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Henry A, Lee WL. Unexpected Antiatherogenic Effect: Myeloid-Derived Growth Factor Inhibits LDL Transcytosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:2115-2118. [PMID: 37823266 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.320163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andria Henry
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, Canada (A.H., L.W.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Canada (A.H., L.W.W.)
| | - Warren L Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada (W.L.L.)
- Department of Medicine and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada (W.L.L.)
- St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Canada (W.L.L.)
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2
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Xu L, Xu K, Xiong P, Zhong C, Zhang X, Gao R, Zhou X, Shen T. Zhuyu Pill Alleviates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Regulating Bile Acid Metabolism through the Gut-Liver Axis. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:29033-29045. [PMID: 37599938 PMCID: PMC10433349 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing worldwide, but there are currently limited treatment options available. Therefore, it is necessary to research new treatment strategies. Zhuyu Pill (ZYP) is a well-known herbal recipe consisting of Huanglian (Coptidis rhizoma) and Wuzhuyu (Evodiae Fructus) that has been clinically used to treat NAFLD. This study aimed to investigate the impact of ZYP on NAFLD induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and to identify its potential mechanism. METHODS In this investigation, we used ZYP to treat a mouse model of NAFLD induced by an HFD. We conducted various analyses including assessment of serum biochemical indices, histological evaluation, fecal metabonomics analysis, western blot, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS ZYP effectively improved blood lipid levels and reduced inflammatory response in HFD mice, while also alleviating liver cell damage and lipid accumulation. Additionally, ZYP influenced the fecal bile acid (BA) metabolism profiles of HFD mice by inhibiting the signal transduction of ileal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15), enhancing the expression of cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1(CYP7A1), promoting BA synthesis and increasing the metabolic elimination of cholesterol. CONCLUSION ZYP shows promise as a potential treatment for alleviating NAFLD by modulating BA metabolism through the FXR-FGF15-CYP7A1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- School
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Kunhe Xu
- School
of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of
Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Peiyu Xiong
- School
of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of
Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Chun Zhong
- Sichuan
Second Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610014, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- School
of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of
Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Rui Gao
- School
of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of
Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- School
of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of
Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Tao Shen
- School
of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of
Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
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3
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Loxin Reduced the Inflammatory Response in the Liver and the Aortic Fatty Streak Formation in Mice Fed with a High-Fat Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137329. [PMID: 35806336 PMCID: PMC9266330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) is the most harmful form of cholesterol associated with vascular atherosclerosis and hepatic injury, mainly due to inflammatory cell infiltration and subsequent severe tissue injury. Lox-1 is the central ox-LDL receptor expressed in endothelial and immune cells, its activation regulating inflammatory cytokines and chemotactic factor secretion. Recently, a Lox-1 truncated protein isoform lacking the ox-LDL binding domain named LOXIN has been described. We have previously shown that LOXIN overexpression blocked Lox-1-mediated ox-LDL internalization in human endothelial progenitor cells in vitro. However, the functional role of LOXIN in targeting inflammation or tissue injury in vivo remains unknown. In this study, we investigate whether LOXIN modulated the expression of Lox-1 and reduced the inflammatory response in a high-fat-diet mice model. Results indicate that human LOXIN blocks Lox-1 mediated uptake of ox-LDL in H4-II-E-C3 cells. Furthermore, in vivo experiments showed that overexpression of LOXIN reduced both fatty streak lesions in the aorta and inflammation and fibrosis in the liver. These findings were associated with the down-regulation of Lox-1 in endothelial cells. Then, LOXIN prevents hepatic and aortic tissue damage in vivo associated with reduced Lox-1 expression in endothelial cells. We encourage future research to understand better the underlying molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic use of LOXIN.
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Tongnao Decoction (TND) Alleviated Atherosclerosis by Playing Lowering Lipid, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Roles. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6061197. [PMID: 35663197 PMCID: PMC9159833 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6061197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Tongnao decoction (TND) has been extensively prescribed for the treatment of stroke. However, little is known about the role of TND in the progression of carotid atherosclerosis. Methods A mouse carotid atherosclerosis model was established with a silastic collar placed around the right common carotid artery and fed on Western diet for 12 weeks. The treatment group was given a gavage of TND at a dose of 1 mg/kg/d. The atherosclerotic lesion size and the compositions were observed using Oil red O staining and immunofluorescent staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate the levels of lipid profiles, oxidative stress, and inflammatory factors. Human aortic endothelial cells (HAoECs) were treated with oxLDL with or without TND for in vitro experiments. Results TND treatment significantly suppressed the progression of atherosclerosis, as characterized with a smaller lesion size, less percentage of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, endothelial cell apoptosis, and macrophage infiltration. In addition, TND decreased the levels of lipid profiles, oxidative stress, and inflammatory factors in atherosclerosis. In vitro results showed that TND inhibited the apoptosis of endothelial cells via activating ERK and AKT pathway. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that TND significantly protected from atherosclerosis via promoting endothelial cell survival and alleviating oxidative stress and inflammatory response, which may have become a treatment in atherosclerotic diseases.
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Kim SJ, Lim J, Nam GE, Park HS. Correlation between Serum Lipid Parameters and Interleukin-10 Concentration in Obese Individuals. J Obes Metab Syndr 2021; 30:173-177. [PMID: 34011692 PMCID: PMC8277584 DOI: 10.7570/jomes20122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in humans is controversial because IL-10 has been proposed to exhibit both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. We aimed to determine the relationships between the changes in these parameters in obese individuals participating in a weight-reduction program. Methods We measured cardiometabolic parameters including lipid profile and serum IL-10 concentration before and after completion of a 12-week weight-reduction program in 63 non-diabetic obese subjects with a body mass index ≥27 kg/m2 who had comorbid hypertension or dyslipidemia. All the participants were provided with individual intervention sessions designed to implement lifestyle modifications and administered 120 mg orlistat three times daily for 12 weeks. The relationships between changes in serum IL-10 concentration and changes in cardiometabolic risk factors were analyzed. Results Changes in serum IL-10 concentration were significantly negatively correlated with changes in total cholesterol (r=−0.377), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; r=−0.377), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; r=−0.278) concentrations. However, there were no correlations between changes in serum IL-10 concentration and changes in other cardiometabolic parameters. Conclusion Serum IL-10 concentration can increase as serum total cholesterol decreases. Additional studies are needed to explore the mechanisms linking changes in serum IL-10 with serum LDL-C and HDL-C concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jin Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisun Lim
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ga Eun Nam
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Soon Park
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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6
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Gao C, Peng F, Xie X, Peng L. The Relationship Between Blood Interleukin-10 and Cardiovascular Mortality and All-Cause Mortality After Kidney Transplantation. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:1481-1489. [PMID: 33883954 PMCID: PMC8053705 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s309764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circulating interleukin (IL)-10 is associated with adverse cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Whether IL-10 predicts cardiovascular and all-cause mortality after kidney transplantation (KT) is unknown. Methods The association between plasma IL-10 and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality was analyzed in a prospective cohort, which included 418 stable kidney transplant recipients, at a median of 3.6 (range=1.2–8.4) years after transplantation. Multivariate Cox regression models were performed to adjusting related confounding factors. Results Median level of IL-10 in KT patient was 22.3 pg/mL. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that serum levels IL-10 were significantly and independently associated with cardiovascular mortality after adjusting for age, gender, BMI, current smoker, current drinker, cause of kidney disease, systolic and diastolic BP, laboratory indexes and medication (HR=1.26, 95% CI 1.19–2.08, P-trend<0.001). The multivariate Cox analysis also suggested that serum levels IL-10 were independently associated with all-cause mortality (HR=1.25, 95% CI 1.11–1.8, P-trend=0.023) after controlling these same related confounding factors. Sensitivity and stratified analysis showed that the significant association can be affected by history of acute rejection. Conclusion Plasma IL-10 is independently and significant associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality after kidney transplantation. The significant association is independent of cardiovascular risk factors and other related confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Gao
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Peng
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xubiao Xie
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Longkai Peng
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
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Yurdagul A, Kong N, Gerlach BD, Wang X, Ampomah P, Kuriakose G, Tao W, Shi J, Tabas I. ODC (Ornithine Decarboxylase)-Dependent Putrescine Synthesis Maintains MerTK (MER Tyrosine-Protein Kinase) Expression to Drive Resolution. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:e144-e159. [PMID: 33406854 PMCID: PMC8034502 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ODC (ornithine decarboxylase)-dependent putrescine synthesis promotes the successive clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs) by macrophages, contributing to inflammation resolution. However, it remains unknown whether ODC is required for other arms of the resolution program. Approach and Results: RNA sequencing of ODC-deficient macrophages exposed to ACs showed increases in mRNAs associated with heightened inflammation and decreases in mRNAs related to resolution and repair compared with WT (wild type) macrophages. In zymosan peritonitis, myeloid ODC deletion led to delayed clearance of neutrophils and a decrease in the proresolving cytokine, IL (interleukin)-10. Nanoparticle-mediated silencing of macrophage ODC in a model of atherosclerosis regression lowered IL-10 expression, decreased efferocytosis, enhanced necrotic core area, and reduced fibrous cap thickness. Mechanistically, ODC deletion lowered basal expression of MerTK (MER tyrosine-protein kinase)-an AC receptor-via a histone methylation-dependent transcriptional mechanism. Owing to lower basal MerTK, subsequent exposure to ACs resulted in lower MerTK-Erk (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) 1/2-dependent IL-10 production. Putrescine treatment of ODC-deficient macrophages restored the expression of both MerTK and AC-induced IL-10. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that ODC-dependent putrescine synthesis in macrophages maintains a basal level of MerTK expression needed to optimally resolve inflammation upon subsequent AC exposure. Graphic Abstract: A graphic abstract is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Na Kong
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Brennan D. Gerlach
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Patrick Ampomah
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - George Kuriakose
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jinjun Shi
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Physiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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8
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Kurilenko N, Fatkhullina AR, Mazitova A, Koltsova EK. Act Locally, Act Globally-Microbiota, Barriers, and Cytokines in Atherosclerosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020348. [PMID: 33562334 PMCID: PMC7915371 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven chronic inflammatory disease that is characterized by the formation and progressive growth of atherosclerotic plaques in the wall of arteries. Atherosclerosis is a major predisposing factor for stroke and heart attack. Various immune-mediated mechanisms are implicated in the disease initiation and progression. Cytokines are key mediators of the crosstalk between innate and adaptive immune cells as well as non-hematopoietic cells in the aortic wall and are emerging players in the regulation of atherosclerosis. Progression of atherosclerosis is always associated with increased local and systemic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The role of cytokines within atherosclerotic plaque has been extensively investigated; however, the cell-specific role of cytokine signaling, particularly the role of cytokines in the regulation of barrier tissues tightly associated with microbiota in the context of cardiovascular diseases has only recently come to light. Here, we summarize the knowledge about the function of cytokines at mucosal barriers and the interplay between cytokines, barriers, and microbiota and discuss their known and potential implications for atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kurilenko
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (N.K.); (A.M.)
