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Salana S, Verma V. Review of in vitro studies evaluating respiratory toxicity of aerosols: impact of cell types, chemical composition, and atmospheric processing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024. [PMID: 39291816 DOI: 10.1039/d4em00475b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, several cell-based and acellular methods have been developed to evaluate ambient particulate matter (PM) toxicity. Although cell-based methods provide a more comprehensive assessment of PM toxicity, their results are difficult to comprehend due to the diversity in cellular endpoints, cell types, and assays and the interference of PM chemical components with some of the assays' techniques. In this review, we attempt to clarify some of these issues. We first discuss the morphological and immunological differences among various macrophage and epithelial cells, belonging to the respiratory systems of human and murine species, used in the in vitro studies evaluating PM toxicity. Then, we review the current state of knowledge on the role of different PM chemical components and the relevance of atmospheric processing and aging of aerosols in the respiratory toxicity of PM. Our review demonstrates the need to adopt more physiologically relevant cellular models such as epithelial (or endothelial) cells instead of macrophages for oxidative stress measurement. We suggest limiting macrophages for investigating other cellular responses (e.g., phagocytosis, inflammation, and DNA damage). Unlike monocultures (of macrophages and epithelial cells), which are generally used to study the direct effects of PM on a given cell type, the use of co-culture systems should be encouraged to investigate a more comprehensive effect of PM in the presence of other cells. Our review has identified two major groups of toxic PM chemical species from the existing literature, i.e., metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr, Ni, and Zn) and organic compounds (PAHs, ketones, aliphatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, and quinones). However, the relative toxicities of these species are still a matter of debate. Finally, the results of the existing studies investigating the effect of aging on PM toxicity are ambiguous, with varying results due to different cell types, different aging conditions, and the presence/absence of specific oxidants. More systematic studies are necessary to understand the role of different SOA precursors, interactions between different PM components, and aging conditions in the overall toxicity of PM. We anticipate that our review will guide future investigations by helping researchers choose appropriate cell models, resulting in a more meaningful interpretation of cell-based assays and thus ultimately leading to a better understanding of the health effects of PM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudheer Salana
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, 61801, USA.
| | - Vishal Verma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, 61801, USA.
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Ahn Y, Yim YH, Yoo HM. Particulate Matter Induces Oxidative Stress and Ferroptosis in Human Lung Epithelial Cells. TOXICS 2024; 12:161. [PMID: 38393256 PMCID: PMC10893167 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Numerous toxicological studies have highlighted the association between urban particulate matter (PM) and increased respiratory infections and lung diseases. The adverse impact on the lungs is directly linked to the complex composition of particulate matter, initiating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and consequent lipid peroxidation. Excessive ROS, particularly within mitochondria, can destroy subcellular organelles through various pathways. In this study, we confirmed the induction of ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death, upon exposure to an urban PM using RT-qPCR and signaling pathway analysis. We used KRISS CRM 109-02-004, the certified reference material for the analysis of particulate matter, produced by the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS). To validate that ferroptosis causes lung endothelial toxicity, we assessed intracellular mitochondrial potential, ROS overproduction, lipid peroxidation, and specific ferroptosis biomarkers. Following exposure to the urban PM, a significant increase in ROS generation and a decrease in mitochondrial potential were observed. Furthermore, it induced hallmarks of ferroptosis, including the accumulation of lipid peroxidation, the loss of antioxidant defenses, and cellular iron accumulation. In addition, the occurrence of oxidative stress as a key feature of ferroptosis was confirmed by increased expression levels of specific oxidative stress markers such as NQO1, CYP1B1, FTH1, SOD2, and NRF. Finally, a significant increase in key ferroptosis markers was observed, including xCT/SLC7A11, NQO1, TRIM16, HMOX-1, FTL, FTH1, CYP1B1, CHAC1, and GPX4. This provides evidence that elevated ROS levels induce oxidative stress, which ultimately triggers ferroptosis. In conclusion, our results show that the urban PM, KRISS CRM, induces cellular and mitochondrial ROS production, leading to oxidative stress and subsequent ferroptosis. These results suggest that it may induce ferroptosis through ROS generation and may offer potential strategies for the treatment of lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Ahn
- Biometrology Group, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Precision Measurement, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hyeon Yim
- Department of Precision Measurement, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Inorganic Metrology Group, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Min Yoo
- Biometrology Group, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Precision Measurement, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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Rodríguez-Fernández P, Romero-Andrada I, Molina-Moya B, Latorre I, Lacoma A, Prat-Aymerich C, Tabernero L, Domínguez J. Impact of diesel exhaust particles on infections with Mycobacterium bovis BCG in in vitro human macrophages and an in vivo Galleria mellonella model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122597. [PMID: 37741543 PMCID: PMC10804993 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
There are strong suggestions for a link between pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and air quality. Diesel exhaust is one of the main contributors to pollution and it is reported to be able to modify susceptibility to lung infections. In this study we exposed THP-1 human macrophages and Mycobacterium bovis BCG to diesel exhaust particles (DEPs). High cytotoxicity and activation of apoptosis was found in THP-1 cells at 3 and 6 days, but no effect was found on the growth of M. bovis BCG. Infection of THP-1 cells exposed to a non-cytotoxic DEP concentration showed a limited capacity to engulf latex beads. However, M. bovis BCG infection of macrophages did not result in an increase in the bacterial burden, but it did result in an increase in the bacteria recovered from the extracellular media, suggesting a poor contention of M. bovis BCG. We also observed that DEP exposure limited the production of cytokines. Using the Galleria mellonella model of infection, we observed that larvae exposed to low levels of DEPs were less able to survive after infection with M. bovis BCG and had a higher internal bacterial load after 4 days of infection. Unraveling the links between air pollution and impairment of human antimycobacterial immunity is vital, because pollution is rapidly increasing in areas where TB incidence is extremely high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Rodríguez-Fernández
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Badalona, Spain; Core Technology Facility, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Iris Romero-Andrada
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Bárbara Molina-Moya
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Irene Latorre
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Alícia Lacoma
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Cristina Prat-Aymerich
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Lydia Tabernero
- Core Technology Facility, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - José Domínguez
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.
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Leem J, Kim S, Kim JS, Oh JS. ROS-independent cytotoxicity of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone inhibits cell cycle progression and spindle assembly during meiotic maturation in mouse oocytes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129248. [PMID: 35739767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are major components of ambient particulate matter and are associated with various adverse health effects. Typically, DEPs contain a vast number of organic compounds, among which 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (9,10-PQ), the quinone derivative of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene, is one of the most abundant and toxic. 9,10-PQ can produce excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) via redox cycling and exhibit cytotoxicity in various cells. However, the underlying mechanisms involved in cytotoxicity of 9,10-PQ remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the effects of exposure to 9,10-PQ using mouse oocytes as a model system. We found that 9,10-PQ compromised meiotic maturation by impairing acentriolar microtubule organizing center (MTOC) assembly and subsequent spindle formation during meiotic maturation. Moreover, 9,10-PQ exposure prevented cell cycle progression by inhibiting Cdk1 activation via disturbance of cyclin B1 accumulation. Importantly, meiotic defects induced by 9,10-PQ exposure were not rescued by decreasing ROS levels, revealing that 9,10-PQ has ROS-independent activity that regulates cell cycle progression and spindle assembly. Therefore, our findings reveal that 9,10-PQ has novel activity that regulates cell-cycle progression and spindle formation in an ROS-independent manner during meiotic maturation in mouse oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Leem
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Seul Kim
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Su Oh
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.
