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Berger ML, Shaw SD, Rolsky C, Harris JH, Guo Y, Kannan K. Occurrence and tissue-specific partitioning of alternative brominated flame retardants in northwest Atlantic harbor seal pups (Phoca vitulina vitulina). CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 318:137968. [PMID: 36708778 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used for decades until evidence of negative health effects led to bans in many countries. PBDEs have since been replaced by alternative legacy compounds or newly developed chemicals. In this study, eight alternative brominated flame retardants were analyzed in blubber and liver of harbor seal pups (≤6 months) from the Northwest Atlantic collected during 2001-2010 to elucidate concentrations, patterns, contamination trends, potential maternal transfer, and tissue partitioning. All compounds were detected in liver and blubber tissues with hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) isomers and 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) predominating. Overall, α-HBCD was the dominant HBCD isomer in both tissues although the concentrations of γ-HBCD exceeded those of α-HBCD in seven pups, indicating their mothers may have had alternative dietary patterns or recent exposure to the commercial mixture. Although it was detected in less than half of the samples, to our knowledge, this is the first study to report tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) concentrations in multiple tissues of a top marine predator. For the brominated components of Firemaster® flame retardants, TBB concentrations exceeded bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH). This pattern may result from recent exposure to commercial mixtures in which TBB exceeds TBPH 4:1 or from differences in perinatal or lactational transfer efficiency of the two compounds. Between the two tissues, lipid-normalized β-HBCD, γ-HBCD, TBB and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) concentrations were significantly higher in liver than blubber. This indicates that the bioaccumulation of these chemicals is not simply related to lipid dynamics but may be linked to blood proteins. This study demonstrates that harbor seal pups from this region are contaminated with alternative flame retardants passed to them via placental or lactational transfer. Given the evidence for negative health effects of these chemicals, this contamination adds additional pressure on the first year survival of these young, developing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Berger
- Shaw Institute, Blue Hill Research Center, 55 Main Street, Blue Hill, ME, 04614, USA.
| | - Susan D Shaw
- Shaw Institute, Blue Hill Research Center, 55 Main Street, Blue Hill, ME, 04614, USA
| | - Charles Rolsky
- Shaw Institute, Blue Hill Research Center, 55 Main Street, Blue Hill, ME, 04614, USA
| | - Jennifer H Harris
- Shaw Institute, Blue Hill Research Center, 55 Main Street, Blue Hill, ME, 04614, USA
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, 698 MSB 6th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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2
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Lupton SJ, Pfaff C, Singh A, Chakrabarty S, Hakk H. Bioavailability of non-aromatic brominated flame retardants in rats from dust and oil vehicles. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 218:114853. [PMID: 36403649 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant (BFR) labeled by the Stockholm Convention as a persistent organic pollutant (POP) and exists primarily as three stereoisomers, i.e. α-, β-, and γ. One of the major routes of human exposure to HBCD is dust found in homes, offices, and cars and dust may be the most important route of HBCD exposure in young children. A study was conducted to determine the oral bioavailability of HBCD from household dust in rats over a 21-d feeding period relative to HBCD bioavailability from a corn oil matrix. Twenty-four hours after the last exposure, rats were sacrificed, and various tissues were collected. HBCD diastereomers were detected in adipose, blood, and liver of both dose groups, suggesting HBCD is bioavailable from both oil and dust. β-HBCD concentrations were below the limit of detection in all tissues, but α-HBCD was detected in the brain of oil-dose rats and in adipose and liver of both dose groups. γ-HBCD was the dominant diastereomer in adipose, blood, and liver samples regardless of dosing matrix. Except for γ-HBCD in muscle of the oil-dosed group, muscle did not contain measurable HBCDs. Adipose tissue accumulated HBCD to a greater extent than muscle or liver, having bioaccumulation factors greater than 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Lupton
- USDA-ARS Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, 1616 Albrecht Blvd N, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA.
| | - Colleen Pfaff
- USDA-ARS Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, 1616 Albrecht Blvd N, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Anuradha Singh
- USDA-ARS Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, 1616 Albrecht Blvd N, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Shubhashis Chakrabarty
- USDA-ARS Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, 1616 Albrecht Blvd N, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Heldur Hakk
- USDA-ARS Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, 1616 Albrecht Blvd N, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
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3
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Smythe TA, Su G, Bergman Å, Letcher RJ. Metabolic transformation of environmentally-relevant brominated flame retardants in Fauna: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 161:107097. [PMID: 35134713 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, production trends of the flame retardant (FR) industry, and specifically for brominated FRs (BFRs), is for the replacement of banned and regulated compounds with more highly brominated, higher molecular weight compounds including oligomeric and polymeric compounds. Chemical, biological, and environmental stability of BFRs has received some attention over the years but knowledge is currently lacking in the transformation potential and metabolism of replacement emerging or novel BFRs (E/NBFRs). For articles published since 2015, a systematic search strategy reviewed the existing literature on the direct (e.g., in vitro or in vivo) non-human BFR metabolism in fauna (animals). Of the 51 papers reviewed, and of the 75 known environmental BFRs, PBDEs were by far the most widely studied, followed by HBCDDs and TBBPA. Experimental protocols between studies showed large disparities in exposure or incubation times, age, sex, depuration periods, and of the absence of active controls used in in vitro experiments. Species selection emphasized non-standard test animals and/or field-collected animals making comparisons difficult. For in vitro studies, confounding variables were generally not taken into consideration (e.g., season and time of day of collection, pollution point-sources or human settlements). As of 2021 there remains essentially no information on the fate and metabolic pathways or kinetics for 30 of the 75 environmentally relevant E/BFRs. Regardless, there are clear species-specific and BFR-specific differences in metabolism and metabolite formation (e.g. BDE congeners and HBCDD isomers). Future in vitro and in vivo metabolism/biotransformation research on E/NBFRs is required to better understand their bioaccumulation and fate in exposed organisms. Also, studies should be conducted on well characterized lab (e.g., laboratory rodents, zebrafish) and commonly collected wildlife species used as captive models (crucian carp, Japanese quail, zebra finches and polar bears).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan A Smythe
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Guanyong Su
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Åke Bergman
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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4
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Emond C, DeVito MJ, Birnbaum LS. A PBPK model describing the pharmacokinetics of γ-HBCD exposure in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 428:115678. [PMID: 34390738 PMCID: PMC8674938 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The brominated flame retardant, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), is added-but not bound-to consumer products and is eventually found in the environment and human tissues. Commercial-grade HBCD mixtures contain three major stereoisomers, alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ), that are typically at a ratio of 12%:6%:82%, respectively. Although HBCD is widely used, the toxicological effects from its exposure in humans are not clearly understood. Using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model could help improve our understanding of the toxicity of HBCD. The aim of this work was to develop a PBPK model, consisting of five permeability limited compartments (i.e., brain, liver, adipose tissue, blood, and rest of the body), to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of γ-HBCD in C57BL/6 mice. Physiological parameters related to body size, organ weights, and blood flow were taken from the literature. All partition coefficients were calculated based on the log Kow. The elimination in urine and feces was optimized to reflect the percent dose eliminated, as published in the literature. Compared with data from the literature for brain, liver, blood, and adipose tissue, the model simulations accurately described the mouse data set within 1.5-fold of the data points. Also, two examples showing the utility of the PBPK model supplement the information regarding the internal dose that caused the health effects observed during these studies. Although this version of the PBPK model expressly describes γ-HBCD, more efforts are needed to clarify and improve the model to discriminate between the α, β, and γ stereoisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Emond
- BioSimulation Consulting Inc., Newark, DE, USA; School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Michael J DeVito
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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5
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Feiteiro J, Mariana M, Cairrão E. Health toxicity effects of brominated flame retardants: From environmental to human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117475. [PMID: 34087639 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP-A) are brominated flame retardants widely used in variety of industrial and consumer products (e.g., automobiles, electronics, furniture, textiles and plastics) to reduce flammability. HBCD and TBBPA can also contaminate the environment, mainly water, dust, air and soil, from which human exposure occurs. This constant exposure has raised some concerns against human health. These compounds can act as endocrine disruptors, a property that gives them the ability to interfere with hormonal function and quantity, when HBCD and TBBPA bind target tissues in the body. Studies in human and animals suggest a correlation between HBCD and TBBPA exposure and adverse health outcomes, namely thyroid disorders, neurobehavior and development disorders, reproductive health, immunological, oncological and cardiovascular diseases. However, in humans these effects are still poorly understood, once only a few data evaluated the human health effects. Thus, the purpose of this review is to present the toxicity effects of HBCD and TBBPA and how these compounds affect the environment and health, resorting to data and knowledge of 255 published papers from 1979 to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Feiteiro
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; FCS-UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Melissa Mariana
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Elisa Cairrão
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; FCS-UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Wallace H, Benford D, Fürst P, Rose M, Ioannidou S, Nikolič M, Bordajandi LR, Vleminckx C. Update of the risk assessment of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in food. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06421. [PMID: 33732387 PMCID: PMC7938899 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update its 2011 risk assessment on hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in food. HBCDDs, predominantly mixtures of the stereoisomers α-, β- and γ-HBCDD, were widely used additive flame retardants. Concern has been raised because of the occurrence of HBCDDs in the environment, food and in humans. Main targets for toxicity are neurodevelopment, the liver, thyroid hormone homeostasis and the reproductive and immune systems. The CONTAM Panel concluded that the neurodevelopmental effects on behaviour in mice can be considered the critical effects. Based on effects on spontaneous behaviour in mice, the Panel identified a lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of 0.9 mg/kg body weight (bw) as the Reference Point, corresponding to a body burden of 0.75 mg/kg bw. The chronic intake that would lead to the same body burden in humans was calculated to be 2.35 μg/kg bw per day. The derivation of a health-based guidance value (HBGV) was not considered appropriate. Instead, the margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied to assess possible health concerns. Over 6,000 analytical results for HBCDDs in food were used to estimate the exposure across dietary surveys and age groups of the European population. The most important contributors to the chronic dietary LB exposure to HBCDDs were fish meat, eggs, livestock meat and poultry. The CONTAM Panel concluded that the resulting MOE values support the conclusion that current dietary exposure to HBCDDs across European countries does not raise a health concern. An exception is breastfed infants with high milk consumption, for which the lowest MOE values may raise a health concern.
