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Qiu Z, Wang H, Li G, Liu Y, Wang X, Yang J, Wang X, He D. Lactobacillus salivarius Ameliorates AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity via PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in Geese. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 280:116574. [PMID: 38875822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is commonly found in feed ingredients and foods all over the world, posing a significant threat to food safety and public health in animals and humans. Lactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius) was recorded to improve the intestinal health and performance of chickens. However, whether L. salivarius can alleviate AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity in geese was unknown. A total of 300 Lande geese were randomly assigned to five groups: control group, AFB1 low-dose group (L), L. salivarius+AFB1 low-dose group (LL), AFB1 high dosage groups (H), L. salivarius+AFB1 high dosage groups (LH), respectively. The results showed that the concentrations of ALT, AST, and GGT significantly increased after exposure to AFB1. Similarly, severe damage of hepatic morphology was observed including the hepatic structure injury and inflammatory cell infiltration. The oxidative stress was evidenced by the elevated concentrations of MDA, and decreased activities of GSH-Px, GSH and SOD. The observation of immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, and western blotting showed that the expression of PINK1 and the value of LC3II/LC3I were increased, but that of p62 significantly decreased after AFB1 exposure. Moreover, the supplementation of L. salivarius effectively improved the geese performance, ameliorated AFB1-induced oxidative stress, inhibited mitochondrial mitophagy and enhanced the liver restoration to normal level. The present study demonstrated that L. salivarius ameliorated AFB1-induced the hepatotoxicity by decreasing the oxidative stress, and regulating the expression of PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in the mitochondria of the geese liver. Furthermore, this investigation suggested that L. salivarius might serve as a novel and safe additive for preventing AFB1 contamination in poultry feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Qiu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei, Anhui 230036, China; Institute for Agri-Food Standard and Testing, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Huiying Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Guangquan Li
- Institute of Agricultural Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Xianze Wang
- Institute for Agri-Food Standard and Testing, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Junhua Yang
- Institute for Agri-Food Standard and Testing, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Xichun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Daqian He
- Institute of Agricultural Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201100, China.
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Roydeva A, Milanova A. LC-MS/MS determination of N-acetyl-l-cysteine in chicken plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5854. [PMID: 38432679 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) shows beneficial effects in cases of aflatoxicosis and heat stress in poultry but little is known about its pharmacokinetics in chickens. Therefore, the study aimed to develop and validate a sensitive LC-MS/MS analytical method for quantitative analysis of NAC in chicken plasma. A split calibration curve approach was used for determination of NAC in chicken plasma. Standard curves for low (0.05-2.5 μg/ml) and high (2.5-100 μg/ml) ranges of concentrations were prepared. The standard curves for low (r2 = 0.9987) and high (r2 = 0.9899) concentrations were linear within the tested range. The limits of detection (LOD) and of quantification (LOQ) for the standard at low concentrations were 0.093 and 0.28 μg/ml, respectively. The accuracy was from 97.35 to 101.33%. The values of LOD and LOQ for the standard at high concentrations were 0.76 and 2.30 μg/ml, respectively. The accuracy was between 99.77 and 112.14%. The intra- and inter-day precisions for all concentrations from both standards did not exceed 8.57% and 10.69%, respectively. The recovery for all concentrations was between 92.45 and 105.52%. The validated method for determination of NAC in chicken plasma can be applied in future pharmacokinetic studies in chickens without dilution of samples and their repeated analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albena Roydeva
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Aneliya Milanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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Abdelnour SA, Mahasneh ZMH, Barakat RA, Alkahtani AM, Madkour M. Microalgae: A promising strategy for aflatoxin control in poultry feeds. Toxicon 2024; 244:107770. [PMID: 38768829 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic compounds produced by certain molds, primarily Aspergillus species, which can contaminate crops such as grains and nuts. These toxins pose a significant health risk to animals and humans. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most potent of these compounds and has been well-characterized to lead to diminished growth and feed efficiency by disrupting nutrient absorption and metabolism in poultry. AFB1 can trigger apoptosis and inflammation, leading to a decline in immune function and changes in blood biochemistry in poultry. Recently, there has been growing interest in using microalgae as a natural antioxidant to mitigate the effects of aflatoxins in poultry diets. Microalgae have strong antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties, and adding them to aflatoxin-contaminated poultry diets has been shown to improve growth and overall health. This review investigates the potential of microalgae, such as Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Enteromorpha prolifera, to mitigate AFB1 contamination in poultry feeds. These microalgae contain substantial amounts of bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, peptides, vitamins, and pigments, which possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, and detoxifying properties. Microalgae can bind to aflatoxins and prevent their absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of poultry. They can also enhance the immune system of poultry, making them more resilient to the toxic effects of AFB1. Based on the data collected, microalgae have shown promising results in combating AFB1 contamination in poultry feeds. They can bind to aflatoxins, boost the immune system, and improve feed quality. This review emphasizes the harmful effects of AFB1 on poultry and the promising role of microalgae in reducing these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh A Abdelnour
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Zeinab M H Mahasneh
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Rasha A Barakat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt
| | - Abdullah M Alkahtani
- Department of Microbiology & Clinical Parasitology College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Madkour
- Animal Production Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt
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Pertiwi H, Majdeddin M, Degroote J, Zhang H, Michiels J. N-acetyl-L-cysteine improves the performance of chronic cyclic heat-stressed finisher broilers but has no effect on tissue glutathione levels. Br Poult Sci 2023; 64:751-762. [PMID: 37782109 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2023.2264234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
1. It was hypothesised that dietary N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) in feed, as a source of cysteine, could improve the performance of heat-stressed finisher broilers by fostering glutathione (GSH) synthesis. GSH is the most abundant intracellular antioxidant for which the sulphur amino acid cysteine is rate limiting for its synthesis.2. In the first experiment, four levels of NAC: 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg were added to a diet with a suboptimal level of sulphur amino acids in the finisher phase. In the second experiment, NAC was compared to other sulphur amino acid sources at equal molar amounts of digestible sulphur amino acids. Birds were allocated to four groups: control, 2000 mg/kg NAC, 1479 mg/kg L-cystine, and 2168 mg/kg Ca-salt of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid. A chronic cyclic heat stress model (temperature was increased to 34°C for 7 h daily) was initiated at 28 d of age.3. In the first experiment, growth performance and feed efficiency in the finisher phase were significantly improved by graded NAC. ADG was 88.9, 92.2, 93.7 and 97.7 g/d, and the feed-to-gain ratio was 2.18, 1.91, 1.85 and 1.81 for the 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg NAC treatments, respectively. However, liver and heart GSH levels were not affected by NAC. On d 29, liver gene transcript of cystathionine-beta-synthase like was reduced by NAC, which suggested reduced trans-sulphuration activity. The second experiment showed that L-cystine and Ca-salt of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid were more effective in improving performance than NAC.4. In conclusion, N-acetyl-L-cysteine improved dose-dependently growth and feed efficiency in heat-stressed finishing broilers. However, this was not associated with changes in tissue GSH levels, but more likely worked by sparing methionine and/or NAC's and cysteine's direct antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pertiwi
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Health Studies, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - M Majdeddin
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Degroote
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - H Zhang
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Michiels
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Chen X, F. Abdallah M, Chen X, Rajkovic A. Current Knowledge of Individual and Combined Toxicities of Aflatoxin B1 and Fumonisin B1 In Vitro. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:653. [PMID: 37999516 PMCID: PMC10674195 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are considered the most threating natural contaminants in food. Among these mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) are the most prominent fungal metabolites that represent high food safety risks, due to their widespread co-occurrence in several food commodities, and their profound toxic effects on humans. Considering the ethical and more humane animal research, the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement) principle has been promoted in the last few years. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the research studies conducted up to date on the toxicological effects that AFB1 and FB1 can induce on human health, through the examination of a selected number of in vitro studies. Although the impact of both toxins, as well as their combination, were investigated in different cell lines, the majority of the work was carried out in hepatic cell lines, especially HepG2, owing to the contaminants' liver toxicity. In all the reviewed studies, AFB1 and FB1 could invoke, after short-term exposure, cell apoptosis, by inducing several pathways (oxidative stress, the mitochondrial pathway, ER stress, the Fas/FasL signaling pathway, and the TNF-α signal pathway). Among these pathways, mitochondria are the primary target of both toxins. The interaction of AFB1 and FB1, whether additive, synergistic, or antagonistic, depends to great extent on FB1/AFB1 ratio. However, it is generally manifested synergistically, via the induction of oxidative stress and mitochondria dysfunction, through the expression of the Bcl-2 family and p53 proteins. Therefore, AFB1 and FB1 mixture may enhance more in vitro toxic effects, and carry a higher significant risk factor, than the individual presence of each toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Chen
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Mohamed F. Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan 250014, China;
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (A.R.)