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Cao X, Padoan S, Binder S, Bauer S, Orasche J, Rus CM, Mudan A, Huber A, Kuhn E, Oeder S, Lintelmann J, Adam T, Di Bucchianico S, Zimmermann R. A comparative study of persistent DNA oxidation and chromosomal instability induced in vitro by oxidizers and reference airborne particles. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 874-875:503446. [PMID: 35151426 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Adverse health effects driven by airborne particulate matter (PM) are mainly associated with reactive oxygen species formation, pro-inflammatory effects, and genome instability. Therefore, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms is needed to evaluate health risks caused by exposure to PM. The aim of this study was to compare the genotoxic effects of two oxidizing agents (menadione and 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol) with three different reference PM (fine dust ERM-CZ100, urban dust SRM1649, and diesel PM SRM2975) on monocytic THP-1 and alveolar epithelial A549 cells. We assessed DNA oxidation by measuring the oxidized derivative 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) following short and long exposure times to evaluate the persistency of oxidative DNA damage. Cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay was performed to assess chromosomal instability, cytostasis, and cytotoxicity. Particles were characterized by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in terms of selected elemental content, the release of ions in cell medium and the cellular uptake of metals. PM deposition and cellular dose were investigated by a spectrophotometric method on adherent A549 cells. The level of lipid peroxidation was evaluated via malondialdehyde concentration measurement. Despite differences in the tested concentrations, deposition efficiency, and lipid peroxidation levels, all reference PM samples caused oxidative DNA damage to a similar extent as the two oxidizers in terms of magnitude but with different oxidative DNA damage persistence. Diesel SRM2975 were more effective in inducing chromosomal instability with respect to fine and urban dust highlighting the role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons derivatives on chromosomal instability. The persistence of 8-OHdG lesions strongly correlated with different types of chromosomal damage and revealed distinguishing sensitivity of cell types as well as specific features of particles versus oxidizing agent effects. In conclusion, this study revealed that an interplay between DNA oxidation persistence and chromosomal damage is driving particulate matter-induced genome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cao
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sara Padoan
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Binder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bauer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Corina-Marcela Rus
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ajit Mudan
- Institute of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Anja Huber
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Evelyn Kuhn
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Oeder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jutta Lintelmann
- Research Unit of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Adam
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Sebastiano Di Bucchianico
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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7
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Badri H, Polya DA, Povey AC. Geochemical compositional controls on DNA strand breaks induced in in vitro cell-free assays by crushed rock powders from the Panasqueira mine area, Portugal. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:2631-2647. [PMID: 32648060 PMCID: PMC8275547 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
DNA strand breaks are a common form of DNA damage that can contribute to chromosomal instability or gene mutations. Such strand breaks may be caused by exposure to heavy metals. The aim of this study was to assess the level of DNA strand breaks caused by µm-scale solid particles of known chemical composition with elevated heavy metals/metalloids, notably arsenic, using an in vitro cell-free DNA plasmid scission assay. These samples were incubated with and without H2O2 to see whether damage occurs directly or indirectly through the Fenton reaction. Levels of DNA damage in the absence of H2O2 were < 10%, but in the presence of H2O2, all samples showed higher levels of damage ranging from 10 to 100% suggesting that damage was being incurred through the Fenton reaction. Using bivariate correlation analysis and multiple linear regression, manganese oxide (MnO), sulphur (S), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) concentrations in the particulates were found to be the most significant predictors of DNA damage. The mechanism of this DNA damage formation has yet to be thoroughly investigated but is hypothesised to be due to reactive oxygen species formation. Further work is required to assess the extent of contribution of reactive oxygen species to this DNA damage, but this study highlights the potential role of chemistry and/or mineralogy to the extent and/or nature of DNA damage caused by particulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatim Badri
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Williamson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - David A Polya
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Williamson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Andrew C Povey
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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Pang KL, Ekeuku SO, Chin KY. Particulate Air Pollution and Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:2715-2732. [PMID: 34194253 PMCID: PMC8238075 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s316429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, which predispose to several chronic diseases in human. Emerging evidence suggests that the severity and progression of osteoporosis are directly associated with inflammation induced by air pollutants like particulate matter (PM). This systematic review examined the relationship between PM and bone health or fractures. A comprehensive literature search was conducted from January until February 2021 using the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library databases. Human cross-sectional, cohort and case-control studies were considered. Of the 1500 papers identified, 14 articles were included based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The air pollution index investigated by most studies were PM2.5 and PM10. Current studies demonstrated inconsistent associations between PM and osteoporosis risk or fractures, which may partly due to the heterogeneity in subjects' characteristics, study design and analysis. In conclusion, there is an inconclusive relationship between osteoporosis risk and fracture and PM exposures which require further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Lun Pang
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sophia Ogechi Ekeuku
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Sim H, Lee W, Choo S, Park EK, Baek MC, Lee IK, Park DH, Bae JS. Sulforaphane Alleviates Particulate Matter-Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:685032. [PMID: 34222291 PMCID: PMC8247919 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.685032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in the elderly, and oxidative damage to retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells plays a major role in the pathogenesis of AMD. Exposure to high levels of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter of <2.5 μm (PM2.5) causes respiratory injury, primarily due to oxidative stress. Recently, a large community-based cohort study in the UK reported a positive correlation between PM2.5 exposure and AMD. Sulforaphane (SFN), a natural isothiocyanate found in cruciferous vegetables, has known antioxidant effects. However, the protective effects of SNF in the eye, especially in the context of AMD, have not been evaluated. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of SFN against PM2.5-induced toxicity in human RPE cells (ARPE-19) and elucidated the molecular mechanism of action. Exposure to PM2.5 decreased cell viability in ARPE-19 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, potentially due to elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). SFN treatment increased ARPE-19 cell viability and decreased PM2.5-induced oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner. PM2.5-induced downregulation of serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1), a cell survival factor, was recovered by SFN. PM2.5 treatment decreased the enzymatic activities of the antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase and catalase, which were restored by SFN treatment. Taken together, these findings suggest that SFN effectively alleviates PM2.5-induced oxidative damage in human ARPE-19 cells via its antioxidant effects, and that SFN can potentially be used as a therapeutic agent for AMD, particularly in cases related to PM2.5 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunchae Sim
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Wonhwa Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Samyeol Choo
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Eui Kyun Park
- Department of Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Moon-Chang Baek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dong Ho Park
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jong-Sup Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Zani C, Donato F, Ceretti E, Pedrazzani R, Zerbini I, Gelatti U, Feretti D. Genotoxic Activity of Particulate Matter and In Vivo Tests in Children Exposed to Air Pollution. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105345. [PMID: 34067860 PMCID: PMC8156021 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to investigate the relationship between micronuclei and DNA damage in children's buccal mucosa cells and the genotoxicity and mutagenicity of the different sized fractions of particulate matter as well as the concentration of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and metals in particulate matter. Air particulate matter was collected by high volume samplers located near the schools attended by the children on the same days of biological samplings. The mutagenic activity was assessed in different cells in in vitro tests (Ames test on bacteria and comet test on leukocytes). Our study showed weak positive correlations between (a) the mutagenicity of the PM0.5 fraction and PAHs and (b) the micronuclei test of children's buccal cells and PAHs detected in PM0.5 and PM0.5-3 fractions. A positive correlation was also found between in vitro comet test on leukocytes and PAHs in the PM3-10 fraction. No correlation was observed for metal concentrations in each PM fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Zani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (I.Z.); (U.G.); (D.F.)
| | - Francesco Donato
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (I.Z.); (U.G.); (D.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-030-3717689
| | - Elisabetta Ceretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (I.Z.); (U.G.); (D.F.)
| | - Roberta Pedrazzani
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, 38 via Branze, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Ilaria Zerbini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (I.Z.); (U.G.); (D.F.)
| | - Umberto Gelatti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (I.Z.); (U.G.); (D.F.)
| | - Donatella Feretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (I.Z.); (U.G.); (D.F.)