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7
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Vorkamp K, Castaño A, Antignac JP, Boada LD, Cequier E, Covaci A, Esteban López M, Haug LS, Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Koch HM, Pérez Luzardo O, Osīte A, Rambaud L, Pinorini MT, Sabbioni G, Thomsen C. Biomarkers, matrices and analytical methods targeting human exposure to chemicals selected for a European human biomonitoring initiative. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106082. [PMID: 33227583 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The major purpose of human biomonitoring is the mapping and assessment of human exposure to chemicals. The European initiative HBM4EU has prioritized seven substance groups and two metals relevant for human exposure: Phthalates and substitutes (1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester, DINCH), bisphenols, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), halogenated and organophosphorous flame retardants (HFRs and OPFRs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), arylamines, cadmium and chromium. As a first step towards comparable European-wide data, the most suitable biomarkers, human matrices and analytical methods for each substance group or metal were selected from the scientific literature, based on a set of selection criteria. The biomarkers included parent compounds of PFASs and HFRs in serum, of bisphenols and arylamines in urine, metabolites of phthalates, DINCH, OPFRs and PAHs in urine as well as metals in blood and urine, with a preference to measure Cr in erythrocytes representing Cr (VI) exposure. High performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was the method of choice for bisphenols, PFASs, the HFR hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), phenolic HFRs as well as the metabolites of phthalates, DINCH, OPFRs and PAHs in urine. Gas chromatographic (GC) methods were selected for the remaining compounds, e.g. GC-low resolution MS with electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) for HFRs. Both GC-MS and LC-MS/MS were suitable for arylamines. New developments towards increased applications of GC-MS/MS may offer alternatives to GC-MS or LC-MS/MS approaches, e.g. for bisphenols. The metals were best determined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-MS, with the particular challenge of avoiding interferences in the Cd determination in urine. The evaluation process revealed research needs towards higher sensitivity and non-invasive sampling as well as a need for more stringent quality assurance/quality control applications and assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Vorkamp
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Denmark.
| | - Argelia Castaño
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, National Centre for Environmental Health, Spain.
| | | | - Luis D Boada
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Institute for Biomedical and Health Research, Spain.
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Centre, Belgium.
| | - Marta Esteban López
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, National Centre for Environmental Health, Spain.
| | - Line S Haug
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway.
| | - Monika Kasper-Sonnenberg
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-University, Germany.
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-University, Germany.
| | - Octavio Pérez Luzardo
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Institute for Biomedical and Health Research, Spain.
| | - Agnese Osīte
- University of Latvia, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Latvia.
| | - Loïc Rambaud
- Santé Publique France, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, France.
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Shin ES, Jeong Y, Barghi M, Seo SH, Kwon SY, Chang YS. Internal distribution and fate of persistent organic contaminants (PCDD/Fs, DL-PCBs, HBCDs, TBBPA, and PFASs) in a Bos Taurus. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115306. [PMID: 32858435 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While terrestrial organisms such as livestock are consumed regularly, studies of internal distribution and bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been focused more on aquatic organisms. In this study, we have assessed the internal distribution and fate of legacy (PCDD/Fs and PCBs) and emerging POPs (HBCDs and PFASs), and TBBPA in 42 tissues of a Bos Taurus. PCDD/Fs, DL-PCBs, and HBCDs were found 3, 4, and 4-fold higher in the lipid-rich organs (subcutaneous fat, visceral fat, large intestine) compared to the remaining organs and muscles, owing to their hydrophobic properties. The TBBPA concentration in the excrement was 36-fold higher compared to the average tissues, suggesting a short internal half-life of TBBPA. Among PFASs, PFUnDA displayed 98% contribution from all ionic PFASs in the tissues due to its strong binding affinity, high exposure via feed and water, and increasing emergence of PFUnDA and its precursors in the Southeast Asian countries. While our study suggests that, at the moment, there is no significant health risks to the general Korean population, the future changes in environmental exposure as well as the internal dynamics and fate of various POPs species should be kept in mind when consuming various parts of livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Su Shin
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Nam-gu, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuna Jeong
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Nam-gu, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Mandana Barghi
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Nam-gu, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Seo
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Nam-gu, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Yun Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Nam-gu, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Nam-gu, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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Mukai Y, Goto A, Tashiro Y, Tanabe S, Kunisue T. Coastal biomonitoring survey on persistent organic pollutants using oysters (Saccostrea mordax) from Okinawa, Japan: Geographical distribution and polystyrene foam as a potential source of hexabromocyclododecanes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:140049. [PMID: 32758951 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study determined contamination levels of POPs, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), chlordane compounds (CHLs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), in oysters (Saccostrea mordax) collected throughout the seacoast of Okinawa, Japan and their geographic distribution. PCBs, DDTs, CHLs, PBDEs and HBCDs were detected in almost all the oyster samples analyzed and higher concentrations of PCBs, DDTs and CHLs were found in oysters from southwestern populated areas. On the other hand, HBCDs in oysters showed similar levels throughout Okinawa and the highest concentration in a northern rural site with less human and industrial activities, although oyster concentrations of PBDEs were relatively lower. When POPs in expanded polystyrene (EPS) buoys and polystyrene foam debris floated and drifted on coastal seawater were analyzed, extremely high concentrations of HBCDs were detected in some of these EPS buoys and polystyrene foam debris but other POPs were below the limit of detection in all the samples. To evaluate the specific exposure route of HBCDs for oysters, we further analyzed HBCD diastereomers, and PCB congeners by way of comparison, in seawater and sediment samples collected at an urban site and a rural site and estimated their biota (oyster)-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) and bioaccumulation factors (BAF). Interestingly, the highest log BAF values were found for α-HBCD despite its lower log Kow than those of γ-HBCD and PCB congeners, although log BSAF values for HBCDs were lower than those for PCBs. Considering that α-HBCD was detected in a few polystyrene foam samples as the predominant diastereomer, oysters inhabiting the coastal region of Okinawa might be frequently exposed to micronized polystyrene foam particles containing HBCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukino Mukai
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Goto
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tashiro
- Meio University, 1220-1 Bimata, Nago, Okinawa 905-8585, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
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10
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Wang J, Li J, Shi Z. Dietary exposure assessment of a nursing mother-infant cohort to legacy and novel brominated flame retardants: Results of a 3-day duplicate diet study in Beijing, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126843. [PMID: 32339796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In a 3-day duplicate diet study of a nursing mother-infant cohort (n = 20), the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), and 5 novel brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were measured in 60 24-h duplicate diet samples and 20 breast milk samples provided by the mothers. The dietary BFR intake and related health risks of the mothers and their babies due to food consumption or human milk ingestion were subsequently assessed. At median concentrations of 284, 264 and 177 pg/g wet weight (ww) in the diet, decabrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-209), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and HBCDD were predominant among the total BFRs. In human milk, HBCDD was the most abundant BFR, followed by BDE-209 and DBDPE, which indicates that BDE-209 and HBCDD have remained ubiquitous in the environment because of their continuous production and use in China. Meanwhile, concentrations of DBDPE were comparative to those of PBDEs and HBCDD in both diet and human milk, and DBDPE also had much higher concentrations than any other NBFRs, which indicates that the BFR consumption pattern in China is shifting from legacy BFRs to NBFRs. The median estimated dietary intakes (EDIs) of BDE-209, HBCDD and DBDPE for the mothers were 6.83, 3.73 and 5.44 ng/kg bw/day, respectively, and EDIs for their nursing babies were 24.7, 41.9 and 7.83 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. The nursing infants showed higher BFR body burden than the mothers. However, the EDIs obtained for both mothers and their babies discloses a low health risk to this mother-infant cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandi Wang
- Shunyi Maternal and Children's Hospital of Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 110113, China; School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Dongcheng District Administration Center of Community Health Service, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Gravel S, Aubin S, Labrèche F. Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Organic Flame Retardants: A Systematic Review. Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 63:386-406. [PMID: 30852590 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flame retardants (FRs) are widespread in common goods, and workers in some industries can be exposed to high concentrations. Numerous studies describe occupational exposure to FRs, but the diversity of methods and of reported results renders their interpretation difficult for researchers, occupational hygienists, and decision makers. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this paper are to compile and summarize the scientific knowledge on occupational exposure to FRs as well as to identify research gaps and to formulate recommendations. METHODS Five databases were consulted for this systematic literature review (Embase, Medline [Pubmed], Global health, Web of Science, and Google Scholar), with terms related to occupational exposure and to FRs. Selected studies report quantitative measurements of exposure to organic FRs in a workplace, either in air, dust, or in workers' biological fluids. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses statement guidelines were followed. RESULTS The search yielded 1540 published articles, of which 58 were retained. The most frequently sampled FRs were polybrominated diphenyl ethers and novel brominated FRs. Offices and electronic waste recycling facilities were the most studied occupational settings, and the highest reported exposures were found in the latter, as well as in manufacturing of printed circuit boards, in aircrafts, and in firefighters. There were recurrent methodological issues, such as unstandardized and ill-described air and dust sampling, as well as deficient statistical analyses. CONCLUSIONS This review offers several recommendations. Workplaces such as electronic waste recycling or manufacturing of electronics as well as firefighters and aircraft personnel should be granted more attention from researchers and industrial hygienists. Methodical and standardized occupational exposure assessment approaches should be employed, and data analysis and reporting should be more systematic. Finally, more research is needed on newer chemical classes of FRs, on occupational exposure pathways, and on airborne FR particle distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Gravel