| | | | - Aleksandra Mazitova
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (N.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Ekaterina K. Koltsova
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (N.K.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Th17/Treg Imbalance and Atherosclerosis. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:8821029. [PMID: 33193911 PMCID: PMC7648711 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8821029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is nowadays recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease of large arteries. In recent years, cellular and molecular biology studies on atherosclerosis confirmed that the occurrence and development are related to inflammation and autoimmunity. A variety of immune cells, cytokines, and transcription factors are involved in this process. Current studies found that T helper cell 17, regulatory T cells, and their cytokines play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis and vulnerable plaque rupture. Here, we provide a review of the up-to-date applications of T helper cell 17, regulatory T cells, cytokines, and their balance in the prognosis and therapy of atherosclerosis.
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10
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Kazemian N, Mahmoudi M, Halperin F, Wu JC, Pakpour S. Gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease: opportunities and challenges. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:36. [PMID: 32169105 PMCID: PMC7071638 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common health problem worldwide and remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Over the past decade, it has become clear that the inhabitants of our gut, the gut microbiota, play a vital role in human metabolism, immunity, and reactions to diseases, including CAD. Although correlations have been shown between CAD and the gut microbiota, demonstration of potential causal relationships is much more complex and challenging. In this review, we will discuss the potential direct and indirect causal roots between gut microbiota and CAD development via microbial metabolites and interaction with the immune system. Uncovering the causal relationship of gut microbiota and CAD development can lead to novel microbiome-based preventative and therapeutic interventions. However, an interdisciplinary approach is required to shed light on gut bacterial-mediated mechanisms (e.g., using advanced nanomedicine technologies and incorporation of demographic factors such as age, sex, and ethnicity) to enable efficacious and high-precision preventative and therapeutic strategies for CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Kazemian
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | | | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sepideh Pakpour
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
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11
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Babiker A, Hassan M, Muhammed S, Taylor G, Poonia B, Shah A, Bagchi S. Inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases biomarkers in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: A review. Clin Cardiol 2019; 43:222-234. [PMID: 31785111 PMCID: PMC7068107 DOI: 10.1002/clc.23299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects 180 million people worldwide and over 4 million people in the United States. HCV infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease and is recognized as a risk factor for clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD). Many studies have shown increased prevalence of cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with chronic HCV infection (CHC), and though these markers may be used to risk stratify people for cardiac disease in the general population their role in the HCV population is unknown. Patients with CHC have elevated cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers compared to noninfected controls which may play a role in CVD risk stratification. We undertook a systematic review of inflammatory and cardiac biomarkers in people with HCV infection with a focus on the effect of CHC on serum levels of these markers and their utility as predictors of CVD in this population. Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched for relevant articles until June 2019. A total of 2430 results were reviewed with 115 studies included. Our review revealed that HCV infection significantly alters serum levels of markers of inflammation, endothelial function, and cardiac dysfunction prior to HCV treatment, and some of which may change in response to HCV therapy. Current risk stratification tools for development of CVD in the general population may not account for the increased inflammatory markers that appear to be elevated among HCV‐infected patients contributing to increased CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Babiker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mohamed Hassan
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Safwan Muhammed
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland.,Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gregory Taylor
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bhawna Poonia
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anoop Shah
- Division of Cardiology, University of Edinburgh, Little France, Edinburgh
| | - Shashwatee Bagchi
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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12
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Mahdavi Gorabi A, Banach M, Reiner Ž, Pirro M, Hajighasemi S, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Atherosclerosis: Prospects for Therapy via the Modulation of Inflammatory Milieu. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1413. [PMID: 31500373 PMCID: PMC6780166 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease that mainly affects the arterial intima. The disease is more prevalent in middle-age and older individuals with one or more cardiovascular risk factors, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, obesity, and others. The beginning and development of atherosclerosis has been associated with several immune components, including infiltration of inflammatory cells, monocyte/macrophage-derived foam cells, and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) originate from several tissue sources of the body and have self-renewal and multipotent differentiation characteristics. They also have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Recently, it was shown that MSCs have a regulatory role in plasma lipid levels. In addition, MSCs have shown to have promising potential in terms of treatment strategies for several diseases, including those with an inflammatory component. In this regard, transplantation of MSCs to patients with atherosclerosis has been proposed as a novel strategy in the treatment of this disease. In this review, we summarize the current advancements regarding MSCs for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armita Mahdavi Gorabi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Research, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411713138, Iran
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Kišpatićeva 12, Zagreb 1000, Croatia
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Saeideh Hajighasemi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 1531534199, Iran
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91778-99191, Iran.
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91778-99191, Iran.
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91778-99191, Iran.
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13
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Interleukin-17 production by CD4+CD45RO+Foxp3+ T cells in peripheral blood of patients with atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 4:e215-e224. [PMID: 31538127 PMCID: PMC6749180 DOI: 10.5114/amsad.2019.87525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction T regulatory cells (Tregs) are known as immunoregulatory cells that are reduced in atherosclerosis. Tregs are a part of crosstalk between the immune system and lipoprotein metabolism, both of which are involved in atherosclerotic processes. Depletion of Tregs leads to impaired clearance of low density lipoprotein (LDL), and intracellular cholesterol homeostasis affects Treg cell development. Furthermore, the atherosclerotic environment affects the Treg cells’ phenotype and plasticity. Plasticity between Tregs and Th17 cells has been a matter of investigation lately. We investigated the frequency of interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing Tregs in the peripheral blood of patients with atherosclerosis. Material and methods We studied 10 non-diabetic patients with significant coronary artery disease (CAD) as the patient group, and seven non-diabetic individuals with normal coronary angiography/insignificant CAD as the control group. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stained with fluorescent antibodies to detect CD4, CD45RO, IL-17, and Foxp3 expression both before and after stimulation with PMA/Ionomycin. Cell enumeration was performed using flowcytometry and analysed using Mann-Whitney test. Results CD4+IL-17+Foxp3+ and CD4+IL-17+Foxp3- subsets showed higher frequencies in patients than in controls both before (p = 0.0031, p = 0.033, respectively) and after stimulation (p = 0.0027 and p = 0.0013, respectively). Interestingly, CD4+IL-17+Foxp3+ cells were almost exclusively CD45RO+ with a much higher frequency in patients than in controls (p = 0.0027, p = 0.0007). After stimulation, the frequency of CD4+CD45RO+IL-17+Foxp3+ lymphocytes increased to a greater extent in patients (p < 0.0001) than in controls. Conclusions Interleukin-17 production by an intermediate population with an activated Treg phenotype in our patients may point to the population heterogeneity or plasticity in Tregs during atherosclerotic inflammation.