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Tieu S, Charchoglyan A, Paulsen L, Wagter-Lesperance LC, Shandilya UK, Bridle BW, Mallard BA, Karrow NA. N-Acetylcysteine and Its Immunomodulatory Properties in Humans and Domesticated Animals. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1867. [PMID: 37891946 PMCID: PMC10604897 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an acetylated derivative of the amino acid L-cysteine, has been widely used as a mucolytic agent and antidote for acetaminophen overdose since the 1960s and the 1980s, respectively. NAC possesses antioxidant, cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and mucolytic properties, making it a promising therapeutic agent for a wide range of diseases in both humans and domesticated animals. Oxidative stress and inflammation play a major role in the onset and progression of all these diseases. NAC's primary role is to replenish glutathione (GSH) stores, the master antioxidant in all tissues; however, it can also reduce levels of pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-∝) and interleukins (IL-6 and IL-1β), inhibit the formation of microbial biofilms and destroy biofilms, and break down disulfide bonds between mucin molecules. Many experimental studies have been conducted on the use of NAC to address a wide range of pathological conditions; however, its effectiveness in clinical trials remains limited and studies often have conflicting results. The purpose of this review is to provide a concise overview of promising NAC usages for the treatment of different human and domestic animal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Tieu
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.T.); (U.K.S.)
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.P.); (L.C.W.-L.); (B.W.B.); (B.A.M.)
| | - Armen Charchoglyan
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON N1T 1N6, Canada
- Advanced Analysis Centre, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lauryn Paulsen
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.P.); (L.C.W.-L.); (B.W.B.); (B.A.M.)
| | - Lauri C. Wagter-Lesperance
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.P.); (L.C.W.-L.); (B.W.B.); (B.A.M.)
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON N1T 1N6, Canada
| | - Umesh K. Shandilya
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.T.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Byram W. Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.P.); (L.C.W.-L.); (B.W.B.); (B.A.M.)
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON N1T 1N6, Canada
| | - Bonnie A. Mallard
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.P.); (L.C.W.-L.); (B.W.B.); (B.A.M.)
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON N1T 1N6, Canada
| | - Niel A. Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.T.); (U.K.S.)
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON N1T 1N6, Canada
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Population Pharmacokinetics of Doxycycline, Administered Alone or with N-Acetylcysteine, in Chickens with Experimental Mycoplasma gallisepticum Infection. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112440. [PMID: 36432632 PMCID: PMC9693581 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmosis is a bacterial infection that significantly affects poultry production, and it is often controlled with antibiotics, including doxycycline. The conducted study aimed to determine population pharmacokinetic (PopPk) parameters of doxycycline in healthy (n = 12) and in Mycoplasma gallisepticum-challenged (n = 20) chickens after its oral administration via drinking water at the registered dose rate of 20 mg/kg b.w./24 h for five days, without or with co-administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC, a dose of 100 mg/kg b.w./24 h) via the feed. Doxycycline concentrations in plasma were analyzed with the LC-MS/MS method. The values of tvV/F and tvke were 4.73 L × kg−1 and 0.154 h−1, respectively, and they showed low BSV. A high BSV of 93.17% was calculated for the value of tlag of 0.8 h, which reflects the inter-individual differences in the water consumption. PTA was computed after Monte Carlo simulation with the registered dose for doxycycline. The target of %fT > MIC ≥ 80% and 100% can be achieved in 90% of the broiler population, after a correction for protein binding, for bacteria with MIC ≤ 0.5 mg × L−1 and 0.25 mg × L−1, respectively. The applied PopPk model did not reveal significant effect of M. gallisepticum infection and co-administration of NAC on pharmacokinetic parameters of doxycycline.
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Assessment of the Potential of a Native Non-Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus Isolate to Reduce Aflatoxin Contamination in Dairy Feed. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070437. [PMID: 35878175 PMCID: PMC9319854 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus species can produce aflatoxins (AFs), which can severely affect human and animal health. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of reducing AF contamination of a non-aflatoxigenic isolate of A. flavus experimentally coinoculated with different aflatoxigenic strains in whole plant (WP), corn silage (CS), immature grains (IG) and in culture media (CM). An L-morphotype of A. flavus (CS1) was obtained from CS in a dairy farm located in the Mexican Highland Plateau; The CS1 failed to amplify the AFs biosynthetic pathway regulatory gene (aflR). Monosporic CS1 isolates were coinoculated in WP, CS, IG and CM, together with A. flavus strains with known aflatoxigenic capacity (originating from Cuautitlán and Tamaulipas, Mexico), and native isolates from concentrate feed (CF1, CF2 and CF3) and CS (CS2, CS3). AF production was evaluated by HPLC and fungal growth rate was measured on culture media. The positive control strains and those isolated from CF produced a large average amount of AFs (15,622 ± 3952 and 12,189 ± 3311 µg/kg), whereas A. flavus strains obtained from CS produced a lower AF concentration (126 ± 25.9 µg/kg). CS1 was efficient (p < 0.01) in decreasing AF concentrations when coinoculated together with CF, CS and aflatoxigenic positive control strains (71.6−88.7, 51.0−51.1 and 63.1−71.5%) on WP, CS, IG and CM substrates (73.9−78.2, 65.1−73.7, 63.8−68.4 and 57.4−67.6%). The results suggest that the non-aflatoxigenic isolate can be an effective tool to reduce AF contamination in feed and to minimize the presence of its metabolites in raw milk and dairy products intended for human nutrition.
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Allam A, Abdeen A, Devkota HP, Ibrahim SS, Youssef G, Soliman A, Abdel-Daim MM, Alzahrani KJ, Shoghy K, Ibrahim SF, Aboubakr M. N-Acetylcysteine Alleviated the Deltamethrin-Induced Oxidative Cascade and Apoptosis in Liver and Kidney Tissues. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020638. [PMID: 35055458 PMCID: PMC8775898 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Deltamethrin (DLM) is a synthetic pyrethroid with anti-acaricide and insecticidal properties. It is commonly used in agriculture and veterinary medicine. Humans and animals are exposed to DLM through the ingestion of polluted food and water, resulting in severe health issues. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a prodrug of L-cysteine, the precursor to glutathione. It can restore the oxidant-antioxidant balance. Therefore, this research aimed to examine whether NAC may protect broiler chickens against oxidative stress, at the level of biochemical and molecular alterations caused by DLM intoxication. The indicators of liver and kidney injury in the serum of DLM-intoxicated and NAC-treated groups were examined. Furthermore, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant markers, superoxide dismutase activity, and apoptotic gene expressions (caspase-3 and Bcl-2) were investigated. All parameters were significantly altered in the DLM-intoxicated group, suggesting that DLM could induce oxidative damage and apoptosis in hepato-renal tissue. The majority of the changes in the studied parameters were reversed when NAC therapy was used. In conclusion, by virtue of its antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties, NAC enabled the provision of significant protection effects against DLM-induced hepato-renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Allam
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Ahmed Abdeen
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt; (S.S.I.); (G.Y.)