- Scientific Division, Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST).,505 Boulevard de Maisonneuve O, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3A 3C2 Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, chemin de la Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Aubin
- Scientific Division, Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST)
| | - France Labrèche
- Scientific Division, Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST).,505 Boulevard de Maisonneuve O, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3A 3C2 Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, chemin de la Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, QC, Canada
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12
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Huang M, Li J, Xiao Z, Shi Z. Tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecane isomers in breast milk from the general population in Beijing, China: Contamination levels, temporal trends, nursing infant's daily intake, and risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125524. [PMID: 31812044 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two currently used brominated flame retardants (BFRs), α, β, γ-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), were measured in 111 breast milk samples from 37 Beijing mothers. Each mother provided one milk sample per month for 3 months. HBCDD was detected in almost all samples, and the median level reached 5.67 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw). α- HBCDD was the most abundant isomer (median: 4.23 ng g-1 lw), followed by γ- and β-HBCDD. For TBBPA, a relatively lower detecting frequency (64%) and contamination level (median: 1.57 ng g-1 lw) were obtained. A comparison to our previous study revealed that the occurrence of TBBPA and HBCDD in Beijing human milk significantly rose from 2011 to 2014, whereas another commonly used class of BFRs, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), showed significantly decreased during this period. However, a comparison among currently used BFRs showed that levels of some BFRs, such as HBCDD, surpassed those of PBDEs, which indicated that PBDEs were no longer the primarily used BFR in China. However, no significant temporal trends for BFR levels were observed over the 3 months of lactation. Daily intakes of TBBPA and HBCDD were calculated for nursing infants and the median TBBPA and HBCDD intakes via breastfeeding were 6.62 and 26.4 ng kg-1 bw day-1, respectively. These values were several times higher than those for adults via food consumption. However, risk assessment using the margin of exposure approach indicated that intakes of TBBPA and HBCDD via breastfeeding can scarcely cause significant health risks to infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morong Huang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Dongcheng District Administration Center of Community Health Service, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Zhongxin Xiao
- Core Facility Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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13
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Cho JH, Lee S, Jeon H, Kim AH, Lee W, Lee Y, Yang S, Yun J, Jung YS, Lee J. Tetrabromobisphenol A-Induced Apoptosis in Neural Stem Cells Through Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:74-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Brandon AM, El Abbadi SH, Ibekwe UA, Cho YM, Wu WM, Criddle CS. Fate of Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), A Common Flame Retardant, In Polystyrene-Degrading Mealworms: Elevated HBCD Levels in Egested Polymer but No Bioaccumulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:364-371. [PMID: 31804807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
As awareness of the ubiquity and magnitude of plastic pollution has increased, so has interest in the long term fate of plastics. To date, however, the fate of potentially toxic plastic additives has received comparatively little attention. In this study, we investigated the fate of the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in polystyrene (PS)-degrading mealworms and in mealworm-fed shrimp. Most of the commercial HBCD consumed by the mealworms was egested in frass within 24 h (1-log removal) with nearly a 3-log removal after 48 h. In mealworms fed PS containing high HBCD levels, only 0.27 ± 0.10%, of the ingested HBCD remained in the mealworm body tissue. This value did not increase over the course of the experiment, indicating little or no bioaccumulation. Additionally, no evidence of higher trophic level bioaccumulation or toxicity was observed when L. vannamei (Pacific whiteleg shrimp) were fed mealworm biomass grown with PS containing HBCD. Differences in shrimp survival were attributable to the fraction of mealworm biomass incorporated into the diet, not HBCD. We conclude that the environmental effects of PS ingestion need further evaluation as the generation of smaller, more contaminated particles is possible, and may contribute to toxicity at nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Malawi Brandon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sahar H El Abbadi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Uwakmfon A Ibekwe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yeo-Myoung Cho
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Wei-Min Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Craig S Criddle
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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15
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Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD): A case study applying tiered testing for human health risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Jin Y, Shang Y, Zhang D, An J, Pan D. Hexabromocyclododecanes promoted autophagy through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in L02 cells. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 244:77-82. [PMID: 31108313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As additive brominated flame retardants, hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are being widely used in diverse artificial materials and products, including thermal insulation building materials, housings of electronic equipment, and upholstery textiles. Toxicology studies have shown that HBCDs exposure are closely related to hepatotoxicity and liver diseases. The present study is designed to explore how HBCDs affect cell apoptosis and autophagy process in a human hepatocyte cell line (L02) and to reveal the underline molecular mechanisms. Firstly, HBCDs could elevate the apoptosis rate of L02 cells dose-dependently. Three apoptosis related proteins (apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (Apaf-1), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3 (caspase-3) and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 9 (caspase-9)) were observed to be up-regulated using western blotting method. Autophagy process was also started by HBCDs in L02 cells as indicated by the increased expressions of LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (LC3-II) and other autophagic protein markers (Beclin-1, autophagy related protein 3 (Atg3), autophagy related protein 5 (Atg5), autophagy related protein 7 (Atg7) and autophagy related protein 16L1(Atg16L1)). The results of the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) intracellular localization and fluorescence intensity further evidenced the activation of autophagy in L02 cells after treated with HBCDs. In addition, phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) pathway was activated in L02 cells by HBCDs, suggested by the increased expressions of related proteins. The inhibitors of PI3K (LY294002), DNA-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) (NU7441), Akt (MK2206), and mTOR (KU0063794) could obviously reduce the autophagic proteins prompted by HBCDs. The fluorescence intensities of GFP-LC3 transfected L02 cells were also decreased significantly after the application of these inhibitors. These results indicated that PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway was participated in regulating autophagy process promoted by HBCDs. In above, HBCDs could induce mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis and autophagy in L02 cells, which was modulated by PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Jin
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yu Shang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Dongping Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jing An
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Dongyan Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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17
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Rat strain response differences upon exposure to technical or alpha hexabromocyclododecane. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 130:284-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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18
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Lee CC, Chang WH, Chen HL. Dietary exposure and risk assessment of exposure to hexabromocyclododecanes in a Taiwan population. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 249:728-734. [PMID: 30933770 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is commonly used in commercial products and factories. HBCDs can be detected in the air, bioaccumulated deposits, water, soil, sediments, and in biota and foodstuffs in the food-chain because they are not chemically bound to the polymer. We determined the levels of α-, β-, and γ-HBCDs in 270 foodstuffs and the doses of HBCDs Taiwanese are normally exposed to. We also wanted to create a strategy of risk management for HBCDs based on margins of exposure (MOE). HBCDs were frequently detectible in fish, seafood, and poultry. Their highest concentrations were in fish, oil, poultry, and livestock. The highest estimated daily intake was in 0- to 3-year-olds (1.576 ng/kg/day), and lower in 3- to 6- (1.064 ng/kg/day), 6- to 12- (0.899 ng/kg/day), and lowest in 12- to 16- (0.632 ng/kg/day) year-olds. The exposure doses to HBCDs indicated no health concern for Taiwanese. Except for fish, significant concentrations of α- and γ-HBCDs were detected in many other foodstuffs, which might indicate that exposure to HBCD is a relatively recent problem. Therefore, one goal of a management policy should be to follow-up the flow direction of HBCDs in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chang Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiang Chang
- Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ling Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
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19