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Lee W, Choo S, Sim H, Bae JS. Inhibitory Activities of Ononin on Particulate Matter-induced Oxidative Stress. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-020-0294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Dwivedi S, Kushalan S, Paithankar JG, D'Souza LC, Hegde S, Sharma A. Environmental toxicants, oxidative stress and health adversities: interventions of phytochemicals. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 74:516-536. [PMID: 33822130 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oxidative stress is the most common factor mediating environmental chemical-induced health adversities. Recently, an exponential rise in the use of phytochemicals as an alternative therapeutics against oxidative stress-mediated diseases has been documented. Due to their free radical quenching property, plant-derived natural products have gained substantial attention as a therapeutic agent in environmental toxicology. The present review aimed to describe the therapeutic role of phytochemicals in mitigating environmental toxicant-mediated sub-cellular and organ toxicities via controlling cellular antioxidant response. METHODS The present review has covered the recently related studies, mainly focussing on the free radical scavenging role of phytochemicals in environmental toxicology. KEY FINDINGS In vitro and in vivo studies have reported that supplementation of antioxidant-rich compounds can ameliorate the toxicant-induced oxidative stress, thereby improving the health conditions. Improving the cellular antioxidant pool has been considered as a mode of action of phytochemicals. However, the other cellular targets of phytochemicals remain uncertain. CONCLUSIONS Knowing the therapeutic value of phytochemicals to mitigate the chemical-induced toxicity is an initial stage; mechanistic understanding needs to decipher for development as therapeutics. Moreover, examining the efficacy of phytochemicals against mixer toxicity and identifying the bioactive molecule are major challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwangi Dwivedi
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Division of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, India
| | - Sharanya Kushalan
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Division of Bioresource and Biotechnology, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, India
| | - Jagdish Gopal Paithankar
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Division of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, India
| | - Leonard Clinton D'Souza
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Division of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, India
| | - Smitha Hegde
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Division of Bioresource and Biotechnology, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, India
| | - Anurag Sharma
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Division of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, India
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Determination of Genotoxicity Attributed to Diesel Exhaust Particles in Normal Human Embryonic Lung Cell (WI-38) Line. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020291. [PMID: 33669250 PMCID: PMC7919825 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies concluded that inhalation of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) is associated with an increase in the relative risk of lung cancer. In vitro research evaluating the genetic damage and/or changes in gene expression have been attempted to explain the relationship between DEP exposure and carcinogenicity. However, to date, investigations have been largely confined to studies in immortalized or tumorigenic epithelial cell models. Few studies have investigated damage at the chromosomal level to DEP exposure in normal cell lines. Here, we present the genotoxic effects of DEP in normal cells (embryonic human lung fibroblasts) by conventional genotoxicity testing (micronuclei (MN) and comet assay). We show the differentially expressed genes and enriched pathways in DEP-exposed WI-38 cells using RNA sequencing data. We observed a significant increase in single-strand DNA breaks and the frequency of MN in DEP-exposed cells in a dose-dependent manner. The differentially expressed genes following DEP exposure were significantly enriched in the pathway for responding to xenobiotics and DNA damage. Taken together, these results show that DEP exposure induced DNA damage at the chromosomal level in normal human lung cells and provide information on the expression of genes associated with genotoxic stress.
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The marker of alkyl DNA base damage, N7-methylguanine, is associated with semen quality in men. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3121. [PMID: 33542261 PMCID: PMC7862252 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81674-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm DNA contains a range of DNA base damage that can arise, in part, from exposure to methylating agents. However, the effects are not fully characterized and so the aim of this study was to investigate associations between semen quality and the levels of N7-methyldeoxyguanosine (N7-MedG), a marker of exposure to methylating agents, and other markers of DNA damage and DNA methylation. Sperm samples were collected from 105 men attending an assisted reproduction clinic as part of a couple undergoing treatment for infertility and semen quality assessed manually according to WHO guidelines. Semen levels of N7-MedG, quantified by immunoslotblot, were significantly higher in men with sperm concentration < 15 × 106/ml (p ≤ 0.01), semen volume < 1.5 ml (p ≤ 0.05) and also in men with any aspect of semen quality below WHO reference levels (p ≤ 0.001). Measures of neutral Comet DNA damage were correlated with semen quality in a univariate analysis but not after adjustment for N7-MedG levels. Sperm concentration was negatively associated with % methylation at the gene for DAZL but no other marker of global or gene-specific DNA methylation. Results support the hypothesis that the known toxic and DNA damaging properties of alkylating agent exposure may have direct deleterious consequences on semen quality.
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15
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Xin L, Wang J, Sun J, Zhang C, Tong X, Wan J, Feng J, Tian H, Zhang Z. Cellular effects of PM 2.5 from Suzhou, China: relationship to chemical composition and endotoxin content. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:287-299. [PMID: 32809125 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to PM2.5 can cause adverse health outcomes. In this study, we analyzed PM2.5 samples collected from suburban and urban sites, including a traffic tunnel in Suzhou, China, for their physicochemical properties, endotoxin contents, and effects on HepG2 and A549 cells in vitro. The greatest cellular responses, including oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, inflammatory, and transcriptional activation of stress-responsive genes (i.e., HSPA1A, GADD45α), were observed in cells treated with traffic tunnel PM2.5. Cytokine expression was also measured and closely correlated with endotoxin content, while other toxic effects were largely related to PM2.5-bound metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These findings suggested that chemical and biological composition of PM2.5, including adsorbed trace metals, PAHs, and endotoxin, may contribute significantly to their toxicity. In addition to commonly used in vitro toxicity tests, HSPA1A and GADD45α promoter-driven luciferase reporter cells may provide a potential new tool for rapid screening and quantification of PM2.5 toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Xin
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianshu Wang
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 72 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaojiao Sun
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing Tong
- Laboratory Center, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianmei Wan
- Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jialiang Feng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Hailin Tian
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zengli Zhang
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
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Maselli BS, Cunha V, Lim H, Bergvall C, Westerholm R, Dreij K, Watanabe T, Cardoso AA, Pozza SA, Umbuzeiro GA, Kummrow F. Similar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and genotoxicity profiles of atmospheric particulate matter from cities on three different continents. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:560-573. [PMID: 32285490 DOI: 10.1002/em.22377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The extractable organic material (EOM) from atmospheric total suspended particles (TSP) contains several organic compounds including non-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkyl-PAHs, and nitro-PAHs. These chemicals seem to be among the key drivers of TSP genotoxicity. We have shown previously that the mutagenic potencies of the EOM from Limeira, Stockholm, and Kyoto, cities with markedly different meteorological conditions and pollution sources are similar. Here we compare the profiles of non-substituted PAHs (27 congeners), alkyl-PAHs (15 congeners), and nitro-PAHs (7 congeners) from the same EOM samples from these cities. We also compared the genotoxicity profiles using comet and micronucleus assays in human bronchial epithelial cells. The profiles of PAHs, as well as the cytotoxic and genotoxic potencies when expressed in EOM, were quite similar among the studied cities. It seems that despite the differences in meteorological conditions and pollution sources of the cities, removal, mixing, and different atmospheric transformation processes may be contributing to the similarity of the PAHs composition and genotoxicity profiles. More studies are required to verify if this would be a general rule applicable to other cities. Although these profiles were similar for all three cities, the EOM concentration in the atmospheres is markedly different. Thus, the population of Limeira (∼10-fold more EOM/m3 than Stockholm and ∼6-fold more than Kyoto) is exposed to higher concentrations of genotoxic pollutants, and Kyoto's population is 1.5-fold more exposed than Stockholm's. Therefore, to reduce the risk of human exposure to TSP genotoxins, the volume of emissions needs to be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca S Maselli
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Virginia Cunha
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hwanmi Lim
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Bergvall
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roger Westerholm
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tetsushi Watanabe
- Department of Public Health, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Arnaldo A Cardoso
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Simone A Pozza
- School of Technology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Gisela A Umbuzeiro
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Technology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Fábio Kummrow
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, Brazil
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17
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Jan R, Roy R, Bhor R, Pai K, Satsangi PG. Toxicological screening of airborne particulate matter in atmosphere of Pune: Reactive oxygen species and cellular toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:113724. [PMID: 32078875 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Present study screened the toxicological assessment of airborne particulate matter (PM), mechanistic investigation, relationship between the physicochemical characteristics and its associated toxic response. The average concentration of both PM10 and PM2.5 exceeded the Indian National Ambient Air Quality Standards. In present study, PM bound metals; Fe, Cu, Cr, Ni, Mn, Pb, Cd, Zn, Sr and Co have been taken into account with total metal concentration of 0.83 and 0.44 μg m-3 of PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations, respectively. The contribution of redox active metals (Fe, Cu, Cr, Ni and Mn) in PM was more as compared to non-redox metals (Pb, Cd and Co) indicating significant risk to the exposed population as these metals possess the ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are responsible for various diseases. The cytotoxicity profiles of PM samples determined by MTT assay on two different cell lines (A549 and PBMC) exhibited dose-dependent effects after 24 h exposure, but the consequences differ with respect to particle size and sampling periods. A significant decrease in cell viability with varying PM concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 μg ml-1) with respect to control was found in both cell lines. Incubation of RBC suspension with PM samples caused pronounced disruption of RBC and thus exhibited substantial hemolytic behavior. PM samples showed a range of potency to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Almost all PM samples increased the level of pro-inflammatory mediator (Nitric oxide) when compared to corresponding unexposed controls suggesting the important role of reactive nitrogen species in induction of cellular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohi Jan
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Pune, 411007, India
| | - Ritwika Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Pune, 411007, India
| | - Renuka Bhor
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Pune, 411007, India
| | - Kalpana Pai
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Pune, 411007, India
| | - P Gursumeeran Satsangi
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Pune, 411007, India.
