [PMID: 36539712 PMCID: PMC9764487 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03948-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The annual yield losses caused by the Rice Blast Fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, range to the equivalent for feeding 60 million people. To ward off infection by this fungus, rice has evolved a generic basal immunity (so called compatible interaction), which acts in concert with strain-specific defence (so-called incompatible interaction). The plant-defence hormone jasmonic acid (JA) promotes the resistance to M. oryzae, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. To get more insight into this open question, we employ the JA-deficient mutants, cpm2 and hebiba, and dissect the JA-dependent defence signalling in rice for both, compatible and incompatible interactions. RESULTS We observe that both JA-deficient mutants are more susceptible to M. oryzae as compared to their wild-type background, which holds true for both types of interactions as verified by cytological staining. Secondly, we observe that transcripts for JA biosynthesis (OsAOS2 and OsOPR7), JA signalling (OsJAZ8, OsJAZ9, OsJAZ11 and OsJAZ13), JA-dependent phytoalexin synthesis (OsNOMT), and JA-regulated defence-related genes, such as OsBBTI2 and OsPR1a, accumulate after fungal infection in a pattern that correlates with the amplitude of resistance. Thirdly, induction of defence transcripts is weaker during compatible interaction. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates the pivotal role of JA in basal immunity of rice in the resistance to M. oryzae in both, compatible and incompatible interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junning Ma
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jean-Benoît Morel
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael Riemann
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Batson AM, Gyawali S, du Toit LJ. Shedding Light on Races of the Spinach Fusarium Wilt Pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:2138-2150. [PMID: 35621310 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-22-0107-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two pathogenicity groups of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of spinach (Spinacia oleracea), were described recently based on virulence of isolates on proprietary spinach inbreds. In this study, a wide range in severity of wilt was observed for 68 spinach cultivars inoculated with an isolate of each pathogenicity group, with 22 (32.4%) cultivars displaying differential responses to the isolates. In a second set of trials, seven spinach cultivars were inoculated with five isolates of each pathogenicity group. The cultivars had similar wilt responses to isolates within each group. In both sets of trials, the most severe wilt developed on cultivars inoculated with pathogenicity group 2 isolates when daylength was shorter and light intensity lower. To test whether light intensity exacerbates severity of Fusarium wilt, three spinach cultivars were inoculated with two isolates of each pathogenicity group and grown with or without shading. Shaded plants developed more severe wilt than nonshaded plants. This difference in wilt severity was greatest for plants inoculated with pathogenicity group 2 isolates. We propose naming isolates of pathogenicity groups 1 and 2 as races 1 and 2 of F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae, respectively, and recommend the cultivars Kiowa (susceptible to both races) and Magnetic (susceptible to race 2 and highly resistant to race 1) as differentials. Results of this study should help breeders screen spinach germplasm for resistance to both races of F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Batson
- Washington State University Mount Vernon Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center, Mount Vernon, WA 98273, U.S.A
| | - Sanjaya Gyawali
- Washington State University Mount Vernon Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center, Mount Vernon, WA 98273, U.S.A
| | - Lindsey J du Toit
- Washington State University Mount Vernon Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center, Mount Vernon, WA 98273, U.S.A
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Zhang Y, Wen TY, Wu XQ, Hu LJ, Qiu YJ, Rui L. The Bursaphelenchus xylophilus effector BxML1 targets the cyclophilin protein (CyP) to promote parasitism and virulence in pine. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:216. [PMID: 35473472 PMCID: PMC9044635 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03567-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD) that has caused enormous ecological and economic losses in China. The mechanism in the interaction between nematodes and pine remains unclear. Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) secrete effectors into host plant tissues. However, it is poorly studied that role of effector in the infection of pine wood nematode (PWN). RESULTS We cloned, characterized and functionally validated the B. xylophilus effector BxML1, containing an MD-2-related lipid-recognition (ML) domain. This protein inhibits immune responses triggered by the molecular pattern BxCDP1 of B. xylophilus. An insitu hybridization assay demonstrated that BxML1 was expressed mainly in the dorsal glands and intestine of B. xylophilus. Subcellular localization analysis showed the presence of BxML1 in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Furthermore, number of B. xylophilus and morbidity of pine were significantly reduced in Pinus thunbergii infected with B. xylophilus when BxML was silenced. Using yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and coimmunoprecipitation (CoIP) assays, we found that the BxML1 interacts with cyclophilin protein PtCyP1 in P. thunbergii. CONCLUSIONS This study illustrated that BxML1 plays a critical role in the B. xylophilus-plant interaction and virulence of B. xylophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Tong-Yue Wen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Long-Jiao Hu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yi-Jun Qiu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Lin Rui
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
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Xiang S, Wu S, Jing Y, Chen L, Yu D. Phytochrome B regulates jasmonic acid-mediated defense response against Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis. PLANT DIVERSITY 2022; 44:109-115. [PMID: 35281129 PMCID: PMC8897165 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The phytochrome B mediated light signaling integrates with various phytohormone signalings to control plant immune response. However, it is still unclear whether phyB-mediated light signaling has an effect on the biosynthesis of jasmonate during plant defense response against Botrytis cinerea. In this study, we demonstrated that phyB-mediated light signaling has a role in this process. Initially, we confirmed that phyb plants were obviously less resistant to B. cinerea while phyB overexpressing plants showed significantly enhanced resistance. We also found that the expression of numerous JA biosynthesis genes was promoted upon treatment with red or white light when compared to that of darkness, and that this promotion is dependent on phyB. Consistent with the gene expression results, phyb plants accumulated reduced pool of JA-Ile, indicating that phyB-mediated light signaling indeed increased JA biosynthesis. Further genetic analysis showed that light-mediated JAZ9 degradation and phyB-enhanced resistance were dependent on the receptor COI1, and that pif1/3/4/5 (pifq) can largely rescue the severe symptom of phyb. Taken together, our study demonstrates that phyB may participate in plant defense against B. cinerea through the modulation of the biosynthesis of JA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyuan Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Songguo Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yifen Jing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ligang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Corresponding author. CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China; Fax: +86 871 65160916.
| | - Diqiu Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Corresponding author. CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China; Fax: +86 871 65160916.