- Center of Excellence in Screening of Environmental Contaminants (CESEC), Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (H.P.D.); Tel.: +20-1000222986 (A.A.); +81-96-371-4837 (H.P.D.)
| | - Hari Prasad Devkota
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (H.P.D.); Tel.: +20-1000222986 (A.A.); +81-96-371-4837 (H.P.D.)
| | - Samar S. Ibrahim
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt; (S.S.I.); (G.Y.)
| | - Gehan Youssef
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt; (S.S.I.); (G.Y.)
| | - Ahmed Soliman
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia;
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Khalid J. Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Khaled Shoghy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt;
| | - Samah F. Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed Aboubakr
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.A.)
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Owumi SE, Irozuru CE, Arunsi UO, Oyelere AK. Caffeic acid protects against DNA damage, oxidative and inflammatory mediated toxicities, and upregulated caspases activation in the hepatorenal system of rats treated with aflatoxin B 1. Toxicon 2022; 207:1-12. [PMID: 34995555 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxicosis can induce largescale toxicities in predisposed populations. Food fortification with adequate antioxidant sources may reduce the toxic burden from aflatoxicosis. We examined the individual and combined effect of Caffeic acid (CA) on the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced hepatic and renal injury in male rats. Five experimental rat cohort (n = 6) consisting of the control (2 mL/kg corn oil), AFB1 alone (50 μg/kg), CA alone (40 mg/kg), AFB1+CA1 (50 μg/kg + 20 mg/kg) and AFB1+CA2 (50 μg/kg + 40 mg/kg) were so treated for 28 consecutive days. Upon sacrifices, diagnostic markers of hepatorenal functions, oxidative stress, inflammation, oxidative deoxyribonucleic acid -DNA-damage and apoptosis were analysed. Our results showed that CA reduced AFB1-induced toxicities in rats' liver and kidneys by significantly increasing (p < 0.05) endogenous antioxidant and the anti-inflammatory IL-10 level. Caffeic acid simultaneously reduced hepatic and renal dysfunction biomarkers in the serum, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation levels. Besides, CA diminished reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, inflammatory nitric oxide levels, interleukin-1 β and the activities of xanthine oxidase and myeloperoxidase. Additionally, CA reduced DNA damage and caspase-mediated apoptotic responses and preserved the cytoarchitecture of rats' liver and kidneys treated with AFB1. These data suggest that CA can be used as a food additive to mitigate AFB1-induced toxicity in the examined organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon E Owumi
- Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, 200004, Nigeria.
| | - Chioma E Irozuru
- Molecular Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, 200004, Nigeria
| | - Uche O Arunsi
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Adegboyega K Oyelere
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
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11
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Petkova T, Milanova A. Absorption of N-acetylcysteine in Healthy and Mycoplasma gallisepticum-Infected Chickens. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8110244. [PMID: 34822616 PMCID: PMC8621408 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is widely used as a mucolytic agent in cases with inflammation of the lungs. NAC is applied in poultry with aflatoxin B1 intoxication as an antioxidant, but its pharmacokinetics are not known. The present study was conducted to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of orally administered NAC in broilers. It included 32 chickens, divided into four groups, treated with NAC at a dose rate of 100 mg/kg/day mixed with the feed: healthy broilers (n = 6); chickens infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum (n = 10); healthy broilers (n = 6); and diseased chickens (n = 10) treated with NAC and doxycycline (via drinking water, 20 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)). Plasma concentrations were analyzed by Liquid Chromatography –Mass Spectrometry (MS)/MS. NAC was absorbed after oral administration in all four groups of chickens. In healthy chickens treated solely with NAC, maximum plasma concentrations of 2.26 ± 0.91 µg mL−1 were achieved at 2.47 ± 0.45 h after dosing. The value of absorption half-life was 1.04 ± 0.53 h. The population pharmacokinetic analysis showed that dose adjustment of NAC is not required in M. gallisepticum-infected broilers or when it is combined with doxycycline.
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12
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Ruan H, Lu Q, Wu J, Qin J, Sui M, Sun X, Shi Y, Luo J, Yang M. Hepatotoxicity of food-borne mycotoxins: molecular mechanism, anti-hepatotoxic medicines and target prediction. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:2281-2308. [PMID: 34346825 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1960794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are metabolites produced by fungi. The widespread contamination of food and feed by mycotoxins is a global food safety problem and a serious threat to people's health. Most food-borne mycotoxins have strong hepatotoxicity. However, no effective methods have been found to prevent or treat Mycotoxin- Induced Liver Injury (MILI) in clinical and animal husbandry. In this paper, the molecular mechanisms and potential anti-MILI medicines of six food-borne MILI are reviewed, and their targets are predicted by network toxicology, which provides a theoretical basis for further study of the toxicity mechanism of MILI and the development of effective strategies to manage MILI-related health problems in the future and accelerate the development of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiashuo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Sui
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinqi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Shi
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaoyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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13
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Tavangar P, Gharahveysi S, Rezaeipour V, Irani M. Efficacy of phytobiotic and toxin binder feed additives individually or in combination on the growth performance, blood biochemical parameters, intestinal morphology, and microbial population in broiler chickens exposed to aflatoxin B 1. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:335. [PMID: 34021428 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02778-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of phytobiotic and antifungal feed additives on the growth performance, blood parameters, intestinal morphology, and cecal microbiota activity of broiler chickens under aflatoxicosis challenge. A total of 250 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks (mixed sex) were reared on the littered floor with a completely randomized design by five treatments and five replicates for 35 days. Treatments included positive control (without AFB1), negative control-AFB1 (1 ppm), negative control-phytobiotic (Entex, 0.5 kg/t), negative control-Mycofix Plus (0.5 kg/t), and negative control-phytobiotic + Mycofix Plus. Dietary phytogenic and toxin binder improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens (p<0.05). Serum concentration of AST increased in broilers which received AFB1 without additives, while the blood concentration of total protein decreased (p<0.05). In jejuna morphometric indices, it was observed that the broiler chickens fed phytobiotic additive in combination with toxin binder had a greater villus length and crypt depth (p<0.05). Dietary treatments had no significant effect on the cecal microbial population in broiler chickens. In conclusion, the present results indicated that phytobiotic and toxin binder supplement improved growth performance and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens exposed to AFB1 challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Tavangar
- Department of Animal Science, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
| | - Shahabodin Gharahveysi
- Department of Animal Science, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
| | - Vahid Rezaeipour
- Department of Animal Science, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Irani
- Department of Animal Science, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
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14
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Elgioushy MM, Elgaml SA, El-Adl MM, Hegazy AM, Hashish EA. Aflatoxicosis in cattle: clinical findings and biochemical alterations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:35526-35534. [PMID: 32594430 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxicosis is a serious health condition resulted from aflatoxin (AF)-producing fungi. Major health threats resulted from AFs and reflect on the livestock industry with great economic losses. There are limited scientific evidences concerning the AFs in ruminant, therefore it is important to evaluate AFs health hazards in cattle. Here, we investigate biochemical, oxidative stress, and postmortem changes associated with unexpected acute bovine aflatoxicosis. Seventy-two cattle were suffered from aflatoxisocis. Depression and inappetence were predominant clinical findings of the diseased animals. Analysis of feedstuffs revealed presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The AF-intoxicated animals showed a significant increase in alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum creatinine (SCr), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Moreover, a significant decrease in total protein (TP), magnesium (Mg), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also seen. Hepatomegaly, enlarged gallbladder as well as congestion of the intestine and kidney were observed. This study elucidates the critical and constructive measurements needed for the prevention of the AFs hazardous effects to livestock for the future control of AF outbreaks. Conducting series of diagnostic assays reflect the marked health condition alterations in the biochemical and antioxidant status of the AF-intoxicated cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdy M Elgioushy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, 37916, Egypt
| | - Shimaa A Elgaml
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M El-Adl
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Medhat Hegazy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Sahari, Airport Way, Aswan, 81528, Egypt
| | - Emad A Hashish