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14
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Tran HB, Chen SC, Chaung HC, Cheng TC. Molecular cloning of IL-6, IL-10, IL-11, IFN-ɤ and modulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in cobia (Rachycentron canadum) after Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida infection. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 230:10-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Lacy M, Atzler D, Liu R, de Winther M, Weber C, Lutgens E. Interactions between dyslipidemia and the immune system and their relevance as putative therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 193:50-62. [PMID: 30149100 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be a leading cause of death worldwide with atherosclerosis being the major underlying pathology. The interplay between lipids and immune cells is believed to be a driving force in the chronic inflammation of the arterial wall during atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis is initiated as lipid particles accumulate and become trapped in vessel walls. The subsequent immune response, involving both adaptive and immune cells, progresses plaque development, which may be exacerbated under dyslipidemic conditions. Broad evidence, especially from animal models, clearly demonstrates the effect of lipids on immune cells from their development in the bone marrow to their phenotypic switching in circulation. Interestingly, recent research has also shown a long-lasting epigenetic signature from lipids on immune cells. Traditionally, cardiovascular therapies have approached atherosclerosis through lipid-lowering medications because, until recently, anti-inflammatory therapies have been largely unsuccessful in clinical trials. However, the recent Canakinumab Antiinflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study (CANTOS) provided pivotal support of the inflammatory hypothesis of atherosclerosis in man spurring on anti-inflammatory strategies to treat atherosclerosis. In this review, we describe the interactions between lipids and immune cells along with their specific outcomes as well as discuss their future perspective as potential cardiovascular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lacy
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Dorothee Atzler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Walther Straub Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Rongqi Liu
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Menno de Winther
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Ray M, Autieri MV. Regulation of pro- and anti-atherogenic cytokines. Cytokine 2017; 122:154175. [PMID: 29221669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in prevention and treatment, vascular diseases continue to account for significant morbidity and mortality in the developed world. Incidence is expected to worsen as the number of patients with common co-morbidities linked with atherosclerotic vascular disease, such as obesity and diabetes, continues to increase, reaching epidemic proportions. Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven vascular inflammatory disease involving multiple cell types in various stages of inflammation, activation, apoptosis, and necrosis. One commonality among these cell types is that they are activated and communicate with each other in a paracrine fashion via a complex network of cytokines. Cytokines mediate atherogenesis by stimulating expression of numerous proteins necessary for induction of a host of cellular responses, including inflammation, extravasation, proliferation, apoptosis, and matrix production. Cytokine expression is regulated by a number of transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. In this context, proteins that control and fine-tune cytokine expression can be considered key players in development of atherosclerosis and also represent targets for rational drug therapy to combat this disease. This review will describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive atherosclerotic plaque progression and present key cytokines that participate in this process. We will also describe RNA binding proteins that mediate cytokine mRNA stability and regulate cytokine abundance. Identification and characterization of the cytokines and proteins that regulate their abundance are essential to our ability to identify therapeutic approaches to ameliorate atherosclerotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitali Ray
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Michael V Autieri
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Immune regulation by oral tolerance induces alternate activation of macrophages and reduces markers of plaque destabilization in Apob tm2Sgy/Ldlr tm1Her/J mice. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28638138 PMCID: PMC5479867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04183-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause for cardiovascular mortality. We determined the effect of multi-antigenic construct expressing three peptides AHC (ApoB100, HSP60 and outer membrane protein of chlamydia pneumonia) in stabilizing advanced atherosclerosis in Apobtm2Sgy/Ldlrtm1Her/J mice. Atherosclerosis was induced by feeding high fat diet (HFD) to mice for 10 weeks, followed by five oral dosing with purified AHC or ovalbumin on alternate days and continued on HFD for another 10 weeks. Tolerance was associated with significantly higher numbers of regulatory T cells both in aortic sinus and spleen with higher mRNA expression of CTLA4 (3 fold), Foxp3 (1.4 folds) and TGF-β (1.62) in aorta. Tregs cells were found to induce alternate activation of macrophages to M2 phenotype, with a reduction in plaque inflammation. AHC treatment showed evidence of plaque stabilization as observed by reduction in plaque necrosis in aortic sinus (35.8%) and in brachiocephalic artery (26%), with reduced expression of Tissue factor and MMP9. Macrophage apoptosis was reduced and collagen content was enhanced by treatment. Our results suggest that tolerance to atherogenic peptides increases regulatory T cells which activate M2 macrophages, prevent T cell proliferation and reduce plaque destabilization and inflammatory markers thus providing evidences for plaque stabilization in mice with advanced atherosclerosis.
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Cheng HS, Besla R, Li A, Chen Z, Shikatani EA, Nazari-Jahantigh M, Hammoutène A, Nguyen MA, Geoffrion M, Cai L, Khyzha N, Li T, MacParland SA, Husain M, Cybulsky MI, Boulanger CM, Temel RE, Schober A, Rayner KJ, Robbins CS, Fish JE. Paradoxical Suppression of Atherosclerosis in the Absence of microRNA-146a. Circ Res 2017. [PMID: 28637783 PMCID: PMC5542783 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.310529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Inflammation is a key contributor to atherosclerosis. MicroRNA-146a (miR-146a) has been identified as a critical brake on proinflammatory nuclear factor κ light chain enhancer of activated B cells signaling in several cell types, including endothelial cells and bone marrow (BM)-derived cells. Importantly, miR-146a expression is elevated in human atherosclerotic plaques, and polymorphisms in the miR-146a precursor have been associated with risk of coronary artery disease. OBJECTIVE To define the role of endogenous miR-146a during atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Paradoxically, Ldlr-/- (low-density lipoprotein receptor null) mice deficient in miR-146a develop less atherosclerosis, despite having highly elevated levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines. In contrast, cytokine levels are normalized in Ldlr-/-;miR-146a-/- mice receiving wild-type BM transplantation, and these mice have enhanced endothelial cell activation and elevated atherosclerotic plaque burden compared with Ldlr-/- mice receiving wild-type BM, demonstrating the atheroprotective role of miR-146a in the endothelium. We find that deficiency of miR-146a in BM-derived cells precipitates defects in hematopoietic stem cell function, contributing to extramedullary hematopoiesis, splenomegaly, BM failure, and decreased levels of circulating proatherogenic cells in mice fed an atherogenic diet. These hematopoietic phenotypes seem to be driven by unrestrained inflammatory signaling that leads to the expansion and eventual exhaustion of hematopoietic cells, and this occurs in the face of lower levels of circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in mice lacking miR-146a in BM-derived cells. Furthermore, we identify sortilin-1(Sort1), a known regulator of circulating low-density lipoprotein levels in humans, as a novel target of miR-146a. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that miR-146a regulates cholesterol metabolism and tempers chronic inflammatory responses to atherogenic diet by restraining proinflammatory signaling in endothelial cells and BM-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry S Cheng
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Rickvinder Besla
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Angela Li
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Zhiqi Chen
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Eric A Shikatani
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Maliheh Nazari-Jahantigh
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Adel Hammoutène
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - My-Anh Nguyen
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Michele Geoffrion
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Lei Cai
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Nadiya Khyzha
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Tong Li
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Sonya A MacParland
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Mansoor Husain
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Myron I Cybulsky
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Chantal M Boulanger
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Ryan E Temel
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Andreas Schober
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Katey J Rayner
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Clinton S Robbins
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Jason E Fish
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.).