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Wang J, Zhao X, Wang Y, Shi Z. Tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecane isomers and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in foodstuffs from Beijing, China: Contamination levels, dietary exposure and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 666:812-820. [PMID: 30818205 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs) are three legacy brominated flame retardants (BFRs); however, they are still produced and used in China. In this study, these three BFRs were measured in commonly consumed animal-based and plant-based foodstuffs from Beijing, China, and the dietary intakes of these BFRs by adults in Beijing were estimated to assess the related health concerns. The median levels of TBBPA in animal-based foodstuffs ranged from <LOD to 8.03 ng/g lipid weight (lw), whereas those in all the plant-based food groups were lower than the LOD. The median levels of total HBCD in animal-based foodstuffs were from 1.14 to 5.65 ng/g lw, and α-HBCD was the predominant isomer. The median HBCD level in vegetables was 0.266 ng/g wet weight (ww), whereas γ-HBCD was the most abundant isomer. The median levels of total PBDEs in animal-based foodstuffs were from 3.22 to 13.7 ng/g lw, and BDE-209 was the most abundant congener, comprising a proportion of at least 85% of total PBDEs. The daily dietary intakes of TBBPA, HBCD and PBDEs for adults in Beijing were 2.52, 2.74 and 9.77 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively. Meat consumption was found to be the primary source of BFR dietary intake. A comparison between the calculated estimated daily intakes (EDIs) and the corresponding threshold reference values (TRVs) indicated that daily intake of BFRs via food consumption is unable to cause significant health risks. Likewise, the margin of exposures (MOEs) calculated following the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) approach were far higher than the threshold, which also proved that the EDIs of BFRs are unlikely to raise significant health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandi Wang
- Shunyi Maternal and Children's Hospital of Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 110113, China; School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xuezhen Zhao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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20
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Xia W, Wang J, Yang H, Zhang H, Yang B, Zeng Y, Xu J, Li Z, Qian M. Bioaccumulation and Distribution of Hexabromocyclododecane Isomers in Duck Tissues. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 100:754-759. [PMID: 29713751 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Eighty ducks (Sheldrake, Anas platyrhynchos) from Zhejiang Province, China were fed capsules containing commercialized hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) at low (0.8 mg/kg/day) or high (1.6 mg/kg/day) exposure level, or only maize starch for 21 days. Then the next 21 days was set as depuration period. Ducks were euthanizated at 0, 7, 14 and 21 days after last dose and ten duck tissues including skin, tongue, intestines, heart, gizzard, muscle, liver, lung, brain and blood were sampled, separately. Three HBCDs including α-HBCD, β-HBCD and γ-HBCD in duck tissue samples were analyzed. At the end of depuration period, the total HBCDs concentration in skin was significantly higher than those in the other tissues (p < 0.05). The elimination rates of the three isomers in skin, tongue, intestines, heart, gizzard and brain were in the order β- > γ- > α-HBCD. The enantioselectivity of three HBCDs enantiomers was also studied in ten duck tissues. It was shown that the EF (enrichment factor) for two γ-HBCD enantiomers was significant lower than 0.5 (p < 0.05) in gizzard, heart, muscle, tongue, intestinal and liver at the end of depuration day, showing a selective accumulation of (+)-γ-HBCD in these tissues. This study provided a reference for evaluation on the accumulation of the persistent contamination of HBCDs in edible poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xia
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- State Key Lab Breeding Base Zhejiang Sustainable, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmei Wang
- State Key Lab Breeding Base Zhejiang Sustainable, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Lab Breeding Base Zhejiang Sustainable, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Zhang
- State Key Lab Breeding Base Zhejiang Sustainable, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Viral Vector, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinhuan Zeng
- State Key Lab Breeding Base Zhejiang Sustainable, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Lab Breeding Base Zhejiang Sustainable, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuguang Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingrong Qian
- State Key Lab Breeding Base Zhejiang Sustainable, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Peng YH, Chen YJ, Chang M, Shih YH. The effect of zerovalent iron on the microbial degradation of hexabromocyclododecane. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 200:419-426. [PMID: 29501032 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), a commonly used brominated flame retardant (BFR), has been listed as a persistent organic pollutant (POP). In order to remediate HBCD in the environment, the influence of microscale zerovalent iron (MZVI) on the HBCD degrading microcosm was evaluated. In the acclimated microcosm collected from river sediment, 49% of HBCD was initially removed through adsorption and then 30% of HBCD was biodegraded through non-debromination processes. In contrast to MZVI only, over 60% of HBCD was gradually degraded by MZVI through a debromination reaction. In the microcosm-MZVI combined system, the biodegradation ability of the microcosm was inhibited. The aqueous chemistry was changed by the addition of MZVI, which led to the alteration of microbial composition and biodegradation ability. These better understandings can facilitate an evaluation of the impact of MZVI on HBCD biodegradation when ZVI was used to remediate this BFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Huei Peng
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Jou Chen
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming Chang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Hsin Shih
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan.
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22
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Lu S, Tan Z, Jiang Y, Wu D, Zhang J, Zhou J, Lin X. Hexabromocyclododecanes in breast milk from residents in Shenzhen, China: Implications for infant exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 622-623:1090-1097. [PMID: 29890578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are widely used as flame retardants for various products and have become ubiquitous pollutants in environmental media. However, little is known about HBCD exposure for humans, especially in China. This study aimed to investigate the levels and profiles of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in human breast milk and to estimate the daily HBCD intake for infants in Shenzhen, China. Levels of the HBCD diastereoisomers α-, β-, and γ-HBCD in 180 breast milk samples collected from primiparas in Shenzhen were measured. The concentrations of α-, β-, and γ-HBCD (ΣHBCDs) ranged within 0.103-15.1ng/g lipid and had a median of 1.82ng/g lipid. ΣHBCDs levels in milk in the present study are comparable to those in milk from other countries and regions but are markedly higher than those for most populations in other regions of China. Among the diastereoisomers, α-HBCD was predominant, accounting for 97.6% of the concentration of ΣHBCDs. The estimated daily intake of ΣHBCDs via breast milk for infants in Shenzhen ranged from 0.481 to 100ng/kgbw/day with a median of 8.40ng/kgbw/day, however, which was unlikely to raises a health concern based on the margin of exposure (MOE) approach. The duration of residence was found to have a significant positive correlation with the HBCD levels in the human breast milk (p<0.05). To our knowledge, this is the first report on HBCD levels in breast milk from Shenzhen residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyou Lu
- POPs Lab, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology & Quality Inspection, Shenzhen 518131, China
| | - Yousheng Jiang
- POPs Lab, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dongting Wu
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- POPs Lab, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jian Zhou
- POPs Lab, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoshi Lin
- POPs Lab, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Ratel J, Planche C, Mercier F, Blinet P, Kondjoyan N, Marchand P, Fournier A, Travel A, Jondreville C, Engel E. Liver volatolomics to reveal poultry exposure to γ-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 189:634-642. [PMID: 28965058 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a critical emerging brominated flame retardant to which consumers can be exposed at high doses through a single food intake. Based on an animal experiment involving 3 groups of laying hens fed during 70 days with a control diet or γ-HBCD-contaminated diets at 0.1 or 10 μg γ-HBCD g-1 feed, this study aims to use the volatolome of biological samples for revealing markers of livestock exposure to HBCD. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to monitor the time-course of HBCD levels in bodily samples. Each liver was analyzed by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for volatolome profiling. After 70 days, γ-HBCD concentrations in egg yolk, fat, liver and serum reached 54 ± 4, 85 ± 6, 31 ± 6, and 32 ± 4 ng g-1 lw, respectively, for the low exposure level and 4.6+/5.7, 7.8+/6.5, 3.9+/3.0 and 3.9+/6.1 μg g-1 lw, respectively, for the high exposure level. Isomerization of γ-HBCD into α- and β-HBCD was observed in all tissues, at least for the high exposure level. Volatolome data allowed a significant discrimination between control and exposed animals whatever the feed contamination load, demonstrating a liver metabolic response to γ-HBCD exposure. The relevance of the twenty nine volatile exposure markers tentatively identified was discussed in light of literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Ratel
- INRA, UR QuaPA, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Agnès Fournier
- INRA, Université de Lorraine, UR AFPA, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Erwan Engel
- INRA, UR QuaPA, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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Jondreville C, Cariou R, Travel A, Belhomme LJ, Dervilly-Pinel G, Le Bizec B, Huneau-Salaün A, Le Bouquin-Leneveu S. Hens can ingest extruded polystyrene in rearing buildings and lay eggs contaminated with hexabromocyclododecane. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 186:62-67. [PMID: 28768159 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The overall concentration of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) in eggs is low although abnormally high concentrations exceeding 3000 ng g-1 lw have been reported. In order to test whether these contaminations may originate from the ingestion of insulating materials in rearing buildings, a group of 55 hens raised in a collective cage was provided with a 64-g piece of extruded polystyrene (XPS, 2.59% HBCDD of which 75, 15 and 10% as α-, β- and γ-HBCDD, respectively). Hens entirely consumed the piece within 3 days, leading to a mean daily exposure of 4.7 mg HBCDD per kg body weight. Whole egg HBCDD concentration reached a maximum of 1037 ng HBCDD g-1 fresh weight (fw), recorded 2 days after the piece had disappeared, and decreased down to 86 ng g-1 fw within the 19 following days. In all these samples, HBCDD was made of 98.7 ± 0.7 and 1.3 ± 0.6% α- and β-HBCDD, respectively, and 0.1% γ-HBCDD when quantified; it was enriched in (-)α- and (+)β-HBCDD with enantiomeric fractions of 0.438 ± 0.009 and 0.579 ± 0.030, respectively. HBCDD was quantified in all the individual eggs collected the last day of experiment at concentrations ranging between 0.47 and 1361 ng g-1 fw, according to a lognormal distribution. The ingestion of XPS in degraded rearing buildings is thus a plausible cause of on-farm egg contamination by HBCDD which should be strictly avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronan Cariou