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17
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Saleem M, Fariduddin Q, Castroverde CDM. Salicylic acid: A key regulator of redox signalling and plant immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 168:381-397. [PMID: 34715564 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed during normal conditions are essential in regulating several processes, like stomatal physiology, pathogen immunity and developmental signaling. However, biotic and abiotic stresses can cause ROS over-accumulation leading to oxidative stress. Therefore, a suitable equilibrium is vital for redox homeostasis in plants, and there have been major advances in this research arena. Salicylic acid (SA) is known as a chief regulator of ROS; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. SA plays an important role in establishing the hypersensitive response (HR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). This is underpinned by a robust and complex network of SA with Non-Expressor of Pathogenesis Related protein-1 (NPR1), ROS, calcium ions (Ca2+), nitric oxide (NO) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the regulation of ROS and antioxidant defense system signalling by SA at the physiological and molecular levels. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of how SA controls redox homeostasis would provide a fundamental framework to develop approaches that will improve plant growth and fitness, in order to meet the increasing global demand for food and bioenergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Saleem
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Qazi Fariduddin
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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18
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Sharma S, Sanyal SK, Sushmita K, Chauhan M, Sharma A, Anirudhan G, Veetil SK, Kateriya S. Modulation of Phototropin Signalosome with Artificial Illumination Holds Great Potential in the Development of Climate-Smart Crops. Curr Genomics 2021; 22:181-213. [PMID: 34975290 PMCID: PMC8640849 DOI: 10.2174/1389202922666210412104817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in environmental conditions like temperature and light critically influence crop production. To deal with these changes, plants possess various photoreceptors such as Phototropin (PHOT), Phytochrome (PHY), Cryptochrome (CRY), and UVR8 that work synergistically as sensor and stress sensing receptors to different external cues. PHOTs are capable of regulating several functions like growth and development, chloroplast relocation, thermomorphogenesis, metabolite accumulation, stomatal opening, and phototropism in plants. PHOT plays a pivotal role in overcoming the damage caused by excess light and other environmental stresses (heat, cold, and salinity) and biotic stress. The crosstalk between photoreceptors and phytohormones contributes to plant growth, seed germination, photo-protection, flowering, phototropism, and stomatal opening. Molecular genetic studies using gene targeting and synthetic biology approaches have revealed the potential role of different photoreceptor genes in the manipulation of various beneficial agronomic traits. Overexpression of PHOT2 in Fragaria ananassa leads to the increase in anthocyanin content in its leaves and fruits. Artificial illumination with blue light alone and in combination with red light influence the growth, yield, and secondary metabolite production in many plants, while in algal species, it affects growth, chlorophyll content, lipid production and also increases its bioremediation efficiency. Artificial illumination alters the morphological, developmental, and physiological characteristics of agronomic crops and algal species. This review focuses on PHOT modulated signalosome and artificial illumination-based photo-biotechnological approaches for the development of climate-smart crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Sharma
- Lab of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sibaji K Sanyal
- Lab of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Kumari Sushmita
- Lab of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Manisha Chauhan
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Gireesh Anirudhan
- Integrated Science Education and Research Centre (ISERC), Institute of Science (Siksha Bhavana), Visva Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan (PO), West Bengal, 731235, India
| | - Sindhu K Veetil
- Lab of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Suneel Kateriya
- Lab of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Monochromic Radiations Provided by Light Emitted Diode (LED) Modulate Infection and Defense Response to Fire Blight in Pear Trees. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091886. [PMID: 34579419 PMCID: PMC8465259 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are part of the systemic signaling network that perceives pathogens and activates defenses in the plant. Eukaryotic and bacterial species have a 24-h ‘body clock’ known as the circadian rhythm. This rhythm regulates an organism’s life, modulating the activity of the phytochromes (phys) and cryptochromes (crys) and the accumulation of the corresponding mRNAs, which results in the synchronization of the internal clock and works as zeitgeber molecules. Salicylic acid accumulation is also under light control and upregulates the PR genes expression, increasing plants’ resistance to pathogens. Erwinia amylovora causes fire blight disease in pear trees. In this work, four bacterial transcripts (erw1-4), expressed in asymptomatic E. amylovora-infected pear plantlets, were isolated. The research aimed to understand how the circadian clock, light quality, and related photoreceptors regulate PR and erw genes expression using transgenic pear lines overexpressing PHYB and CRY1 as a model system. Plantlets were exposed to different circadian conditions, and continuous monochromic radiations (Blue, Red, and Far-Red) were provided by light-emitting diodes (LED). Results showed a circadian oscillation of PR10 gene expression, while PR1 was expressed without clear evidence of circadian regulation. Bacterial growth was regulated by monochromatic light: the growth of bacteria exposed to Far-Red did not differ from that detected in darkness; instead, it was mildly stimulated under Red, while it was significantly inhibited under Blue. In this regulatory framework, the active form of phytochrome enhances the expression of PR1 five to 15 fold. An ultradian rhythm was observed fitting the zeitgeber role played by CRY1. These results also highlight a regulating role of photoreceptors on the expression of PRs genes in non-infected and infected plantlets, which influenced the expression of erw genes. Data are discussed concerning the regulatory role of photoreceptors during photoperiod and pathogen attacks.
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20
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Jiang Z, Wang Y, Zheng Y, Cai M, Peng C, Li W. Physiological and transcriptomic responses of Mikania micrantha stem to shading yield novel insights into its invasiveness. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02546-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Dangol S, Nguyen NK, Singh R, Chen Y, Wang J, Lee HG, Hwang BK, Jwa NS. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase OsMEK2 and OsMPK1 Signaling Is Required for Ferroptotic Cell Death in Rice- Magnaporthe oryzae Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:710794. [PMID: 34408766 PMCID: PMC8365360 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.710794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling is required for plant cell death responses to invading microbial pathogens. Iron- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent ferroptotic cell death occurs in rice (Oryza sativa) during an incompatible rice-Magnaporthe oryzae interaction. Here, we show that rice MAP kinase (OsMEK2 and OsMPK1) signaling cascades are involved in iron- and ROS-dependent ferroptotic cell death responses of rice to M. oryzae infection using OsMEK2 knock-out mutant and OsMEK2 and OsMPK1 overexpression rice plants. The OsMPK1:GFP and OsWRKY90:GFP transcription factor were localized to the nuclei, suggesting that OsMPK1 in the cytoplasm moves into the nuclei to interact with the WRKY90. M. oryzae infection in ΔOsmek2 knock-out plants did not trigger iron and ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation, and also downregulated OsMPK1, OsWRKY90, OsRbohB, and OsPR-1b expression. However, 35S:OsMEK2 overexpression induced ROS- and iron-dependent cell death in rice. The downstream MAP kinase (OsMPK1) overexpression induced ROS- and iron-dependent ferroptotic cell death response to virulent M. oryzae infection. The small-molecule ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 suppressed iron- and ROS-dependent ferroptotic cell death in 35S:OsMPK1 overexpression plants. However, the small-molecule inducer erastin triggered iron- and lipid ROS-dependent, but OsMEK2-independent, ferroptotic cell death during M. oryzae infection. Disease (susceptibility)-related cell death was lipid ROS-dependent, but iron-independent in the ΔOsmek2 knock-out mutant during the late M. oryzae infection stage. These combined results suggest that OsMEK2 and OsMPK1 expression positively regulates iron- and ROS-dependent ferroptotic cell death, and blast disease (susceptibility)-related cell death was ROS-dependent but iron-independent in rice-M. oryzae interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmina Dangol
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nam Khoa Nguyen
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Raksha Singh
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
- Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Yafei Chen
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Juan Wang
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Gu Lee
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung KooK Hwang
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nam-Soo Jwa
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
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Photoperiod Following Inoculation of Arabidopsis with Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae) Influences on the Plant-Pathogen Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22095004. [PMID: 34066846 PMCID: PMC8125946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In plant–pathogen interactions, a proper light environment affects the establishment of defense responses in plants. In our previous experiments, we found that nonhost resistance (NHR) to Pyricularia oryzae Cav. in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (Arabidopsis), in diurnal conditions, varies with the inoculation time. Moreover, we indicated that the circadian clock plays an important role in regulating time-of-day differences in NHR to P. oryzae in Arabidopsis. However, the involvement of photoperiod in regulating NHR was still not understood. To determine the photoperiod role, we performed the experiments in continuous light and darkness during the early Arabidopsis–P. oryzae interaction. We found that the light period after the inoculation in the evening enhanced the resistance to penetration. However, the dark period after the inoculation in the morning suppressed the penetration resistance. Furthermore, the genetic analysis indicated that jasmonic acid, reactive oxygen species, and tryptophan-derived metabolite(s) contribute to the photoperiod regulation of NHR in Arabidopsis. The present results denote that photoperiod plays an important role in regulating time-of-day differences in NHR to P. oryzae in Arabidopsis.