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
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15
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Owumi S, Najophe ES, Farombi EO, Oyelere AK. Gallic acid protects against Aflatoxin B 1 -induced oxidative and inflammatory stress damage in rats kidneys and liver. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13316. [PMID: 32496616 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The adverse effect of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ) exposure in both humans and rodents has been widely reported. The beneficial health effects of gallic acid (GA) against AFB1 -induced toxicity in vitro have been published. Here, we present in vivo findings on AFB1 and GA on hepatorenal function in rats, exposed to AFB1 (75 µg/kg body weight) only or co-treated with GA (20 or 40 mg/kg) for 28 successive days. AFB1 significantly increased pro-inflammatory biomarkers and suppressed IL-10 levels in rats' liver and kidney. AFB1 caused increased (p < .05) oxidative stress by decreasing antioxidant enzymes levels and increasing levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Furthermore, reduction (p < .05) in cellular glutathione (GSH) levels and increased (p < .05) hepatorenal markers of toxicity were detected in rats treated with AFB1 . These observed alterations were, however, reversed in GA co-treated rats. GA ameliorated AFB1 -induced hepatorenal dysfunction by decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation in rats. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: GA can chemoprotect against the damaging effects of toxins contaminating food. GA is widely distributed in plants and in use in industries as antioxidant, immune-regulator, and natural defense agent against infections when consumed. Here, we disclosed that GA ameliorates AFB1 -induced hepatorenal dysfunction by suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation, and enhanced apoptosis, thus improving hepatorenal functions in rats exposed to AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Owumi
- Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Eseroghene S Najophe
- Nutrition and Industrial Biochemistry Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ebenezer O Farombi
- Molecular Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adegboyega K Oyelere
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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16
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Li C, Peng M, Liao M, Guo S, Hou Y, Ding B, Wu T, Yi D. Effects of N-acetylcysteine on the energy status and antioxidant capacity in heart and liver of cold-stressed broilers. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020; 33:1444-1454. [PMID: 32054204 PMCID: PMC7468165 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cold stress induces oxidative damage and impairs energy status of broilers. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) exhibits antioxidant properties and modulates energy metabolism of animals. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of NAC on energy status and antioxidant capacity of heart and liver in the cold-stressed broilers. METHODS The experiment consisted of 4 treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement with two diets (basal diet or plus 0.1% NAC) and two ambient temperatures (thermoneutral [conventional ambient temperature] or cold stress [10°C±1°C during days 15 to 42]). RESULTS No ascites were seen in cold-stressed broilers. NAC did not attenuate the impaired growth performance of stressed birds. However, NAC decreased plasma asparagine but increased aspartate levels in cold-stressed birds (p<0.05). NAC reduced hepatic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) but elevated adenosine diphosphate contents in unstressed birds (p< 0.05). The hepatic ratio of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to ATP was increased in birds fed NAC (p<0.05). NAC decreased plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) level and cardiac total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity in unstressed birds, but increased hepatic activities of T-SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in stressed birds (p<0.05). NAC down-regulated hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase but up-regulated cardiac heme-oxigenase mRNA expression in stressed birds, and decreased expression of hepatic peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor coactivator-1α as well as hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in liver and heart of birds. CONCLUSION Dietary NAC did not affect energy status but enhanced the hepatic antioxidant capacity by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes in cold-stressed broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Li
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Meng Peng
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Man Liao
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Shuangshuang Guo
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Binying Ding
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Dan Yi
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
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17
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The Biodegradation Role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae against Harmful Effects of Mycotoxin Contaminated Diets on Broiler Performance, Immunity Status, and Carcass characteristics. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020238. [PMID: 32028628 PMCID: PMC7070355 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Over the past two decades, the use of agents for the biodegradation of mycotoxins has led to a reduction in their accumulation and toxicity in the digestive tract of animals. Thus, mycotoxin decontaminating agents are very useful in the prevention of aflatoxicosis. The present feeding trial aimed to evaluate the biodegradation role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the prevention of the harmful effects of a mycotoxin contaminated diet on broiler performance, immunity, and carcass traits. The obtained results revealed significant improvements in broiler growth performance parameters, carcass traits, and antibody titer against infected diseases as an effect of the dietary inclusion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae up to 3.75 g kg−1. Consequentially, it could be used in broiler contaminated diets without negatively affecting bird health. Abstract A feeding trial (35 days) was carried out to investigate the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall as a mycotoxin biodegradation agent on the performance, feed efficiency, carcass traits, and immunity response against diseases in broilers fed aflatoxin B1 contaminated diets. For this purpose, 200 one day old broilers were randomly allotted into four groups, each with five replicates (10 birds per replicate). Four starter and finisher experimental rations were formulated by using (A) 0, (B) 1.25, (C) 2.5, and (D) 3.75 g kg−1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Experimental diets were contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (100 ppb kg−1 diet). The experimental chicks were kept under standard managerial conditions, and the vaccination program was followed against infectious bursal disease (IBD), infectious bronchitis (IB), and Newcastle disease (ND) diseases. At the end of the feeding trial, carcass, organ weight, and blood samples were collected randomly to determine the carcass traits and antibody titer against ND and IBD viruses. Throughout the experiment, the addition of 3.75 g kg−1 of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall (Group-D) in feed resulted in the highest weight gain, final weight, feed intake, and the lowest FCR values followed by C group compared with the other groups. All carcass traits were significantly (p > 0.05) improved by increasing the inclusion levels of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in broiler diets. It could be concluded that the broiler diet supplemented with 2.5 or 3.75 g kg−1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a biodegrading agent resulted in improved growth performance, immunity activity and carcass traits, and supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae at these levels can be used effectively in broiler diets without negatively affecting bird health status.
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18
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Kövesi B, Cserháti M, Erdélyi M, Zándoki E, Mézes M, Balogh K. Lack of Dose- and Time-Dependent Effects of Aflatoxin B1 on Gene Expression and Enzymes Associated with Lipid Peroxidation and the Glutathione Redox System in Chicken. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020084. [PMID: 31991868 PMCID: PMC7076774 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on lipid peroxidation and glutathione system were investigated in chicken liver. In a three-week feeding trial, different doses (<1.0 μg/kg (control diet), 17.0 µg (diet A1), 92.0 µg (diet A2), and 182.0 µg (diet A3) AFB1 kg/feed) were used. Markers of lipid peroxidation, conjugated dienes and trienes showed higher values in A3, while amounts of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were increased in the A1 group at day 21. Glutathione content was lower at day 14 in Group A2. Glutathione peroxidase 4 activity was increased at days 7 and 21 in the A3 group but reduced in the A2 and A3 groups at day 14. The GPX4 gene was downregulated at day 7 in the A2 group, but overregulated at days 14 and 21, and at day 14 in the A3 group. GSS was downregulated at day 14 in the A1 group but overregulated at day 21 in A1 and A2 groups. GSR was downregulated at days 7 and 21 in all treatment groups, but on day 14, induction was observed in the A3 group. The results indicated that AFB1 did not induce dose- or time-dependent effects on the glutathione redox system and its encoding genes at the dose range used, which means that oxidative stress is not the primary effect of AFB1 toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjámin Kövesi
- Department of Nutrition, Szent István University, H-2103 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.K.); (M.E.); (K.B.)
| | - Mátyás Cserháti
- Department of Environmental Safety and Ecotoxicology, Szent István University, H-2103 Gödöllő, Hungary;
| | - Márta Erdélyi
- Department of Nutrition, Szent István University, H-2103 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.K.); (M.E.); (K.B.)
| | - Erika Zándoki
- MTA-KE-SZIE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár University, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
| | - Miklós Mézes
- Department of Nutrition, Szent István University, H-2103 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.K.); (M.E.); (K.B.)