- LABERCA, LUNAM Université, Oniris, INRA, 44307, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Angélique Travel
- ITAVI, Centre INRA de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France; UMT Sanivol, Ploufragan-Plouzané, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Louis-Jean Belhomme
- ANSES, SELEAC, Ploufragan-Plouzané, 22440, Ploufragan, France; UMT Sanivol, Ploufragan-Plouzané, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Bruno Le Bizec
- LABERCA, LUNAM Université, Oniris, INRA, 44307, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Adeline Huneau-Salaün
- ANSES, EBEAC, Ploufragan-Plouzané, 22440, Ploufragan, France; UMT Sanivol, Ploufragan-Plouzané, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Sophie Le Bouquin-Leneveu
- ANSES, EBEAC, Ploufragan-Plouzané, 22440, Ploufragan, France; UMT Sanivol, Ploufragan-Plouzané, 22440, Ploufragan, France
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Zhu H, Sun H, Yao Y, Wang F, Zhang Y, Liu X. Fate and adverse effects of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (HBCDDs) in a soil-ryegrass pot system. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:452-459. [PMID: 28618277 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the fate and adverse effects of 3 main hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCDDs) in a soil pot system planted with ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) using a short-term (8 weeks) experiment. At the end of the experiment, soil urease activity in planted spiked soil increased and catalase activity decreased; while there was no obvious change in sucrase and peroxidase activities. HBCDDs mainly accumulated in the root of ryegrass, with root concentration factors (RCF) in the range of 1.46-4.43 and only a small part was transferred to the stem (SCF: 0.198-0.305) and leaf (LCF: 0.042-0.062). The concentration factors varied for different HBCDD diastereoisomers, being in the order of α- > β- > γ-HBCDD for all tissues, indicating preferential accumulation of α-HBCDD in ryegrass tissues. Moreover, the enantiomeric analysis revealed an enrichment of (+)-α-, (-)-β- and (+)-γ-HBCDD enantiomers in ryegrass tissues. β- and γ-HBCDDs (up to 1.90% and 4.11%, respectively) were transformed to aα-HBCDD in ryegrass, while no isomerization product from α-HBCDD was found. Hydroxylated HBCDDs metabolites, such as monoOHHBCDDs and diOHHBCDDs were found in ryegrass tissues for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Fei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yanwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-environmental Quality of Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-environment & Agro-product Safety, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-environmental Quality of Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-environment & Agro-product Safety, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
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Jondreville C, Cariou R, Méda B, Dominguez-Romero E, Omer E, Dervilly-Pinel G, Le Bizec B, Travel A, Baéza E. Accumulation of α-hexabromocyclododecane (α-HBCDD) in tissues of fast- and slow-growing broilers (Gallus domesticus). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 178:424-431. [PMID: 28342374 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to describe the fate of ingested α-hexabromocyclododecane (α-HBCDD) in fast-growing (FG) and slow-growing (SG) broilers, through an exposure to a dietary concentration of 50 ng α-HBCDD g-1 feed during 42 and 84 days, respectively. Depuration parameters were assessed in SG broilers successively exposed during 42 days and depurated during 42 days. At market age, SG broilers had ingested 42% more feed than FG broilers, while their body weight gain per g of feed ingested was 34% lower. No isomerization of α- to β- or γ-HBCDD forms occurred, while OH-HBCDD was identified as a product of α-HBCDD metabolism. Irrespective of the strain, abdominal fat displayed the highest α-HBCDD concentration on a lipid weight basis, followed leg muscles and then breast muscle, liver and plasma. The accumulation ratios of α-HBCDD were slightly higher in SG (6.7, 2.1, 2.6 and 9.9 in leg muscles, breast muscle, liver and abdominal fat, respectively) than in FG broilers (5.2, 2.2, 1.1 and 8.4, respectively). The elimination half-lives in SG broilers were 20, 12 and 19 d in leg muscles, breast muscle and abdominal fat, respectively, to which dilution through growth contributed for around 50%. The overall assimilation efficiency of α-HBCDD was estimated at 58 and 50% in FG and SG broilers, respectively, while 22 and 17% of α-HBCDD ingested were estimated to be eliminated in excreta as metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronan Cariou
- LABERCA, LUNAM Université, Oniris, INRA, 44307, Nantes Cedex, France
| | | | - Elena Dominguez-Romero
- AFPA, INRA, Université de Lorraine, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; URA, INRA, 37380, Nouzilly, France; ITAVI, Centre INRA de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Elsa Omer
- LABERCA, LUNAM Université, Oniris, INRA, 44307, Nantes Cedex, France
| | | | - Bruno Le Bizec
- LABERCA, LUNAM Université, Oniris, INRA, 44307, Nantes Cedex, France
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Zheng X, Qiao L, Sun R, Luo X, Zheng J, Xie Q, Sun Y, Mai B. Alteration of Diastereoisomeric and Enantiomeric Profiles of Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in Adult Chicken Tissues, Eggs, and Hatchling Chickens. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5492-5499. [PMID: 28440626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and enantiomer fractions (EFs) of α-, β-, and γ-hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) were measured in chicken diet sources (soil and chicken feed), home-raised adult chicken (Gallus domesticus) tissues, eggs during incubation, and hatchling chicken tissues. HBCD concentrations were not detected-0.69 ng/g dry weight (dw) and 25.6-48.4 ng/g dw in chicken feed and soil, respectively. HBCDs were detected in all adult chicken tissues, except the brain, at median levels of 13.1-44.0 ng/g lipid weight (lw). The proportions of α-HBCD in total HBCDs increased from 51% in soil to more than 87% in adult chicken tissues. The accumulation ratios (ARs) of α-HBCD from diet to adult chicken tissues were 4.27 for liver, 11.2 for fat, and 7.64-12.9 for other tissues, respectively. The AR and carry-over rate (COR) of α-HBCD from diet to eggs were 22.4 and 0.226, respectively. The concentrations of α-HBCD in hatchling chicken liver (median: 35.4 ng/g lw) were significantly lower than those in hatchling chicken pectoral muscle (median: 130 ng/g lw). The EFs of α-HBCD decreased from soil to adult chicken tissues and from eggs to hatchling chicken liver. Meanwhile, the EFs of γ-HBCD increased from soil to adult chicken tissues. These results indicate the preferential enrichment of (-)-α-HBCD and (+)-γ-HBCD in chickens. The alteration of diastereoisomeric and enantiomeric patterns of HBCDs might be influenced by the different absorption and elimination rates of the six HBCD enantiomers as well as variations in HBCD metabolism in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Zheng
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Qiao
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection , Guangzhou 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Runxia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection , Guangzhou 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Qilai Xie
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510301, People's Republic of China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
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Li B, Chen H, Sun H, Lan Z. Distribution, isomerization and enantiomer selectivity of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereoisomers in different tissue and subcellular fractions of earthworms. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 139:326-334. [PMID: 28183046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, earthworms Eisenia fetida (E. fetida) were exposed to a soil artificially contaminated with individual hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereoisomers (α-, β- and γ-HBCDs) to investigate the distribution, isomerization and enantiomer selectivity of HBCDs at tissue and subcellular levels. At the tissue level, the concentrations of HBCDs all followed the order of gut>bodyfluid>body wall, which suggested that earthworms accumulated HBCDs mainly via ingesting soil particles. At the subcellular level, the concentrations of HBCDs in an extracellular fraction consisting of granules, tissue fragment, cell membrane and intact cells (fraction A) were higher than those in an intracellular fractions consisting of the microsomal and cytosol (fraction B+C). This confirmed the passive diffusion during the distribution of HBCDs into the intracellular compartment. The distribution proportions of HBCDs varied among different tissue and subcellular fractions, and all changed over time within 14 days. The variable distributions of HBCDs in different fractions were a result of the comprehensive effects of dynamics and thermodynamics processes. The β- and γ-HBCDs were isomerized to α-HBCD in all tissue and subcellular fractions except for fraction C, and the isomerization ratios varied a lot, which seemed to be related to HBCDs residence time. The selective enrichment of (-) α-, (-) β and (-) γ-HBCDs was found in all fractions and this is consistent with that in the whole earthworm. Besides, the extents of enantio-selectivity did not change significantly among different tissue and subcellular fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Zhonghui Lan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Szabo DT, Pathmasiri W, Sumner S, Birnbaum LS. Serum Metabolomic Profiles in Neonatal Mice following Oral Brominated Flame Retardant Exposures to Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Alpha, Gamma, and Commercial Mixture. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:651-659. [PMID: 27814246 PMCID: PMC5381977 DOI: 10.1289/ehp242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a high production volume brominated flame retardant added to building insulation foams, electronics, and textiles. HBCD is a commercial mixture (CM-HBCD) composed of three main stereoisomers: α-HBCD (10%), β-HBCD (10%), and γ-HBCD (80%). A shift from the dominant stereoisomer γ-HBCD to α-HBCD is detected in humans and wildlife. OBJECTIVES Considering CM-HBCD has been implicated in neurodevelopment and endocrine disruption, with expected metabolism perturbations, we performed metabolomics on mice serum obtained during a window-of-developmental neurotoxicity to draw correlations between early-life exposures and developmental outcomes and to predict health risks. METHODS Six female C57BL/6 mice at postnatal day (PND) 10 were administered a single gavage dose of α-, γ-, or CM-HBCD at 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg. Nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics was used to analyze 60 μL serum aliquots of blood collected 4 days post-oral exposure. RESULTS Infantile mice exposed to α-, γ-, or CM-HBCD demonstrated differences in endogenous metabolites by treatment and dose groups, including metabolites involved in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipid metabolism, citric acid cycle, and neurodevelopment. Ketone bodies, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate, were nonstatistically elevated, when compared with mean control levels, in all treatment and dose groups, while glucose, pyruvate, and alanine varied. Acetoacetate was significantly increased in the 10 mg/kg α-HBCD and was nonsignificantly decreased with CM-HBCD. A third ketone body, acetone, was significantly lower in the 30 mg/kg α-HBCD group with significant increases in pyruvate at the same treatment and dose group. Metabolites significant in differentiating treatment and dose groups were also identified, including decreases in amino acids glutamate (excitatory neurotransmitter in learning and memory) and phenylalanine (neurotransmitter precursor) after α-HBCD and γ-HBCD exposure, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that 4 days following a single neonatal oral exposure to α-, γ-, and CM-HBCD resulted in different serum metabolomic profiles, indicating stereoisomer- and mixture-specific effects and possible mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T. Szabo