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18
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Kim I, Park K, Lee K, Park M, Lim H, Shin H, Kim SD. Application of various cytotoxic endpoints for the toxicity prioritization of fine dust (PM2.5) sources using a multi-criteria decision-making approach. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:1775-1788. [PMID: 31734831 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Fine dust (PM2.5) is generated from various sources, and many studies have reported on the sources of PM2.5. However, the current research on PM2.5 toxicity based on its sources is insufficient. In this study, we developed a framework for the prioritization of fine dust (PM2.5) sources on the basis of the multi-endpoint toxicities using the multi-criteria decision-making method (MCDM). To obtain the multi-endpoint toxicities of PM2.5 sources, cell mortality, reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation and mutagenicity were measured for diesel exhaust particles (DEP), gasoline exhaust particles (GEP), rice straw burning particles (RBP), coal combustion particles (CCP) and tunnel dust particles (TDP). The integrative toxicity score (ITS) of the PM2.5 source was calculated using MCDM, which consist of four steps: (1) defining the decision-making matrix, (2) normalization and weighting, (3) calculating the ITS (linear aggregation) and (4) a global sensitivity analysis. The indicator of cell mortality had the highest weight (0.3780) followed by inflammation (0.2471), ROS (0.2178) and mutagenicity (0.1571). Additionally, the ITS based on the sources contributing to PM2.5 resulted in the following order: DEP (0.89), GEP (0.44), RBP (0.40), CCP (0.23) and TDP (0.06). The relative toxicity index (RTI), which represents the ratio of toxicity due to the difference in sources, increases as the contribution of the highly toxic sources increases. The RTI over 1 is closely associated with an increased contribution from highly toxic sources, such as diesel exhaust, gasoline exhaust and biomass burning. It is necessary to investigate the toxicity of various PM2.5 sources and PM2.5 risk based on the sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Injeong Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Center for Chemicals Risk Assessment, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihong Park
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - KwangYul Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhan Park
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Heungbin Lim
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanjae Shin
- R&D Headquarter, KT&G, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Don Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Chemicals Risk Assessment, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Zani C, Ceretti E, Zerbini I, Viola GCV, Donato F, Gelatti U, Feretti D. Comet Test in Saliva Leukocytes of Pre-School Children Exposed to Air Pollution in North Italy: The Respira Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3276. [PMID: 32397090 PMCID: PMC7246791 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a well-known problem for human health, especially for children living in highly polluted urban areas. This study aimed to assess the relationship between airborne pollutants concentration and biomarkers of DNA damage in the buccal mucosa cells of pre-school children. DNA damage was investigated with comet test in saliva leukocytes taken from sputum of 3- to 6-year-old children living in Brescia, Northern Italy, collected during two consecutive winter seasons (2012-2013). The daily levels of PM10, PM2.5, NO2, CO, SO2, benzene and O3 in urban air were collected for the whole period. A questionnaire filled in by the children's parents was used to evaluate indoor and outdoor exposure. DNA damage in saliva leukocytes was evaluated in 152 children and the means of tail intensity and visual score as DNA damage were 6.2 ± 4.3 and 182.1 ± 30.9, respectively. No demographic and indoor or outdoor exposure variable was associated with the two measures of DNA damage. No significant association between air pollution and DNA damage in children's buccal leukocytes was found. In this study, the comet assay does not appear to be a valuable biomarker to detect DNA damage in children exposed to high levels of air pollutants, such as PM10, PM2.5 and NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Donatella Feretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (I.Z.); (G.C.V.V.); (F.D.); (U.G.)
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20
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Fifteen Years of Airborne Particulates in Vitro Toxicology in Milano: Lessons and Perspectives Learned. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072489. [PMID: 32260164 PMCID: PMC7177378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is one of the world’s leading environmental causes of death. The epidemiological relationship between outdoor air pollution and the onset of health diseases associated with death is now well established. Relevant toxicological proofs are now dissecting the molecular processes that cause inflammation, reactive species generation, and DNA damage. In addition, new data are pointing out the role of airborne particulates in the modulation of genes and microRNAs potentially involved in the onset of human diseases. In the present review we collect the relevant findings on airborne particulates of one of the biggest hot spots of air pollution in Europe (i.e., the Po Valley), in the largest urban area of this region, Milan. The different aerodynamic fractions are discussed separately with a specific focus on fine and ultrafine particles that are now the main focus of several studies. Results are compared with more recent international findings. Possible future perspectives of research are proposed to create a new discussion among scientists working on the toxicological effects of airborne particles.
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21
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Islam N, Dihingia A, Khare P, Saikia BK. Atmospheric particulate matters in an Indian urban area: Health implications from potentially hazardous elements, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity studies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121472. [PMID: 31733994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The nature of the atmospheric particulate matters (PMs) varies depending on their sizes and their origin from different activities in the background environment. These PMs are associated with potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) such as organic compounds (e.g. Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons) that can be harmful to health. The main objective of this work is the identification and investigation of the toxicological aspects of PHEs in PMs during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season in an urban area of Northeast region (NER) of India. In the course of the study, the 24 -hs average concentrations of PMs were detected to be more than two-times higher than the Indian standard limit (NAAQ, category) which indicates poor air quality in both the seasons around the sampling sites. This study demonstrates that the concentrations of PM-bound PAHs are mutagenic and that the Excess Cancer Risks exceed the USEPA standard limits. PMs cause cytotoxicity and can also induce genotoxicity to human health analyzed by cell culture and gel electrophoresis. This study helps to promote research to evaluate the PMs bound PHEs toxicity in diverse human cell lines and also their relationship with climatic factors as well as quantitative source apportionment for mitigation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazrul Islam
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, 785006, India
| | - Anjum Dihingia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, 785006, India; Biotechnology Group, Biological Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India
| | - Puja Khare
- Agronomy and Soil Science Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Binoy K Saikia
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, 785006, India.