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Chen S, Ma T, Song S, Li X, Fu P, Wu W, Liu J, Gao Y, Ye W, Dry IB, Lu J. Arabidopsis downy mildew effector HaRxLL470 suppresses plant immunity by attenuating the DNA-binding activity of bZIP transcription factor HY5. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1562-1577. [PMID: 33586184 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis delivers diverse effector proteins into host plant cells to suppress the plant's innate immunity. In this study, we investigate the mechanism of action of a conserved RxLR effector, HaRxLL470, in suppressing plant immunity. Genomic, molecular and biochemical analyses were performed to investigate the function of HaRxLL470 and the mechanism of the interaction between HaRxLL470 and the target host protein during H. arabidopsidis infection. We report that HaRxLL470 enhances plant susceptibility to H. arabidopsidis isolate Noco2 by interacting with the host photomorphogenesis regulator protein HY5. Our results demonstrate that HY5 is not only an important component in the regulation of light signalling, but also positively regulates host plant immunity against H. arabidopsidis by transcriptional activation of defense-related genes. We show that the interaction between HaRxLL470 and HY5 compromises the function of HY5 as a transcription factor by attenuating its DNA-binding activity. The present study demonstrates that HY5 positively regulates host plant defense against H. arabidopsidis whereas HaRxLL470, a conserved RxLR effector across oomycete pathogens, enhances pathogenicity by interacting with HY5 and suppressing transcriptional activation of defense-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Chen
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shiren Song
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xinlong Li
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Peining Fu
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wenxiu Ye
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ian B Dry
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Jiang Lu
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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24
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Shah A, Tyagi S, Saratale GD, Guzik U, Hu A, Sreevathsa R, Reddy VD, Rai V, Mulla SI. A comprehensive review on the influence of light on signaling cross-talk and molecular communication against phyto-microbiome interactions. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:370-393. [PMID: 33550862 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1869686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Generally, plant growth, development, and their productivity are mainly affected by their growth rate and also depend on environmental factors such as temperature, pH, humidity, and light. The interaction between plants and pathogens are highly specific. Such specificity is well characterized by plants and pathogenic microbes in the form of a molecular signature such as pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and microbes-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), which in turn trigger systemic acquired immunity in plants. A number of Arabidopsis mutant collections are available to investigate molecular and physiological changes in plants under the presence of different light conditions. Over the past decade(s), several studies have been performed by selecting Arabidopsis thaliana under the influence of red, green, blue, far/far-red, and white light. However, only few phenotypic and molecular based studies represent the modulatory effects in plants under the influence of green and blue lights. Apart from this, red light (RL) actively participates in defense mechanisms against several pathogenic infections. This evolutionary pattern of light sensitizes the pathologist to analyze a series of events in plants during various stress conditions of the natural and/or the artificial environment. This review scrutinizes the literature where red, blue, white, and green light (GL) act as sensory systems that affects physiological parameters in plants. Generally, white and RL are responsible for regulating various defense mechanisms, but, GL also participates in this process with a robust impact! In addition to this, we also focus on the activation of signaling pathways (salicylic acid and jasmonic acid) and their influence on plant immune systems against phytopathogen(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Shah
- CP College of Agriculture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agriculture University, Dantiwada, India
| | - Shaily Tyagi
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Urszula Guzik
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anyi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | | | - Vaddi Damodara Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, India
| | - Vandna Rai
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sikandar I Mulla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, India
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25
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Griffith A, Wise P, Gill R, Paukett M, Donofrio N, Seyfferth AL. Combined effects of arsenic and Magnaporthe oryzae on rice and alleviation by silicon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:142209. [PMID: 33182188 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While the impacts of arsenic (As) and Magnaporthe oryzae on rice have been well-studied, a dearth of knowledge exists on how rice responds to their combined stress. Moreover, increasing exogenous silicon (Si) can alleviate M. oryzae infection and As uptake, but how increasing exogenous Si affects the combined stress of M. oryzae and As is unknown. We grew three cultivars of rice that varied in their susceptibility to As and M. oryzae under low (50 μM, SiL) and high (1500 μM, SiH) Si with and without As (4 μM, 80/20 As (III)/As(V)) and with or without M. oryzae infection and examined the impacts of treatments on plant As and Si concentrations, severity of disease by M. oryzae, and stress via targeted gene expression. SiH treatments generally decreased shoot As concentrations by 20-70% compared to SiL treatments depending on cultivar and M. oryzae exposure. There was no effect of Si or As treatments on percent of leaf diseased in the As-tolerant cultivar M206, but in the As-sensitive cultivar IR66, SiH treatment decreased percent of leaf diseased in the absence of As and had no impact when As was present. In the M. oryzae-susceptible Sariceltik, plants receiving SiH had significantly fewer lesions than those receiving SiL and plants with the fewest lesions were in the SiH + As treatments. Plants that were exposed to As + M. oryzae were the most stressed when grown under SiL, but this stress response was lowered by SiH treatments. A separate pathogenicity assay with Sariceltik showed that in contrast to our hypothesis, As exposure decreased lesion growth, particularly under SiH treatments, and lessened the impact of M. oryzae on rice. These results suggest that rice grown under replete Si will be able to withstand combined stressors of M. oryzae and As, but will be highly stressed under Si deficient scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Griffith
- Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Patrick Wise
- Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Rattandeep Gill
- Research Innovation Office, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle Paukett
- Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Nicole Donofrio
- Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Angelia L Seyfferth
- Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
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26
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Pogoda M, Liu F, Douchkov D, Djamei A, Reif JC, Schweizer P, Schulthess AW. Identification of novel genetic factors underlying the host-pathogen interaction between barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235565. [PMID: 32614894 PMCID: PMC7332009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew is an important foliar disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) caused by the biotrophic fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh). The understanding of the resistance mechanism is essential for future resistance breeding. In particular, the identification of race-nonspecific resistance genes is important because of their regarded durability and broad-spectrum activity. We assessed the severity of powdery mildew infection on detached seedling leaves of 267 barley accessions using two poly-virulent isolates and performed a genome-wide association study exploiting 201 of these accessions. Two-hundred and fourteen markers, located on six barley chromosomes are associated with potential race-nonspecific Bgh resistance or susceptibility. Initial steps for the functional validation of four promising candidates were performed based on phenotype and transcription data. Specific candidate alleles were analyzed via transient gene silencing as well as transient overexpression. Microarray data of the four selected candidates indicate differential regulation of the transcription in response to Bgh infection. Based on our results, all four candidate genes seem to be involved in the responses to powdery mildew attack. In particular, the transient overexpression of specific alleles of two candidate genes, a potential arabinogalactan protein and the barley homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana’s Light-Response Bric-a-Brac/-Tramtrack/-Broad Complex/-POxvirus and Zinc finger (AtLRB1) or AtLRB2, were top candidates of novel powdery mildew susceptibility genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pogoda
- Department of Breeding Research, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Breeding Research, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Dimitar Douchkov
