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Cho Y, Kim Y, Lee H, Kim S, Kang J, Kadam US, Ju Park S, Sik Chung W, Chan Hong J. Cellular and physiological functions of SGR family in gravitropic response in higher plants. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00039-0. [PMID: 38295878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In plants, gravity directs bidirectional growth; it specifies upward growth of shoots and downward growth of roots. Due to gravity, roots establish robust anchorage and shoot, which enables to photosynthesize. It sets optimum posture and develops plant architecture to efficiently use resources like water, nutrients, CO2, and gaseous exchange. Hence, gravitropism is crucial for crop productivity as well as for the growth of plants in challenging climate. Some SGR members are known to affect tiller and shoot angle, organ size, and inflorescence stem in plants. AIM OF REVIEW Although the SHOOT GRAVITROPISM (SGR) family plays a key role in regulating the fate of shoot gravitropism, little is known about its function compared to other proteins involved in gravity response in plant cells and tissues. Moreover, less information on the SGR family's physiological activities and biochemical responses in shoot gravitropism is available. This review scrutinizes and highlights the recent developments in shoot gravitropism and provides an outlook for future crop development, multi-application scenarios, and translational research to improve agricultural productivity. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Plants have evolved multiple gene families specialized in gravitropic responses, of which the SGR family is highly significant. The SGR family regulates the plant's gravity response by regulating specific physiological and biochemical processes such as transcription, cell division, amyloplast sedimentation, endodermis development, and vacuole formation. Here, we analyze the latest discoveries in shoot gravitropism with particular attention to SGR proteins in plant cell biology, cellular physiology, and homeostasis. Plant cells detect gravity signals by sedimentation of amyloplast (starch granules) in the direction of gravity, and the signaling cascade begins. Gravity sensing, signaling, and auxin redistribution (organ curvature) are the three components of plant gravitropism. Eventually, we focus on the role of multiple SGR genes in shoot and present a complete update on the participation of SGR family members in gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Cho
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujeong Kim
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyebi Lee
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sundong Kim
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehee Kang
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ulhas S Kadam
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soon Ju Park
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Sik Chung
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Chan Hong
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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Maeda T, Sugano SS, Shirakawa M, Sagara M, Ito T, Kondo S, Nagano AJ. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Arabidopsis Leaf Tissues Identifies Multiple Specialized Cell Types: Idioblast Myrosin Cells and Potential Glucosinolate-Producing Cells. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:234-247. [PMID: 36440710 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The glucosinolate-myrosinase defense system (GMDS), characteristic of Brassicales, is involved in plant defense. Previous single-cell transcriptomic analyses have reported the expression profiles of multiple GMDS-related cell types (i.e. myrosinase-rich myrosin idioblasts and multiple types of potential glucosinolate synthetic cells as well as a candidate S-cell for glucosinolate accumulation). However, differences in plant stages and cell-type annotation methods have hindered comparisons among studies. Here, we used the single-cell transcriptome profiles of extended Arabidopsis leaves and verified the distribution of previously used markers to refine the expression profiles of GMDS-associated cell types. Moreover, we performed beta-glucuronidase promoter assays to confirm the histological expression patterns of newly obtained markers for GMDS-associated candidates. As a result, we found a set of new specific reporters for myrosin cells and potential glucosinolate-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Maeda
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Kakuganji 246-2, Mizukami, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052 Japan
| | - Shigeo S Sugano
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566 Japan
| | - Makoto Shirakawa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Mayu Sagara
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Toshiro Ito
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Satoshi Kondo
- Agriculture and Biotechnology Business Division, Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota 1, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8571 Japan
- Genesis Research Institute, Inc., Noritake-Shinmachi 4-1-35, Nishi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 451-0051 Japan
| | - Atsushi J Nagano
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Kakuganji 246-2, Mizukami, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052 Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Yokotani 1-5, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194 Japan
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3
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Hornbacher J, Horst-Niessen I, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Papenbrock J. First experimental evidence suggests use of glucobrassicin as source of auxin in drought-stressed Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1025969. [PMID: 36388588 PMCID: PMC9659865 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1025969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN) from the indolic glucosinolate (iGSL) glucobrassicin (GB) is a unique trait of members of the Brassicales. To assess the contribution of this pathway to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) synthesis under stress conditions, drought stress (DS) experiments with Arabidopsis thaliana were performed in vitro. Analysis of GSLs in DS plants revealed higher contents of GB in shoots and roots compared to control plants. Deuterium incorporation experiments showed the highest turnover of GB compared to all other GSLs during drought conditions. Evidence suggests the involvement of the thioglucosidase BGLU18 in the degradation of GB. The nitrile specifier proteins NSP1 and NSP5 are known to direct the GSL hydrolysis towards formation of IAN. Nitrilases like NIT2 are able to subsequently synthesize IAA from IAN. Expression of BGLU18, NSP1, NSP5 and NIT2 and contents of GB, IAN and IAA were significantly elevated in DS plants compared to control plants suggesting the increased use of GB as IAA source. Significantly higher contents of reactive oxygen species in DS bglu18 and epithionitrile specifier protein (esp) mutants compared to Col-0 indicate higher stress levels in these mutants highlighting the need for both proteins in DS plants. Furthermore, GB accumulation in leaves was higher in both mutants during DS when compared to Col-0 indicating enhanced synthesis of GB due to a lack of breakdown products. This work provides the first evidence for the breakdown of iGSLs to IAN which seems to be used for synthesis of IAA in DS A. thaliana plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jutta Papenbrock
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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4
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Lv Q, Li X, Fan B, Zhu C, Chen Z. The Cellular and Subcellular Organization of the Glucosinolate–Myrosinase System against Herbivores and Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031577. [PMID: 35163500 PMCID: PMC8836197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates are an important class of secondary metabolites in Brassicales plants with a critical role in chemical defense. Glucosinolates are chemically inactive but can be hydrolyzed by myrosinases to produce a range of chemically active compounds toxic to herbivores and pathogens, thereby constituting the glucosinolate–myrosinase defense system or the mustard oil bomb. During the evolution, Brassicales plants have developed not only complex biosynthetic pathways for production of a large number of glucosinolate structures but also different classes of myrosinases that differ in catalytic mechanisms and substrate specificity. Studies over the past several decades have made important progress in the understanding of the cellular and subcellular organization of the glucosinolate–myrosinase system for rapid and timely detonation of the mustard oil bomb upon tissue damage after herbivore feeding and pathogen infection. Progress has also been made in understanding the mechanisms that herbivores and pathogens have evolved to counter the mustard oil bomb. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the function and organization of the glucosinolate–myrosinase system in Brassicales plants and discuss both the progresses and future challenges in addressing this complex defense system as an excellent model for analyzing plant chemical defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Lv
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Q.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Xifeng Li
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Q.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Baofang Fan
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA;
| | - Cheng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Q.L.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Z.C.); Tel.: +86-571-8683-6090 (C.Z.); +1-765-494-4657 (Z.C.)
| | - Zhixiang Chen
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Q.L.); (X.L.)
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA;
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Z.C.); Tel.: +86-571-8683-6090 (C.Z.); +1-765-494-4657 (Z.C.)
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5
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Shirakawa M, Tanida M, Ito T. The Cell Differentiation of Idioblast Myrosin Cells: Similarities With Vascular and Guard Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:829541. [PMID: 35082820 PMCID: PMC8784778 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.829541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Idioblasts are defined by abnormal shapes, sizes, and contents that are different from neighboring cells. Myrosin cells are Brassicales-specific idioblasts and accumulate a large amount of thioglucoside glucohydrolases (TGGs, also known as myrosinases) in their vacuoles. Myrosinases convert their substrates, glucosinolates, into toxic compounds when herbivories and pests attack plants. In this review, we highlight the similarities and differences between myrosin cells and vascular cells/guard cells (GCs) because myrosin cells are distributed along vascular cells, especially the phloem parenchyma, and myrosin cells share the master transcription factor FAMA with GCs for their cell differentiation. In addition, we analyzed the overlap of cell type-specific genes between myrosin cells and GCs by using published single-cell transcriptomics (scRNA-seq) data, suggesting significant similarities in the gene expression patterns of these two specialized cells.