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22
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Kaur K, Mohammadpour R, Jaramillo IC, Ghandehari H, Reilly C, Paine R, Kelly KE. Application of a Quartz Crystal Microbalance to Measure the Mass Concentration of Combustion Particle Suspensions. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2019; 137:105445. [PMID: 32863423 PMCID: PMC7448758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2019.105445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Researchers studying the biological effects of combustion particles typically rely on suspending particles in de-ionized (DI) water, buffer, and/or media prior to in vitro or in vivo experiments. However, the hydrophobic nature of combustion particles makes it difficult to obtain well-suspended, evenly dispersed mixtures, which also makes it difficult to obtain equivalent dosing and endpoint comparisons. This study explored the use of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to measure the mass concentration of combustion particle suspensions. It compared the QCM mass concentration to that estimated by placing a known mass of combustion particles in DI water. It also evaluated the effect of drop volume and combustion particle type on QCM measurements. The results showed that QCM is a promising direct method for measuring suspended combustion particle mass concentrations, and it is particularly effective for quantifying concentrations of difficult-to-suspend particles and for combustion particles placed in polystyrene containers, which can lead to substantial particle losses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hamidreza Ghandehari
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah
| | - Christopher Reilly
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah
| | - Robert Paine
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah
| | - Kerry E. Kelly
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah
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23
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Fernández JR, Webb C, Rouzard K, Voronkov M, Huber KL, Stock JB, Healy J, Tamura M, Stock M, Armbrister W, Gordon JS, Pérez E. SIG-1273 protects skin against urban air pollution and when formulated in AgeIQ™ Night Cream anti-aging benefits clinically demonstrated. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 18:1366-1371. [PMID: 30456862 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SIG-1273 is a novel cosmetic active that provides a broad spectrum of benefits to the skin. Considering the chronic skin exposure to pollution in urban areas, we sought to determine if SIG-1273 could provide additional protection against skin aging by inhibiting pollutant-induced cytotoxicity and inflammation. OBJECTIVE Determine if SIG-1273 possesses antipollution properties in vitro and evaluate the potential anti-aging benefits of Age IQ™ Night Cream clinically in human subjects. METHODS In vitro studies utilizing normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs), were co-treated with urban dust (SRM 1649b) and SIG-1273 (toxicity protection measured by MTS assay). A water-soluble fraction of urban dust (UD-WS) induces pro-inflammatory cytokine release (IL-8) from NHEKs (measured via ELISA). An 8-week, 37-subject clinical trial was performed with 0.05% SIG-1273 formulated in Age IQ™ Night Cream and applied topically to assess its potential to reduce the appearance of aging. RESULTS In vitro studies using NHEKs demonstrate SIG-1273 protects against urban dust-induced cell toxicity, reducing cell death by 66% and concentration dependently inhibits UD-WS-induced IL-8 production (IC50 = 20 nmol/L), outperforming niacinamide, ascorbic acid, and α-tocopherol, commonly used actives in antipollution skin-care products. Clinical assessment of Age IQ™ Night Cream shows it is effective in improving the appearance of facial skin aging including fine lines and wrinkles, skin texture, skin clarity/brightness, and firmness/elasticity. CONCLUSIONS SIG-1273, is demonstrated here for the first time to possess antipollution properties. Included as a key active ingredient in Age IQ™ Night Cream, this novel topical formulation provides benefits to individuals with aging skin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corey Webb
- Signum Dermalogix, Princeton, New Jersey
| | | | | | | | - Jeffry B Stock
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
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Yang J, Roth P, Durbin TD, Shafer MM, Hemming J, Antkiewicz DS, Asa-Awuku A, Karavalakis G. Emissions from a flex fuel GDI vehicle operating on ethanol fuels show marked contrasts in chemical, physical and toxicological characteristics as a function of ethanol content. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 683:749-761. [PMID: 31150895 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the gaseous and particulate emissions, as well as the toxicological properties of particulate matter (PM) from a flex fuel vehicle equipped with a wall-guided gasoline direct injection engine over triplicates cold-start and hot-start LA92 cycles. The vehicle was operated on a Tier 3 E10 fuel, an E10 fuel with higher levels of aromatics than the Tier 3 E10, an E30, and an E78 blend. Total hydrocarbon (THC), non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate emissions, and gaseous toxics (of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (BTEX), and 1,3-butadiene) reduced for E30 and E78 blends compared to both E10 fuels. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions substantially increased with the higher ethanol blends. The high aromatic E10 fuel increased the emissions of THC, NMHC, particulates, and BTEX compared to the Tier 3 E10 fuel and the higher ethanol blends, as well as showed higher concentrations of accumulation mode particles. The GDI PM did not exhibit any measurable mutagenicity at the PM concentrations tested. Cytotoxicity varied only within a small range and concentrations of PM, eliciting a cytotoxic response similar to those by ambient aerosol. The outcomes of our two measures of PM oxidative potential (macrophage ROS and DTT) were significantly correlated, with the E78 blend exhibiting the least oxidative potential and the E30 the greatest. Gene expression analysis at both the mRNA and protein level indicates that there is the potential for GDI PM emissions to contribute to inflammation and etiology of disease such as asthma, and in contrast to the ROS and DTT outcomes, the E78 fuel PM exhibited the greatest potential to elicit pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNFα) production. Overall, the trends in toxicity emission rates (activity/mi) across the ethanol blends was driven primarily by PM mass emission rate contrasts and only secondarily by the differences in intrinsic toxicity of the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Yang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Patrick Roth
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Thomas D Durbin
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Martin M Shafer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jocelyn Hemming
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dagmara S Antkiewicz
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Akua Asa-Awuku
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, A. James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Georgios Karavalakis
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Riverside, CA 92507, USA.
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Boo YC. Can Plant Phenolic Compounds Protect the Skin from Airborne Particulate Matter? Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8090379. [PMID: 31500121 PMCID: PMC6769904 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is directly exposed to the polluted atmospheric environment, and skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis and acne vulgaris, can be induced or exacerbated by airborne particulate matter (PM). PM can also promote premature skin aging with its accompanying functional and morphological changes. PM-induced skin diseases and premature skin aging are largely mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the harmful effects of PM may be ameliorated by safe and effective natural antioxidants. Experimental studies have shown that the extracts and phenolic compounds derived from many plants, such as cocoa, green tea, grape, pomegranate, and some marine algae, have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on PM-exposed cells. The phenolic compounds can decrease the levels of ROS in cells and/or enhance cellular antioxidant capacity and, thereby, can attenuate PM-induced oxidative damage to nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. They also lower the levels of cytokines, chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, prostaglandins, and matrix metalloproteinases implicated in cellular inflammatory responses to PM. Although there is still much research to be done, current studies in this field suggest that plant-derived phenolic compounds may have a protective effect on skin exposed to high levels of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chool Boo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.
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Kaur K, Jaramillo IC, Mohammadpour R, Sturrock A, Ghandehari H, Reilly C, Paine R, Kelly KE. Effect of collection methods on combustion particle physicochemical properties and their biological response in a human macrophage-like cell line. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2019; 54:1170-1185. [PMID: 31342848 PMCID: PMC6801061 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1632626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In vitro studies are a first step toward understanding the biological effects of combustion-derived particulate matter (cdPM). A vast majority of studies expose cells to cdPM suspensions, which requires a method to collect cdPM and suspend it in an aqueous media. The consequences of different particle collection methods on particle physiochemical properties and resulting biological responses are not fully understood. This study investigated the effect of two common approaches (collection on a filter and a cold plate) and one relatively new (direct bubbling in DI water) approach to particle collection. The three approaches yielded cdPM with differences in particle size distribution, surface area, composition, and oxidative potential. The directly bubbled sample retained the smallest sized particles and the bimodal distribution observed in the gas-phase. The bubbled sample contained ∼50% of its mass as dissolved species and lower molecular weight compounds, not found in the other two samples. These differences in the cdPM properties affected the biological responses in THP-1 cells. The bubbled sample showed greater oxidative potential and cellular reactive oxygen species. The scraped sample induced the greatest TNFα secretion. These findings have implications for in vitro studies of air pollution and for efforts to better understand the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anne Sturrock
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah
| | - Hamidreza Ghandehari
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah
| | - Christopher Reilly
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah
| | - Robert Paine
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah
| | - Kerry E. Kelly
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah
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27
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PON1 increases cellular DNA damage by lactone substrates. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2035-2043. [PMID: 31209508 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02475-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated enzyme that by hydrolysing exogenous and endogenous substrates can provide protection against substrate induced toxicity. To investigate the extent to which PON1 provides protection against lactone induced DNA damage, DNA damage was measured in HepG2 cells using the neutral Comet assay following lactone treatment in the presence and absence of exogenous recombinant PON1 (rPON1). Low dose lactones (10 mM) caused little or no damage while high doses (100 mM) induced DNA damage in the following order of potency: α-angelica lactone > γ-butyrolactone ~ γ-hexalactone > γ-heptalactone ~ γ-octaclactone ~ γ-furanone ~ γ-valerolactone > γ-decalactone. Co-incubation of 100 mM lactone with rPON1, resulted in almost all cells showing extensive DNA damage, particularly with those lactones that decreased rPON1 activity by > 25%. In contrast, with the lactones that are poor rPON1 subtrates (γ-decalactone and γ-furanone), rPON1 did not increase DNA damage. DNA damage induced by a 1 h co-treatment with 10 mM α-angelica lactone and rPON1 was reduced when cells when incubated for a further 4 h in fresh medium suggesting break formation was due to induced DNA damage rather than apoptosis. Preincubation (1-6 h) of α-angelica lactone with rPON1 in the absence of cells, decreased cellular DNA damage by around 40% in comparison to cells treated without preincubation. These results suggest that in addition to its well-recognised detoxification effects, PON1 can increase genotoxicity potentially by hydrolysing certain lactones to reactive intermediates that increase DNA damage via the formation of DNA adducts.