- Department of Breeding Research, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Armin Djamei
- Department of Breeding Research, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jochen C. Reif
- Department of Breeding Research, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Patrick Schweizer
- Department of Breeding Research, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Albert W. Schulthess
- Department of Breeding Research, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
- * E-mail:
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27
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Zhai Y, Peng H, Neff MM, Pappu HR. Emerging Molecular Links Between Plant Photomorphogenesis and Virus Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:920. [PMID: 32695129 PMCID: PMC7338571 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Photomorphogenesis refers to photoreceptor-mediated morphological changes in plant development that are triggered by light. Multiple photoreceptors and transcription factors (TFs) are involved in the molecular regulation of photomorphogenesis. Likewise, light can also modulate the outcome of plant-virus interactions since both photosynthesis and many viral infection events occur in the chloroplast. Despite the apparent association between photosynthesis and virus infection, little is known about whether there are also interplays between photomorphogenesis and plant virus resistance. Recent research suggests that plant-virus interactions are potentially regulated by several photoreceptors and photomorphogenesis regulators, including phytochromes A and B (PHYA and PHYB), cryptochromes 2 (CRY2), phototropin 2 (PHOT2), the photomorphogenesis repressor constitutive photomorphogenesis 1 (COP1), the NAM, ATAF, and CUC (NAC)-family TF ATAF2, the Aux/IAA protein phytochrome-associated protein 1 (PAP1), the homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) TF HAT1, and the core circadian clock component circadian clock associated 1 (CCA1). Particularly, the plant growth promoting brassinosteroid (BR) hormones play critical roles in integrating the regulatory pathways of plant photomorphogenesis and viral defense. Here, we summarize the current understanding of molecular mechanisms linking plant photomorphogenesis and defense against viruses, which represents an emerging interdisciplinary research topic in both molecular plant biology and virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Michael M. Neff
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Hanu R. Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Ramírez-Ordorica A, Valencia-Cantero E, Flores-Cortez I, Carrillo-Rayas MT, Elizarraraz-Anaya MIC, Montero-Vargas J, Winkler R, Macías-Rodríguez L. Metabolomic effects of the colonization of Medicago truncatula by the facultative endophyte Arthrobacter agilis UMCV2 in a foliar inoculation system. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8426. [PMID: 32439840 PMCID: PMC7242375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofertilizer production and application for sustainable agriculture is already a reality. The methods for biofertilizers delivery in crop fields are diverse. Although foliar spray is gaining wide acceptance, little is known about the influence that the biochemical features of leaves have on the microbial colonization. Arthrobacter agilis UMCV2 is a rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria that promotes plant growth and health. In this study, we determined the capacity of the UMCV2 strain to colonize different leaves from Medicago truncatula in a foliar inoculation system. By using two powerful analytical methods based on mass spectrometry, we determined the chemical profile of the leaves in 15-d old plants. The metabolic signatures between the unifoliate leaf (m1) and the metameric units developing above (m2 and m3) were different, and interestingly, the highest colony forming units (CFU) was found in m1. The occurrence of the endophyte strongly affects the sugar composition in m1 and m2 leaves. Our results suggest that A. agilis UMCV2 colonize the leaves under a foliar inoculation system independently of the phenological age of the leaf and it is capable of modulating the carbohydrate metabolism without affecting the rest of the metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Ramírez-Ordorica
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edifico B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Eduardo Valencia-Cantero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edifico B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Idolina Flores-Cortez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edifico B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - María Teresa Carrillo-Rayas
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato. Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León. C. P. 36824, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Ma Isabel Cristina Elizarraraz-Anaya
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato. Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León. C. P. 36824, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Josaphat Montero-Vargas
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato. Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León. C. P. 36824, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Robert Winkler
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato. Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León. C. P. 36824, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Lourdes Macías-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edifico B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
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29
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Liu X, Xue C, Kong L, Li R, Xu Z, Hua J. Interactive Effects of Light Quality and Temperature on Arabidopsis Growth and Immunity. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:933-941. [PMID: 32091601 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We report here the interactive effects of three light qualities (white, red and blue) and three growth temperatures (16�C, 22�C and 28�C) on rosette growth, hypocotyl elongation and disease resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. While an increase in temperature promotes hypocotyl elongation irrespective of light quality, the effects of temperature on rosette growth and disease resistance are dependent on light quality. Maximum rosette growth rate under white, red and blue light are observed at 28�C, 16�C and 22�C, respectively. The highest disease resistance is observed at 16�C under all three light conditions, but the highest susceptibility is observed at 28�C for white light and 22�C for red and blue light. Interestingly, rosette growth is inhibited by phytochrome B (PHYB) under blue light at 28�C and by cryptochromes (CRYs) under red light at 16�C. In addition, disease resistance is inhibited by PHYB under blue light and promoted by CRYs under red light. Therefore, this study reveals a complex interaction between light and temperature in modulating rosette growth and disease resistance as well as the contribution of PHYB and CRY to disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Liu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- School of Integrated Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Chunmei Xue
- School of Integrated Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Le Kong
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruining Li
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhigang Xu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian Hua
- School of Integrated Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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30
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Goad DM, Jia Y, Gibbons A, Liu Y, Gealy D, Caicedo AL, Olsen KM. Identification of Novel QTL Conferring Sheath Blight Resistance in Two Weedy Rice Mapping Populations. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 13:21. [PMID: 32206941 PMCID: PMC7090113 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-020-00381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice sheath blight (ShB) disease, caused by the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani, causes significant yield losses globally. US weedy rice populations, which are de-domesticated forms of indica and aus cultivated rice, appear to be more resistant to ShB than local japonica cultivated rice. We mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with ShB resistance using two F8 recombinant inbred line populations generated from crosses of an indica crop variety, Dee-Geo-Woo-Gen (DGWG), with individuals representing the two major US weed biotypes, straw hull (SH) and black hull awned (BHA). RESULTS We identified nine ShB resistance QTL across both mapping populations. Five were attributable to alleles that affect plant height (PH) and heading date (HD), two growth traits that are known to be highly correlated with ShB resistance. By utilizing an approach that treated growth traits as covariates in the mapping model, we were able to infer that the remaining four QTL are involved in ShB resistance. Two of these, qShB1-2 and qShB4, are different from previously identified ShB QTL and represent new candidates for further study. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that ShB resistance can be improved through favorable plant growth traits and the combined effects of small to moderate-effect resistance QTL. Additionally, we show that including PH and HD as covariates in QTL mapping models is a powerful way to identify new ShB resistance QTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Goad
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1137, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Yulin Jia
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, 2890 HWY 130 E, Stuttgart, AR, 72160, USA.