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6
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Widemann E, Bruinsma K, Walshe-Roussel B, Rioja C, Arbona V, Saha RK, Letwin D, Zhurov V, Gómez-Cadenas A, Bernards MA, Grbić M, Grbić V. Multiple indole glucosinolates and myrosinases defend Arabidopsis against Tetranychus urticae herbivory. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:116-132. [PMID: 34618148 PMCID: PMC8418412 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) defenses against herbivores are regulated by the jasmonate (JA) hormonal signaling pathway, which leads to the production of a plethora of defense compounds. Arabidopsis defense compounds include tryptophan-derived metabolites, which limit Arabidopsis infestation by the generalist herbivore two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. However, the phytochemicals responsible for Arabidopsis protection against T. urticae are unknown. Here, we used Arabidopsis mutants disrupted in the synthesis of tryptophan-derived secondary metabolites to identify phytochemicals involved in the defense against T. urticae. We show that of the three tryptophan-dependent pathways found in Arabidopsis, the indole glucosinolate (IG) pathway is necessary and sufficient to assure tryptophan-mediated defense against T. urticae. We demonstrate that all three IGs can limit T. urticae herbivory, but that they must be processed by myrosinases to hinder T. urticae oviposition. Putative IG breakdown products were detected in mite-infested leaves, suggesting in planta processing by myrosinases. Finally, we demonstrate that besides IGs, there are additional JA-regulated defenses that control T. urticae herbivory. Together, our results reveal the complexity of Arabidopsis defenses against T. urticae that rely on multiple IGs, specific myrosinases, and additional JA-dependent defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Widemann
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Kristie Bruinsma
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Brendan Walshe-Roussel
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Natural and Non-Prescription Health Products Directorate Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Cristina Rioja
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Repon Kumer Saha
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - David Letwin
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Vladimir Zhurov
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Mark A. Bernards
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Miodrag Grbić
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Vojislava Grbić
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Author for communication:
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7
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Ahuja I, Kissen R, Hoang L, Sporsheim B, Halle KK, Wolff SA, Ahmad SJN, Ahmad JN, Bones AM. The Imaging of Guard Cells of thioglucosidase ( tgg) Mutants of Arabidopsis Further Links Plant Chemical Defence Systems with Physical Defence Barriers. Cells 2021; 10:227. [PMID: 33503919 PMCID: PMC7911204 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucosinolate-myrosinase system is a well-known plant chemical defence system. Two functional myrosinase-encoding genes, THIOGLUCOSIDASE 1 (TGG1) and THIOGLUCOSIDASE 2 (TGG2), express in aerial tissues of Arabidopsis. TGG1 expresses in guard cells (GCs) and is also a highly abundant protein in GCs. Recently, by studying wild type (WT), tgg single, and double mutants, we showed a novel association between the glucosinolate-myrosinase system defence system, and a physical barrier, the cuticle. In the current study, using imaging techniques, we further analysed stomata and ultrastructure of GCs of WT, tgg1, tgg2 single, and tgg1 tgg2 double mutants. The tgg mutants showed distinctive features of GCs. The GCs of tgg1 and tgg1 tgg2 mutants showed vacuoles that had less electron-dense granular material. Both tgg single mutants had bigger stomata complexes. The WT and tgg mutants also showed variations for cell wall, chloroplasts, and starch grains of GCs. Abscisic acid (ABA)-treated stomata showed that the stomatal aperture was reduced in tgg1 single and tgg1 tgg2 double mutants. The data provides a basis to perform comprehensive further studies to find physiological and molecular mechanisms associated with ultrastructure differences in tgg mutants. We speculate that the absence of myrosinase alters the endogenous chemical composition, hence affecting the physical structure of plants and the plants' physical defence barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Ahuja
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Ralph Kissen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Linh Hoang
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Core Facility (CMIC), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (L.H.); (B.S.)
| | - Bjørnar Sporsheim
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Core Facility (CMIC), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (L.H.); (B.S.)
- Central Administration, St Olavs Hospital, The University Hospital in Trondheim, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kari K. Halle
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Silje Aase Wolff
- National Centre for STEM Recruitment, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Samina Jam Nazeer Ahmad
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (S.J.N.A.); (J.N.A.)
- Integrated Genomics, Cellular, Developmental and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Jam Nazeer Ahmad
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (S.J.N.A.); (J.N.A.)
- Integrated Genomics, Cellular, Developmental and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Atle M. Bones
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
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8
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Harun S, Abdullah-Zawawi MR, Goh HH, Mohamed-Hussein ZA. A Comprehensive Gene Inventory for Glucosinolate Biosynthetic Pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:7281-7297. [PMID: 32551569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) are plant secondary metabolites comprising sulfur and nitrogen mainly found in plants from the order of Brassicales, such as broccoli, cabbage, and Arabidopsis thaliana. The activated forms of GSL play important roles in fighting against pathogens and have health benefits to humans. The increasing amount of data on A. thaliana generated from various omics technologies can be investigated more deeply in search of new genes or compounds involved in GSL biosynthesis and metabolism. This review describes a comprehensive inventory of A. thaliana GSLs identified from published literature and databases such as KNApSAcK, KEGG, and AraCyc. A total of 113 GSL genes encoding for 23 transcription components, 85 enzymes, and five protein transporters were experimentally characterized in the past two decades. Continuous efforts are still on going to identify all molecules related to the production of GSLs. A manually curated database known as SuCCombase (http://plant-scc.org) was developed to serve as a comprehensive GSL inventory. Realizing lack of information on the regulation of GSL biosynthesis and degradation mechanisms, this review also includes relevant information and their connections with crosstalk among various factors, such as light, sulfur metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism, not only in A. thaliana but also in other crucifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarahani Harun
- Centre for Bioinformatics Research, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad-Redha Abdullah-Zawawi
- Centre for Bioinformatics Research, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hoe-Han Goh
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zeti-Azura Mohamed-Hussein
- Centre for Bioinformatics Research, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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9
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Yamada K, Goto-Yamada S, Nakazaki A, Kunieda T, Kuwata K, Nagano AJ, Nishimura M, Hara-Nishimura I. Endoplasmic reticulum-derived bodies enable a single-cell chemical defense in Brassicaceae plants. Commun Biol 2020; 3:21. [PMID: 31937912 PMCID: PMC6959254 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassicaceae plants have a dual-cell type of chemical defense against herbivory. Here, we show a novel single-cell defense involving endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived organelles (ER bodies) and the vacuoles. We identify various glucosinolates as endogenous substrates of the ER-body β-glucosidases BGLU23 and BGLU21. Woodlice strongly prefer to eat seedlings of bglu23 bglu21 or a glucosinolate-deficient mutant over wild-type seedlings, confirming that the β-glucosidases have a role in chemical defense: production of toxic compounds upon organellar damage. Deficiency of the Brassicaceae-specific protein NAI2 prevents ER-body formation, which results in a loss of BGLU23 and a loss of resistance to woodlice. Hence, NAI2 that interacts with BGLU23 is essential for sequestering BGLU23 in ER bodies and preventing its degradation. Artificial expression of NAI2 and BGLU23 in non-Brassicaceae plants results in the formation of ER bodies, indicating that acquisition of NAI2 by Brassicaceae plants is a key step in developing their single-cell defense system. Kenji Yamada et al. describe a single-cell chemical defense strategy in Brassicaceae plants that requires formation of endoplasmic reticulum-derived organelles for the accumulation of β-glucosidases. They find that seedlings lacking a specific β-glucosidase lose their resistance to predation by woodlice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yamada
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland. .,Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan. .,Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Shino Goto-Yamada
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.,Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Akiko Nakazaki
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kunieda
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, 658-8501, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Atsushi J Nagano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan. .,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, 658-8501, Japan.
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan. .,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, 658-8501, Japan.
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10
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Blažević I, Montaut S, Burčul F, Olsen CE, Burow M, Rollin P, Agerbirk N. Glucosinolate structural diversity, identification, chemical synthesis and metabolism in plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 169:112100. [PMID: 31771793 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The glucosinolates (GSLs) is a well-defined group of plant metabolites characterized by having an S-β-d-glucopyrano unit anomerically connected to an O-sulfated (Z)-thiohydroximate function. After enzymatic hydrolysis, the sulfated aglucone can undergo rearrangement to an isothiocyanate, or form a nitrile or other products. The number of GSLs known from plants, satisfactorily characterized by modern spectroscopic methods (NMR and MS) by mid-2018, is 88. In addition, a group of partially characterized structures with highly variable evidence counts for approximately a further 49. This means that the total number of characterized GSLs from plants is somewhere between 88 and 137. The diversity of GSLs in plants is critically reviewed here, resulting in significant discrepancies with previous reviews. In general, the well-characterized GSLs show resemblance to C-skeletons of the amino acids Ala, Val, Leu, Trp, Ile, Phe/Tyr and Met, or to homologs of Ile, Phe/Tyr or Met. Insufficiently characterized, still hypothetic GSLs include straight-chain alkyl GSLs and chain-elongated GSLs derived from Leu. Additional reports (since 2011) of insufficiently characterized GSLs are reviewed. Usually the crucial missing information is correctly interpreted NMR, which is the most effective tool for GSL identification. Hence, modern use of NMR for GSL identification is also reviewed and exemplified. Apart from isolation, GSLs may be obtained by organic synthesis, allowing isotopically labeled GSLs and any kind of side chain. Enzymatic turnover of GSLs in plants depends on a considerable number of enzymes and other protein factors and furthermore depends on GSL structure. Identification of GSLs must be presented transparently and live up to standard requirements in natural product chemistry. Unfortunately, many recent reports fail in these respects, including reports based on chromatography hyphenated to MS. In particular, the possibility of isomers and isobaric structures is frequently ignored. Recent reports are re-evaluated and interpreted as evidence of the existence of "isoGSLs", i.e. non-GSL isomers of GSLs in plants. For GSL analysis, also with MS-detection, we stress the importance of using authentic standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Blažević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000, Split, Croatia.
| | - Sabine Montaut
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Programme, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Franko Burčul
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Meike Burow
- DynaMo Center and Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Patrick Rollin
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans et CNRS, UMR 7311, BP 6759, F-45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Niels Agerbirk
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Madina MH, Rahman MS, Zheng H, Germain H. Vacuolar membrane structures and their roles in plant-pathogen interactions. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 101:343-354. [PMID: 31621005 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00921-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Short review focussing on the role and targeting of vacuolar substructure in plant immunity and pathogenesis. Plants lack specialized immune cells, therefore each plant cell must defend itself against invading pathogens. A typical plant defense strategy is the hypersensitive response that results in host cell death at the site of infection, a process largely regulated by the vacuole. In plant cells, the vacuole is a vital organelle that plays a central role in numerous fundamental processes, such as development, reproduction, and cellular responses to biotic and abiotic stimuli. It shows divergent membranous structures that are continuously transforming. Recent technical advances in visualization and live-cell imaging have significantly altered our view of the vacuolar structures and their dynamics. Understanding the active nature of the vacuolar structures and the mechanisms of vacuole-mediated defense responses is of great importance in understanding plant-pathogen interactions. In this review, we present an overview of the current knowledge about the vacuole and its internal structures, as well as their role in plant-microbe interactions. There is so far limited information on the modulation of the vacuolar structures by pathogens, but recent research has identified the vacuole as a possible target of microbial interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mst Hur Madina
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Md Saifur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Huanquan Zheng
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Hugo Germain
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada.