- MTA-KE-SZIE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár University, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
- Correspondence:
| | - Krisztián Balogh
- Department of Nutrition, Szent István University, H-2103 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.K.); (M.E.); (K.B.)
- MTA-KE-SZIE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár University, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
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19
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Khanipour S, Mehri M, Bagherzadeh-Kasmani F, Maghsoudi A, Assadi Soumeh E. Excess dietary tryptophan mitigates aflatoxicosis in growing quails. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1462-1473. [PMID: 31407825 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A biological assay was carried out to evaluate the impact of dietary tryptophan (TRP) in aflatoxin B1 -contaminated diets (AFB1 -D) on performance, blood parameters, immunity, meat quality and microbial populations of intestine in Japanese quails. Six experimental diets were formulated to include two levels of dietary TRP; 2.9 (moderate high: MH-TRP) and 4.9 g/kg (excess: Ex-TRP); and three levels of AFB1 (0.0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/kg). Each experimental diet was fed to the one of the six groups of birds from 7 to 35 days of age in a completely randomized design with 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Decrease in feed intake, body weight gain and gain:feed in birds fed 5.0 mg/kg AFB1 -D was restored to the control level by 4.9 g TRP/kg of the diet. The hepatic enzymes in blood were elevated in quails fed on AFB1 -D but attenuated by 4.9 g TRP/kg of the diet (Ex-TRP; p ≤ .01). High serum uric acid in birds challenged with AFB1 significantly decreased by Ex-TRP (p ≤ .01). The skin thickness to 2,4-dinitro-1-chlorobenzene challenge suppressed by AFB1 but increased by Ex-TRP diet (p ≤ .02). The AFB1 increased the malondialdehyde in meat, whereas TRP efficiently diminished malondialdehyde production (p ≤ .01). The greatest drip loss and pH in meat were observed in the birds fed 5.0 mg/kg AFB1 -D but Ex-TRP augmented the adverse effects of AFB1 (p ≤ .01). The Ex-TRP reduced the total microbial and Escherichia coli counts (p ≤ .01). The adverse effect of AFB1 on ileal Lactic acid bacteria was completely prevented by Ex-TRP (p ≤ .03). This study showed that tryptophan supplementation could be considered as a powerful nutritional tool to ameliorate the adverse effects of AFB1 in growing quails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sousan Khanipour
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.,Department of Special Domestic Animals, Research Institute at the University of Zabol (RIUOZ), Zabol, Iran
| | - Mehran Mehri
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.,Department of Special Domestic Animals, Research Institute at the University of Zabol (RIUOZ), Zabol, Iran
| | - Farzad Bagherzadeh-Kasmani
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.,Department of Special Domestic Animals, Research Institute at the University of Zabol (RIUOZ), Zabol, Iran
| | - Ali Maghsoudi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.,Department of Special Domestic Animals, Research Institute at the University of Zabol (RIUOZ), Zabol, Iran
| | - Elham Assadi Soumeh
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Carter AC, King JB, Mattes AO, Cai S, Singh N, Cichewicz RH. Natural-Product-Inspired Compounds as Countermeasures against the Liver Carcinogen Aflatoxin B 1. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:1694-1703. [PMID: 31136174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) ranks among the most potent liver carcinogens known, and the accidental or intentional exposure of humans and livestock to this toxin remains a serious global threat. One protective measure that had been proposed is employing small-molecule therapeutics capable of mitigating the toxicity of AfB1; however, to date, these efforts have had little clinical success. To identify molecular scaffolds that reduce the toxicity of AfB1, we developed a cell-based high-throughput high-content imaging assay that enabled our team to test natural products (pure compounds, fractions, and extracts) for protection of monolayers and spheroids composed of HepG2 liver cells against AfB1. The spheroid assay showed notable potential for further development, as it afforded greater sensitivity of HepG2 cells to AfB1, which is believed to better mimic the in vivo response of hepatocytes to the toxin. One of the most bioactive compounds to arise from this investigation was alternariol-9-methyl ether (1, purified from an Alternaria sp. isolate), which inspired the synthesis and testing of several structurally related molecules. Based on these findings, it is proposed that several types of natural and synthetic polyarene molecules that have undergone oxidative functionalization (e.g., compounds containing 3-methoxyphenol moieties) are promising starting points for the development of new agents that protect against AfB1 toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Carter
- Natural Products Discovery Group, Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center , University of Oklahoma , 101 Stephenson Parkway , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
| | - Jarrod B King
- Natural Products Discovery Group, Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center , University of Oklahoma , 101 Stephenson Parkway , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
| | - Allison O Mattes
- Natural Products Discovery Group, Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center , University of Oklahoma , 101 Stephenson Parkway , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
| | - Shengxin Cai
- Natural Products Discovery Group, Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center , University of Oklahoma , 101 Stephenson Parkway , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
| | - Narender Singh
- CFD Research Corporation , 701 McMillian Way, Suite D , Huntsville , Alabama 35806 , United States
| | - Robert H Cichewicz
- Natural Products Discovery Group, Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center , University of Oklahoma , 101 Stephenson Parkway , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
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21
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Bischoff K, Rumbeiha WK. Pet Food Recalls and Pet Food Contaminants in Small Animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2018; 48:917-931. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Omid K, Amirali S, Ahmad K. N-Acetyl cysteine improves performance, reproduction, antioxidant status, immunity and maternal antibody transmission in breeder Japanese quail under heat stress condition. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Liu N, Wang JQ, Liu ZY, Chen YK, Wang JP. Effect of cysteamine hydrochloride supplementation on the growth performance, enterotoxic status, and glutathione turnover of broilers fed aflatoxin B1 contaminated diets. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3594-3600. [PMID: 29850917 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of cysteamine hydrochloride (CSH) supplementation on the growth performance, opportunistic bacteria and enterotoxic markers, visceral lesions, glutathione turnover, and inflammatory factors of broilers fed diets contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). One-day-old Arbor Acres broilers (n = 480) were randomly allocated to 4 treatments with 6 replicates of 20 chicks each for a 2 × 2 design with CSH (0 or 200 mg/kg) and AFB1 (0 or 40 μg/kg). The trial lasted for 42 d. Results showed that AFB1 negatively affected (P < 0.05) growth performance, opportunistic bacteria and enterotoxic markers, intestinal lesions, glutathione turnover, and inflammatory factors. The CSH increased (P < 0.05) feed intake and body weight gain. The enterotoxic status was relieved in the CSH treatments by reducing (P < 0.05) the populations of gut Escherichia coli, Gram-negative bacteria, serum diamine oxidase, and intestinal lesions. The CSH also increased (P < 0.05) serum reduced glutathione, glutathione s-transferases, and glutathione reductase, and decreased (P < 0.05) the mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β. Significant interactions (P < 0.05) were found on Gram-negative bacteria, diamine oxidase, and glutathione s-transferases. The results suggest that the CSH can improve glutathione turnover and reduce the risk of enterotoxic disease induced by AFB1 in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Liu
- Department of Animal Production, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - J Q Wang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Z Y Liu
- Department of Animal Production, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Y K Chen
- Department of Animal Production, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - J P Wang
- Department of Animal Production, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
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24
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Birnie-Gauvin K, Larsen MH, Aarestrup K, Willmore WG, Cooke SJ. N-acetylcysteine manipulation fails to elicit an increase in glutathione in a teleost model. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:137-142. [PMID: 28861643 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0419-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Levels of oxidative stress can be affected by a range of compounds including toxins and pharmaceuticals. Antioxidants are important protective compounds which counteract the damaging effects of oxidative stress. Glutathione (GSH) is one of the main antioxidants for many organisms and can be synthesized from administered N-acetylcysteine (NAC). NAC has therefore often been used in a wide range of taxa to manipulate levels of GSH. Our objective was to validate this approach in a wild temperate teleost fish model, the brown trout (Salmo trutta). We used intracoelomic injections of NAC in saline and vegetable shortening, at two different concentrations (100 and 400 mg/kg), with the appropriate controls and shams, under controlled laboratory settings. We found that NAC failed to elicit an increase in GSH over three time periods and concluded that NAC is not an effective method to enhance GSH levels in teleost fish using the concentrations and vehicles tested here. We emphasize the importance of validation studies across all new species/taxa when possible and suggest that more investigation is required with regard to NAC manipulation in fish if this approach is to be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Birnie-Gauvin
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
- DTU AQUA, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Section for Freshwater Fisheries Ecology, Technical University of Denmark, Vejlsøvej 39, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark.