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19
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Li F, Guo X, Chen SY. Function and Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:32. [PMID: 28589127 PMCID: PMC5438961 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complicated disorder and largely attributable to dyslipidaemia and chronic inflammation. Despite therapeutic advances over past decades, atherosclerosis remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Due to their capability of immunomodulation and tissue regeneration, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have evolved as an attractive therapeutic agent in various diseases including atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidences support the protective role of MSCs in all stages of atherosclerosis. In this review, we highlight the current understanding of MSCs including their characteristics such as molecular markers, tissue distribution, migratory property, immune-modulatory competence, etc. We also summarize MSC functions in animal models of atherosclerosis. MSC transplantation is able to modulate cytokine and chemokine secretion, reduce endothelial dysfunction, promote regulatory T cell function, decrease dyslipidemia, and stabilize vulnerable plaques during atherosclerosis development. In addition, MSCs may migrate to lesions where they develop into functional cells during atherosclerosis formation. Finally, the perspectives of MSCs in clinical atherosclerosis therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Li
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,The Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Guo
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Shi-You Chen
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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20
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Chen Q, Zhai H, Li X, Ma Y, Chen B, Liu F, Lai H, Xie J, He C, Luo J, Gao J, Yang Y. Recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 in a mouse model of atherosclerosis: Determination of the optimal expression time in vivo. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2090-2096. [PMID: 28260093 PMCID: PMC5364991 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9) has been identified as one of the optimal gene transduction carriers for gene therapy. The aim of the present study was to determine the gene transfection efficiency and safety of an AAV9 vector produced using a recombinant baculovirus (rBac)‑based system. AAV9‑cytomegalovirus (CMV)-green fluorescent protein was produced using an rBac system and the resulting vector particles were injected intravenously into mice. Animals were sacrificed at 14, 21, 28, 35, 60, 90 and 120 days following injection. GFP expression in aortic vasculature and aortic plaques in C57/6B and apolipoprotein E‑/‑ mice was analyzed by fluorescence imaging and western blotting. In vivo analyses of biological markers of liver and heart damage, and renal function, as well as in vitro terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling analysis were used to determine the toxicity of the AAV9 carrier. The findings of the present study demonstrated that AAV9 viral vectors packaged using the rBac system functioned appropriately in arteriosclerosis plaques. The CMV promoter significantly induced GFP expression in the vascular plaque in a time-dependent manner. AAV9‑CMV viral particles did not lead to heart, liver or renal damage and no change in apoptotic rate was identified. These findings indicated that AAV9-CMV may be effectively and safely used to transfect genes into atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjie Chen
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhai
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Yitong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Bangdang Chen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Fen Liu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Lai
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Jia Xie
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Chunhui He
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Junyi Luo
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Yining Yang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
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21
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Stöger JL, Boshuizen MCS, Brufau G, Gijbels MJJ, Wolfs IMJ, van der Velden S, Pöttgens CCH, Vergouwe MN, Wijnands E, Beckers L, Goossens P, Kerksiek A, Havinga R, Müller W, Lütjohann D, Groen AK, de Winther MPJ. Deleting myeloid IL-10 receptor signalling attenuates atherosclerosis in LDLR-/- mice by altering intestinal cholesterol fluxes. Thromb Haemost 2016; 116:565-77. [PMID: 27358035 DOI: 10.1160/th16-01-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses and cholesterol homeostasis are interconnected in atherogenesis. Interleukin (IL)-10 is an important anti-inflammatory cytokine, known to suppress atherosclerosis development. However, the specific cell types responsible for the atheroprotective effects of IL-10 remain to be defined and knowledge on the actions of IL-10 in cholesterol homeostasis is scarce. Here we investigated the functional involvement of myeloid IL-10-mediated atheroprotection. To do so, bone marrow from IL-10 receptor 1 (IL-10R1) wild-type and myeloid IL-10R1-deficient mice was transplanted to lethally irradiated female LDLR-/- mice. Hereafter, mice were given a high cholesterol diet for 10 weeks after which atherosclerosis development and cholesterol metabolism were investigated. In vitro, myeloid IL-10R1 deficiency resulted in a pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype. However, in vivo significantly reduced lesion size and severity was observed. This phenotype was associated with lower myeloid cell accumulation and more apoptosis in the lesions. Additionally, a profound reduction in plasma and liver cholesterol was observed upon myeloid IL-10R1 deficiency, which was reflected in plaque lipid content. This decreased hypercholesterolaemia was associated with lowered very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, likely as a response to decreased intestinal cholesterol absorption. In addition, IL-10R1 deficient mice demonstrated substantially higher faecal sterol loss caused by increased non-biliary cholesterol efflux. The induction of this process was linked to impaired ACAT2-mediated esterification of liver and plasma cholesterol. Overall, myeloid cells do not contribute to IL-10-mediated atheroprotection. In addition, this study demonstrates a novel connection between IL-10-mediated inflammation and cholesterol homeostasis in atherosclerosis. These findings make us reconsider IL-10 as a beneficial influence on atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Atherosclerosis/etiology
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Biological Transport, Active
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Cholesterol, Dietary/administration & dosage
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Hypercholesterolemia/prevention & control
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Cells/metabolism
- Myeloid Cells/pathology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/etiology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/metabolism
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology
- Receptors, Interleukin-10/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-10/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Sterol O-Acyltransferase/metabolism
- Sterol O-Acyltransferase 2
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Menno P J de Winther
- Prof. M. P. J. de Winther, PhD, Experimental Vascular Biology, Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Tel.: +31 20 5666762, E-mail:
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22
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Slusher AL, Mischo AB, Acevedo EO. Pentraxin 3 is an anti-inflammatory protein associated with lipid-induced interleukin 10 in vitro. Cytokine 2016; 86:36-40. [PMID: 27450429 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is an acute phase protein expressed in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli during atherosclerosis. However, recent findings suggest that PTX3 is a counter-regulatory protein which enhances the anti-inflammatory response. OBJECTIVE Therefore, the capacity of PTX3 to alter the inflammatory milieu following in vitro stimulation of PBMCs with the pro-inflammatory lipid, palmitate, was examined. METHODS PBMCs from 17 healthy male donors were isolated and cultured under four separate conditions; 200μmol/L palmitate, a physiologically relevant concentration of PTX3, in combination (pal+PTX3), and an unstimulated time-course control. RESULTS Palmitate-induced production of the counter-regulatory protein PTX3 was positively associated with the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) following in vitro stimulation of human PBMCs. Furthermore, stimulation of PBMCs in vitro with 500pg/mL PTX3 elicited a significantly greater increase in IL-10 production compared to the palmitate stimulated conditions. However, PTX3 stimulation did not result in the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, and when combined with palmitate, did not alter the pro-inflammatory milieu from PBMCs in this study. CONCLUSION These findings provide evidence supporting the role of PTX3 as a mediator of the anti-inflammatory response in physiologically relevant conditions, and suggests that PTX3 counter regulates the development of atherosclerosis by enhancing the production of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Slusher
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Amanda B Mischo
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Edmund O Acevedo
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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23
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Vashi N, Stryjecki C, Peralta-Romero J, Suarez F, Gomez-Zamudio J, Burguete-Garcia AI, Cruz M, Meyre D. Genetic markers of inflammation may not contribute to metabolic traits in Mexican children. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2090. [PMID: 27366637 PMCID: PMC4924140 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Low-grade chronic inflammation is a common feature of obesity and its cardio-metabolic complications. However, little is known about a possible causal role of inflammation in metabolic disorders. Mexico is among the countries with the highest obesity rates in the world and the admixed Mexican population is a relevant sample due to high levels of genetic diversity. Methods: Here, we studied 1,462 Mexican children recruited from Mexico City. Six genetic variants in five inflammation-related genes were genotyped: rs1137101 (leptin receptor (LEPR)), rs7305618 (hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF1A)), rs1800629 (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFA)), rs1800896, rs1800871 (interleukin-10 (IL-10)), rs1862513 (resistin (RETN)). Ten continuous and eight binary traits were assessed. Linear and logistic regression models were used adjusting for age, sex, and recruitment centre. Results: We found that one SNP displayed a nominal evidence of association with a continuous trait: rs1800871 (IL-10) with LDL (beta = −0.068 ± 1.006, P = 0.01). Subsequently, we found one nominal association with a binary trait: rs7305618 (HNF1A) with family history of hypertension (odds-ratio = 1.389 [1.054–1.829], P = 0.02). However, no P-value passed the Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. Discussion: Our data in a Mexican children population are consistent with previous reports in European adults in failing to demonstrate an association between inflammation-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and metabolic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeti Vashi
- Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
| | - Carolina Stryjecki
- Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
| | - Jesus Peralta-Romero
- Medical Research Unit in Biochemistry, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Fernando Suarez
- Medical Research Unit in Biochemistry, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Jaime Gomez-Zamudio
- Medical Research Unit in Biochemistry, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Ana I Burguete-Garcia