- National Human Environmental Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to D.T. Szabo, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Human Environmental Exposure Research Laboratory; and University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Curriculum in Toxicology, 130 Finsbury Street, Durham, NC 27703 USA. Telephone: (352) 615-2415. E-mail:
| | - Wimal Pathmasiri
- Discovery Sciences, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susan Sumner
- Discovery Sciences, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Linda S. Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and
- National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Marteinson SC, Eulaers I, Jaspers VLB, Covaci A, Eens M, Letcher RJ, Fernie KJ. Transfer of hexabromocyclododecane flame retardant isomers from captive American kestrel eggs to feathers and their association with thyroid hormones and growth. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:441-451. [PMID: 27707600 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Feathers are useful for monitoring contaminants in wild birds and are increasingly used to determine persistent organic pollutants. However, few studies have been conducted on birds with known exposure levels. We aimed to determine how well nestling feather concentrations reflect in ovo exposure to hexabromocyclododecane (α-, β- and γ-HBCDD), and to determine if feather concentrations are related to physiological biomarkers. Captive kestrels (n = 11) were exposed in ovo to maternally transferred HBCDD-isomers at concentrations of 127, 12 and 2 ng/g wet weight of α-, β- and γ-HBCDD (measured in sibling eggs), respectively, and compared to controls (n = 6). Nestling growth was monitored at 5 d intervals and circulating thyroid hormone concentrations assessed at d 20. Tail feathers were collected prior to the first molt and analyzed for HBCDD isomers. The mean ΣHBCDD concentration in feathers was 2405 pg/g dry weight (in exposed birds) and α-, β- and γ-HBCDD made up 32%, 13%, and 55%, respectively of the ΣHBCDD concentrations. This isomer distribution deviated from the typical dominance of α-HBCDD reported in vertebrate samples. Exposed chicks had significantly higher feather concentrations of β- and γ-HBCDD compared with controls (p = 0.007 and p = 0.001 respectively), while α-HBCDD concentrations did not differ between the two groups. Feather concentrations of α-HBCDD were best explained by egg concentrations of β- or γ-HBCDD concentrations (wi = 0.50, 0.30 respectively), while feather concentrations of β- and γ-HBCDD were influenced by growth parameters (rectrix length: wi = 0.61; tibiotarsus length: wi = 0.28). These results suggest that feather α-HBCDD concentrations may reflect internal body burdens, whereas β- and γ-HBCDD may be subject to selective uptake. The α-HBCDD concentrations in the feathers were negatively associated with the ratio of plasma free triiodothyronine to free thyroxine (T3:T4; p = 0.020), demonstrating for the first time that feather concentrations may be used to model the effect of body burdens on physiological endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Marteinson
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Igor Eulaers
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Veerle L B Jaspers
- Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Marcel Eens
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Robert J Letcher
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kim J Fernie
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada.
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Huang H, Zhang S, Lv J, Wen B, Wang S, Wu T. Experimental and Theoretical Evidence for Diastereomer- and Enantiomer-Specific Accumulation and Biotransformation of HBCD in Maize Roots. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12205-12213. [PMID: 27741390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Diastereomer- and enantiomer-specific accumulation and biotransformation of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in maize (Zea mays L.) were investigated. Molecular interactions of HBCD with plant enzymes were further characterized by homology modeling combined with molecular docking. The (-)α-, (-)β-, and (+)γ-HBCD enantiomers accumulated to levels in maize significantly higher than those of their corresponding enantiomers. Bioisomerization from (+)/(-)-β- and γ-HBCDs to (-)α-HBCD was frequently observed, and (-)γ-HBCD was most easily converted, with bioisomerization efficiency of 90.5 ± 8.2%. Mono- and dihydroxyl HBCDs, debrominated metabolites including pentabromocyclododecene (PBCDe) and tetrabromocyclododecene (TBCDe), and HBCD-GSH adducts were detected in maize roots. Patterns of hydroxylated and debrominated metabolites were significantly different among HBCD diastereomers and enantiomers. Three pairs of HBCD enantiomers were selectively bound into the active sites and interacted with specific residues of maize enzymes CYP71C3v2 and GST31. (+)α-, (-)β-, and (-)γ-HBCDs preferentially bound to CYP71C3v2, whereas (-)α-, (-)β-, and (+)γ-HBCDs had strong affinities to GST31, consistent with experimental observations that (+)α-, (-)β-, and (-)γ-HBCDs were more easily hydroxylated, and (-)α-, (-)β-, and (+)γ-HBCDs were more easily isomerized and debrominated in maize compared to their corresponding enantiomers. This study for the first time provided both experimental and theoretical evidence for stereospecific behaviors of HBCD in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jitao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Sen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University , Xi'an 710027, China
| | - Tong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology , Hebei 050018, China
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Zhang Y, Wang L, Sun H, Yao T, Zhu H, Xu J, Liu X. Impacts of loach bioturbation on the selective bioaccumulation of HBCDD diastereoisomers and enantiomers by mirror carp in a microcosm. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 163:471-479. [PMID: 27565315 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To assess the impacts of bioturbation at the water-sediment interface on the bioaccumulation of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (HBCDDs) by pelagic organisms and the bioisomerization and enantioselectivity therein, we built microcosms containing water, mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio), and sediment. The microcosms were sorted into two groups, with or without loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) living at the water-sediment interface. A 50-d accumulation test was conducted by spiking the microcosms with the three main HBCDD diastereoisomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCDDs) separately. The HBCDDs were mainly associated with the sediment. The dissolved organic matter and suspended particulate matter content increased due to loach bioturbation, which promoted the release of sediment-associated HBCDDs and led to enhanced HBCDD bioaccumulation in the carp. Isomerization from β- and γ-HBCDD to α-HBCDD occurred in the carp, and the amounts of isomerization did not increase proportionally with increasing bioaccumulation. Moreover, the enantioselectivity of the HBCDD diastereoisomers showed species-specific differences between mirror carp and loach, and no significant change in the enantioselectivity in the carp was observed in the presence of loach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Safe-product, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Tianqi Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jiayao Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Safe-product, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
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Huang X, Chen C, Shang Y, Zhong Y, Ren G, Yu Z, An J. In vitro study on the biotransformation and cytotoxicity of three hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers in liver cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 161:251-258. [PMID: 27434255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to clarify the cytotoxicity of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereoisomers, and to investigate the correlation of cytotoxicity and biotransformation of HBCDs, the immortalized human liver cells L02 and human hepatoma cells HepG2 were exposed to individual HBCD diastereoisomer (α-, β- and γ-HBCD). Cytotoxicity was assayed in terms of cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and DNA damage. Metabolic rate, bioisomerization and enantiomer fractions were analyzed using the liquid chromatograph coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). The α-, β- and γ-HBCD all had cytotoxicity in L02 and HepG2 cells with the toxicity order β-HBCD ≥ γ-HBCD > α-HBCD according to the results of proliferation assay. The cytotoxicity mechanism between the two cells seemed different: a) the stability of intracellular redox state plays an important role in inducing cell toxicity in HepG2 cells. b) DNA damage status is central to inhibit proliferation in L02 cells. The metabolic capability of HepG2 was superior to L02 for HBCD diastereoisomers, which may explain the greater toxicity of HBCDs in HepG2 cells. The bioisomerization and enantiomer enrichment were also detected in this study, although the results were inconsistent with other reports, which might result from species-specific differences in HBCDs metabolism or experimental conditions. The cytotoxicity and metabolic mechanism of individual enantiomers must be further investigated to evaluate the health risks of HBCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Cen Chen
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yu Shang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yufang Zhong
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Guofa Ren
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Jing An
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
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Single and 14-day repeated dose inhalation toxicity studies of hexabromocyclododecane in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 91:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Knudsen GA, Sanders JM, Birnbaum LS. Disposition of the emerging brominated flame retardant, bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate, in female Sprague Dawley rats: effects of dose, route and repeated administration. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:245-254. [PMID: 27098498 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1174793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP; CAS No. 26040-51-7; PubChem CID: 117291; MW 706.15 g/mol, elsewhere: TeBrDEPH, TBPH, or BEHTBP) is used as an additive brominated flame retardant in consumer products. 2. Female Sprague Dawley rats eliminated 92-98% of [14C]-BEH-TEBP unchanged in feces after oral administration (0.1 or 10 μmol/kg). A minor amount of each dose (0.8-1%) was found in urine after 72 h. Disposition of orally administered BEH-TEBP in male B6C3F1/Tac mice was similar to female rats. 3. Bioaccumulation of [14C]-radioactivity was observed in liver and adrenals following 10 daily oral administrations (0.1 μmol/kg/day). These tissues contained 5- and 10-fold higher concentrations of [14C]-radioactivity, respectively, versus a single dose. 4. IV-administered [14C]-BEH-TEBP (0.1 μmol/kg) was slowly eliminated in feces, with >15% retained in tissues after 72 h. Bile and fecal extracts from these rats contained the metabolite mono-ethylhexyl tetrabromophthalate (TBMEHP). 5. BEH-TEBP was poorly absorbed, minimally metabolized and eliminated mostly by the fecal route after oral administration. Repeated exposure to BEH-TEBP led to accumulation in some tissues. The toxicological significance of this effect remains to be determined. This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health (Project ZIA BC 011476).