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Bhat R, Vyas D. Myrosinase: insights on structural, catalytic, regulatory, and environmental interactions. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:508-523. [PMID: 30939944 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1576024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucosinolate-myrosinase is a substrate-enzyme defense mechanism present in Brassica crops. This binary system provides the plant with an efficient system against herbivores and pathogens. For humans, it is well known for its anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-bacterial, cardio-protective, and central nervous system protective activities. Glucosinolate and myrosinase are spatially present in different cells that upon tissue disruption come together and result in the formation of a variety of hydrolysis products with diverse physicochemical and biological properties. The myrosinase-catalyzed reaction starts with cleavage of the thioglucosidic linkage resulting in release of a D-glucose and an unstable thiohydroximate-O-sulfate. The outcome of this thiohydroximate-O-sulfate has been shown to depend on the structure of the glucosinolate side chain, the presence of supplementary proteins known as specifier proteins and/or on the physiochemical condition. Myrosinase was first reported in mustard seed during 1939 as a protein responsible for release of essential oil. Until this date, myrosinases have been characterized from more than 20 species of Brassica, cabbage aphid, and many bacteria residing in the human intestine. All the plant myrosinases are reported to be activated by ascorbic acid while aphid and bacterial myrosinases are found to be either neutral or inhibited. Myrosinase catalyzes hydrolysis of the S-glycosyl bond, O-β glycosyl bond, and O-glycosyl bond. This review summarizes information on myrosinase, an essential component of this binary system, including its structural and molecular properties, mechanism of action, and its regulation and will be beneficial for the research going on the understanding and betterment of the glucosinolate-myrosinase system from an ecological and nutraceutical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Bhat
- a Biodiversity and Applied Botany Division , Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR) , Jammu , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR) , Jammu , India
| | - Dhiraj Vyas
- a Biodiversity and Applied Botany Division , Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR) , Jammu , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR) , Jammu , India
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Du H, Chen L, Zhan N, Mu J, Ren B, Zuo J. A new insight to explore the regulation between S-nitrosylation and N-glycosylation. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00110. [PMID: 31245758 PMCID: PMC6508853 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a signal molecule in plants and animals. Arabidopsis GSNO reductase1 (AtGSNOR1) catalyzes metabolism of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) which is a major biologically active NO species. The GSNOR1 loss-of-function mutant gsnor1-3 overaccumulates GSNO with inherent high S-nitrosylation level and resistance to the oxidative stress inducer paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride). Here, we report the characterization of dgl1-3 as a genetic suppressor of gsnor1-3. DGL1 encodes a subunit of the oligosaccharyltransferse (OST) complex which catalyzes the formation of N-glycosidic bonds in N-glycosylation. The fact that dgl1-3 repressed the paraquat resistance of gsnor1-3 meanwhile gsnor1-3 rescued the embryo-lethal and post-embryonic development defect of dgl1-3 reminded us the possibility that S-nitrosylation and N-glycosylation crosstalk with each other through co-substrates. By enriching glycoproteins in gsnor1-3 and mass spectrometry analysis, TGG2 (thioglucoside glucohydrolase2) was identified as one of co-substrates with high degradation rate and elevated N-glycosylation level in gsnor1-3 ost3/6. The S-nitrosylation and N-glycosylation profiles were also modified in dgl1-3 and gsnor1-3. Thereby, we propose a linkage between S-nitrosylation and N-glycosylation through co-substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Du
- Vegetable Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of VegetablesGuangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing)Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lichao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing)Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ni Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing)Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jinye Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing)Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bo Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing)Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jianru Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing)Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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Chhajed S, Misra BB, Tello N, Chen S. Chemodiversity of the Glucosinolate-Myrosinase System at the Single Cell Type Resolution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:618. [PMID: 31164896 PMCID: PMC6536577 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GLSs) are a well-defined group of specialized metabolites, and like any other plant specialized metabolites, their presence does not directly affect the plant survival in terms of growth and development. However, specialized metabolites are essential to combat environmental stresses, such as pathogens and herbivores. GLSs naturally occur in many pungent plants in the order of Brassicales. To date, more than 200 different GLS structures have been characterized and their distribution differs from species to species. GLSs co-exist with classical and atypical myrosinases, which can hydrolyze GLS into an unstable aglycone thiohydroximate-O-sulfonate, which rearranges to produce different degradation products. GLSs, myrosinases, myrosinase interacting proteins, and GLS degradation products constitute the GLS-myrosinase (GM) system ("mustard oil bomb"). This review discusses the cellular and subcellular organization of the GM system, its chemodiversity, and functions in different cell types. Although there are many studies on the functions of GLSs and/or myrosinases at the tissue and whole plant levels, very few studies have focused on different single cell types. Single cell type studies will help to reveal specific functions that are missed at the tissue and organismal level. This review aims to highlight (1) recent progress in cellular and subcellular compartmentation of GLSs, myrosinases, and myrosinase interacting proteins; (2) molecular and biochemical diversity of GLSs and myrosinases; and (3) myrosinase interaction with its interacting proteins, and how it regulates the degradation of GLSs and thus the biological functions (e.g., plant defense against pathogens). Future prospects may include targeted approaches for engineering/breeding of plants and crops in the cell type-specific manner toward enhanced plant defense and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Chhajed
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Biswapriya B. Misra
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Nathalia Tello
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Sixue Chen,
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15
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Brandt S, Fachinger S, Tohge T, Fernie AR, Braun HP, Hildebrandt TM. Extended darkness induces internal turnover of glucosinolates in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202153. [PMID: 30092103 PMCID: PMC6084957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged darkness leads to carbohydrate starvation, and as a consequence plants degrade proteins and lipids to oxidize amino acids and fatty acids as alternative substrates for mitochondrial ATP production. We investigated, whether the internal breakdown of glucosinolates, a major class of sulfur-containing secondary metabolites, might be an additional component of the carbohydrate starvation response in Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana). The glucosinolate content of A. thaliana leaves was strongly reduced after seven days of darkness. We also detected a significant increase in the activity of myrosinase, the enzyme catalyzing the initial step in glucosinolate breakdown, coinciding with a strong induction of the main leaf myrosinase isoforms TGG1 and TGG2. In addition, nitrilase activity was increased suggesting a turnover via nitriles and carboxylic acids. Internal degradation of glucosinolates might also be involved in diurnal or developmental adaptations of the glucosinolate profile. We observed a diurnal rhythm for myrosinase activity in two-week-old plants. Furthermore, leaf myrosinase activity and protein abundance of TGG2 varied during plant development, whereas leaf protein abundance of TGG1 remained stable indicating regulation at the transcriptional as well as post-translational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Brandt
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sara Fachinger
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Braun
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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16
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Shirakawa M, Hara-Nishimura I. Specialized Vacuoles of Myrosin Cells: Chemical Defense Strategy in Brassicales Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1309-1316. [PMID: 29897512 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant vacuoles display many versatile functions. Vacuoles in vegetative tissues are generally involved in protein degradation, and are called lytic vacuoles. However, vegetative vacuoles in specialized cells can accumulate large concentrations of proteins, such as those in idioblast myrosin cells along veins in the order Brassicales, which store large amounts of myrosinases (thioglucoside glucohydrolase and thioglucoside glucohydrolase). Myrosinases cleave the bond between sulfur and glucose in sulfur-rich compounds (glucosinolates) to produce toxic compounds (isothiocyanates) when plants are damaged by pests. This defense strategy is called the myrosinase-glucosinolate system. Recent studies identified atypical myrosinases, PENETRATION 2 (PEN2) and PYK10, along with key components for development of myrosin cells. In this review, we discuss three topics in the myrosinase-glucosinolate system. First, we summarize the complexity and importance of the myrosinase-glucosinolate system, including classical myrosinases, atypical myrosinases and the system that counteracts the myrosinase-glucosinolate system. Secondly, we describe molecular machineries underlying myrosin cell development, including specific reporters, cell lineage, cell differentiation and cell fate determination. The master regulators for myrosin cell differentiation, FAMA and SCREAM, are key transcription factors involved in guard cell differentiation. This indicates that myrosin cells and guard cells share similar transcriptional networks. Finally, we hypothesize that the myrosinase-glucosinolate system may have originated in stomata of ancestral Brassicales plants and, after that, plants co-opted this defense strategy into idioblasts near veins at inner tissue layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Shirakawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
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17
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Liu C, Niu G, Zhang H, Sun Y, Sun S, Yu F, Lu S, Yang Y, Li J, Hong Z. Trimming of N-Glycans by the Golgi-Localized α-1,2-Mannosidases, MNS1 and MNS2, Is Crucial for Maintaining RSW2 Protein Abundance during Salt Stress in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:678-690. [PMID: 29409894 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Asparagine (Asn/N)-linked glycans are important for protein folding, trafficking, and endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation in eukaryotes. The maturation of glycoproteins involves the trimming of mannosyl residues by mannosidases and addition of other sugar molecules to three-branched N-glycans in the Golgi. However, the biological importance of Golgi-mediated mannose trimming is not fully understood. Here, we show that abolishment of two functionally redundant mannosidases, MNS1 and MNS2, responsible for α-1,2-mannose trimming on the A and C branches of plant N-glycans lead to severe root growth inhibition under salt stress conditions in Arabidopsis. In contrast, mutants with defects in the biosynthesis of the oligosaccharide precursor displayed enhanced salt tolerance in the absence of mannose trimming. However, mutation in EBS3, which is required for the formation of the branched N-glycan precursor, suppressed the salt-sensitive phenotype of mns1 mns2 double mutant. Interestingly, we observed that cellulose biosynthesis was compromised in mns1 mns2 roots under high salinity. Consistently, abundance of a membrane anchored endo-β-1,4-endoglucanase (RSW2/KOR) that plays a key role in cellulose biosynthesis and its mutant variant rsw2-1 were modulated by α-1,2-mannose trimming under salt stress. Overexpression of RSW2 could partially rescue the salt-sensitive phenotype of mns1 mns2. Taken together, these results suggest that MNS1/2-mediated mannose trimming of N-glycans is crucial in modulating glycoprotein abundance to withstand salt stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guanting Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huchen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yafei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shubin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fugen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yonghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianming Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China.