- Centro de investigación sobre enfermedades infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública , Cuernavaca , Mexico
| | - Miguel Cruz
- Medical Research Unit in Biochemistry, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - David Meyre
- Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Chan IH, Van Hoof D, Abramova M, Bilardello M, Mar E, Jorgensen B, McCauley S, Bal H, Oft M, Van Vlasselaer P, Mumm JB. PEGylated IL-10 Activates Kupffer Cells to Control Hypercholesterolemia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156229. [PMID: 27299860 PMCID: PMC4907428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a multifunctional cytokine that exerts potent context specific immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive effects. We have investigated the mechanism by which PEGylated rIL-10 regulates plasma cholesterol in mice and humans. In agreement with previous work on rIL-10, we report that PEGylated rIL-10 harnesses the myeloid immune system to control total plasma cholesterol levels. We have discovered that PEG-rMuIL-10’s dramatic lowering of plasma cholesterol is dependent on phagocytotic cells. In particular, PEG-rHuIL-10 enhances cholesterol uptake by Kupffer cells. In addition, removal of phagocytotic cells dramatically increases plasma cholesterol levels, suggesting for the first time that immunological cells are implicitly involved in regulating total cholesterol levels. These data suggest that treatment with PEG-rIL-10 potentiates endogenous cholesterol regulating cell populations not currently targeted by standard of care therapeutics. Furthermore, we show that IL-10’s increase of Kupffer cell cholesterol phagocytosis is concomitant with decreases in liver cholesterol and triglycerides. This leads to the reversal of early periportal liver fibrosis and facilitates the restoration of liver health. These data recommend PEG-rIL-10 for evaluation in the treatment of fatty liver disease and preventing its progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. In direct confirmation of our in vivo findings in the treatment of hypercholesterolemic mice with PEG-rMuIL-10, we report that treatment of hypercholesterolemic cancer patients with PEG-rHuIL-10 lowers total plasma cholesterol by up to 50%. Taken together these data suggest that PEG-rIL-10’s cholesterol regulating biology is consistent between mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan H. Chan
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Dennis Van Hoof
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Marina Abramova
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Melissa Bilardello
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Elliot Mar
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Brett Jorgensen
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Scott McCauley
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Harminder Bal
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Martin Oft
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Peter Van Vlasselaer
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - John B. Mumm
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. The underlying cause of the majority of cardiovascular disease is atherosclerosis. In the past, atherosclerosis was considered to be the result of passive lipid accumulation in the vessel wall. However, today's picture of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is much more complex, with a key role for immune cells and inflammation in conjunction with hyperlipidemia, especially elevated (modified) LDL levels. Knowledge on immune cells and immune responses in atherosclerosis has progressed tremendously over the past decades, and the same is true for the role of lipid metabolism and the different lipid components. However, it is largely unknown how lipids and the immune system interact. In this review, we will describe the effect of lipids on immune cell development and function, and the effects of immune cells on lipid metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS Recently, novel data have emerged that show that immune cells are affected, and behave differently in a hyperlipidemic environment. Moreover, immune cells have reported to be able to affect lipid metabolism. SUMMARY In this review, we will summarize the latest findings on the interactions between lipids and the immune system, and we will discuss the potential consequences of these novel insights for future therapies for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schaftenaar
- aDivision of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden bDepartment of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands cInstitute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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26
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Ouimet M, Ediriweera HN, Gundra UM, Sheedy FJ, Ramkhelawon B, Hutchison SB, Rinehold K, van Solingen C, Fullerton MD, Cecchini K, Rayner KJ, Steinberg GR, Zamore PD, Fisher EA, Loke P, Moore KJ. MicroRNA-33-dependent regulation of macrophage metabolism directs immune cell polarization in atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4334-48. [PMID: 26517695 PMCID: PMC4665799 DOI: 10.1172/jci81676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism is increasingly recognized as a controller of immune cell fate and function. MicroRNA-33 (miR-33) regulates cellular lipid metabolism and represses genes involved in cholesterol efflux, HDL biogenesis, and fatty acid oxidation. Here, we determined that miR-33-mediated disruption of the balance of aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation instructs macrophage inflammatory polarization and shapes innate and adaptive immune responses. Macrophage-specific Mir33 deletion increased oxidative respiration, enhanced spare respiratory capacity, and induced an M2 macrophage polarization-associated gene profile. Furthermore, miR-33-mediated M2 polarization required miR-33 targeting of the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), but not cholesterol efflux. Notably, miR-33 inhibition increased macrophage expression of the retinoic acid-producing enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1, subfamily A2 (ALDH1A2) and retinal dehydrogenase activity both in vitro and in a mouse model. Consistent with the ability of retinoic acid to foster inducible Tregs, miR-33-depleted macrophages had an enhanced capacity to induce forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) expression in naive CD4(+) T cells. Finally, treatment of hypercholesterolemic mice with miR-33 inhibitors for 8 weeks resulted in accumulation of inflammation-suppressing M2 macrophages and FOXP3(+) Tregs in plaques and reduced atherosclerosis progression. Collectively, these results reveal that miR-33 regulates macrophage inflammation and demonstrate that miR-33 antagonism is atheroprotective, in part, by reducing plaque inflammation by promoting M2 macrophage polarization and Treg induction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - U. Mahesh Gundra
- Department of Microbiology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Katharine Cecchini
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Gregory R. Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Phillip D. Zamore
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward A. Fisher
- Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program and
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - P’ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn J. Moore
- Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program and
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells Reduce Murine Atherosclerosis Development. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15559. [PMID: 26490642 PMCID: PMC4614841 DOI: 10.1038/srep15559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have regenerative properties, but recently they were also found to have immunomodulatory capacities. We therefore investigated whether MSCs could reduce atherosclerosis, which is determined by dyslipidaemia and chronic inflammation. We adoptively transferred MSCs into low-density lipoprotein-receptor knockout mice and put these on a Western-type diet to induce atherosclerosis. Initially after treatment, we found higher levels of circulating regulatory T cells. In the long-term, overall numbers of effector T cells were reduced by MSC treatment. Moreover, MSC-treated mice displayed a significant 33% reduction in circulating monocytes and a 77% reduction of serum CCL2 levels. Most strikingly, we found a previously unappreciated effect on lipid metabolism. Serum cholesterol was reduced by 33%, due to reduced very low-density lipoprotein levels, likely a result of reduced de novo hepatic lipogenesis as determined by a reduced expression of Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 and lipoprotein lipase. MSCs significantly affected lesion development, which was reduced by 33% in the aortic root. These lesions contained 56% less macrophages and showed a 61% reduction in T cell numbers. We show here for the first time that MSC treatment affects not only inflammatory responses but also significantly reduces dyslipidaemia in mice. This makes MSCs a potent candidate for atherosclerosis therapies.
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Wu Y, Xie G, Xu Y, Ma L, Tong C, Fan D, Du F, Yu H. PEP-1-MsrA ameliorates inflammation and reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E deficient mice. J Transl Med 2015; 13:316. [PMID: 26410585 PMCID: PMC4584131 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0677-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) is a potent intracellular oxidoreductase and serves as an essential factor that protects cells against oxidative damage. However, therapeutic use of exogenous MsrA in oxidative stress-induced diseases is limited, because it cannot enter the cells. The aim of this study is to investigate whether MsrA with PEP-1, a cell penetrating peptide, fused to its N-terminus can protect against oxidative stress in macrophages and can attenuate atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice. METHODS MsrA and the fusion protein PEP-1-MsrA were expressed and purified using a pET28a expression system. Transduction of the fusion protein into macrophages was confirmed by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis levels were measured by flow cytometry. In in vivo study, MsrA or PEP-1-MsrA proteins were intraperitoneally injected into apoE(-/-) mice fed a Western diet for 12 weeks. Plasma lipids levels, inflammatory gene expression, and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were assessed. Atherosclerotic lesions were analyzed by Oil Red O staining and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS PEP-1-MsrA could penetrate the cells and significantly reduced intracellular ROS levels and apoptosis in H2O2-treated macrophages. It also decreased TNFα and IL-1β mRNA levels and increased the IL-10 mRNA level in lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages. In in vivo study, PEP-1-MsrA injection significantly increased plasma PON1 and SOD activities and decreased plasma monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) level compared to the injection of vehicle control or MsrA. In PEP-1-MsrA injected mice, hepatic PON1 levels were increased, while the expression of TNFα and IL-6 mRNA in the liver was suppressed. Although plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels did not change, the aortic atherosclerosis in PEP-1-MsrA treated mice was significantly reduced. This was accompanied by a reduction of total and apoptotic macrophages in the lesions. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence that PEP-1-MsrA may be a potential therapeutic agent for atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 185 Donghu Road, Bldg. 2, 2-209, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Guanghui Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 185 Donghu Road, Bldg. 2, 2-209, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Yanyong Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 185 Donghu Road, Bldg. 2, 2-209, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 185 Donghu Road, Bldg. 2, 2-209, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Chuanfeng Tong
- Cardiology Division of Wuhan University Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan, China.