| | - Andrew Gibbons
- University of Arkansas Rice Research and Extension Center, 2900 AR-130, Stuttgart, AR, 72160, USA
- Present address: Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Present address: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - David Gealy
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, 2890 HWY 130 E, Stuttgart, AR, 72160, USA
| | - Ana L Caicedo
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
| | - Kenneth M Olsen
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1137, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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31
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Zhang L, Shang J, Wang W, Du J, Li K, Wu X, Yu L, Liu C, Khaskheli MI, Yang W. Comparison of Transcriptome Differences in Soybean Response to Soybean Mosaic Virus under Normal Light and in the Shade. Viruses 2019; 11:E793. [PMID: 31470502 PMCID: PMC6784153 DOI: 10.3390/v11090793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Shading in the intercropping system is a major abiotic factor which influences soybean growth and development, while soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a biotic factor that limits the yield and quality of soybean. However, little is known about the defense response of soybean to SMV in the shade. Thus, in the current study, both intensity and quality (red:far-red, R:FR) of the light were changed to simulate the shaded environment and comparative transcriptome analysis was performed. Morphologically, plant growth was inhibited by SMV, which decreased 35.93% of plant height and 8.97% of stem diameter in the shade. A total of 3548 and 4319 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in soybean plants infected with SMV under normal light and in the shade. Enrichment analysis showed that the plant defense-related genes were upregulated under normal light but downregulated in the shade. Pathways that were repressed include plant-pathogen interaction, secondary metabolism, sugar metabolism, and vitamin metabolism. In addition, genes associated with signaling pathways such as salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ETH) were also downregulated in the shade. A qRT-PCR assay of 15 DEGs was performed to confirm transcriptome results. According to our knowledge, this is the first report on soybean response to dual stress factors. These results provide insights into the molecular mechanisms in which soybean plants were infected with SMV in the shade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, College of Agronomy and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing Shang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, College of Agronomy and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Wenming Wang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, College of Agronomy and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junbo Du
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, College of Agronomy and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Kai Li
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, College of Agronomy and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Liang Yu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, College of Agronomy and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, College of Agronomy and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim Khaskheli
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, College of Agronomy and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam 70060, Pakistan
| | - Wenyu Yang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, College of Agronomy and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Zhou Z, Pang Z, Zhao S, Zhang L, Lv Q, Yin D, Li D, Liu X, Zhao X, Li X, Wang W, Zhu L. Importance of OsRac1 and RAI1 in signalling of nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat protein-mediated resistance to rice blast disease. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:828-838. [PMID: 30919975 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants depend on Resistance (R) genes, most of which encode nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins, for pathogen race-specific disease resistance. However, only a few immediate downstream targets of R proteins have been characterized, and the signalling pathways for R-protein-induced immunity are largely unknown. In rice (Oryza sativa), NLR proteins serve as important immune receptors in the response to rice blast disease caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. We used site-directed mutagenesis to create an autoactive form of the NLR protein PID3 that confers blast resistance and used transgenic rice to test the resulting immunity and gene expression changes. We identified OsRac1, a known GTPase, as a signalling molecule in PID3-mediated blast resistance, implicating OsRac1 as a possible common factor downstream of rice NLR proteins. We also identified RAI1, a transcriptional activator, as a PID3 interactor required for PID3-mediated blast resistance and showed that RAI1 expression is induced by PID3 via a process mediated by OsRac1. This study describes a new signalling pathway for NLR protein-mediated blast resistance and shows that OsRac1 and RAI1 act together to play a critical role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhiqian Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shengli Zhao
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Qiming Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Dedong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Dayong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xianfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wenming Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Lihuang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Fei C, Chen L, Yang T, Zou W, Lin H, Xi D. The role of phytochromes in Nicotiana tabacum against Chilli veinal mottle virus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 139:470-477. [PMID: 30999134 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that phytochrome A (phyA) and phytochrome B (phyB) are potent regulators of plant defense. However, the mechanisms that phytochromes use to interfere with plant resistance to viral infection remain largely unclear. In this study, Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) was used to investigate the role of phytochromes in response to biotic stress. Our results showed that the phytochromes mutant phyAphyB28 plants displayed more serious necrosis and dwarf phenotypes compared to that of wild type plants (WT) after ChiVMV infection. qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses indicated that the expression and accumulation of ChiVMV were higher in phyAphyB28 mutants than that in WT plants. The leakage (EL) and the content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) suggested that phyAphyB28 mutants suffered more severe membrane damage than that of WT plants. In addition, extensive ROS accumulated in phyAphyB28 mutants after ChiVMV infection, whereas ROS production in WT plants were much less than mutant plants. The activities of antioxidant enzymes were down-regulated in phyAphyB28 mutants when compared with that in WT plants under ChiVMV infection. Besides, the contents of endogenous SA, JA and the expression of both hormones signaling related genes were lower in phyAphyB28 mutants compared to that in WT plants. Application of exogenous SA and JA could alleviate disease symptoms. Taken together, these results demonstrated that phyA and phyB positively regulated plant defense responses to ChiVMV infection and this process was dependent on the SA and JA defense pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Fei
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China; Department of Crop Stress Management, Guangdong Provincial Bioengineering Institute (Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute) Guangzhou, 510316, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Ting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Wenshan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Honghui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Dehui Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China.
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Bertini L, Palazzi L, Proietti S, Pollastri S, Arrigoni G, Polverino de Laureto P, Caruso C. Proteomic Analysis of MeJa-Induced Defense Responses in Rice against Wounding. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2525. [PMID: 31121967 PMCID: PMC6567145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of jasmonates in defense priming has been widely recognized. Priming is a physiological process by which a plant exposed to low doses of biotic or abiotic elicitors activates faster and/or stronger defense responses when subsequently challenged by a stress. In this work, we investigated the impact of MeJA-induced defense responses to mechanical wounding in rice (Oryza sativa). The proteome reprogramming of plants treated with MeJA, wounding or MeJA+wounding has been in-depth analyzed by using a combination of high throughput profiling techniques and bioinformatics tools. Gene Ontology analysis identified protein classes as defense/immunity proteins, hydrolases and oxidoreductases differentially enriched by the three treatments, although with different amplitude. Remarkably, proteins involved in photosynthesis or oxidative stress were significantly affected upon wounding in MeJA-primed plants. Although these identified proteins had been previously shown to play a role in defense responses, our study revealed that they are specifically associated with MeJA-priming. Additionally, we also showed that at the phenotypic level MeJA protects plants from oxidative stress and photosynthetic damage induced by wounding. Taken together, our results add novel insight into the molecular actors and physiological mechanisms orchestrated by MeJA in enhancing rice plants defenses after wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bertini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Luana Palazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Silvia Proietti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Susanna Pollastri
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
- Proteomics Center of Padova University and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | | | - Carla Caruso