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Dominguez-Romero E, Cariou R, Omer E, Marchand P, Dervilly-Pinel G, Le Bizec B, Travel A, Jondreville C. Tissue Distribution and Transfer to Eggs of Ingested α-Hexabromocyclododecane (α-HBCDD) in Laying Hens (Gallus domesticus). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2112-2119. [PMID: 26889954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to describe the fate of ingested α-hexabromocyclododecane (α-HBCDD) in laying hens. Individuals were exposed to two dietary concentrations of α-HBCDD (50 and 5 ng g(-1) feed) for 18 or 11 weeks followed by a 7-week decontamination period. The results show that no isomerization of α- to β- or γ-HBCDD forms occurred, whereas OH-HBCDD was identified as a product of α-HBCDD metabolism. Irrespective of the level of feed contamination, estimates of steady-state accumulation ratios were 5.2, 3.6, and 9.2 and half-lives were estimated at 17.4, 22.8, and 35.3 days in egg yolk, liver tissue, and abdominal fat, respectively. The steady-state carry-over rate to eggs was 22.9%. Thus, α-HBCDD ingested by laying hens is readily transferred to eggs and significantly accumulates in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dominguez-Romero
- INRA, Université de Lorraine, URAFPA, USC 340 , 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- INRA, UR 83 Recherches Avicoles , 37380 Nouzilly, France
- ITAVI, Centre INRA de Tours , 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Ronan Cariou
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, LABERCA, INRA, USC 1329 , 44307 Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Elsa Omer
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, LABERCA, INRA, USC 1329 , 44307 Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Marchand
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, LABERCA, INRA, USC 1329 , 44307 Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Gaud Dervilly-Pinel
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, LABERCA, INRA, USC 1329 , 44307 Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, LABERCA, INRA, USC 1329 , 44307 Nantes Cedex, France
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Zhu H, Sun H, Zhang Y, Xu J, Li B, Zhou Q. Uptake Pathway, Translocation, and Isomerization of Hexabromocyclododecane Diastereoisomers by Wheat in Closed Chambers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2652-9. [PMID: 26824278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To study the uptake pathways of 3 main hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCDs) in wheat, four closed chambers were designed to expose wheat to HBCDs via air and/or soil for 4 weeks. The results showed that HBCDs could be absorbed by wheat both via root from soil and via leaf from air. The Rt values (ratio of HBCDs from root-to-leaf translocation to the total accumulation in leaves) ranging from 14.4 to 29.8% suggested that acropetal translocation within wheat was limited. A negative linear relationship was found between log Rt and log Kow of the HBCD diastereoisomers (p < 0.05). The bioconcentration factors (BCFs, (μg/g wheat tissues)/(μg/g soil)) were in the order α- > β- > γ-HBCD in wheat roots and stems, being negatively related to their Kow values. No such correlation was found in leaves, where the HBCDs came mainly from air distribution. The results of enantiomeric fractions indicated that the (-)-enantiomer of α- and γ-HBCDs and the (+)-β-enantiomer were selectively accumulated. Furthermore, β- and γ-HBCDs were transformed to α-HBCD in the wheat, with 0.309-4.80% and 0.920-8.40% bioisomerization efficiencies at the end of the experiment, respectively, being the highest in leaves. Additionally, no isomerization product from α-HBCD was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yanwei Zhang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute , Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Jiayao Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bing Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qixing Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
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Miller I, Serchi T, Cambier S, Diepenbroek C, Renaut J, Van der Berg JHJ, Kwadijk C, Gutleb AC, Rijntjes E, Murk AJ. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) induced changes in the liver proteome of eu- and hypothyroid female rats. Toxicol Lett 2016; 245:40-51. [PMID: 26795019 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant known for its low acute toxicity as observed in animal experiments. However, HBCD exposure can affect liver functioning and thyroid hormone (TH) status. As exact mechanisms are unknown and only limited toxicological data exists, a gel-based proteomic approach was undertaken. In a eu- and hypothyroid female rat model, rats were exposed to 3 and 30 mg/kg bw/day HBCD for 7 days via their diet, and exposure was related to a range of canonical endpoints (hormone status, body weight) available for these animals. Alterations in the liver proteome under HBCD exposure were determined in comparison with patterns of control animals, for both thyroid states. This revealed significantly changed abundance of proteins involved in metabolic processes (gluconeogenesis/glycolysis, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism), but also in oxidative stress responses, in both euthyroid and hypothyroid rats. The results provide a more detailed picture on the mechanisms involved in these alterations, e.g. at the protein level changes of the proposed influence of HBCD on the lipid metabolism. Present results show that proteomic approaches can provide further mechanistic insights in toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Miller
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - T Serchi
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5, Avenue des Hauts-Forneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - S Cambier
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5, Avenue des Hauts-Forneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - C Diepenbroek
- Wageningen University, Human and Animal Physiology Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - J Renaut
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5, Avenue des Hauts-Forneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - J H J Van der Berg
- Wageningen University, Division of Toxicology, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - C Kwadijk
- Wageningen Institute for Marine Resources & Ecosystem Studies, IMARES, IJmuiden, The Netherlands.
| | - A C Gutleb
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5, Avenue des Hauts-Forneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - E Rijntjes
- Wageningen University, Human and Animal Physiology Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - A J Murk
- Wageningen University, Division of Toxicology, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Hakk H. Comparative Metabolism Studies of Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Diastereomers in Male Rats Following a Single Oral Dose. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:89-96. [PMID: 26629593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed orally with 3 mg/kg of one of three hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereomers. Each diastereomer was well absorbed (73-83%), and distributed preferentially to lipophilic tissues. Feces were the major route of excretion; cumulatively accounting for 42% of dose for α-HBCD, 59% for ß-HBCD, and 53% for γ-HBCD. Urine was also an important route of HBCD excretion, accounting for 13% of dose for α-HBCD, 30% for ß-HBCD, and 21% for γ-HBCD. Total metabolism of HBCD diastereomers followed the rank order ß > γ > α, and was >65% of that administered. The metabolites formed were distinct in male rats: α-HBCD did not debrominate or stereoisomerize, but formed two hydroxylated metabolites; ß- and γ-HBCD were both extensively metabolized via pathways of stereoisomerization, oxidation, dehydrogenation, reductive debromination, and ring opening. ß-HBCD was biotransformed to two mercapturic acid pathway metabolites. The metabolites of ß- and γ-HBCD were largely distinct, and could possibly be used as markers of exposure. These isomer-specific data suggest that α-HBCD would be the most dominant HBCD diastereomer in biological tissues because it was metabolized to the lowest degree and also accumulated from the stereoisomerization of the β- and γ- diastereomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heldur Hakk
- USDA Agriculture Research Service, 1605 Albrecht Blvd Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, United States
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Son MH, Kim J, Shin ES, Seo SH, Chang YS. Diastereoisomer- and species-specific distribution of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in fish and marine invertebrates. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 300:114-120. [PMID: 26163486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The levels and distributional characteristics of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereoisomers have been largely reported for various fish and select shellfish. In this study, we reclassified a number and variety of marine invertebrates, including shellfish, to further contribute to the comprehensive understanding of the effects and assessment of human exposure to HBCD. Overall, 30 marine invertebrate species (n=188) were investigated and the following order of ∑2HBCD (α- and γ-HBCD) was observed: fish>chordata>cephalopoda>echinodermata>bivalve>crustacea. The marine invertebrates that were reclassified into nektonic and benthic organisms showed similar concentration of ∑2HBCD. The feeding habits and modes of the marine organisms were considered to compare the degree of bioaccumulation and diastereoisomer-specific distribution of HBCD due to the effects of the environment in and around pollution sources, as well as the organisms' metabolic capacities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the species-specific distribution patterns of HBCD for both fish and marine invertebrates. We expect to significantly expand the understanding of the environmental fate of HBCD for marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hui Son
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, POSTECH, San 31, Hyojadong, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongchul Kim
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, POSTECH, San 31, Hyojadong, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Su Shin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, POSTECH, San 31, Hyojadong, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Seo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, POSTECH, San 31, Hyojadong, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, POSTECH, San 31, Hyojadong, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea.