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Abstract
Early-life chronic exposure to environmental contaminants, such as bisphenol-A, particulate matter air pollution, organophosphorus pesticides, and pharmaceutical drugs, among others, may affect central tissues, such as the hypothalamus, and peripheral tissues, such as the endocrine pancreas, causing inflammation and apoptosis with severe implications to the metabolism. The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) concept articulates events in developmental phases of life, such as intrauterine, lactation, and adolescence, to later-life metabolism and health. These developmental phases are more susceptible to environmental changes, such as those caused by environmental contaminants, which may predispose individuals to obesity, metabolic syndrome, and chronic noncommunicable diseases later in life. Alterations in the epigenome are explored as an underlying mechanism to the programming effects on metabolism, as the expression of key genes related with central and peripheral metabolic functions may be altered in response to environmental disturbances. Studies show that environmental contaminants may affect gene expressions in mammals, especially when exposed to during the developmental phases of life, leading to metabolic disorders in adulthood. In this review, we discuss the current obesity epidemics, the DOHaD concept, pollutants' toxicology, environmental control, and the role of environmental contaminants in the central and peripheral programming of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Improving environmental monitoring may directly affect the quality of life of the population and help protect the future generations from metabolic diseases.
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Bonetta S, Bonetta S, Schilirò T, Ceretti E, Feretti D, Covolo L, Vannini S, Villarini M, Moretti M, Verani M, Carducci A, Bagordo F, De Donno A, Bonizzoni S, Bonetti A, Pignata C, Carraro E, Gelatti U. Mutagenic and genotoxic effects induced by PM 0.5 of different Italian towns in human cells and bacteria: The MAPEC_LIFE study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:1124-1135. [PMID: 30682747 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is considered an atmospheric pollutant that mostly affects human health. The finest fractions of PM (PM2.5 or less) play a major role in causing chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxic effects of PM0.5 collected in five Italian towns using different bioassays. The role of chemical composition on the genotoxicity induced was also evaluated. The present study was included in the multicentre MAPEC_LIFE project, which aimed to evaluate the associations between air pollution exposure and early biological effects in Italian children. PM10 samples were collected in 2 seasons (winter and spring) using a high-volume multistage cascade impactor. The results showed that PM0.5 represents a very high proportion of PM10 (range 10-63%). PM0.5 organic extracts were chemically analysed (PAHs, nitro-PAHs) and tested by the comet assay (A549 and BEAS-2B cells), MN test (A549 cells) and Ames test on Salmonella strains (TA100, TA98, TA98NR and YG1021). The highest concentrations of PAHs and nitro-PAHs in PM0.5 were observed in the Torino, Brescia and Pisa samples in winter. The Ames test showed low mutagenic activity. The highest net revertants/m3 were observed in the Torino and Brescia samples (winter), and the mutagenic effect was associated with PM0.5 (p < 0.01), PAH and nitro-PAH (p < 0.05) concentrations. The YG1021 strain showed the highest sensitivity to PM0.5 samples. No genotoxic effect of PM0.5 extracts was observed using A549 cells except for some samples in winter (comet assay), while BEAS-2B cells showed light DNA damage in the Torino, Brescia and Pisa samples in winter, highlighting the higher sensitivity of BEAS-2B cells, which was consistent with the Ames test (p < 0.01). The results obtained showed that it is important to further investigate the finest fractions of PM, which represent a relevant percentage of PM10, taking into account the chemical composition and the biological effects induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bonetta
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 94 Piazza Polonia, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Silvia Bonetta
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 94 Piazza Polonia, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Schilirò
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 94 Piazza Polonia, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Ceretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Donatella Feretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Loredana Covolo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Samuele Vannini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Milena Villarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Massimo Moretti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Marco Verani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 35/39 Via S. Zeno, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 35/39 Via S. Zeno, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesco Bagordo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, 165 Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Antonella De Donno
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, 165 Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | | | - Alberto Bonetti
- Centro Servizi Multisettoriale e Tecnologico - CSMT Gestione S.c.a.r.l., 45 Via Branze, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Cristina Pignata
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 94 Piazza Polonia, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Carraro
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 94 Piazza Polonia, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Umberto Gelatti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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Cytoprotective Effects of Mangiferin and Z-Ligustilide in PAH-Exposed Human Airway Epithelium in Vitro. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020218. [PMID: 30678167 PMCID: PMC6412222 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
According to World Health Organisation (WHO) air pollution increases the risk of cardiovascular disorders, respiratory diseases, including COPD, lung cancer and acute respiratory infections, neuro-degenerative and other diseases. It is also known that various phytochemicals may mitigate such risks. This study tested if phytochemicals mangiferin (MNG) and Z-ligustilide (Z-LG) may protect PAH-exposed human lung bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). Organic PAH extract was obtained from the urban fine PM with high benzo(a)pyrene content collected in Eastern European mid-sized city during winter heating season. Cell proliferation traits and levels of intracellular oxidative stress were examined. Effect of MNG (0.5 µg/mL) alone or in combination with PAH on bronchial epithelium wound healing was evaluated. Both phytochemicals were also evaluated for their antioxidant properties in acellular system. Treatment with MNG produced strong cytoprotective effect on PAH-exposed cells (p < 0.01) while Z-LG (0.5 µg/mL) exhibited strong negative effect on cell proliferation in untreated and PAH-exposed cells (p < 0.001). MNG, being many times stronger antioxidant than Z-LG in chemical in vitro assays (p < 0.0001), was also able to decrease PAH-induced oxidative stress in the cell cultures (p < 0.05). Consequently MNG ameliorates oxidative stress, speeds up wound healing process and restores proliferation rate in PAH-exposed bronchial epithelium. Such protective effects of MNG in air pollution affected airway epithelium stimulate further research on this promising phytochemical.