| | - Zhi Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Abstract
Plant vacuoles are multifunctional organelles. On the one hand, most vegetative tissues develop lytic vacuoles that have a role in degradation. On the other hand, seed cells have two types of storage vacuoles: protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) in endosperm and embryonic cells and metabolite storage vacuoles in seed coats. Vacuolar proteins and metabolites are synthesized on the endoplasmic reticulum and then transported to the vacuoles via Golgi-dependent and Golgi-independent pathways. Proprotein precursors delivered to the vacuoles are converted into their respective mature forms by vacuolar processing enzyme, which also regulates various kinds of programmed cell death in plants. We summarize two types of vacuolar membrane dynamics that occur during defense responses: vacuolar membrane collapse to attack viral pathogens and fusion of vacuolar and plasma membranes to attack bacterial pathogens. We also describe the chemical defense against herbivores brought about by the presence of PSVs in the idioblast myrosin cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoo Shimada
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
| | - Junpei Takagi
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - Takuji Ichino
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Makoto Shirakawa
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
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Rodrigues JMP, Pereira CS, Fontes N, Gerós H, Côrte-Real M. Flow Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy as Tools for Structural and Functional Analysis of Vacuoles Isolated from Yeast and Plant Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1789:101-115. [PMID: 29916074 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7856-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of optimized protocols to isolate vacuoles from both yeast and plant cells, and to characterize the purified organelles at a functional and structural level, are described. For this purpose, we took advantage of the combined use of cell fractionation techniques with different fluorescence-based approaches namely flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy and spectrofluorimetry. These protocols altogether constitute valuable tools for the study of vacuole structure and function, as well as for the high-throughput screening of drug libraries to identify new molecules that target the vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M P Rodrigues
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, CBMA, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cátia S Pereira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, CBMA, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Centre of Biological Engineering, CEB, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Natacha Fontes
- Sogrape Vinhos, S.A., Research and Development Department, Aldeia Nova, Avintes, Portugal
| | - Hernâni Gerós
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, CBMA, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
- Centre of Biological Engineering, CEB, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB-UMinho Pole, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Manuela Côrte-Real
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, CBMA, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Malka SK, Cheng Y. Possible Interactions between the Biosynthetic Pathways of Indole Glucosinolate and Auxin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2131. [PMID: 29312389 PMCID: PMC5735125 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GLS) are a group of plant secondary metabolites mainly found in Cruciferous plants, share a core structure consisting of a β-thioglucose moiety and a sulfonated oxime, but differ by a variable side chain derived from one of the several amino acids. These compounds are hydrolyzed upon cell damage by thioglucosidase (myrosinase), and the resulting degradation products are toxic to many pathogens and herbivores. Human beings use these compounds as flavor compounds, anti-carcinogens, and bio-pesticides. GLS metabolism is complexly linked to auxin homeostasis. Indole GLS contributes to auxin biosynthesis via metabolic intermediates indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx) and indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN). IAOx is proposed to be a metabolic branch point for biosynthesis of indole GLS, IAA, and camalexin. Interruption of metabolic channeling of IAOx into indole GLS leads to high-auxin production in GLS mutants. IAN is also produced as a hydrolyzed product of indole GLS and metabolized to IAA by nitrilases. In this review, we will discuss current knowledge on involvement of GLS in auxin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva K. Malka
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Youfa Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Wang JZ, Li B, Xiao Y, Ni Y, Ke H, Yang P, de Souza A, Bjornson M, He X, Shen Z, Balcke GU, Briggs SP, Tissier A, Kliebenstein DJ, Dehesh K. Initiation of ER Body Formation and Indole Glucosinolate Metabolism by the Plastidial Retrograde Signaling Metabolite, MEcPP. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:1400-1416. [PMID: 28965830 PMCID: PMC6368977 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved tightly regulated signaling networks to respond and adapt to environmental perturbations, but the nature of the signaling hub(s) involved have remained an enigma. We have previously established that methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP), a precursor of plastidial isoprenoids and a stress-specific retrograde signaling metabolite, enables cellular readjustments for high-order adaptive functions. Here, we specifically show that MEcPP promotes two Brassicaceae-specific traits, namely endoplasmic reticulum (ER) body formation and induction of indole glucosinolate (IGs) metabolism selectively, via transcriptional regulation of key regulators NAI1 for ER body formation and MYB51/122 for IGs biosynthesis). The specificity of MEcPP is further confirmed by the lack of induction of wound-inducible ER body genes as well as IGs by other altered methylerythritol phosphate pathway enzymes. Genetic analyses revealed MEcPP-mediated COI1-dependent induction of these traits. Moreover, MEcPP signaling integrates the biosynthesis and hydrolysis of IGs through induction of nitrile-specifier protein1 and reduction of the suppressor, ESM1, and production of simple nitriles as the bioactive end product. The findings position the plastidial metabolite, MEcPP, as the initiation hub, transducing signals to adjust the activity of hard-wired gene circuitry to expand phytochemical diversity and alter the associated subcellular structure required for functionality of the secondary metabolites, thereby tailoring plant stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Zheng Wang
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Baohua Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yanmei Xiao
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yu Ni
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Haiyan Ke
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Panyu Yang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Amancio de Souza
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Marta Bjornson
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xiang He
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Zhouxin Shen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gerd Ulrich Balcke
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Steve P Briggs
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alain Tissier
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Katayoon Dehesh
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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22
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Sharma SS, Yamamoto K, Hamaji K, Ohnishi M, Anegawa A, Sharma S, Thakur S, Kumar V, Uemura T, Nakano A, Mimura T. Cadmium-induced changes in vacuolar aspects of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 114:29-37. [PMID: 28257948 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the changes due to Cd treatment in the vacuolar form in root tip cortical cells in Arabidopsis thaliana employing a transformant with GFP fused to a tonoplast protein. A Cd-induced enhancement in complexity with general expansion of vacuolar system within 24 h was evident. The changes in the vacuolar form were dependent on the applied Cd concentrations. Concomitantly, as revealed through dithizone staining, Cd accumulated in the seedling roots exhibiting abundance of Cd-dithizone complexes in root tip, root hairs and vasculature. To get insight into the involvement of SNARE protein-mediated vesicle fusion in Cd detoxification, the magnitude of Cd toxicity in a couple of knock out mutants of the vacuolar Qa-SNARE protein VAM3/SYP22 was compared with that in the wild type. The Cd toxicity appeared to be comparable in the mutants and the wild type. In order to analyze the Cd effects at cellular level, we treated the Arabidopsis suspension-cultured cells with Cd. Cd, however, did not induce a change in the vacuolar form in suspension-cultured cells although Cd measured with ICP-MS was obviously taken up into the cell. The V-ATPase activity in the microsomal fractions from vacuoles isolated from A. thaliana suspension cultured cells remained unaffected by Cd. Changes in the levels of certain metabolites of Cd-treated cells were also not so distinct except for those of glutathione. The significance of findings is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti S Sharma
- Department of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla 171005, India
| | - Kotaro Yamamoto
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Kohei Hamaji
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Miwa Ohnishi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Aya Anegawa
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan; Agilent Technologies Japan. Ltd., Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8510, Japan
| | - Shashi Sharma
- Department of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla 171005, India
| | - Sveta Thakur
- Department of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla 171005, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla 171005, India
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan; Live Cell Super-resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Mimura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan.