| | - Martin H Larsen
- DTU AQUA, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Section for Freshwater Fisheries Ecology, Technical University of Denmark, Vejlsøvej 39, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
- Danish Centre for Wild Salmon, Brusgårdsvej 15, 8960, Randers, Denmark
| | - Kim Aarestrup
- DTU AQUA, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Section for Freshwater Fisheries Ecology, Technical University of Denmark, Vejlsøvej 39, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - William G Willmore
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
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25
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Limaye A, Yu RC, Chou CC, Liu JR, Cheng KC. Protective and Detoxifying Effects Conferred by Dietary Selenium and Curcumin against AFB1-Mediated Toxicity in Livestock: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E25. [PMID: 29301315 PMCID: PMC5793112 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), among other aflatoxins of the aflatoxin family, is the most carcinogenic and hazardous mycotoxin to animals and human beings with very high potency leading to aflatoxicosis. Selenium is an essential trace mineral possessing powerful antioxidant functions. Selenium is widely reported as an effective antioxidant against aflatoxicosis. By preventing oxidative liver damage, suppressing pro-apoptotic proteins and improving immune status in AFB1 affected animals; selenium confers specific protection against AFB1 toxicity. Meticulous supplementation of animal feed by elemental selenium in the organic and inorganic forms has proven to be effective to ameliorate AFB1 toxicity. Curcumin is another dietary agent of importance in tackling aflatoxicosis. Curcumin is one of the major active ingredients in the tubers of a spice Curcuma longa L., a widely reported antioxidant, anticarcinogenic agent with reported protective potential against aflatoxin-mediated liver damage. Curcumin restricts the aflatoxigenic potential of Aspergillusflavus. Curcumin inhibits cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, particularly CYP2A6 isoform; thereby reducing the formation of AFB1-8, 9-epoxide and other toxic metabolites causing aflatoxicosis. In this review, we have briefly reviewed important aflatoxicosis symptoms among animals. With the main focus on curcumin and selenium, we have reviewed their underlying protective mechanisms in different animals along with their extraction and production methods for feed applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Limaye
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Roch-Chui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Food Science Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Chun Chou
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Je-Ruei Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Chen Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Food Science Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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26
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Liu W, Rouzmehr F, Seidavi A. Effect of amount and duration of waste green tea powder on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood parameters, and lipid metabolites of growing broilers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:375-387. [PMID: 29039040 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0442-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study has evaluated the possible effect of waste powder of green tea (Camellia sinensis) in feed supplementation on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood parameters, and lipid metabolites of growing broilers (chicks) in both the amount and duration aspects of dietary additives during the finisher phases. In the experiment, growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood parameters, and lipid metabolites of broiler chicks have been fully recorded and explored. The diet of 271 day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks has been supplemented with 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00% (w/w) green tea powder in addition to normal feeding additives. The experiment lasted for 21 and 42 days, respectively, for each value of the green tea supplement and for separate groups of animals. Broiler feed has been supplemented with different levels of green tea powder to assess the trial effect and potential beneficial dose on selected growth performance, carcass characteristics, and blood parameters of broiler chicks. Although there are almost no differences of broiler parameters and characteristics measured from one point of view of single treatment factor (amount or duration), against the control groups during the three trial periods, the overall effect of amount and duration of feeding green tea powder is positive on growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood parameters, and lipid metabolites of growing broilers, although there are nearly no differences in some broiler parameters and characteristics. However, there are a remarkable interactive effect of amount and duration of different feeding levels of green tea powder and obvious differences observed in all the parameters and characteristics of growing broilers. Especially, usage of feeding green tea powder largely decreased the abdominal fat content and some lipid metabolites, including VLDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and AST of broiler chicks. While additional data are still needed to evaluate and analyze the optimum supplement feed doses, it can be concluded that dietary green tea is a positive feed supplementation to reduce abdominal fat and lipid metabolites and induce antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyi Liu
- Department of Science & Technology, Fuyang Normal University, Qing He West Road No. 100, Fuyang City, 236037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fariba Rouzmehr
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 41335-3516, Rasht, Iran
| | - Alireza Seidavi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 41335-3516, Rasht, Iran.