| | - Daping Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
| | - Fen Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 185 Donghu Road, Bldg. 2, 2-209, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 185 Donghu Road, Bldg. 2, 2-209, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
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Liang QJ, Jiang M, Wang XH, Le LL, Xiang M, Sun N, Meng D, Chen SF. Pre-existing interleukin 10 in cerebral arteries attenuates subsequent brain injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:710-9. [PMID: 26337686 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent stroke is difficult to treat and life threatening. Transfer of anti-inflammatory gene is a potential gene therapy strategy for ischemic stroke. Using recombinant adeno-associated viral vector 1 (rAAV1)-mediated interleukin 10 (IL-10), we investigated whether transfer of beneficial gene into the rat cerebral vessels during interventional treatment for initial stroke could attenuate brain injury caused by recurrent stroke. Male Wistar rats were administered rAAV1-IL-10, rAAV1-YFP, or saline into the left cerebral artery. Three weeks after gene transfer, rats were subjected to occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery (MCAO) for 45 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h. IL-10 levels in serum were significantly elevated 3 weeks after rAAV1-IL-10 injection, and virus in the cerebral vessels was confirmed by in situ hybridization. Pre-existing IL-10 but not YFP decreased the neurological dysfunction scores, brain infarction volume, and the number of injured neuronal cells. AAV1-IL-10 transduction increased heme oxygenase (HO-1) mRNA and protein levels in the infarct boundary zone of the brain. Thus, transduction of the IL-10 gene in the cerebral artery prior to ischemia attenuates brain injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion in rats. This preventive approach for recurrent stroke can be achieved during interventional treatment for initial stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Juan Liang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Xin-Hong Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li-Li Le
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Meng Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dan Meng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Si-Feng Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Kivelä AM, Huusko J, Ylä-Herttuala S. Prospect and progress of gene therapy in treating atherosclerosis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:1699-712. [PMID: 26328616 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1084282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite considerable improvements in therapies, atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide. Therefore, in addition to current treatment options, new therapeutic approaches are still needed. AREAS COVERED In this review, novel gene and RNA interference-based therapy approaches and promising target genes for treating atherosclerosis are addressed. In addition, relevant animal models for the demonstration of the efficacy of different gene therapy applications, and current progress toward more efficient, targeted and safer gene transfer vectors are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Atherosclerosis represents a complex multifactorial disease that is dependent on the interplay between lipoprotein metabolism, cellular reactions and inflammation. Recent advances and novel targets, especially in the field of RNA interference-based therapies, are very promising. However, it should be noted that the modulation of a particular gene is not as clearly associated with a complex polygenic disease as it is in the case of monogenic diseases. A deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis, further progress in vector development and the demonstration of treatment efficacy in relevant animal models will be required before gene therapy of atherosclerosis meets its clinical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annukka M Kivelä
- a 1 University of Eastern Finland, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine , Kuopio, Finland +358 403 552 075 ;
| | - Jenni Huusko
- a 1 University of Eastern Finland, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine , Kuopio, Finland +358 403 552 075 ;
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- a 1 University of Eastern Finland, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine , Kuopio, Finland +358 403 552 075 ; .,b 2 Science Service Center , Kuopio, Finland.,c 3 Kuopio University Hospital, Gene Therapy Unit , Kuopio, Finland
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Foks AC, Lichtman AH, Kuiper J. Treating atherosclerosis with regulatory T cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 35:280-7. [PMID: 25414253 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in the regulation of T-cell-mediated immune responses through suppression of T-cell proliferation and secretion of inhibitory cytokines, such as interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β. Impaired Treg numbers and function have been associated with numerous diseases, and an imbalance between proinflammatory/proatherogenic cells and Tregs promotes atherosclerotic disease. Restoration of this balance by inducing Tregs has great therapeutic potential to prevent cardiovascular disease. In addition to suppressing differentiation and function of effector T cells, Tregs have been shown to induce anti-inflammatory macrophages, inhibit foam cell formation and to influence cholesterol metabolism. Furthermore, Tregs suppress immune responses of endothelial cells and innate lymphoid cells. In this review, we focus on the recent knowledge on Treg subsets, their activity and function in atherosclerosis, and discuss promising strategies to use Tregs as a therapeutic tool to prevent cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Foks
- From the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.C.F., A.H.L.); and Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden, The Netherlands (J.K.)
| | - Andrew H Lichtman
- From the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.C.F., A.H.L.); and Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden, The Netherlands (J.K.)
| | - Johan Kuiper
- From the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.C.F., A.H.L.); and Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden, The Netherlands (J.K.).
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Han X, Boisvert WA. Interleukin-10 protects against atherosclerosis by modulating multiple atherogenic macrophage function. Thromb Haemost 2014; 113:505-12. [PMID: 25373619 DOI: 10.1160/th14-06-0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is primarily a disorder of lipid metabolism, but there is also a prominent chronic inflammatory component that drives the atherosclerotic lesion progression in the artery wall. During hyperlipidaemic conditions, there is a rapid influx of circulating monocytes into the atherosclerosis-prone areas of the arterial intima. These infiltrated monocytes differentiate into macrophages and take up the atherogenic lipoproteins in the intima of the vessel wall that have been modified within the lesion environment. Interleukin (IL)-10 is a prototypic anti-inflammatory cytokine made primarily by the macrophages and Th2 subtype T lymphocytes. In terms of atherosclerosis its major roles include inhibition of macrophage activation as well as inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase, pro-inflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in lipid-loaded and activated macrophage foam cells. Recent discoveries suggest another important role of IL-10 in atherosclerosis: its ability to alter lipid metabolism in macrophages. The current review will highlight the present knowledge on multiple ways in which IL-10 mediates atherosclerosis. As macrophages play a critical role in all stages of atherosclerosis, the review will concentrate on how IL-10 regulates the activities of macrophages that are especially important in the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William A Boisvert
- William A. Boisvert, Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA, Tel.: +1 808 692 1567, Fax: +1 808 692 1973, E-mail:
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Abstract
Adaptive immunity is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, but the recruitment of T and B lymphocytes to atherosclerotic lesions is not as well studied as that of monocytes. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role of lymphocyte subsets in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and discuss chemokines and chemokine receptors involved in lymphocyte homing to atherosclerotic lesions. We review evidence for involvement of the chemokines CCL5, CCL19, CCL21, CXCL10, and CXCL16 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor in lymphocyte homing in atherosclerosis. Also, we review the role of their receptors CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, CXCR3, CXCR6, and CXCR2/CXCR4 and the role of the L-selectin in mouse models of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA
| | - Klaus Ley
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA.