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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Yang J, Wang Y, Liu L, Liu L, Wang C, Wang C, Li C. Effects of exogenous salicylic acid and pH on pathogenicity of biotrophy-associated secreted protein 1 (BAS1)-overexpressing strain, Magnaporthe oryzae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:13725-13737. [PMID: 29931642 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress can influence the interactions between a pathogen and its host. In this paper, we analyzed the effects of salicylic acid (SA) and pH on the morphological development and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae, the pathogen that causes rice (Oryza sativa) blast. A strain of rice blast that overexpresses biotrophy-associated secreted protein 1 (BAS1) and a wild-type (WT) strain were pretreated with different levels of pH and different concentrations of SA to analyze M. oryzae colony growth, sporulation, spore germination, dry weight of hypha, and appressorium formation. Disease incidence and the expression of defense-related genes in infected rice were analyzed after pretreatment with pH 5.00 or pH 8.00 and 200 μM SA. The results showed that both SA and pH had some influence on morphological development, including sporulation and appressorium formation of the BAS1-overexpression strain. In the 200 μM SA pretreatment, there was a lower incidence of disease and higher expression levels of the rice defense-related genes PR1a, PAL, HSP90, and PR5 on leaves inoculated with the BAS1-overexpession strain compared with the WT strain, whereas, LOX2 appeared to be downregulated in the BAS1-overexpession strain compared with the WT. In both pH treatments, disease incidence and expression of HSP90 were higher and the expression of PR1a and PR10a and LOX2 and PAL was lower in leaves inoculated with the BAS1-overexpression strain compared with leaves inoculated with the WT strain. We conclude that SA and pH affect morphological development of the BAS1-overexpression blast strain, but that these factors have little influence on the pathogenicity of the strain, indicating that BAS1-overexpression may have enhanced the tolerance of this rice blast strain to abiotic stressors. This work suggests new molecular mechanisms that exogenous SA and pH affect the interactions between M. oryzae and rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lina Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Changmi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chengyun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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36
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Yang J, Wang Y, Liu L, Liu L, Wang C, Wang C, Li C. Effects of exogenous salicylic acid and pH on pathogenicity of biotrophy-associated secreted protein 1 (BAS1)-overexpressing strain, Magnaporthe oryzae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:13725-13737. [PMID: 29931642 PMCID: PMC6499755 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2532-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress can influence the interactions between a pathogen and its host. In this paper, we analyzed the effects of salicylic acid (SA) and pH on the morphological development and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae, the pathogen that causes rice (Oryza sativa) blast. A strain of rice blast that overexpresses biotrophy-associated secreted protein 1 (BAS1) and a wild-type (WT) strain were pretreated with different levels of pH and different concentrations of SA to analyze M. oryzae colony growth, sporulation, spore germination, dry weight of hypha, and appressorium formation. Disease incidence and the expression of defense-related genes in infected rice were analyzed after pretreatment with pH 5.00 or pH 8.00 and 200 μM SA. The results showed that both SA and pH had some influence on morphological development, including sporulation and appressorium formation of the BAS1-overexpression strain. In the 200 μM SA pretreatment, there was a lower incidence of disease and higher expression levels of the rice defense-related genes PR1a, PAL, HSP90, and PR5 on leaves inoculated with the BAS1-overexpession strain compared with the WT strain, whereas, LOX2 appeared to be downregulated in the BAS1-overexpession strain compared with the WT. In both pH treatments, disease incidence and expression of HSP90 were higher and the expression of PR1a and PR10a and LOX2 and PAL was lower in leaves inoculated with the BAS1-overexpression strain compared with leaves inoculated with the WT strain. We conclude that SA and pH affect morphological development of the BAS1-overexpression blast strain, but that these factors have little influence on the pathogenicity of the strain, indicating that BAS1-overexpression may have enhanced the tolerance of this rice blast strain to abiotic stressors. This work suggests new molecular mechanisms that exogenous SA and pH affect the interactions between M. oryzae and rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lina Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Changmi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chengyun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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37
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Liu X, Li J, Noman A, Lou Y. Silencing OsMAPK20-5 has different effects on rice pests in the field. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:e1640562. [PMID: 31284822 PMCID: PMC6768226 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1640562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play important roles in plant development and adaptive responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Recently, a rice MAPK gene, OsMAPK20-5, has been reported to protect rice plants against autotoxicity by suppressing herbivore-induced ethylene and nitric oxide signaling. In this context, we observed that silencing OsMAPK20-5 increased the percentage of leaf roll caused by leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and the severity of rice blast caused by Magnaporthe grisea but decreased the severity of sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani. These findings show that silencing OsMAPK20-5 has different effects on rice pests in the field, and these differences have important implications for the evolution and exploitation of resistance strategies in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiancai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ali Noman
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yonggen Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- CONTACT Yonggen Lou State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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38
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Nanda S, Wan PJ, Yuan SY, Lai FX, Wang WX, Fu Q. Differential Responses of OsMPKs in IR56 Rice to Two BPH Populations of Different Virulence Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E4030. [PMID: 30551584 PMCID: PMC6320944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play vital roles in plant defense responses against pathogens and insects. In the current study, the expression profiles of 17 OsMPKs were determined in the TN1 and IR56 rice varieties under the infestation of brown planthopper (BPH), one of the most destructive hemimetabolous rice pests. The virulent IR56 BPH population (IR56-BPH) and the avirulent TN1 BPH population (TN-BPH) were used to reveal the roles of OsMPKs in the compatible (IR56-BPH infested on the TN1 and IR56 rice varieties, and TN1-BPH infested on the TN1 rice variety) and the incompatible (TN1-BPH infested on the IR56 rice variety) interaction. The statistical analysis revealed that rice variety, BPH population type, and infestation period have significant effects on the transcription of OsMPKs. Out of these genes, five OsMPKs (OsMPK1, OsMPK3, OsMPK7, OsMPK14, and OsMPK16) were found to exhibit upregulated expression only during incompatible interaction. Six OsMPKs (OsMPK4, OsMPK5, OsMPK8, OsMPK9, OsMPK12, and OsMPK13) were associated with both incompatible and compatible interactions. The transcription analysis of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene phytohormone signaling genes revealed their roles during the rice⁻BPH interactions. The upregulated expression of OsC4H, OsCHS, and OsCHI in the incompatible interaction implied the potential defense regulatory roles of phenylpropanoids. In both varieties, the elevated transcript accumulations of OsGST and OsSOD, and the increased enzyme activities of POD, SOD, and GST at 1 day post-infestation (dpi), but not at 3 dpi, indicated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling might be an early event in rice⁻BPH interactions. Furthermore, upregulated transcription of OsLecRK3 and OsLecRK4 was found only during an incompatible interaction, suggesting their involvement in the BPH resistance response in the IR56 rice variety. Lastly, based on the findings of this study, we have proposed a model of interactions of IR56 rice with TN1-BPH and IR56-BPH that depicts the resistance and susceptibility reactions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyabrata Nanda
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Pin-Jun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - San-Yue Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Feng-Xiang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Wei-Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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Ding W, Wu J, Ye J, Zheng W, Wang S, Zhu X, Zhou J, Pan Z, Zhang B, Zhu S. A Pelota-like gene regulates root development and defence responses in rice. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:359-371. [PMID: 29771278 PMCID: PMC6110353 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pelota (Pelo) are evolutionarily conserved genes reported to be involved in ribosome rescue, cell cycle control and meiotic cell division. However, there is little known about their function in plants. The aim of this study was to elucidate the function of an ethylmethane sulphonate (EMS)-derived mutation of a Pelo-like gene in rice (named Ospelo). METHODS A dysfunctional mutant was used to characterize the function of OsPelo. Analyses of its expression and sub-cellular localization were performed. The whole-genome transcriptomic change in leaves of Ospelo was also investigated by RNA sequencing. KEY RESULTS The Ospelo mutant showed defects in root system development and spotted leaves at early seedling stages. Map-based cloning revealed that the mutation occurred in the putative Pelo gene. OsPelo was found to be expressed in various tissues throughout the plant, and the protein was located in mitochondria. Defence responses were induced in the Ospelo mutant, as shown by enhanced resistance to the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, coupled with upregulation of three pathogenesis-related marker genes. In addition, whole-genome transcriptome analysis showed that OsPelo was significantly associated with a number of biological processes, including translation, metabolism and biotic stress response. Detailed analysis showed that activation of a number of innate immunity-related genes might be responsible for the enhanced disease resistance in the Ospelo mutant. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that OsPelo positively regulates root development while its loss of function enhances pathogen resistance by pre-activation of defence responses in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wona Ding