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27
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Mohajeri M, Behnam B, Cicero AFG, Sahebkar A. Protective effects of curcumin against aflatoxicosis: A comprehensive review. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3552-3577. [PMID: 29034472 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxicosis is a deleterious medical condition that results from aflatoxins (AFs) or ochratoxins (OTs). Contamination with these toxins exerts detrimental effects on the liver, kidneys, reproductive organs, and also on immunological and cardiovascular systems. Aflatoxicosis is closely associated with overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as key contributors to oxidative and nitrosative stress responses, and subsequent damages to lipids, proteins, RNA, and DNA. The main target organ for AF toxicity is the liver, where DNA adducts, degranulation of endoplasmic reticulum, increased hepatic lipid peroxide, GSH depletion, mitochondrial dysfunction, and reduction of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants are manifestations of aflatoxicosis. Curcuma longa L. (turmeric) is a medicinal plant widely utilized all over the world for culinary and phytomedical purposes. Considering the antioxidant characteristic of curcumin, the main active component of turmeric, this review is intended to critically summarize the available evidence supporting possible effectiveness of curcumin against aflatoxicosis. Curcumin can serve as a promising candidate for attenuation of the adverse consequences of aflatoxicosis, acting mainly through intrinsic antioxidant effects aroused from its structure, modulation of the immune system as reflected by interleukin-1β and transforming growth factor-β, and interfering with AF's biotransformation by cytochrome P450 isoenzymes CYP1A, CYP3A, CYP2A, CYP2B, and CYP2C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mohajeri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Behzad Behnam
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Arrigo F G Cicero
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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28
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Mughal MJ, Peng X, Kamboh AA, Zhou Y, Fang J. Aflatoxin B 1 Induced Systemic Toxicity in Poultry and Rescue Effects of Selenium and Zinc. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 178:292-300. [PMID: 28064414 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Among many challenges, exposure to aflatoxins, particularly aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), is one of the major concerns in poultry industry. AFB1 intoxication results in decreased meat/egg production, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, disturbance in gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and reproduction, immune suppression, and increased disease susceptibility. Selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn), in dietary supplementation, offer easy, cost-effective, and efficient ways to neutralize the toxic effect of AFB1. In the current review, we discussed the impact of AFB1 on poultry industry, its biotransformation, and organ-specific noxious effects, along with the action mechanism of AFB1-induced toxicity. Moreover, we explained the biological and detoxifying roles of Se and Zn in avian species as well as the protection mechanism of these two trace elements. Ultimately, we discussed the use of Se and Zn supplementation against AFB1-induced toxicity in poultry birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jameel Mughal
- Keys Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Asghar Ali Kamboh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Yi Zhou
- Life Science Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Fang
- Keys Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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29
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N -acetylcysteine improves the growth performance and intestinal function in the heat-stressed broilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Parveen F, Nizamani ZA, Gan F, Chen X, Shi X, Kumbhar S, Zeb A, Huang K. Protective effect of selenomethionine on aflatoxin B1-induced oxidative stress in MDCK cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 157:266-74. [PMID: 24425350 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-9887-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AFB1 is a mycotoxin which exerts their cytotoxicity through increasing oxidative damage in target organ. Kidney is one of target organs vulnerable to damage caused by AFB1. In this study, Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were used to evaluate the AFB1-induced cell damage by the MTT assay. The results revealed that the toxic effect of AFB1 on MDCK cells is both dose and time dependent. Half maximal toxic concentration (IC50) was noted at 0.25 μg/ml of AFB1. Further, protective effect of six different concentrations (0.2, 0.8, 1, 2, 4, and 8 μM) of selenomethionine (SeMet) was observed against 0.25 μg/ml of AFB1-induced damage. The results showed that 0.25 μg/ml of AFB1 caused significant increase in oxidative stress, which was demonstrated by significant increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) level, reduction of intracellular GSH level, as well as GPX1 activity and mRNA level in MDCK cells when compared with control. SeMet protected the cells from AFB1-induced oxidative damage in a dose-dependant manner. Good protection could be achieved between 1 and 4 μM of concentration. Amid this range, MDA level significantly decreased while intracellular GSH level and GPX1 activity in addition to mRNA level significantly increased. Moreover, cell viability was significantly improved. It could be concluded that SeMet is a potential antioxidative agent to alleviate AFB1-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmida Parveen
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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31
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Effect of Organic Acid Blends in Drinking Water on Growth Performance, Blood Constituents and Immune Response of Broiler Chickens. J Poult Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0120179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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32
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Poźniak B, Switała M, Bobrek K, Graczyk S, Dzimira S. Adverse effects associated with high-dose acetylsalicylic acid and sodium salicylate treatment in broilers. Br Poult Sci 2013; 53:777-83. [PMID: 23398422 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2012.745929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and sodium salicylate (SS) are considered safe for poultry and often used in avian medicine. However, information on tolerance and specific side effects of these drugs in birds is lacking. 2. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 14 d administration of high doses (200 or 400 mg/kg) of either ASA or SS on body weight gain, blood biochemistry, white and red blood cell counts and pathology in broilers. In addition, minimal plasma salicylate concentrations were determined on the 1st, 5th, 10th and 14th d of treatment. 3. The results showed that the dose of 400 mg/kg of either ASA or SS decreased weight gain and induced gizzard ulceration. Kidney to body weight ratio was increased in a dose-dependent manner, but serum concentrations of creatinine and uric acid were not affected. A time-dependent decrease in the minimal plasma salicylate concentration was evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Poźniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
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33
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Yang J, Bai F, Zhang K, Bai S, Peng X, Ding X, Li Y, Zhang J, Zhao L. Effects of feeding corn naturally contaminated with aflatoxin B1 and B2 on hepatic functions of broilers. Poult Sci 2012; 91:2792-801. [PMID: 23091134 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding corn naturally contaminated with aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) and aflatoxin B(2) (AFB(2)) on serum biochemical parameters, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities, and pathological lesions of broilers. In total, 1,200 Cobb male broilers were randomly allocated into 5 treatments, with 8 replicates per treatment and 30 birds per replicate, in a 42-d experiment. The dietary treatments were as follows: control, 25, 50, 75, and 100% contaminated corn groups. Results showed that serum aspartate aminotransferase activity in the 75 and 100% contaminated groups were higher than that in the control group on d 21 (P < 0.05). Decreased content of hepatic total protein and increased activities of hepatic glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase were observed as the percentage of contaminated corn increased (P < 0.05). The activity of superoxide dismutase and the content of hepatic malondialdehyde increased when the broilers were fed with more than 50% contaminated corn (P < 0.05). A reduction in glutathione peroxidase level was observed in the AFB(1)- and AFB(2)-contaminated groups on d 21 (P < 0.05). The average pathological lesion scores and apoptosis rate of liver cells increased as the concentration of dietary AFB(1) and AFB(2) increased. Ultrastructural changes were found in the livers of broilers fed 100% contaminated corn. In conclusion, diets containing AFB(1) and AFB(2) could induce pathological lesions in the livers, slightly change the serum biochemical parameters, and damage the hepatic antioxidant functions when the inclusion of AFB(1)- and AFB(2)-contaminated corn reached or exceeded 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
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34
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Bischoff K, Rumbeiha WK. Pet food recalls and pet food contaminants in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2012; 42:237-50, v. [PMID: 22381176 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Most pet foods are safe, but incidents of chemical contamination occur and lead to illness and recalls. There were 11 major pet food recalls in the United States between 1996 and 2010 that were due to chemical contaminants or misformulations: 3 aflatoxin, 3 excess vitamin D3, 1 excess methionine, 3 inadequate thiamine, and 1 adulteration with melamine and related compounds and an additional 2 warnings concerning a Fanconilike renal syndrome in dogs after ingesting large amounts of chicken jerky treat products. This article describes clinical findings and treatment of animals exposed to the most common pet food contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Bischoff
- New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Center, PO Box 5786, Room A2, 232, Ithaca, NY 13081, USA.