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Halvorsen B, Holm S, Yndestad A, Scholz H, Sagen EL, Nebb H, Holven KB, Dahl TB, Aukrust P. Interleukin-10 increases reverse cholesterol transport in macrophages through its bidirectional interaction with liver X receptor α. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:1525-30. [PMID: 25035925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 is a prototypical anti-inflammatory cytokine that has been shown to attenuate atherosclerosis development. In addition to its anti-inflammatory properties, the anti-atherogenic effect of IL-10 has recently also been suggested to reflect a complex effect of IL-10 on lipid metabolism in macrophages. In the present study we examined the effects of IL-10 on cholesterol efflux mechanism in lipid-loaded THP-1 macrophages. Our main findings were: (i) IL-10 significantly enhanced cholesterol efflux induced by fetal-calf serum, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)2 and apolipoprotein A-1. (ii) The IL-10-mediated effects on cholesterol efflux were accompanied by an increased IL-10-mediated expression of the ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1, that was further enhanced when the cells were co-activated with the liver X receptor (LXR)α agonist (22R)-hydroxycholesterol. (iii) The effect of LXRα activation on the IL-10-mediated effects on the ATP-binding cassette transporters seems to include enhancing effects on the IL-10 receptor 1 (IL10R1) expression and interaction with STAT-3 signaling. (iv) These enhancing effects on ABCA1 and ABCG1 was not seen when the cells were stimulated with the IL-10 family members IL-22 and IL-24. This study suggests that the anti-atherogenic properties of IL-10 may include enhancing effects on cholesterol efflux mechanism that involves cross-talk with LXRα activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Sverre Holm
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arne Yndestad
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne Scholz
- Section for Transplantation, Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Lund Sagen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Nebb
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten B Holven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tuva B Dahl
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Yilmaz MI, Solak Y, Saglam M, Cayci T, Acikel C, Unal HU, Eyileten T, Oguz Y, Sari S, Carrero JJ, Stenvinkel P, Covic A, Kanbay M. The relationship between IL-10 levels and cardiovascular events in patients with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 9:1207-16. [PMID: 24789549 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.08660813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in patients with CKD. IL-10 is considered an antiatherosclerotic cytokine. However, previous studies have failed to observe an association between IL-10 and cardiovascular disease in CKD. This study aimed to evaluate whether serum IL-10 levels were associated with the risk of cardiovascular events in CKD patients. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Four hundred three patients with stages 1-5 CKD were followed for a mean of 38 (range=2-42) months for fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events. IL-10 and IL-6 were measured at baseline together with surrogates of endothelial function (flow-mediated dilatation) and proinflammatory markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and pentraxin-3). The association between IL-10 and flow-mediated dilatation through linear regression analyses was evaluated. The association between IL-10 and the risk of cardiovascular events was assessed with Cox regression analysis. RESULTS IL-10, IL-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and pentraxin-3 levels were higher among participants with lower eGFR. Both fatal (25 of 200 versus 6 of 203 patients) and combined fatal and nonfatal (106 of 200 versus 23 of 203 patients) cardiovascular events were more common in patients with IL-10 concentration above the median. Flow-mediated dilatation was significantly lower in patients with higher serum IL-10 levels, but IL-10 was not associated with flow-mediated dilatation in multivariate analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that patients with IL-10 below the median value (<21.5 pg/ml) had higher cumulative survival compared with patients who had IL-10 levels above the median value (log-rank test, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS IL-10 levels increase along with the reduction of kidney function. Higher serum IL-10 levels were associated with the risk of cardiovascular events during follow-up. We speculate that higher IL-10 levels in this context signify an overall proinflammatory milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yalcin Solak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Karaman State Hospital, Karaman, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Juan Jesus Carrero
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine andCentres for Molecular Medicine and Gender Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Adrian Covic
- Nephrology Clinic, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Center, C.I. PARHON University Hospital and Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine, Iasi, Romania; and
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, İstanbul Medeniyet University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Obesity and cytokines in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:162047. [PMID: 24741576 PMCID: PMC3987792 DOI: 10.1155/2014/162047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), atherosclerosis is attributed to traditional and lupus related risk factors, including metabolic syndrome (MetS), obesity, and inflammation. Objective. To evaluate the association between obesity, measures of body fat content, serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-6 and -10 levels in childhood-onset SLE (cSLE). Methods. We screened consecutive cSLE patients followed up in the Pediatric Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic of the State University of Campinas. cSLE patients were assessed for disease and damage. Obesity was definite as body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2. Serum TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 levels were measured by ELISA. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to determine total fat mass, lean mass, and percent of body fat. Results. We included 52 cSLE patients and 52 controls. cSLE patients had higher serum TNF-α (P = 0.004), IL-6 (P = 0.002), and IL-10 (P < 0.001) levels compared to controls. We observed higher serum TNF-α (P = 0.036) levels in cSLE patients with obesity. An association between serum TNF-α levels and body fat percent (P = 0.046) and total fat mass on trunk region (P = 0.035) was observed. Conclusion. Serum TNF-α levels were associated with obesity and body fat content in cSLE. Our finding suggests that obesity may contribute to the increase of serum TNF-α levels in cSLE.
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McGillicuddy FC, Moll HP, Farouk S, Damrauer SM, Ferran C, Reilly MP. Translational studies of A20 in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 809:83-101. [PMID: 25302367 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0398-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the biggest killer in the Western World despite significant advances in understanding its molecular underpinnings. Chronic inflammation, the classical hallmark of atherogenesis is thought to play a key pathogenic role in the development of atherosclerotic lesions from initiation of fatty streaks to plaque rupture. Over-representation of mostly pro-inflammatory nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) target genes within atherosclerotic lesions has led to the common-held belief that excessive NF-kappaB activity promotes and aggravates atherogenesis. However, mouse models lacking various proteins involved in NF-kappaB signaling have often resulted in conflicting findings, fueling additional investigations to uncover the molecular involvement of NF-kappaB and its target genes in atherogenesis. In this chapter we will review the role of the NF-kappaB-regulated, yet potent NF-kappaB inhibitory and anti-inflammatory gene A20/TNFAIP3 in atherogenesis, and highlight the potential use of its atheroprotective properties for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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Foks AC, Ran IA, Wasserman L, Frodermann V, Ter Borg MND, de Jager SCA, van Santbrink PJ, Yagita H, Akiba H, Bot I, Kuiper J, van Puijvelde GHM. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 acts as a negative regulator of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2558-65. [PMID: 23990206 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis is a chronic autoimmune-like disease in which lipids and fibrous elements accumulate in the arterial blood vessels. T cells are present within atherosclerotic plaques, and their activation is partially dependent on costimulatory signals, which can either provide positive or negative signals that promote T-cell activation or limit T-cell responses, respectively. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) is a coinhibitory type 1 transmembrane protein that affects the function of several immune cells involved in atherosclerosis, such as monocytes, macrophages, effector T cells, and regulatory T cells. In the present study, we determined the role of Tim-3 in the development of atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Western-type diet-fed low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLr(-/-)) mice were treated with an anti-Tim-3 antibody for 3 and 8 weeks. Anti-Tim-3 administration increased fatty streak formation with 66% and increased atherosclerotic plaque formation after 8 weeks with 35% in the aortic root and with 50% in the aortic arch. Furthermore, blockade of Tim-3 signaling increased percentages of circulating monocytes with 33% and lesional macrophages with 20%. In addition, anti-Tim-3 administration increased CD4(+) T cells with 17%, enhanced their activation status, and reduced percentages of regulatory T cells with 18% and regulatory B cells with 37%. CONCLUSIONS It is known that Tim-3 acts as a negative regulator of both innate and adaptive immune responses, and in the present study, we show that anti-Tim-3 treatment augments lesion development, accompanied by an increase in the number of monocytes/macrophages and CD4(+) T cells and by decreased regulatory T cells and regulatory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Foks
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (A.C.F., I.A.R., L.W., V.F., M.N.D.t.B., S.C.A.d.J., P.J.v.S., I.B., J.K., G.H.M.v.P.); Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (S.C.A.d.J.); and Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.Y., H.A.)
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Ellison S, Gabunia K, Kelemen SE, England RN, Scalia R, Richards JM, Orr AW, Orr W, Traylor JG, Rogers T, Cornwell W, Berglund LM, Goncalves I, Gomez MF, Autieri MV. Attenuation of experimental atherosclerosis by interleukin-19. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2316-24. [PMID: 23950143 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-19 (IL-19) is a putative Th2, anti-inflammatory interleukin. Its expression and potential role in atherogenesis are unknown. IL-19 is not detected in normal artery and is expressed to a greater degree in plaque from symptomatic versus asymptomatic patients, suggesting a compensatory counter-regulatory function. We tested whether IL-19 could reduce atherosclerosis in susceptible mice and identified plausible mechanisms. APPROACH AND RESULTS LDLR(-/-) mice fed an atherogenic diet and injected with either 1.0 or 10.0 ng/g per day recombinant mouse IL-19 had significantly less plaque area in the aortic arch compared with controls (P<0.0001). Weight gain, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were not significantly different. Gene expression in splenocytes from IL-19-treated mice demonstrated immune cell Th2 polarization, with decreased expression of T-bet, interferon-γ, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-12β and increased expression of GATA3 and FoxP3 mRNA. A greater percentage of lymphocytes were Th2 polarized in IL-19-treated mice. Cellular characterization of plaque by immunohistochemistry demonstrated that IL-19-treated mice have significantly less macrophage infiltrate compared with controls (P<0.001). Intravital microscopy revealed significantly less leukocyte adhesion in wild-type mice injected with IL-19 and fed an atherogenic diet compared with controls. Treatment of cultured endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and bone marrow-derived macrophages with IL-19 resulted in a significant decrease in chemokine mRNA and mRNA stability protein human antigen R. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that IL-19 is a potent inhibitor of experimental atherosclerosis, with diverse mechanisms including immune cell polarization, decrease in macrophage adhesion, and decrease in gene expression. This may identify IL-19 as a novel therapeutic to limit vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Ellison
- From the Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center (S.E., K.G., S.E.K., R.N.E., R.S., J.M.R., M.V.A.) and Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research (T.R., W.C.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Shreveport, LA (W.O., J.G.T.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (L.M.B., M.F.G.); and Cardiology Department, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden (I.G.)
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Iwata
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (H.I.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.I., I.M., R.N.); and Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan (R.N.)
| | - Ichiro Manabe
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (H.I.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.I., I.M., R.N.); and Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan (R.N.)
| | - Ryozo Nagai
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (H.I.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.I., I.M., R.N.); and Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan (R.N.)