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23
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Nakano RT, Piślewska-Bednarek M, Yamada K, Edger PP, Miyahara M, Kondo M, Böttcher C, Mori M, Nishimura M, Schulze-Lefert P, Hara-Nishimura I, Bednarek P. PYK10 myrosinase reveals a functional coordination between endoplasmic reticulum bodies and glucosinolates in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:204-220. [PMID: 27612205 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum body (ER body) is an organelle derived from the ER that occurs in only three families of the order Brassicales and is suggested to be involved in plant defense. ER bodies in Arabidopsis thaliana contain large amounts of β-glucosidases, but the physiological functions of ER bodies and these enzymes remain largely unclear. Here we show that PYK10, the most abundant β-glucosidase in A. thaliana root ER bodies, hydrolyzes indole glucosinolates (IGs) in addition to the previously reported in vitro substrate scopolin. We found a striking co-expression between ER body-related genes (including PYK10), glucosinolate biosynthetic genes and the genes for so-called specifier proteins affecting the terminal products of myrosinase-mediated glucosinolate metabolism, indicating that these systems have been integrated into a common transcriptional network. Consistent with this, comparative metabolite profiling utilizing a number of A. thaliana relatives within Brassicaceae identified a clear phylogenetic co-occurrence between ER bodies and IGs, but not between ER bodies and scopolin. Collectively, our findings suggest a functional link between ER bodies and glucosinolate metabolism in planta. In addition, in silico three-dimensional modeling, combined with phylogenomic analysis, suggests that PYK10 represents a clade of 16 myrosinases that arose independently from the other well-documented class of six thioglucoside glucohydrolases. These findings provide deeper insights into how glucosinolates are metabolized in cruciferous plants and reveal variation of the myrosinase-glucosinolate system within individual plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei T Nakano
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829, Köln, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829, Köln, Germany
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Mariola Piślewska-Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
| | - Kenji Yamada
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Patrick P Edger
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mado Miyahara
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Maki Kondo
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Masashi Mori
- Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 834-1213, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829, Köln, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829, Köln, Germany
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Paweł Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
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24
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Chezem WR, Clay NK. Regulation of plant secondary metabolism and associated specialized cell development by MYBs and bHLHs. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 131:26-43. [PMID: 27569707 PMCID: PMC5048601 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants are unrivaled in the natural world in both the number and complexity of secondary metabolites they produce, and the ubiquitous phenylpropanoids and the lineage-specific glucosinolates represent two such large and chemically diverse groups. Advances in genome-enabled biochemistry and metabolomic technologies have greatly increased the understanding of their metabolic networks in diverse plant species. There also has been some progress in elucidating the gene regulatory networks that are key to their synthesis, accumulation and function. This review highlights what is currently known about the gene regulatory networks and the stable sub-networks of transcription factors at their cores that regulate the production of these plant secondary metabolites and the differentiation of specialized cell types that are equally important to their defensive function. Remarkably, some of these core components are evolutionarily conserved between secondary metabolism and specialized cell development and across distantly related plant species. These findings suggest that the more ancient gene regulatory networks for the differentiation of fundamental cell types may have been recruited and remodeled for the generation of the vast majority of plant secondary metabolites and their specialized tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Chezem
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Nicole K Clay
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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25
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Shirakawa M, Ueda H, Shimada T, Hara-Nishimura I. FAMA: A Molecular Link between Stomata and Myrosin Cells. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:861-871. [PMID: 27477926 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants use sophisticated defense strategies against herbivores, including the myrosinase-glucosinolate system in Brassicales plants. This system sequesters myrosinase in myrosin cells, which are idioblasts in inner leaf tissues, and produces a toxic compound when cells are damaged by herbivores. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying myrosin cell development are largely unknown, recent studies have revealed that two key components, a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor (FAMA) and vesicle trafficking factors (such as SYNTAXIN OF PLANTS 22), regulate the differentiation and fate determination of myrosin cells. FAMA also functions as a master regulator of guard cell (GC) differentiation. In this review, we discuss how FAMA operates two distinct genetic programs: the generation of myrosin cells in inner plant tissue and GCs in the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Shirakawa
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Haruko Ueda
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoo Shimada
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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26
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Marino D, Ariz I, Lasa B, Santamaría E, Fernández-Irigoyen J, González-Murua C, Aparicio Tejo PM. Quantitative proteomics reveals the importance of nitrogen source to control glucosinolate metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica oleracea. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3313-23. [PMID: 27085186 PMCID: PMC4892723 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Accessing different nitrogen (N) sources involves a profound adaptation of plant metabolism. In this study, a quantitative proteomic approach was used to further understand how the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana adjusts to different N sources when grown exclusively under nitrate or ammonium nutrition. Proteome data evidenced that glucosinolate metabolism was differentially regulated by the N source and that both TGG1 and TGG2 myrosinases were more abundant under ammonium nutrition, which is generally considered to be a stressful situation. Moreover, Arabidopsis plants displayed glucosinolate accumulation and induced myrosinase activity under ammonium nutrition. Interestingly, these results were also confirmed in the economically important crop broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica). Moreover, these metabolic changes were correlated in Arabidopsis with the differential expression of genes from the aliphatic glucosinolate metabolic pathway. This study underlines the importance of nitrogen nutrition and the potential of using ammonium as the N source in order to stimulate glucosinolate metabolism, which may have important applications not only in terms of reducing pesticide use, but also for increasing plants' nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Marino
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Idoia Ariz
- Departamento de Ciencias del Medio Natural, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain Faculdade de Ciências, Centro Ecologia Evolução e Alterações Ambientais, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Berta Lasa
- Departamento de Ciencias del Medio Natural, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaría
- Proteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet, Proteored-ISCIII, Instituto de investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen
- Proteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet, Proteored-ISCIII, Instituto de investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Murua
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Pedro M Aparicio Tejo
- Departamento de Ciencias del Medio Natural, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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27
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Shirakawa M, Ueda H, Shimada T, Hara-Nishimura I. Myrosin cells are differentiated directly from ground meristem cells and are developmentally independent of the vasculature in Arabidopsis leaves. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1150403. [PMID: 26967973 PMCID: PMC4883950 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1150403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Myrosin cells accumulate myrosinases in their vacuoles to catalyze the production of toxic compounds when tissues are damaged by herbivores. Myrosin cells are positioned adjacent to the abaxial side of the vasculature but their origin is unclear. To determine whether the myrosin cells are differentiated from vascular precursor cells, we generated a transgenic Arabidopsis line that expressed a myrosin cell reporter together with one of 3 vascular precursor cell reporters. The myrosin-positive cells were discontinuously distributed while the vascular precursor-positive cells were continuously distributed. The fluorescent signals of the myosin and vascular reporters did not overlap. Furthermore, the shape of myrosin-positive cells was different from the shape of vascular precursor-positive cells. These results indicate that myosin cells develop independently of the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Shirakawa
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Haruko Ueda
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoo Shimada
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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28
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Hara T, Kobayashi E, Ohtsubo K, Kumada S, Kanazawa M, Abe T, Itoh RD, Fujiwara MT. Organ-level analysis of idioblast patterning in Egeria densa Planch. leaves. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118965. [PMID: 25742311 PMCID: PMC4351012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf tissues of plants usually contain several types of idioblasts, defined as specialized cells whose shape and contents differ from the surrounding homogeneous cells. The spatial patterning of idioblasts, particularly of trichomes and guard cells, across the leaf epidermis has received considerable attention as it offers a useful biological model for studying the intercellular regulation of cell fate and patterning. Excretory idioblasts in the leaves of the aquatic monocotyledonous plant Egeria densa produced light blue autofluorescence when irradiated with ultraviolet light. The use of epifluorescence microscopy to detect this autofluorescence provided a simple and convenient method for detecting excretory idioblasts and allowed tracking of those cells across the leaf surfaces, enabling quantitative measurement of the clustering and spacing patterns of idioblasts at the whole leaf level. Occurrence of idioblasts was coordinated along the proximal-distal, medial-lateral, and adaxial-abaxial axes, producing a recognizable consensus spatial pattern of idioblast formation among fully expanded leaves. Idioblast clusters, which comprised up to nine cells aligned along the proximal-distal axis, showed no positional bias or regularity in idioblast-forming areas when compared with singlet idioblasts. Up to 75% of idioblasts existed as clusters on every leaf side examined. The idioblast-forming areas varied between leaves, implying phenotypic plasticity. Furthermore, in young expanding leaves, autofluorescence was occasionally detected in a single giant vesicle or else in one or more small vesicles, which eventually grew to occupy a large portion of the idioblast volume as a central vacuole. Differentiation of vacuoles by accumulating the fluorescence substance might be an integral part of idioblast differentiation. Red autofluorescence from chloroplasts was not detected in idioblasts of young expanding leaves, suggesting idioblast differentiation involves an arrest in chloroplast development at a very early stage, rather than transdifferentiation of chloroplast-containing epidermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Hara
- Department of Biology, Sophia University, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102–8554, Japan
| | - Emi Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, Sophia University, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102–8554, Japan
| | - Kohei Ohtsubo
- Department of Biology, Sophia University, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102–8554, Japan
| | - Shogo Kumada
- Department of Biology, Sophia University, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102–8554, Japan
| | - Mikako Kanazawa
- Department of Biology, Sophia University, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102–8554, Japan
| | - Tomoko Abe
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama, 351–0198, Japan
| | - Ryuuichi D. Itoh
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903–0213, Japan
| | - Makoto T. Fujiwara
- Department of Biology, Sophia University, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102–8554, Japan
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama, 351–0198, Japan
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29
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Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is one of the most prevalent cotranslational protein modifications in plants. It is initiated by a conserved process in the endoplasmic reticulum and subsequently involves a series of different N-glycan maturation steps that take place in the ER and Golgi apparatus. Despite our vast knowledge on the different processing steps we still understand very little about the role of characteristic glycoforms present on individual plant glycoproteins. Here, we describe convenient tools that allow the fast and reliable characterization of N-glycosylation on plant glycoproteins. The presented protocols can be adopted to other plant species and to the characterization of N-glycans from different glycoproteins.