- College of Science & Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Jin Ye
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Wenjuan Zheng
- College of Science & Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Xinni Zhu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Jiaqin Zhou
- College of Science & Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Zhichong Pan
- College of Science & Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Botao Zhang
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, PR China
- For correspondence. E-mail or
| | - Shihua Zhu
- College of Science & Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
- For correspondence. E-mail or
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40
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Kallamadi PR, Dandu K, Kirti PB, Rao CM, Thakur SS, Mulpuri S. An Insight into Powdery Mildew-Infected, Susceptible, Resistant, and Immune Sunflower Genotypes. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1700418. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prathap Reddy Kallamadi
- ICAR- Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research; Rajendranagar 500 030 Hyderabad India
- University of Hyderabad; Prof. C.R. Rao Road 500 046 Hyderabad India
| | - Kamakshi Dandu
- CSIR- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology; Uppal Road, Habsiguda 500 007 Hyderabad India
| | | | - Chintalagiri Mohan Rao
- CSIR- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology; Uppal Road, Habsiguda 500 007 Hyderabad India
| | - Suman S Thakur
- CSIR- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology; Uppal Road, Habsiguda 500 007 Hyderabad India
| | - Sujatha Mulpuri
- ICAR- Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research; Rajendranagar 500 030 Hyderabad India
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Lymperopoulos P, Msanne J, Rabara R. Phytochrome and Phytohormones: Working in Tandem for Plant Growth and Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1037. [PMID: 30100912 PMCID: PMC6072860 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Being sessile organisms, plants need to continually adapt and modulate their rate of growth and development in accordance with the changing environmental conditions, a phenomenon referred to as plasticity. Plasticity in plants is a highly complex process that involves a well-coordinated interaction between different signaling pathways, the spatiotemporal involvement of phytohormones and cues from the environment. Though research studies are being carried out over the years to understand how plants perceive the signals from changing environmental conditions and activate plasticity, such remain a mystery to be resolved. Among all environmental cues, the light seems to be the stand out factor influencing plant growth and development. During the course of evolution, plants have developed well-equipped signaling system that enables regulation of both quantitative and qualitative differences in the amount of perceived light. Light influences essential developmental switches in plants ranging from germination or transition to flowering, photomorphogenesis, as well as switches in response to shade avoidances and architectural changes occurring during phototropism. Abscisic acid (ABA) is controlling seed germination and is regulated by light. Furthermore, circadian clock adds another level of regulation to plant growth by integrating light signals with different hormonal pathways. MYB96 has been identified as a regulator of circadian gating of ABA-mediated responses in plants by binding to the TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1(TOC1) promoter. This review will present a representative regulatory model, highlight the successes achieved in employing novel strategies to dissect the levels of interaction and provide perspective for future research on phytochrome-phytohormones relationships toward facilitating plant growth, development, and function under abiotic-biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Msanne
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Roel Rabara
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, United States
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42
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Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Provides Insights into Rice Defense Mechanisms against Magnaporthe oryzae. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071950. [PMID: 29970857 PMCID: PMC6073306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Blast disease is one of the major rice diseases, and causes nearly 30% annual yield loss worldwide. Resistance genes that have been cloned, however, are effective only against specific strains. In cultivation practice, broad-spectrum resistance to various strains is highly valuable, and requires researchers to investigate the basal defense responses that are effective for diverse types of pathogens. In this study, we took a quantitative proteomic approach and identified 634 rice proteins responsive to infections by both Magnaporthe oryzae strains Guy11 and JS153. These two strains have distinct pathogenesis mechanisms. Therefore, the common responding proteins represent conserved basal defense to a broad spectrum of blast pathogens. Gene ontology analysis indicates that the “responding to stimulus” biological process is explicitly enriched, among which the proteins responding to oxidative stress and biotic stress are the most prominent. These analyses led to the discoveries of OsPRX59 and OsPRX62 that are robust callose inducers, and OsHSP81 that is capable of inducing both ROS production and callose deposition. The identified rice proteins and biological processes may represent a conserved rice innate immune machinery that is of great value for breeding broad-spectrum resistant rice in the future.
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Yoo Y, Park JC, Cho MH, Yang J, Kim CY, Jung KH, Jeon JS, An G, Lee SW. Lack of a Cytoplasmic RLK, Required for ROS Homeostasis, Induces Strong Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Blight in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:577. [PMID: 29868050 PMCID: PMC5968223 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Many scientific findings have been reported on the beneficial function of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various cellular processes, showing that they are not just toxic byproducts. The double-edged role of ROS shows the importance of the regulation of ROS level. We report a gene, rrsRLK (required for ROS-scavenging receptor-like kinase), that encodes a cytoplasmic RLK belonging to the non-RD kinase family. The gene was identified by screening rice RLK mutant lines infected with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), an agent of bacterial leaf blight of rice. The mutant (ΔrrsRLK) lacking the Os01g02290 gene was strongly resistant to many Xoo strains, but not to the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. ΔrrsRLK showed significantly higher expression of OsPR1a, OsPR1b, OsLOX, RBBTI4, and jasmonic acid-related genes than wild type. We showed that rrsRLK protein interacts with OsVOZ1 (vascular one zinc-finger 1) and OsPEX11 (peroxisomal biogenesis factor 11). In the further experiments, abnormal biogenesis of peroxisomes, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation, and reduction of activity of ROS-scavenging enzymes were investigated in ΔrrsRLK. These results suggest that the enhanced resistance in ΔrrsRLK is due to H2O2 accumulation caused by irregular ROS-scavenging mechanism, and rrsRLK is most likely a key regulator required for ROS homeostasis in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngchul Yoo
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Park
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Man-Ho Cho
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Jungil Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Chi-Yeol Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Gynheung An
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
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Akhter D, Qin R, Nath UK, Alamin M, Jin X, Shi C. The Brown Midrib Leaf (bml) Mutation in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Causes Premature Leaf Senescence and the Induction of Defense Responses. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040203. [PMID: 29642546 PMCID: PMC5924545 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolating and characterizing mutants with altered senescence phenotypes is one of the ways to understand the molecular basis of leaf aging. Using ethyl methane sulfonate mutagenesis, a new rice (Oryza sativa) mutant, brown midrib leaf (bml), was isolated from the indica cultivar ‘Zhenong34’. The bml mutants had brown midribs in their leaves and initiated senescence prematurely, at the onset of heading. The mutants had abnormal cells with degraded chloroplasts and contained less chlorophyll compared to the wild type (WT). The bml mutant showed excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and malondialdehyde, upregulation of senescence-induced STAY-GREEN genes and senescence-related transcription factors, and down regulation of photosynthesis-related genes. The levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) were increased in bml with the upregulation of some ABA and JA biosynthetic genes. In pathogen response, bml demonstrated higher resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and upregulation of four pathogenesis-related genes compared to the WT. A genetic study confirmed that the bml trait was caused by a single recessive nuclear gene (BML). A map-based cloning using insertion/deletion markers confirmed that BML was located in the 57.32kb interval between the L5IS7 and L5IS11 markers on the short arm of chromosome 5. A sequence analysis of the candidate region identified a 1 bp substitution (G to A) in the 5′-UTR (+98) of bml. BML is a candidate gene associated with leaf senescence, ROS regulation, and disease response, also involved in hormone signaling in rice. Therefore, this gene might be useful in marker-assisted backcrossing/gene editing to improve rice cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delara Akhter
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh.