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42
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Bzowska M, Nogieć A, Skrzeczyńska-Moncznik J, Mickowska B, Guzik K, Pryjma J. Oxidized LDLs inhibit TLR-induced IL-10 production by monocytes: a new aspect of pathogen-accelerated atherosclerosis. Inflammation 2013; 35:1567-84. [PMID: 22556042 PMCID: PMC3397235 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9472-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that oxidized low-density lipoproteins and local infections or endotoxins in circulation contribute to chronic inflammatory process at all stages of atherosclerosis. The hallmark cells of atherosclerotic lesions-monocytes and macrophages-are able to detect and integrate complex signals derived from lipoproteins and pathogens, and respond with a spectrum of immunoregulatory cytokines. In this study, we show strong inhibitory effect of oxLDLs on anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 production by monocytes responding to TLR2 and TLR4 ligands. In contrast, pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor secretion was even slightly increased, when stimulated with lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis-an oral pathogen associated with atherosclerosis. The oxLDLs modulatory activity may be explained by altered recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, which involves serum proteins, particularly vitronectin. We also suggest an interaction between vitronectin receptor, CD11b, and TLR2. The presented data support a novel pathway for pathogen-accelerated atherosclerosis, which relies on oxidized low-density lipoprotein-mediated modulation of anti-inflammatory response to TLR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Bzowska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Nogieć
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Skrzeczyńska-Moncznik
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Mickowska
- Malopolska Centre of Food Monitoring and Certification, Faculty of Food Technology, Agricultural University, Balicka 122, 30-149 Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Guzik
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Juliusz Pryjma
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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43
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Oxidized LDLs inhibit TLR-induced IL-10 production by monocytes: a new aspect of pathogen-accelerated atherosclerosis. Inflammation 2013. [PMID: 22556042 DOI: 10.1007/s110753-012-9472-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that oxidized low-density lipoproteins and local infections or endotoxins in circulation contribute to chronic inflammatory process at all stages of atherosclerosis. The hallmark cells of atherosclerotic lesions-monocytes and macrophages-are able to detect and integrate complex signals derived from lipoproteins and pathogens, and respond with a spectrum of immunoregulatory cytokines. In this study, we show strong inhibitory effect of oxLDLs on anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 production by monocytes responding to TLR2 and TLR4 ligands. In contrast, pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor secretion was even slightly increased, when stimulated with lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis-an oral pathogen associated with atherosclerosis. The oxLDLs modulatory activity may be explained by altered recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, which involves serum proteins, particularly vitronectin. We also suggest an interaction between vitronectin receptor, CD11b, and TLR2. The presented data support a novel pathway for pathogen-accelerated atherosclerosis, which relies on oxidized low-density lipoprotein-mediated modulation of anti-inflammatory response to TLR ligands.
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44
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Perry HM, Bender TP, McNamara CA. B cell subsets in atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2012; 3:373. [PMID: 23248624 PMCID: PMC3518786 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of heart attacks and strokes, is a chronic inflammatory disease of the artery wall. Immune cells, including lymphocytes modulate atherosclerotic lesion development through interconnected mechanisms. Elegant studies over the past decades have begun to unravel a role for B cells in atherosclerosis. Recent findings provide evidence that B cell effects on atherosclerosis may be subset-dependent. B-1a B cells have been reported to protect from atherosclerosis by secretion of natural IgM antibodies. Conventional B-2 B cells can promote atherosclerosis through less clearly defined mechanism that may involve CD4 T cells. Yet, there may be other populations of B cells within these subsets with different phenotypes altering their impact on atherosclerosis. Additionally, the role of B cell subsets in atherosclerosis may depend on their environmental niche and/or the stage of atherogenesis. This review will highlight key findings in the evolving field of B cells and atherosclerosis and touch on the potential and importance of translating these findings to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Perry
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, USA ; Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia Health System Charlottesville, VA, USA
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45
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Almanzar G, Öllinger R, Leuenberger J, Onestingel E, Rantner B, Zehm S, Cardini B, van der Zee R, Grundtman C, Wick G. Autoreactive HSP60 epitope-specific T-cells in early human atherosclerotic lesions. J Autoimmun 2012; 39:441-50. [PMID: 22901435 PMCID: PMC3516706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the presence of T-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells in the arterial intima. Classical risk factors lead to over-expression of stress proteins, especially heat shock protein 60 (HSP60). HSP60 on the surface of arterial endothelial cells (ECs) then becomes a target for pre-existing adaptive anti-HSP60 immunity resulting in infiltration of the intima by mononuclear cells. In the present study, T-cells derived from early, clinically still inapparent human atherosclerotic lesions were analyzed phenotypically and for their reactivity against HSP60 and HSP60-derived peptides. HSP60 was detected in ECs and CD40- and HLA Class II-positive cells within the intima. Effector memory CD4+ T-cells producing high amounts of interferon-γ and low levels of interleukin-4 were the dominant subpopulation. T-cells derived from late lesions displayed a more restricted T-cell receptor repertoire to HSP60-derived peptides than those isolated from early lesions. Increased levels of soluble HSP60 and circulating anti-human HSP60 autoantibodies were found in donors with late but not early lesions. This is the first functional study of T-cells derived from early human atherosclerotic lesions that supports the previously proposed concept that HSP60-reactive T-cells initiate atherosclerosis by recognition of atherogenic HSP60 epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Almanzar
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Section of Experimental Pathophysiology and Immunology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz-Pregl-Strasse 3, Schöpfstraße 41/1, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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46
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis initiated by hyperlipidemia is modulated by immune cells in its development, progression, and rupture that results in thrombotic arterial occlusion leading to strokes and myocardial infarction. B cells initially thought to be atheroprotective provide opposing roles by their different subsets. Unlike B2 cells that are atherogenic, serosal B1a cells are atheroprotective by producing natural IgM antibodies that clear modified low-density lipoprotein and apoptotic and necrotic debris. In addition to natural IgM antibodies, B1a cells may act as regulatory B cells by producing the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10, which inhibits proinflammatory cytokines secreted by activated macrophages and T cells in atherosclerotic lesions. These findings suggest in vivo expansion of atheroprotective B1a cells as a potential therapeutic strategy to augment the benefits of lipid-lowering statin therapy.
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47
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Long J, Lin J, Yang X, Yuan D, Wu J, Li T, Cao R, Liu J. Nasal immunization with different forms of heat shock protein-65 reduced high-cholesterol-diet-driven rabbit atherosclerosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 13:82-7. [PMID: 22465386 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein-65 (Hsp65) is an important pro-atherogenic factor, but nasal immunization of Hsp65 can induce immune tolerance and reduce atherosclerotic inflammation. Here, we describe the effects of different forms of Hsp65 antigen inoculated, i.e. Hsp65 DNA, Hsp65 protein, Hsp65 DNA prime combined with Hsp65 protein boost, on high-cholesterol-diet-driven rabbit atherosclerosis lesions. The results showed that sera anti-Hsp65 IgG antibodies were lower induced and protective anti-Hsp65 IgA in nasal cavity and lung were induced after rabbits were immunized with different forms of Hsp65. However, the avidity between Hsp65 IgG antibody and antigen is different. Hsp65 DNA prime-protein boost could further improve the avidity compared with Hsp65 DNA immunization alone, but only immunization with Hsp65 protein alone obtain the best avidity. In addition, more protective IL-10 and less adverse IFN-γ were produced and sera TC and LDL-C were decreased obviously at different extents in immunized groups. As a result, atherosclerosis lesions were significantly attenuated, but only nasal immunization with Hsp65 protein alone may be the best effective form of Hsp65 antigen to control atherosclerotic lesions. The results demonstrated that different forms of Hsp65 antigen could produce different effects in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Immunization mucosally with Hsp65 protein could be a promising therapeutic method for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Long
- Department of Clinic Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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48
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van der Sluis RJ, van Puijvelde GH, Van Berkel TJ, Hoekstra M. Adrenalectomy stimulates the formation of initial atherosclerotic lesions: Reversal by adrenal transplantation. Atherosclerosis 2012; 221:76-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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49
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Wade NS, Major AS. The problem of accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: insights into a complex co-morbidity. Thromb Haemost 2011; 106:849-57. [PMID: 21979131 DOI: 10.1160/th11-05-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatic autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), are associated with antibodies to "self" antigens. Persons with autoimmune diseases, most notably SLE, are at increased risk for developing accelerated cardiovascular disease. The link between immune and inflammatory responses in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease has been firmly established; yet, despite our increasing knowledge, accelerated atherosclerosis continues to be a significant co-morbidity and cause of mortality in SLE. Recent animal models have been generated in order to identify mechanism(s) behind SLE-accelerated atherosclerosis. In addition, clinical studies have been designed to examine potential treatments options. This review will highlight data from recent studies of immunity in SLE and atherosclerosis and discuss the potential implications of these investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Wade
- Department of Pathology,Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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50
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Foks A, Frodermann V, ter Borg M, Habets K, Bot I, Zhao Y, van Eck M, van Berkel T, Kuiper J, van Puijvelde G. Differential effects of regulatory T cells on the initiation and regression of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2011; 218:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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