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30
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Uemura T, Ueda T. Plant vacuolar trafficking driven by RAB and SNARE proteins. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 22:116-121. [PMID: 25460076 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-bounded organelles are connected to each other by membrane trafficking, which is accomplished by membrane fusion between transport vesicles and target organelles mediated by RAB GTPases and SNARE proteins. Of those trafficking pathways networking plant organelles, the vacuolar trafficking pathway has recently been shown to be uniquely diversified from non-plant systems, most likely reflecting unique functions of plant vacuoles such as the storage of proteins and other organic compounds, generation of turgor pressure, and space-filling to enlarge plant bodies. Plant-unique trafficking machineries in addition to evolutionarily conserved molecular components are allocated to this trafficking pathway in distinctive ways. In this review, we summarize recent findings on SNARE proteins and RAB GTPases mediating vacuolar transport in plants, especially focusing on the functions and regulation of two distinct trans-SNARE complexes and RAB5 and RAB7 in multiple vacuolar trafficking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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31
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Shirakawa M, Ueda H, Shimada T, Kohchi T, Hara-Nishimura I. Myrosin cell development is regulated by endocytosis machinery and PIN1 polarity in leaf primordia of Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:4448-61. [PMID: 25428982 PMCID: PMC4277224 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.131441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Myrosin cells, which accumulate myrosinase to produce toxic compounds when they are ruptured by herbivores, form specifically along leaf veins in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the mechanism underlying this pattern formation is unknown. Here, we show that myrosin cell development requires the endocytosis-mediated polar localization of the auxin-efflux carrier PIN1 in leaf primordia. Defects in the endocytic/vacuolar SNAREs (syp22 and syp22 vti11) enhanced myrosin cell development. The syp22 phenotype was rescued by expressing SYP22 under the control of the PIN1 promoter. Additionally, myrosin cell development was enhanced either by lacking the activator of endocytic/vacuolar RAB5 GTPase (VPS9A) or by PIN1 promoter-driven expression of a dominant-negative form of RAB5 GTPase (ARA7). By contrast, myrosin cell development was not affected by deficiencies of vacuolar trafficking factors, including the vacuolar sorting receptor VSR1 and the retromer components VPS29 and VPS35, suggesting that endocytic pathway rather than vacuolar trafficking pathway is important for myrosin cell development. The phosphomimic PIN1 variant (PIN1-Asp), which is unable to be polarized, caused myrosin cells to form not only along leaf vein but also in the intervein leaf area. We propose that Brassicales plants might arrange myrosin cells near vascular cells in order to protect the flux of nutrients and water via polar PIN1 localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Shirakawa
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Haruko Ueda
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoo Shimada
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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32
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Li M, Sack FD. Myrosin idioblast cell fate and development are regulated by the Arabidopsis transcription factor FAMA, the auxin pathway, and vesicular trafficking. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:4053-66. [PMID: 25304201 PMCID: PMC4247575 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.129726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Crucifer shoots harbor a glucosinolate-myrosinase system that defends against insect predation. Arabidopsis thaliana myrosinase (thioglucoside glucohydrolase [TGG]) accumulates in stomata and in myrosin idioblasts (MIs). This work reports that the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor FAMA that is key to stomatal development is also expressed in MIs. The loss of FAMA function abolishes MI fate as well as the expression of the myrosinase genes TGG1 and TGG2. MI cells have previously been reported to be located in the phloem. Instead, we found that MIs arise from the ground meristem rather than provascular tissues and thus are not homologous with phloem. Moreover, MI patterning and morphogenesis are abnormal when the function of the ARF-GEF gene GNOM is lost as well as when auxin efflux and vesicular trafficking are chemically disrupted. Stomata and MI cells constitute part of a wider system that reduces plant predation, the so-called "mustard oil bomb," in which vacuole breakage in cells harboring myrosinase and glucosinolate yields a brew toxic to many animals, especially insects. This identification of the gene that confers the fate of MIs, as well as stomata, might facilitate the development of strategies for engineering crops to mitigate predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Fred D Sack
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Shirakawa M, Ueda H, Nagano AJ, Shimada T, Kohchi T, Hara-Nishimura I. FAMA is an essential component for the differentiation of two distinct cell types, myrosin cells and guard cells, in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:4039-52. [PMID: 25304202 PMCID: PMC4247577 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.129874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Brassicales plants, including Arabidopsis thaliana, have an ingenious two-compartment defense system, which sequesters myrosinase from the substrate glucosinolate and produces a toxic compound when cells are damaged by herbivores. Myrosinase is stored in vacuoles of idioblast myrosin cells. The molecular mechanism that regulates myrosin cell development remains elusive. Here, we identify the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor FAMA as an essential component for myrosin cell development along Arabidopsis leaf veins. FAMA is known as a regulator of stomatal development. We detected FAMA expression in myrosin cell precursors in leaf primordia in addition to stomatal lineage cells. FAMA deficiency caused defects in myrosin cell development and in the biosynthesis of myrosinases THIOGLUCOSIDE GLUCOHYDROLASE1 (TGG1) and TGG2. Conversely, ectopic FAMA expression conferred myrosin cell characteristics to hypocotyl and root cells, both of which normally lack myrosin cells. The FAMA interactors ICE1/SCREAM and its closest paralog SCREAM2/ICE2 were essential for myrosin cell development. DNA microarray analysis identified 32 candidate genes involved in myrosin cell development under the control of FAMA. This study provides a common regulatory pathway that determines two distinct cell types in leaves: epidermal guard cells and inner-tissue myrosin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Shirakawa
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Haruko Ueda
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsushi J Nagano
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tomoo Shimada
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Ruonala R, Hellmann E, Helariutta Y. Plant vascular development--connective tissue connecting scientists: updates and trends at the PVB 2013 conference. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 151:119-125. [PMID: 24720356 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raili Ruonala
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Morita MT, Shimada T. The Plant Endomembrane System—A Complex Network Supporting Plant Development and Physiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 55:667-71. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Fujiwara M, Uemura T, Ebine K, Nishimori Y, Ueda T, Nakano A, Sato MH, Fukao Y. Interactomics of Qa-SNARE in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:781-9. [PMID: 24556609 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking in plants is involved in cellular development and the adaptation to various environmental changes. SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment receptor) proteins mediate the fusion between vesicles and organelles to facilitate transport cargo proteins in cells. To characterize further the SNARE protein networks in cells, we carried out interactome analysis of SNARE proteins using 12 transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Qa-SNAREs (SYP111, SYP121, SYP122, SYP123, SYP132, SYP21, SYP22, SYP31, SYP32, SYP41, SYP42 and SYP43). Microsomal fractions were prepared from each transgenic root, and subjected to immunoprecipitation (IP) using micromagnetic beads coupled to anti-GFP antibodies. To identify Qa-SNARE-interacting proteins, all immunoprecipitated products were then subjected to mass spectrometric (IP-MS) analysis. The IP-MS data revealed not only known interactions of SNARE proteins, but also unknown interactions. The IP-MS results were next categorized by gene ontology analysis. The data revealed that categories of cellular component organization, the cytoskeleton and endosome were enriched in the SYP2, SYP3 and SYP4 groups. In contrast, transporter activity was classified specifically in the SYP132 group. We also identified a novel interaction between SYP22 and VAMP711, which was validated using co-localization analysis with confocal microscopy and IP. Additional novel SNARE-interacting proteins play roles in vesicle transport and lignin biosynthesis, and were identified as membrane microdomain-related proteins. We propose that Qa-SNARE interactomics is useful for understanding SNARE interactions across the whole cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Fujiwara
- Plant Global Educational Project, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
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Shirakawa M, Ueda H, Koumoto Y, Fuji K, Nishiyama C, Kohchi T, Hara-Nishimura I, Shimada T. CONTINUOUS VASCULAR RING (COV1) is a trans-Golgi network-localized membrane protein required for Golgi morphology and vacuolar protein sorting. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:764-72. [PMID: 24363287 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The trans-Golgi network (TGN) is a tubular-vesicular organelle that matures from the trans cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. In plants, the TGN functions as a central hub for three trafficking pathways: the secretory pathway, the vacuolar trafficking pathway and the endocytic pathway. Here, we describe a novel TGN-localized membrane protein, CONTINUOUS VASCULAR RING (COV1), that is crucial for TGN function in Arabidopsis. The COV1 gene was originally identified from the stem vascular patterning mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the molecular function of COV1 was not identified. Fluorescently tagged COV1 proteins co-localized with the TGN marker proteins, SYNTAXIN OF PLANTS 4 (SYP4) and vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase subunit a1 (VHA-a1). Consistently, COV1-localized compartments were sensitive to concanamycin A, a specific inhibitor of VHA. Intriguingly, cov1 mutants exhibited abnormal Golgi morphologies, including a reduction in the number of Golgi cisternae and a reduced association between the TGN and the Golgi apparatus. A deficiency in COV1 also resulted in a defect in vacuolar protein sorting, which was characterized by the abnormal accumulation of storage protein precursors in seeds. Moreover, we found that the development of an idioblast, the myrosin cell, was abnormally increased in cov1 leaves. Our results demonstrate that the novel TGN-localized protein COV1 is required for Golgi morphology, vacuolar trafficking and myrosin cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Shirakawa
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
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Takagi J, Renna L, Takahashi H, Koumoto Y, Tamura K, Stefano G, Fukao Y, Kondo M, Nishimura M, Shimada T, Brandizzi F, Hara-Nishimura I. MAIGO5 functions in protein export from Golgi-associated endoplasmic reticulum exit sites in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4658-75. [PMID: 24280388 PMCID: PMC3875742 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.118158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells face unique challenges to efficiently export cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to mobile Golgi stacks. Coat protein complex II (COPII) components, which include two heterodimers of Secretory23/24 (Sec23/24) and Sec13/31, facilitate selective cargo export from the ER; however, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate their recruitment to the ER membrane, especially in plants. Here, we report a protein transport mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, named maigo5 (mag5), which abnormally accumulates precursor forms of storage proteins in seeds. mag5-1 has a deletion in the putative ortholog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Homo sapiens Sec16, which encodes a critical component of ER exit sites (ERESs). mag mutants developed abnormal structures (MAG bodies) within the ER and exhibited compromised ER export. A functional MAG5/SEC16A-green fluorescent protein fusion localized at Golgi-associated cup-shaped ERESs and cycled on and off these sites at a slower rate than the COPII coat. MAG5/SEC16A interacted with SEC13 and SEC31; however, in the absence of MAG5/SEC16A, recruitment of the COPII coat to ERESs was accelerated. Our results identify a key component of ER export in plants by demonstrating that MAG5/SEC16A is required for protein export at ERESs that are associated with mobile Golgi stacks, where it regulates COPII coat turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Takagi
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Luciana Renna
- Department of Energy, Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuko Koumoto
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tamura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Giovanni Stefano
- Department of Energy, Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Yoichiro Fukao
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0101, Japan
| | - Maki Kondo
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoo Shimada
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Department of Energy, Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Address correspondence to
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Farid A, Malinovsky FG, Veit C, Schoberer J, Zipfel C, Strasser R. Specialized roles of the conserved subunit OST3/6 of the oligosaccharyltransferase complex in innate immunity and tolerance to abiotic stresses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:24-38. [PMID: 23493405 PMCID: PMC3641206 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.215509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Asparagine-linked glycosylation of proteins is an essential cotranslational and posttranslational protein modification in plants. The central step in this process is the transfer of a preassembled oligosaccharide to nascent proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum by the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex. Despite the importance of the catalyzed reaction, the composition and the function of individual OST subunits are still ill defined in plants. Here, we report the function of the highly conserved OST subunit OST3/6. We have identified a mutant in the OST3/6 gene that causes overall underglycosylation of proteins and affects the biogenesis of the receptor kinase EF-TU RECEPTOR involved in innate immunity and the endo-β-1,4-glucanase KORRIGAN1 required for cellulose biosynthesis. Notably, the ost3/6 mutation does not affect mutant variants of the receptor kinase BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE1. OST3/6 deficiency results in activation of the unfolded protein response and causes hypersensitivity to salt/osmotic stress and to the glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin. Consistent with its role in protein glycosylation, OST3/6 resides in the endoplasmic reticulum and interacts with other subunits of the OST complex. Together, our findings reveal the importance of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) OST3/6 for the efficient glycosylation of specific glycoproteins involved in different physiological processes and shed light on the composition and function of the plant OST complex.