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35
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Yunus AW, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Bohm J. Aflatoxin B(1) in affecting broiler's performance, immunity, and gastrointestinal tract: a review of history and contemporary issues. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:566-90. [PMID: 22069726 PMCID: PMC3202846 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3060566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B(1) is a common contaminant of poultry feeds in tropical and subtropical climates. Research during the last five decades has well established the negative effects of the mycotoxin on health of poultry. However, the last ten years of relevant data have accentuated the potential of low levels of aflatoxin B(1) to deteriorate broiler performance. In this regard, any attempt to establish a dose-effect relationship between aflatoxin B(1) level and broiler performance is also complicated due to differences in types of broilers and length of exposure to the mycotoxin in different studies. Contrary to the prevalent notion regarding literature saturation with respect to aflatoxicosis of chicken, many areas of aflatoxicosis still need to be explored. Literature regarding effects of the mycotoxin on the gastrointestinal tract in this regard is particular scanty and non-conclusive. In addition to these issues, the metabolism of aflatoxin B(1) and recently proposed hypotheses regarding biphasic effects of the mycotoxin in broilers are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agha W. Yunus
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - E. Razzazi-Fazeli
- VetCore Facility for Research, Proteomics Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Josef Bohm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria;
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36
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Cardoso V, Castro I, Lima C, Lima M, Dorneles L, Direito G, Danelli M. Efficacy of piperine in reducing the effects of aflatoxin intoxication in broiler chickens: a preliminary report. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352011000200031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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37
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Martínez-de-Anda A, Valdivia A, Jaramillo-Juárez F, Reyes J, Ortiz R, Quezada T, de Luna M, Rodríguez M. Effects of aflatoxin chronic intoxication in renal function of laying hens. Poult Sci 2010; 89:1622-8. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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38
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Mézes M, Balogh K, Tóth K. Preventive and therapeutic methods against the toxic effects of mycotoxins - a review. Acta Vet Hung 2010; 58:1-17. [PMID: 20159734 DOI: 10.1556/avet.58.2010.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ingredients used in animal feeds and their contamination with undesirable substances, such as mycotoxins, are fundamentally important both in terms of the quality of animal products and the potential human health impacts associated with the animal-based food production chain. Feed ingredients contaminated with mycotoxins may have a wide range of toxicological effects on animals. Therefore, mycotoxin contamination of feed ingredients constituting complete feed products represents an important potential hazard in farm animal production. This review summarises the potential effects of some preventive methods used during the storage of cereal grains as well as of nutritive (e.g. antioxidants, amino acids, fats) or non-nutritive compounds (e.g. pharmacological substances, carbon- or silica-based polymers) and detoxifying enzymes recommended for use against the toxic effects of different mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Mézes
- 1 Szent István University Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences H-2103 Gödöllő Hungary
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39
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Lamberti I, Tanzarella C, Solinas I, Padula C, Mosiello L. An antibody-based microarray assay for the simultaneous detection of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1. Mycotoxin Res 2009; 25:193-200. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-009-0028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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40
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Dereszynski DM, Center SA, Randolph JF, Brooks MB, Hadden AG, Palyada KS, McDonough SP, Messick J, Stokol T, Bischoff KL, Gluckman S, Sanders SY. Clinical and clinicopathologic features of dogs that consumed foodborne hepatotoxic aflatoxins: 72 cases (2005–2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 232:1329-37. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.232.9.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kale SP, Cary JW, Hollis N, Wilkinson JR, Bhatnagar D, Yu J, Cleveland TE, Bennett JW. Analysis of aflatoxin regulatory factors in serial transfer-induced non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus parasiticus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 24:1061-9. [PMID: 17886178 DOI: 10.1080/02652030701564563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are carcinogenic secondary metabolites of Aspergillus parasiticus. In previous studies, non-toxigenic A. parasiticus sec- (for secondary metabolism negative) variants were generated through serial transfer of mycelia from their toxigenic sec+ (for secondary metabolism positive) parents for genetic and physiological analysis for understanding regulation of AF biosynthesis. Previous studies have shown no difference in the DNA sequence of aflR, a positive regulator of AF production, in the sec+ and sec- strains. In this study, AflJ, another positive regulator of AF production, laeA, a global regulator of secondary metabolism, and the intergenic region between aflR and aflJ, were analysed to determine if they play a role in establishment of the sec- phenotype. The study showed that while this sequence identity extended to the aflJ as well as the aflJ-aflR intergenic region, expression of aflR in the sec- strain was several fold lower than that observed in the sec+ strain, while aflJ expression was barely detectable in the sec- strain. Western blot analysis indicated that despite AflR protein being present in the sec- strain, no toxin production resulted. Introduction of a second copy of aflR into the sec- strain increased aflR expression, but did not restore AF production. Lastly, reverse transcription-PCR analysis revealed that laeA was expressed in both sec+ and sec- strains. These results suggest that although aflR, aflJ and laeA are necessary for AF production, they are not sufficient. We propose that the aflR and aflJ expression may be regulated by element(s) downstream from laeA or from pathways not influenced by laeA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Kale
- Department of Biology, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
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Abstract
Events such as BSE, foot and mouth disease and avian influenza illustrate the importance of animal health on a global basis. The only practical solution to deal with such problems has usually been mass culling of millions of animals at great effort and expense. Serious consideration needs to be given to nutrition as a practical solution for health maintenance and disease avoidance of animals raised for food. Health or disease derives from a triad of interacting factors; diet–disease agent, diet–host and disease agent–host. Various nutrients and other bioactive feed ingredients, nutricines, directly influence health by inhibiting growth of pathogens or by modulating pathogen virulence. It is possible to transform plant-based feed ingredients to produce vaccines against important diseases and these could be fed directly to animals. Nutrients and nutricines contribute to three major factors important in the diet–host interaction; maintenance of gastrointestinal integrity, support of the immune system and the modulation of oxidative stress. Nutrition-based health is the next challenge in modern animal production and will be important to maintain economic viability and also to satisfy consumer demands in terms of food quality, safety and price. This must be accomplished largely through nutritional strategies making optimum use of both nutrients and nutricines.
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Méndez-Albores A, Del Río-García J, Moreno-Martínez E. Decontamination of aflatoxin duckling feed with aqueous citric acid treatment. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zaghini A, Martelli G, Roncada P, Simioli M, Rizzi L. Mannanoligosaccharides and aflatoxin B1 in feed for laying hens: effects on egg quality, aflatoxins B1 and M1 residues in eggs, and aflatoxin B1 levels in liver. Poult Sci 2005; 84:825-32. [PMID: 15971517 DOI: 10.1093/ps/84.6.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ninety-six laying hens were allocated to 4 groups and fed diets (control diet (0-0), diet supplemented with 2.5 ppm aflatoxin B1 (0-AF); diet supplemented with 0.11% mannanoligosaccharide (MOS-0); diet supplemented with 0.11% MOS and 2.5 ppm aflatoxin B1 (MOS-AF) for 4 wk to evaluate the effect of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), mannanoligosaccharide (MOS), or both on egg quality and the in vivo efficacy of MOS to interact with an oral administration of AFB1. After 2 and 3 wk, egg weight decreased (P < 0.05) in the group fed MOS-0 versus groups on 0-0 and 0-AF. Egg shell weight was lower (P < 0.05) in the group fed 0-AF. Aflatoxin influenced color parameters, which were probably related to interference of AFB1 with lipid metabolism and pigmentary substances deposition in yolk. MOS appeared to increase protein percentage in albumen. No AFB1 or aflatoxin M1 (AFM1; a polar metabolite of AFB1) residues were found in eggs of the experimental groups. Livers from groups 0-0 and MOS-0 always tested negative for AFB1 and AFM1. Differences (P < 0.01) were found between AFB1 hepatic levels of group 0-AF (mean +/- SD: 4.13 +/- 1.95 ppb) and group MOS-AF (mean +/- SD: 2.21 +/- 1.37 ppb). The data demonstrated the ability of MOS to adsorb and degrade AFB1, reducing gastrointestinal absorption of AFB1 and its levels in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaghini
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Patologia Animale, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
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Tedesco D, Steidler S, Galletti S, Tameni M, Sonzogni O, Ravarotto L. Efficacy of silymarin-phospholipid complex in reducing the toxicity of aflatoxin B1 in broiler chicks. Poult Sci 2004; 83:1839-43. [PMID: 15554059 DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.11.1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Silymarin, the standardized extract of Silybum marianum, is used as a hepatoprotector in man, and is a potent antihepatotoxic agent. This study focused on the effects of a silymarin-phospholipid complex in reducing the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in broiler chickens. Twenty-one 14-d-old male commercial broilers were randomly allotted to 3 groups and treated as follows: basal diet alone [Group C (Control)]; AFB1 at 0.8 mg/kg of feed [Group B1]; AFB1 at 0.8 mg/kg of feed plus silymarin phytosome, a silymarin complexed form with phospholipids from soy, at 600 mg/kg of BW [Group B1+Sil]. Considering the whole growth cycle, BW gain and feed intake were lower in AFB1-treated birds with respect to controls (P < 0.05). In the B1+Sil group, BW gain and feed intake were higher with respect to birds receiving AFB1 alone (P < 0.05), and not different from the control birds. Serum biochemistry showed no difference among groups, except for a decrease of alanine amino transferase (ALT) in chicks treated only with AFB1. Alanine amino transferase activity in AFB1 plus silymarin phytosome treated birds was not different from the controls. No treatment differences were noted on liver weight. In conclusion, our results suggest that silymarin phytosome can provide protection against the negative effects of AFB1 on performance of broiler chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tedesco
- Department of Veterinary Science and Technology for Food Safety, Via Celoria, 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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