| | - Ran Qin
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Ujjal Kumar Nath
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Alamin
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Xiaoli Jin
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Chunhai Shi
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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Yang YX, Wu C, Ahammed GJ, Wu C, Yang Z, Wan C, Chen J. Red Light-Induced Systemic Resistance Against Root-Knot Nematode Is Mediated by a Coordinated Regulation of Salicylic Acid, Jasmonic Acid and Redox Signaling in Watermelon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:899. [PMID: 30042771 PMCID: PMC6048386 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Red light (RL) can stimulate plant defense against foliar diseases; however, its role in activation of systemic defense against root diseases remains unclear. Here, the effect of RL on root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (RKN) infestation was investigated in watermelon plants (Citrullus lanatus L.). Plants were exposed to 200 μmol m-2 s-1 photosynthetic photon flux density RL at the canopy level for 21 days using light-emitting photodiodes. The results showed that RL significantly suppressed gall formation and nematode development, which was closely associated with the RL-induced attenuation of oxidative stress in roots. Gene expression analysis showed that RL caused a transient upregulation of PR1 and WRKY70 transcripts at 7 days post inoculation in RKN-infected plants. Further investigation revealed that RL-induced systemic defense against RKN was attributed to increased jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) content, and transcript levels of their biosynthetic genes in roots. Interestingly, while malondialdehyde content decreased, H2O2 accumulation increased in RL-treated RKN-plants, indicating a potential signaling role of H2O2 in mediating RL-induced systemic defense. Furthermore, analysis of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antidoxidants revealed that RL-induced enhanced defense agaist RKN was also attributed to increased activities of antioxidant enzymes as well as redox homeostasis. Taken together, these findings suggest that RL could enhance systemic resistance against RKN, which is mediated by a coordinated regulation of JA- and SA-dependent signaling, antioxidants, and redox homeostasis in watermelon plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-xin Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chaoqun Wu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Golam J. Ahammed
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Caijun Wu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zemao Yang
- Germplasm Lab, Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Chunpeng Wan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinyin Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Pingxiang University, Pingxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jinyin Chen,
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Ning Y, Liu W, Wang GL. Balancing Immunity and Yield in Crop Plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:1069-1079. [PMID: 29037452 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Crop diseases cause enormous yield losses and threaten global food[ED1] security. The use of highly resistant cultivars can effectively control plant diseases, but in crops, genetic immunity to disease often comes with an unintended reduction in growth and yield. Here, we review recent advances in understanding how nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors and cell wall-associated kinase (WAK) proteins function in balancing immunity and yield. We also discuss the role of plant hormones and transcription factors in regulating the trade-offs between plant growth and immunity. Finally, we describe how a novel mechanism of translational control of defense proteins can enhance immunity without the reduction in fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Ganesan M, Lee HY, Kim JI, Song PS. Development of transgenic crops based on photo-biotechnology. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2469-2486. [PMID: 28010046 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The phenotypes associated with plant photomorphogenesis such as the suppressed shade avoidance response and de-etiolation offer the potential for significant enhancement of crop yields. Of many light signal transducers and transcription factors involved in the photomorphogenic responses of plants, this review focuses on the transgenic overexpression of the photoreceptor genes at the uppermost stream of the signalling events, particularly phytochromes, crytochromes and phototropins as the transgenes for the genetic engineering of crops with improved harvest yields. In promoting the harvest yields of crops, the photoreceptors mediate the light regulation of photosynthetically important genes, and the improved yields often come with the tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity and heavy metal ions. As a genetic engineering approach, the term photo-biotechnology has been coined to convey the idea that the greater the photosynthetic efficiency that crop plants can be engineered to possess, the stronger the resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Development of GM crops based on photoreceptor transgenes (mainly phytochromes, crytochromes and phototropins) is reviewed with the proposal of photo-biotechnology that the photoreceptors mediate the light regulation of photosynthetically important genes, and the improved yields often come with the added benefits of crops' tolerance to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markkandan Ganesan
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute and Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, 700073, India
| | - Hyo-Yeon Lee
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute and Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
| | - Jeong-Il Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Pill-Soon Song
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute and Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
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Mawphlang OIL, Kharshiing EV. Photoreceptor Mediated Plant Growth Responses: Implications for Photoreceptor Engineering toward Improved Performance in Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1181. [PMID: 28744290 PMCID: PMC5504655 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rising temperatures during growing seasons coupled with altered precipitation rates presents a challenging task of improving crop productivity for overcoming such altered weather patterns and cater to a growing population. Light is a critical environmental factor that exerts a powerful influence on plant growth and development ranging from seed germination to flowering and fruiting. Higher plants utilize a suite of complex photoreceptor proteins to perceive surrounding red/far-red (phytochromes), blue/UV-A (cryptochromes, phototropins, ZTL/FKF1/LKP2), and UV-B light (UVR8). While genomic studies have also shown that light induces extensive reprogramming of gene expression patterns in plants, molecular genetic studies have shown that manipulation of one or more photoreceptors can result in modification of agronomically beneficial traits. Such information can assist researchers to engineer photoreceptors via genome editing technologies to alter expression or even sensitivity thresholds of native photoreceptors for targeting aspects of plant growth that can confer superior agronomic value to the engineered crops. Here we summarize the agronomically important plant growth processes influenced by photoreceptors in crop species, alongwith the functional interactions between different photoreceptors and phytohormones in regulating these responses. We also discuss the potential utility of synthetic biology approaches in photobiology for improving agronomically beneficial traits of crop plants by engineering designer photoreceptors.
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Killiny N, Nehela Y. One Target, Two Mechanisms: The Impact of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' and Its Vector, Diaphorina citri, on Citrus Leaf Pigments. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:543-556. [PMID: 28358623 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-17-0045-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is currently the largest threat to global citrus production. We examined the effect of HLB pathogen 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' infection or infestation by its vector, Diaphorina citri, on 'Valencia' sweet orange leaf pigments using high-performance liquid chromatography, followed by gene expression analysis for 46 involved genes in carotenoid and chlorophyll biosynthesis pathways. Both 'Ca. L. asiaticus' and D. citri alter the total citrus leaf pigment balance with a greater impact by 'Ca. L. asiaticus'. Although zeaxanthin was accumulated in 'Ca. L. asiaticus'-infected leaves, chlorophyllide a was increased in D. citri-infested plants. Our findings support the idea that both 'Ca. L. asiaticus' and D. citri affect the citrus pigments and promote symptom development but using two different mechanisms. 'Ca. L. asiaticus' promotes chlorophyll degradation but accelerates the biosynthesis of carotenoid pigments, resulting in accumulation of abscisic acid and its precursor, zeaxanthin. Zeaxanthin also has a photoprotective role. By contrast, D. citri induced the degradation of most carotenoids and accelerated chlorophyll biosynthesis, leading to chlorophyllide a accumulation. Chlorophyllide a might have an antiherbivory role. Accordingly, we suggest that citrus plants try to defend themselves against 'Ca. L. asiaticus' or D. citri using multifaceted defense systems, based on the stressor type. These findings will help in better understanding the tritrophic interactions among plant, pathogen, and vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Killiny
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred 33850, U.S.A.; and
| | - Yasser Nehela
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred 33850, U.S.A.; and
- 2 Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Li W, Li C, Sun J, Peng M. Metabolomic, Biochemical, and Gene Expression Analyses Reveal the Underlying Responses of Resistant and Susceptible Banana Species during Early Infection with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. PLANT DISEASE 2017; 101:534-543. [PMID: 30677364 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-16-1245-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Banana (Musa spp.) is an important staple and economic fruit crop, especially in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. The wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, especially F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense strain TR4, is disastrous for banana production. Banana plants infected by F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense TR4 gradually die from leaf blight or vascular rot. There is no efficient method to control this disease, and the underlying response of banana plants to F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense remains unknown. In this study, the responses of an economically important banana cultivar, the F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense-susceptible 'BX', and a wild banana relative, the F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense-resistant Musa yunnanensis ('YN'), to F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense infection were investigated using metabolomic, biochemical, and molecular biological methods. Numerous metabolomic compounds, including defense-responsive signaling molecules, phytohormones, phenolics, and antioxidants, were identified through metabolomic analysis. Changes in salicylic acid (SA), methyl-jasmonic acid, abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin, 3-indoleacetic acid, gibberellic acid, and total phenolic levels were detected using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The expression levels of genes involved in the biosynthesis of some defense-responsive compounds were studied through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results revealed that the resistant YN had a larger change in SA content and a lower ABA level throughout the early infection period, compared with the levels in BX. The susceptible BX had a lower phenolic content. The resistant YN also expressed pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, especially PR1, PR4, PR5-1, and PDF2.2, at higher levels than the susceptible BX. These dynamic metabolic and gene-expression profiles from susceptible and resistant banana during the early stage of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense infection increase our understanding of the complex interaction response between this crop and its pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Chunqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Jianbo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Ming Peng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
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