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Kunieda T, Shimada T, Kondo M, Nishimura M, Nishitani K, Hara-Nishimura I. Spatiotemporal secretion of PEROXIDASE36 is required for seed coat mucilage extrusion in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:1355-67. [PMID: 23572548 PMCID: PMC3663273 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.110072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal cells of the Arabidopsis thaliana seed coat, which correspond to the second layer of the outer integument (oi2), contain large quantities of a pectic polysaccharide called mucilage within the apoplastic space beneath the outer periclinal cell wall. Immediately after seed imbibition, the mucilage is extruded and completely envelops the seed in a gel-like capsule. We found that a class III peroxidase family protein, PEROXIDASE36 (PER36), functions as a mucilage extrusion factor. Expression of PER36 occurred only in oi2 cells for a few days around the torpedo stage. A PER36-green fluorescent protein fusion was secreted into the outer cell wall in a polarized manner. per36 mutants were defective in mucilage extrusion after seed imbibition due to the failure of outer cell wall rupture, although the mutants exhibited normal monosaccharide composition of the mucilage. This abnormal phenotype of per36 was rescued by pectin solubilization, which promoted cell wall loosening. These results suggest that PER36 regulates the degradation of the outer cell wall. Taken together, this work indicates that polarized secretion of PER36 in a developmental stage-dependent manner plays a role in cell wall modification of oi2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Kunieda
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tomoo Shimada
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Maki Kondo
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nishitani
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Address correspondence to
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Kim YC, Jahren N, Stone MD, Udeshi ND, Markowski TW, Witthuhn BA, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Olszewski NE. Identification and origin of N-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine monosaccharide modifications on Arabidopsis proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:455-64. [PMID: 23144189 PMCID: PMC3532274 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.208900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Many plant proteins are modified with N-linked oligosaccharides at asparagine-X-serine/threonine sites during transit through the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi. We have identified a number of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) proteins with modifications consisting of an N-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine monosaccharide (N-GlcNAc). Electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry analysis of peptides bearing this modification mapped the modification to asparagine-X-serine/threonine sites on proteins that are predicted to transit through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. A mass labeling method was developed and used to study N-GlcNAc modification of two thioglucoside glucohydrolases (myrosinases), TGG1 and TGG2 (for thioglucoside glucohydrolase). These myrosinases are also modified with high-mannose (Man)-type glycans. We found that N-GlcNAc and high-Man-type glycans can occur at the same site. It has been hypothesized that N-GlcNAc modifications are generated when endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) cleaves N-linked glycans. We examined the effects of mutations affecting the two known Arabidopsis ENGases on N-GlcNAc modification of myrosinase and found that modification of TGG2 was greatly reduced in one of the single mutants and absent in the double mutant. Surprisingly, N-GlcNAc modification of TGG1 was not affected in any of the mutants. These data support the hypothesis that ENGases hydrolyze high-Man glycans to produce some of the N-GlcNAc modifications but also suggest that some N-GlcNAc modifications are generated by another mechanism. Since N-GlcNAc modification was detected at only one site on each myrosinase, the production of the N-GlcNAc modification may be regulated.
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Hashiguchi Y, Tasaka M, Morita MT. Mechanism of higher plant gravity sensing. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:91-100. [PMID: 23115136 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants have developed statocytes, specialized tissues or cells for gravity sensing, and subsequent signal formation. Root and shoot statocytes commonly harbor a number of amyloplasts, and amyloplast sedimentation in the direction of gravity is a critical process in gravity sensing. However, the molecular mechanism underlying amyloplast-dependent gravity sensing is largely unknown. In this review, we mainly describe the molecular basis for the gravity sensing mechanism, i.e., the molecules and their functions involved in amyloplast sedimentation. Several analyses of statocyte images in living plant organs have implied differences in the regulation of amyloplast movements between root and shoot statocytes. Amyloplasts in shoot statocytes display not only sedimentable but upward, saltatory movements, but the latter are rarely observed in root statocytes. A series of genetic studies on shoot gravitropism mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana has revealed that two intracellular components, the vacuolar membrane (VM) and actin microfilaments (AFs), within the shoot statocyte play important roles in amyloplast dynamics. Flexible VM structures surrounding the amyloplasts seem to allow them to freely sediment toward the bottom of cells. In contrast, long actin cables mediate the saltatory movements of amyloplasts. Thus, amyloplasts in shoot statocytes undergo a dynamic equilibrium of movement, and a proper intracellular environment for statocytes is essential for normal shoot gravitropism. Further analyses to identify the molecular regulators of amyloplast dynamics, including sedimentation, may contribute to an understanding of the gravity sensing mechanism in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Hashiguchi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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Liebminger E, Grass J, Jez J, Neumann L, Altmann F, Strasser R. Myrosinases TGG1 and TGG2 from Arabidopsis thaliana contain exclusively oligomannosidic N-glycans. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 84:24-30. [PMID: 23009876 PMCID: PMC3494833 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In all eukaryotes N-glycosylation is the most prevalent protein modification of secretory and membrane proteins. Although the N-glycosylation capacity and the individual steps of the N-glycan processing pathway have been well studied in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, little attention has been paid to the characterization of the glycosylation status of individual proteins. We report here the structural analysis of all N-glycans present on the endogenous thioglucoside glucohydrolases (myrosinases) TGG1 and TGG2 from A. thaliana. All nine glycosylation sites of TGG1 and all four glycosylation sites of TGG2 are occupied by oligomannosidic structures with Man₅GlcNAc₂ as the major glycoform. Analysis of the oligomannosidic isomers from wild-type plants and mannose trimming deficient mutants by liquid chromatography with porous graphitic carbon and mass spectrometry revealed that the N-glycans from both myrosinases are processed by Golgi-located α-mannosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Liebminger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Josephine Grass
- Department of Chemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakub Jez
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Neumann
- Department of Chemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 1 47654 6705; fax: +43 1 47654 6392.