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Short-term effects of a perinatal exposure to the HBCDD α-isomer in rats: Assessment of early motor and sensory development, spontaneous locomotor activity and anxiety in pups. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015; 52:170-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zheng X, Erratico C, Abdallah MAE, Negreira N, Luo X, Mai B, Covaci A. In vitro metabolism of BDE-47, BDE-99, and α-, β-, γ-HBCD isomers by chicken liver microsomes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 143:221-228. [PMID: 26505652 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro oxidative metabolism of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99), and the individual α-, β- and γ-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) isomers catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes was studied using chicken liver microsomes (CLMs). Metabolites were identified using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method and authentic standards for the oxidative metabolites of BDE-47 and BDE-99. Six hydroxylated tetra-BDEs, namely 4-hydroxy-2,2',3,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (4-OH-BDE-42), 3-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (3-OH-BDE-47), 5-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (5-OH-BDE-47), 6-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (6-OH-BDE-47), 4'-hydroxy-2,2',4,5'- tetrabromodiphenyl ether (4'-OH-BDE-49), and 2'-hydroxy-2,3',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (2'-OH-BDE-66), were identified and quantified after incubation of BDE-47 with CLMs. 4'-OH-BDE-49 was the major metabolite formed. Three hydroxylated penta-BDEs (5'-hydroxy-2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (5'-OH-BDE-99), 6'-hydroxy-2,2',4,4',5- pentabromodiphenyl ether (6'-OH-BDE-99), and 4'-hydroxy-2,2',4,5,5'-pentabromodiphenyl ether, 4'-OH-BDE-101, were formed incubating BDE-99 with CLMs. Concentrations of BDE-99 metabolites were lower than those of BDE-47. More than four mono-hydroxylated HBCD (OH-HBCD), more than four di-hydroxylated HBCD (di-OH-HBCD), more than five mono-hydroxylated pentabromocyclododecenes (OH-PBCD), and more than five di-hydroxylated pentabromocyclododecenes (di-OH-PBCD) were detected when α-, β-, or γ-HBCD were individually incubated with CLMs. Response values (the ratio between the peak areas of the target compound and its internal standard) for OH-HBCD were 1-3 orders of magnitude higher than those for OH-PBCD, di-OH-HBCD, and di-OH-PBCD, suggesting that OH-HBCD might be the major metabolites of α-, β- and γ-HBCD produced by CLMs. No diastereoisomeric or enantiomeric bioisomerisation was observed incubating α-, β- or γ-HBCD with CLMs. Collectively, our data suggest that (i) BDE-47 is metabolized at a faster rate than BDE-99 by CLMs, (ii) OH-HBCD are the major hydroxylated metabolites of α-, β- and γ-HBCD produced by CLMs and (iii) the diastereoisomeric or enantiomeric bioisomerisation of α-, β- and γ-HBCD is not mediated by chicken CYP enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Zheng
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Claudio Erratico
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Noelia Negreira
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Abstract
I would certainly never have predicted that I would become the director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP) when I was a Jewish girl growing up in Teaneck, New Jersey. My family stressed the importance of education. Yet for a girl there were many not-so-subtle suggestions that the appropriate careers were in teaching or nursing, and the most important thing was to be a wife and mother. Well, I can't disagree with the latter, although I would have to add grandmother to that list of achievements. My parents were both college graduates, but my mom only taught high school English for one year before leaving the field to start our family. My dad returned from World War II and joined his brother in accounting. After my first sister was born, my father joined my mother's family jewelry business and helped to open a second retail store. My mother helped my dad out during the busy times—Christmas and wedding season—but otherwise focused on our growing family of three girls and one boy. This became increasingly challenging when it became clear that my little brother was severely retarded and would require extra care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709;
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Stoffmonographie für 1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromcyclododecan (HBCDD) - HBM-Werte für HBCDD im Fettanteil der Muttermilch oder des Blutplasmas. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2015; 58:889-907. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-015-2193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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45
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Letcher RJ, Mattioli LC, Marteinson SC, Bird D, Ritchie IJ, Fernie KJ. Uptake, distribution, depletion, and in ovo transfer of isomers of hexabromocyclododecane flame retardant in diet-exposed American kestrels (Falco sparverius). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1103-1112. [PMID: 25703155 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) is a flame retardant and a global contaminant, yet the toxicokinetics of HBCDD diastereoisomers remains unknown in wildlife species. The present study examined in captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) (diastereo) isomer-specific HBCDD uptake, depletion, tissue distribution, and transfer to eggs in a dietary dosing study with an HBCDD technical mixture (HBCDD-TM). Adult tissue and plasma collections were from separate cohorts of unpaired individual males (n = 10) and females (n = 10) exposed for 21 d to 800 ng/g wet weight of HBCDD-TM (in safflower oil and injected into their cockerel [brain] diet), followed by a 25-d depuration period. A separate cohort of 12 males only was used for control adult tissue and plasma collections. For egg collections, separate cohorts of 11 control pairs (n = 22 birds) and 20 HBCDD-exposed pairs (n = 40 birds) were allowed to breed, and their eggs were collected (n = 19 exposed eggs and n = 10 control eggs). The sum (Σ) HBCDD concentrations were near or below detection (<0.01-0.1 ng/g wet wt) in all control samples but quantifiable in all samples from exposed birds (no differences [p > 0.05] between males and females). Arithmetic mean ΣHBCDD concentrations were highest in fat >> eggs > liver > plasma. The mean ΣHBCDD depletion rate in plasma between the uptake and depuration periods was estimated to be 0.22 ng/g/d with a half-life of approximately 15 d. The γ-HBCDD diastereoisomer was >60% of the ΣHBCDD in plasma after the uptake period and similar to the HBCDD-TM (∼80%). After the depuration period, α-HBCDD was >70% of the HBCDD in plasma, fat, liver, and eggs; and this α-HBCDD domination indicated isomer-specific accumulation as a result of selective metabolism, uptake, protein binding, and/or in ovo transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Letcher
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment Canada, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Koch C, Schmidt-Kötters T, Rupp R, Sures B. Review of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) with a focus on legislation and recent publications concerning toxicokinetics and -dynamics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 199:26-34. [PMID: 25618363 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we review recent publications regarding the toxicokinetics and -dynamics of the flame retardant Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). HBCD has recently been listed as a persistent organic pollutant, which therefore influenced the legislation concerning its manufacturing and formulation. However, under specific circumstances it may still be used until 2024. Early toxicity studies have only focussed on HBCD itself, which is a mixture of different isomers with different physical and toxicological characteristics. Here we take a more differentiated look at the three diastereomers α-, β- and γ-HBCD. We also address the different enantiomers to give an overview of the toxicity of HBCD to identify present gaps in our knowledge about this chemical, especially with respect to its possible formulation until 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Koch
- Aquatische Ökologie und Zentrum für Wasser- und Umweltforschung (ZWU), Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany; Deutsche Rockwool Mineralwoll GmbH & Co. OHG, 45966, Gladbeck, Germany.
| | | | - Roman Rupp
- Deutsche Rockwool Mineralwoll GmbH & Co. OHG, 45966, Gladbeck, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatische Ökologie und Zentrum für Wasser- und Umweltforschung (ZWU), Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
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47
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Feng C, Xu Y, Zha J, Li J, Wu F, Wang Z. Metabolic pathways of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) via intraperitoneal injection. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 39:536-544. [PMID: 25681704 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) was of great concern due to its biotransformation in different organisms. However, most studies devoted to the metabolic intermediates of BDE209, less has been done on the metabolic pathways in vivo, especially on the relationships among debrominated-BDEs, OH-BDEs and MeO-BDEs. In this study, the metabolic pathways and intermediates of BDE209 in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated, and the time-dependent transformations of the metabolites were also examined. The primary debrominated metabolites were BDE47, 49, 99, 197, 207; the main MeO-BDEs were MeO-BDE47, MeO-BDE68 and MeO-BDE100; OH-BDEs were primarily composed of OH-BDE28 and OH-BDE42. From the time-dependent and dose-effect relationships, the debromination should be followed by hydroxylation, and then by methoxylation. The increasing in body burden of MeO-BDEs corresponded to the decreasing of OH-BDEs, which could indirectly prove the inter-conversion between OH-BDEs and MeO-BDEs. This study would motivate the future research of toxicological mechanisms of BDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yiping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jian Li
- Engineering research center of ground water pollution control and remediation, Beijing Normal university, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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48
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Yufang Z, Cen C, Xiu W, Panpan G, Xinyu Z, Zhiqiang Y, Jing A. HBCD and PCBs enhance the cell migration and invasion of HepG2 via the PI3 K/Akt pathway. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00108g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been proved to result in diversified toxicity, including cancerogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Yufang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Chen Cen
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Wang Xiu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Guo Panpan
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Zhang Xinyu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhiqiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - An Jing
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
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Weijs L, Dirtu AC, Malarvannan G, Covaci A. Bioaccumulation and Biotransformation of Brominated Flame Retardants. PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPS): ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63299-9.00014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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50
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Lee S, Kim S, Jeong GH. Distribution characteristics of hexabromocyclododecanes in crucian carp and sediment from the major rivers. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.5806/ast.2014.27.6.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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