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Wultsch G, Nersesyan A, Kundi M, Al-Serori H, Knasmüller S. Induction of chromosomal damage in exfoliated buccal and nasal cells of road markers. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2019; 82:969-976. [PMID: 31596695 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1673578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Road markers are exposed to various chemicals and particles. The aim of this study was to determine whether road worker exposure induceschromosomal damage which is indicative for increased cancer risks. Micronucleus (MN) cytome assays were thus conducted with exfoliated nasal and buccal cells collected from 42 workers and 42 matched controls. The frequencies of MN (reflecting chromosomal aberrations), nuclear buds (NBuds; reflecting gene amplifications) and binucleated cells (BN; reflecting disturbed mitosis) were scored. Further, the rates of nuclear anomalies indicative of acute cytotoxicity (condensed chromatin, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, pyknosis) were evaluated. Data demonstrated marked induction of MN, NBuds, and BN by 1.34-fold, 1.24-fold and 1.14-fold in buccal cells. In nasal cells, only MN frequencies were elevated, 1.23-fold. These effects were paralleled by increased rates of condensed chromatin, karyorrhexis and karyolysis in both cell types. The effects were more pronounced in individuals who had worked for more than 10 years while smoking did not produce synergistic responses. This is the first investigation concerning the induction of genetic damage in road markers and the results are suggestive for enhanced cancer risks. It is conceivable that exposure to silica dust (known to induce cancer and genetic damage) and/or benzoyl peroxide which forms reactive radicals may be associated with the observed genetic damage in road workers. Further investigations of the cancer risks of these workers are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Wultsch
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Armen Nersesyan
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
- Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Michael Kundi
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Halh Al-Serori
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College , London , UK
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Velali E, Papachristou E, Pantazaki A, Besis A, Samara C, Labrianidis C, Lialiaris T. In vitro cellular toxicity induced by extractable organic fractions of particles exhausted from urban combustion sources - Role of PAHs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1166-1176. [PMID: 30266006 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The bioactivity of the extractable organic matter (EOM) of particulate matter (PM) exhausted from major urban combustion sources, including residential heating installations (wood-burning fireplace and oil-fired boiler) and vehicular exhaust from gasoline and diesel cars), was investigated in vitro by employing multiple complementary cellular and bacterial assays. Cytotoxic responses were investigated by applying the MTT ((3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)) bioassay and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release bioassay on human lung cells (MRC-5). Sister Chromatids Exchange (SCE) genotoxicity was measured on human peripheral lymphocytes. Lipid peroxidation potential via reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated on E. coli bacterial cells by measuring the malondialdehyde (MDA) end product. Furthermore, the DNA damage induced by the organic PM fractions was evaluated by the reporter (β-galactosidase) gene expression assay in the bacterial cells, and, by examining the fragmentation of chromosomal DNA on agarose gel electrophoresis. The correlations between the source PM-induced biological endpoints and the PM content in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as typical molecular markers of combustion, were investigated. Fireplace wood smoke particles exhibited by far the highest content in total and carcinogenic PAHs followed by oil boilers, diesel and gasoline emissions. However, in all bioassays, the total EOM-induced toxicity, normalized to PM mass, was highest for diesel cars equipped with Diesel Particle Filter (DPF). No correlation between the toxicological endpoints and the PAHs content was observed suggesting that cytotoxicity and genotoxicity are probably driven by other extractable organic compounds than the commonly measured unsubstituted PAHs. Clearly, further research is needed to elucidate the role of PAHs in the biological effects induced by both, combustion emissions, and ambient air particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterini Velali
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Papachristou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Pantazaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Besis
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantini Samara
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Christos Labrianidis
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Demokrition University of Thrace, GR-68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Theodore Lialiaris
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Demokrition University of Thrace, GR-68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Rönkkö TJ, Jalava PI, Happo MS, Kasurinen S, Sippula O, Leskinen A, Koponen H, Kuuspalo K, Ruusunen J, Väisänen O, Hao L, Ruuskanen A, Orasche J, Fang D, Zhang L, Lehtinen KEJ, Zhao Y, Gu C, Wang Q, Jokiniemi J, Komppula M, Hirvonen MR. Emissions and atmospheric processes influence the chemical composition and toxicological properties of urban air particulate matter in Nanjing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:1290-1310. [PMID: 29929296 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ambient inhalable particulate matter (PM) is a serious health concern worldwide, but especially so in China where high PM concentrations affect huge populations. Atmospheric processes and emission sources cause spatial and temporal variations in PM concentration and chemical composition, but their influence on the toxicological characteristics of PM are still inadequately understood. In this study, we report an extensive chemical and toxicological characterization of size-segregated urban air inhalable PM collected in August and October 2013 from Nanjing, and assess the effects of atmospheric processes and likely emission sources. A549 human alveolar epithelial cells were exposed to day- and nighttime PM samples (25, 75, 150, 200, 300 μg/ml) followed by analyses of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, cell cycle, and inflammatory response. PM10-2.5 and PM0.2 caused the greatest toxicological responses for different endpoints, illustrating that particles with differing size and chemical composition activate distinct toxicological pathways in A549 cells. PM10-2.5 displayed the greatest oxidative stress and genotoxic responses; both were higher for the August samples compared with October. In contrast, PM0.2 and PM2.5-1.0 samples displayed high cytotoxicity and substantially disrupted cell cycle; August samples were more cytotoxic whereas October samples displayed higher cell cycle disruption. Several components associated with combustion, traffic, and industrial emissions displayed strong correlations with these toxicological responses. The lower responses for PM1.0-0.2 compared to PM0.2 and PM2.5-1.0 indicate diminished toxicological effects likely due to aerosol aging and lower proportion of fresh emission particles rich in highly reactive chemical components in the PM1.0-0.2 fraction. Different emission sources and atmospheric processes caused variations in the chemical composition and toxicological responses between PM fractions, sampling campaigns, and day and night. The results indicate different toxicological pathways for coarse-mode particles compared to the smaller particle fractions with typically higher content of combustion-derived components. The variable responses inside PM fractions demonstrate that differences in chemical composition influence the induced toxicological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu J Rönkkö
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko S Happo
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stefanie Kasurinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ari Leskinen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna Koponen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kari Kuuspalo
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarno Ruusunen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Väisänen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Liqing Hao
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Ruuskanen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Die Fang
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, Branch 24 Mailbox of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, Branch 24 Mailbox of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Kari E J Lehtinen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yu Zhao
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, Branch 24 Mailbox of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Gu
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, Branch 24 Mailbox of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Qin'geng Wang
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, Branch 24 Mailbox of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Komppula
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maija-Riitta Hirvonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Li T, Hu R, Chen Z, Li Q, Huang S, Zhu Z, Zhou LF. Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5): The culprit for chronic lung diseases in China. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2018; 4:176-186. [PMID: 30276364 PMCID: PMC6160608 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdtm.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is a world public health problem. Particulate matter (PM), a mix of solid and liquid particles in the air, becomes an increasing concern in the social and economic development of China. For decades, epidemiological studies have confirmed the association between fine particle pollutants and respiratory diseases. It has been reported in different populations that increased Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations cause elevated susceptibility to respiratory diseases, including acute respiratory distress, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer. This review will discuss the pathophysiology of PM2.5 in respiratory diseases, which are helpful for the prevention of air pollution and treatment of respiratory tract inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Zi Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Qiyuan Li
- Department of Translational Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Shouxiong Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45249, USA
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Lin-Fu Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jiangsu Shengze Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215228, China
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Pardo M, Xu F, Qiu X, Zhu T, Rudich Y. Seasonal variations in fine particle composition from Beijing prompt oxidative stress response in mouse lung and liver. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:147-155. [PMID: 29335169 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to air pollution can induce oxidative stress, inflammation and adverse health effects. To understand how seasonal and chemical variations drive health impacts, we investigated indications for oxidative stress and inflammation in mice exposed to water and organic extracts from urban fine particles/PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) collected in Beijing, China. Higher levels of pollution components were detected in heating season (HS, winter and part of spring) PM2.5 than in the non-heating season (NHS, summer and part of spring and autumn) PM2.5. HS samples were high in metals for the water extraction and high in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for the organic extraction compared to their controls. An increased inflammatory response was detected in the lung and liver following exposure to the organic extracts compared to the water extracts, and mostly in the HS PM2.5. While reduced antioxidant response was observed in the lung, it was activated in the liver, again, more in the HS extracts. Nrf2 transcription factor, a master regulator of stress response that controls the basal oxidative capacity and induces the expression of antioxidant response, and its related genes were induced. In the liver, elevated levels of lipid peroxidation adducts were measured, correlated with histologic analysis that revealed morphologic features of cell damage and proliferation, indicating oxidative and toxic damage. In addition, expression of genes related to detoxification of PAHs was observed. Altogether, the study suggests that the acute effects of PM2.5 can vary seasonally with stronger health effects in the HS than in the NHS in Beijing, China and that some secondary organs may be susceptible for the exposure damage. Specifically, the liver is a potential organ influenced by exposure to organic components such as PAHs from coal or biomass burning and heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pardo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Fanfan Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Dust at Various Workplaces-Microbiological and Toxicological Threats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15050877. [PMID: 29702619 PMCID: PMC5981916 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relation between the chemical (analysis of elements and pH) and microbiological composition (culture and metagenomics analysis) of the dust at various workplaces (cement plant, composting plant, poultry farm, and cultivated area) and the cytotoxicity effect on the human adenocarcinoma lung epithelial adherent cell line A-549 (MTT assay test). Analysis of the Particulate Matter (PM) fraction showed that the dust concentration in cultivated areas exceeded the OELs. For the remaining workplaces examined, the dust concentration was lower than OELs limits. The number of microorganisms in the dust samples was 3.8 × 102–1.6 × 108 CFU/g bacteria and 1.5 × 102–6.5 × 106 CFU/g fungi. The highest number of microorganisms was noted for dust from cultivated areas (total number of bacteria, actinomycetes, P. fluorescens) and composting plants (xerophilic fungi and staphylococci), while the least number of microorganisms was observed for dust from cement plants. Many types of potentially pathogenic microorganisms have been identified, including bacteria, such as Bacillus, Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Prevotella, Clostridium, and Rickettsia, and fungi, such as Alternaria, Cladosporium, Penicillium, and Aspergillus. The most cytotoxic to the human lung cell line A-549 was dust from cultivated areas (IC50 = 3.8 mg/mL after 72 h). The cytotoxicity of the tested dust samples depends on the PM concentration, the number of microorganisms, including potentially pathogenic genera, and the exposure time.