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Guo J, Pang Q, Wang L, Yu P, Li N, Yan X. Proteomic identification of MYC2-dependent jasmonate-regulated proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proteome Sci 2012; 10:57. [PMID: 23009548 PMCID: PMC3598991 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-10-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MYC2, a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain-containing transcription factor, participates in the jasmonate (JA) signaling pathway and is involved in the modulation of diverse JA functions. However, a comprehensive list of MYC2-dependent JA-responsive proteins has yet to be defined. RESULTS In this paper, we report the comparative proteomics of wild-type (WT) plants and jin1-9, a MYC2 mutant plant, in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment. Proteins from mock/MeJA-treated jin1-9 and WT samples were extracted and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Twenty-seven JA-mediated proteins demonstrated differential expression modulated by MYC2. We observed that MYC2 negatively regulates the accumulation of JA-dependent indolic glucosinolate-related proteins and exhibits opposite effects on the biosynthetic enzymes involved aliphatic glucosinolate pathways. In addition, proteins involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and a majority of the MeJA-inducible proteins that are involved in multiple protective systems against oxidative stress were reduced in jin1-9/myc2 sample compared to the WT sample. These results support a positive role for MYC2 in regulating JA-mediated carbohydrate metabolism and oxidative stress tolerance. CONCLUSIONS We have identified MYC2-dependent jasmonate-regulated proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana by performing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS analysis. The observed pattern of protein expression suggests that MYC2 has opposite effects on the biosynthetic enzymes of indolic and aliphatic glucosinolate pathways and positively regulates JA-mediated carbohydrate metabolism and oxidative stress tolerance-related proteins. Furthermore, it is very interesting to note that MYC2 plays opposite roles in the modulation of a subset of JA-regulated photosynthetic proteins during short-term and long-term JA signaling. This study will enhance our understanding of the function of MYC2 in JA signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.,Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Qiuying Pang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.,Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Ping Yu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Nan Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Xiufeng Yan
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
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Engineering glucosinolates in plants: current knowledge and potential uses. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:1694-717. [PMID: 22983743 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSL) and their derivatives are well known for the characteristic roles they play in plant defense as signaling molecules and as bioactive compounds for human health. More than 130 GSLs have been reported so far, and most of them belong to the Brassicaceae family. Several enzymes and transcription factors involved in the GSL biosynthesis have been studied in the model plant, Arabidopsis, and in a few other Brassica crop species. Recent studies in GSL research have defined the regulation, distribution, and degradation of GSL biosynthetic pathways; however, the underlying mechanism behind transportation of GSLs in plants is still largely unknown. This review highlights the recent advances in the metabolic engineering of GSLs in plants and discusses their potential applications.
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Zhou C, Tokuhisa JG, Bevan DR, Esen A. Properties of β-thioglucoside hydrolases (TGG1 and TGG2) from leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 191-192:82-92. [PMID: 22682567 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Myrosinases (β-thioglucoside glucohydrolase, TGG; EC 3.2.1.147) catalyze the hydrolysis of glucosinolates, a structurally distinct group of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing secondary metabolites, to give a chemically unstable intermediate, glucose and sulfate. This catalysis initiates a chemical defense in crucifer plants as a response to the tissue-damaging activities of herbivores and pathogens. To characterize the individual and collective biochemical properties of the myrosinase enzymes found in the aerial tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana, we purified TGG1 and TGG2, which share 73% amino acid identity, individually from T-DNA insertion lines of Arabidopsis using lectin affinity and anion exchange chromatography. Electrophoresis under denaturing conditions and the mobility of nondenatured TGG1 and TGG2 protein on gel filtration chromatography indicated that the native proteins exist as dimers of 150 and 126 kDa, respectively. Despite their relatively similar kinetic parameters, both enzymes had distinct physicochemical properties such as extractability in low ionic strength buffer and electrophoretic mobility following deglycosylation treatment. Deglycosylation under nondenaturing conditions had limited effects on TGG1 and no effect on TGG2 activity. Both enzymes functioned across a broad range of temperatures (up to 60 °C) and pH values (5-10). These results demonstrate that myrosinases have the ability to function in environments like the digestive tract of insect herbivores that are significantly different from the environment in a damaged plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhe Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Ebine K, Uemura T, Nakano A, Ueda T. Flowering time modulation by a vacuolar SNARE via FLOWERING LOCUS C in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42239. [PMID: 22848750 PMCID: PMC3407077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition of plant growth from vegetative to reproductive phases is one of the most important and dramatic events during the plant life cycle. In Arabidopsis thaliana, flowering promotion involves at least four genetically defined regulatory pathways, including the photoperiod-dependent, vernalization-dependent, gibberellin-dependent, and autonomous promotion pathways. Among these regulatory pathways, the vernalization-dependent and autonomous pathways are integrated by the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), a negative regulator of flowering; however, the upstream regulation of this locus has not been fully understood. The SYP22 gene encodes a vacuolar SNARE protein that acts in vacuolar and endocytic trafficking pathways. Loss of SYP22 function was reported to lead to late flowering in A. thaliana plants, but the mechanism has remained completely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that the late flowering phenotype of syp22 was due to elevated expression of FLC caused by impairment of the autonomous pathway. In addition, we investigated the DOC1/BIG pathway, which is also suggested to regulate vacuolar/endosomal trafficking. We found that elevated levels of FLC transcripts accumulated in the doc1-1 mutant, and that syp22 phenotypes were exaggerated with a double syp22 doc1-1 mutation. We further demonstrated that the elevated expression of FLC was suppressed by ara6-1, a mutation in the gene encoding plant-unique Rab GTPase involved in endosomal trafficking. Our results indicated that vacuolar and/or endocytic trafficking is involved in the FLC regulation of flowering time in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Ebine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Molecular Membrane Biology Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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48
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Yamada K, Hara-Nishimura I, Nishimura M. Unique defense strategy by the endoplasmic reticulum body in plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 52:2039-49. [PMID: 22102697 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a site for the production of secretory proteins. Plants have developed ER subdomains for protein storage. The ER body is one such structure, which is observed in Brassicaceae plants. ER bodies accumulate in seedlings and roots or in wounded leaves in Arabidopsis. ER bodies contain high amounts of the β-glucosidases PYK10/BGLU23 in seedlings and roots or BGLU18 in wounded tissues. These results suggest that ER bodies are involved in the metabolism of glycoside molecules, presumably to produce repellents against pests and fungi. When Arabidopsis roots are homogenized, PYK10 formed large protein aggregates that include other β-glucosidases (BGLU21 and BGLU22), GDSL lipase-like proteins (GLL22) and cytosolic jacalin-related lectins (PBP1/JAL30, JAL31, JAL33, JAL34 and JAL35). Glucosidase activity increases by the aggregate formation. NAI1, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, regulates the expression of the ER body proteins PYK10 and NAI2. Reduced expression of NAI2, PYK10 and BGLU21 resulted in abnormal ER body formation, indicating that these components regulate ER body formation. PYK10, BGLU21 and BGLU22 possess hydrolytic activity for scopolin, a coumaroyl glucoside that accumulates in the roots of Arabidopsis, and nai1 and pyk10 mutants are more susceptible to the symbiotic fungus Piriformospora indica. Therefore, it appears that the ER body is a unique organelle of Brassicaceae plants that is important for defense against pests and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yamada
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigo-naka 38, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
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Farid A, Pabst M, Schoberer J, Altmann F, Glössl J, Strasser R. Arabidopsis thaliana alpha1,2-glucosyltransferase (ALG10) is required for efficient N-glycosylation and leaf growth. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 68:314-25. [PMID: 21707802 PMCID: PMC3204403 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04688.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Assembly of the dolichol-linked oligosaccharide precursor (Glc(3) Man(9) GlcNAc(2) ) is highly conserved among eukaryotes. In contrast to yeast and mammals, little is known about the biosynthesis of dolichol-linked oligosaccharides and the transfer to asparagine residues of nascent polypeptides in plants. To understand the biological function of these processes in plants we characterized the Arabidopsis thaliana homolog of yeast ALG10, the α1,2-glucosyltransferase that transfers the terminal glucose residue to the lipid-linked precursor. Expression of an Arabidopsis ALG10-GFP fusion protein in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells revealed a reticular distribution pattern resembling endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localization. Analysis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides showed that Arabidopsis ALG10 can complement the yeast Δalg10 mutant strain. A homozygous Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion mutant (alg10-1) accumulated mainly lipid-linked Glc(2) Man(9) GlcNAc(2) and displayed a severe protein underglycosylation defect. Phenotypic analysis of alg10-1 showed that mutant plants have altered leaf size when grown in soil. Moreover, the inactivation of ALG10 in Arabidopsis resulted in the activation of the unfolded protein response, increased salt sensitivity and suppression of the phenotype of α-glucosidase I-deficient plants. In summary, these data show that Arabidopsis ALG10 is an ER-resident α1,2-glucosyltransferase that is required for lipid-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis and subsequently for normal leaf development and abiotic stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlaq Farid
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Pabst
- Department of Chemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jennifer Schoberer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Glössl
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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Saito C, Uemura T, Awai C, Tominaga M, Ebine K, Ito J, Ueda T, Abe H, Morita MT, Tasaka M, Nakano A. The occurrence of 'bulbs', a complex configuration of the vacuolar membrane, is affected by mutations of vacuolar SNARE and phospholipase in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 68:64-73. [PMID: 21645145 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant vacuole fulfills a variety of functions, and is essential for plant growth and development. We previously identified complex and mobile structures on the continuous vacuolar membrane, which we refer to as 'bulbs'. To ascertain their biological significance and function, we searched for markers associated with bulbs, and mutants that show abnormalities with respect to bulbs. We observed bulb-like structures after expression of non-membranous proteins as well as the functional soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) molecules VAM3 and VTI11. Bulbs are formed in more tissues than previously reported, including flowering organs, suspension culture cells, endodermal cells in the flowering stem, and at very early stages of seed germination. Using existing and newly developed marker lines, we found that the frequency of bulb occurrence is significantly decreased in multiple shoot gravitropism (sgr) mutants, which are known to have a defect in vacuolar membrane properties in endodermal cells. Based on results with new marker lines, which enabled us to observe the process of bulb biogenesis, and analysis of the phenotypes of these mutants, we propose multiple mechanisms for bulb formation, one of which may be that used for formation of transvacuolar strands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Saito
- Molecular Membrane Biology Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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