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Peixoto MS, de Oliveira Galvão MF, Batistuzzo de Medeiros SR. Cell death pathways of particulate matter toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 188:32-48. [PMID: 28865791 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to various complex mixtures of particulate matter (PM) from different sources. Long-term exposure to high levels of these particulates has been linked to a diverse range of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases that have resulted in hospital admission. The evaluation of the effects of PM exposure on the mechanisms related to cell death has been a challenge for many researchers. Therefore, in this review, we have discussed the effects of airborne PM exposure on mechanisms related to cell death. For this purpose, we have compiled literature data on PM sources, the effects of exposure, and the assays and models used for evaluation, in order to establish comparisons between various studies. The analysis of this collected data suggested divergent responses to PM exposure that resulted in different cell death types (apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis). In addition, PM induced oxidative stress within cells, which appeared to be an important factor in the determination of cell fate. When the levels of reactive oxygen species were overpowering, the cellular fate was directed toward cell death. This may be the underlying mechanism of the development or exacerbation of respiratory diseases, such as emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. In addition, PM was shown to cause DNA damage and the resulting mutations increased the risk of cancer. Furthermore, several conditions should be considered in the assessment of cell death in PM-exposed models, including the cell culture line, PM composition, and the interaction of the different cells types in in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Simões Peixoto
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Felipe de Oliveira Galvão
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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38
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Bocchi C, Bazzini C, Fontana F, Pinto G, Cassoni F. Genotoxicity of airborne PM 2.5 assessed by salmonella and comet assays in five cities of the Emilia-Romagna (Italy) mutagenicity monitoring network. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:719-729. [PMID: 29023966 DOI: 10.1002/em.22141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) has long been recognized as a potential health hazard and in 2013 was classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. In this study we evaluate and compare mutagenic and genotoxic potencies of PM2.5 collected in three seasons, from 2012 to 2015, in five Italian cities. Mutagenicity was evaluated through the Ames test on TA98 and TA100 strains and, for the measurement of PM clastogenicity, Comet assay was carried out on cultured human lung cells (A549). Organic matter, extracted from urban particulate matter, was also characterized for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives content. Samples collected in the colder seasons show the presence of both base pair substitution and frameshift mutagens, with enhanced mutagenic response in the absence of enzyme activation. The highest DNA damage detected with the Comet assay was induced by winter extracts, but different from Salmonella, the relative increase per cubic meter in comet tail for November samples was comparable to July ones. Comparing mutagenicity and genotoxicity with chemical concentrations we found that data from the Salmonella assay correlate with mass concentration and, to a lesser extent, with PAHs, but no association was found with their derivatives, whereas DNA damage correlate only with PAHs measured at one site. These findings demonstrate that to assess the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of complex mixtures it's necessary to use bioassays and that the chemical analysis of pollutants does not take into account the possible inhibitory or synergic effects of exposure. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:719-729, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bocchi
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy
| | - Cristina Bazzini
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Fontana
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Pinto
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Cassoni
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy
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Qiao Y, Li Q, Du HY, Wang QW, Huang Y, Liu W. Airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons trigger human skin cells aging through aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 488:445-452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Wu X, Lintelmann J, Klingbeil S, Li J, Wang H, Kuhn E, Ritter S, Zimmermann R. Determination of air pollution-related biomarkers of exposure in urine of travellers between Germany and China using liquid chromatographic and liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric methods: a pilot study. Biomarkers 2017; 22:525-536. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2017.1306753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen – German Research Centre for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- HICE – Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health: Aerosol and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jutta Lintelmann
- Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen – German Research Centre for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- HICE – Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health: Aerosol and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sophie Klingbeil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Environmental Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Evelyn Kuhn
- Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen – German Research Centre for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ritter
- Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen – German Research Centre for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen – German Research Centre for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- HICE – Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health: Aerosol and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Potjewyd G, Day PJ, Shangula S, Margison GP, Povey AC. L-β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) nitrosation generates a cytotoxic DNA damaging alkylating agent: An unexplored mechanism for neurodegenerative disease. Neurotoxicology 2017; 59:105-109. [PMID: 28163087 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) is a non-proteinic amino acid, that is neurotoxic in vitro and in animals, and is implicated in the causation of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC) on Guam. Given that natural amino acids can be N-nitrosated to form toxic alkylating agents and the structural similarity of BMAA to other amino acids, our hypothesis was that N-nitrosation of BMAA might result in a toxic alkylating agent, providing a novel mechanistic hypothesis for BMAA action. FINDINGS We have chemically nitrosated BMAA with sodium nitrite to produce nitrosated BMAA (N-BMAA) which was shown to react with the alkyl-trapping agent, 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine, cause DNA strand breaks in vitro and was toxic to the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y under conditions in which BMAA itself was minimally toxic. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that N-BMAA is an alkylating agent and toxin suggesting a plausible and previously unrecognised mechanism for the neurotoxic effects of BMAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Potjewyd
- Centre for Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - P J Day
- Centre for Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Manchester Institute for Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S Shangula
- Centre for Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - G P Margison
- Centre for Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A C Povey
- Centre for Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Palacio IC, Barros SB, Roubicek DA. Water-soluble and organic extracts of airborne particulate matter induce micronuclei in human lung epithelial A549 cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 812:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Shin HJ, Cho HG, Park CK, Park KH, Lim HB. Comparative In Vitro Biological Toxicity of Four Kinds of Air Pollution Particles. Toxicol Res 2015; 33:305-313. [PMID: 29071015 PMCID: PMC5654202 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2017.33.4.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating epidemiological evidence indicates that exposure to fine air pollution particles (APPs) is associated with a variety of adverse health effects. However, the exact physiochemical properties and biological toxicities of fine APPs are still not well characterized. We collected four types of fine particle (FP) (diesel exhaust particles [DEPs], natural organic combustion [NOC] ash, synthetic organic combustion [SOC] ash, and yellow sand dust [YSD]) and investigated their physicochemical properties and in vitro biological toxicity. DEPs were almost entirely composed of ultrafine particles (UFPs), while the NOC, SOC, and YSD particles were a mixture of UFPs and FPs. The main elements in the DEPs, NOC ash, SOC ash, and YSD were black carbon, silicon, black carbon, and silicon, respectively. DEPs exhibited dose-dependent mutagenicity even at a low dose in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and 100 strains in an Ames test for genotoxicity. However, NOC, SOC, and YSD particles did not show any mutagenicity at high doses. The neutral red uptake assay to test cell viability revealed that DEPs showed dose-dependent potent cytotoxicity even at a low concentration. The toxicity of DEPs was relatively higher than that of NOC, SOC, and YSD particles. Therefore, these results indicate that among the four FPs, DEPs showed the highest in vitro biological toxicity. Additional comprehensive research studies such as chemical analysis and in vivo acute and chronic inhalation toxicity tests are necessary to determine and clarify the effects of this air contaminant on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyun Gi Cho
- College of Agriculture, Life & Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Chang Kyun Park
- College of Agriculture, Life & Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Ki Hong Park
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, GIST, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Heung Bin Lim
- College of Agriculture, Life & Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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