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Bo T, Nohara H, Yamada KI, Miyata S, Fujii J. Ascorbic Acid Protects Bone Marrow from Oxidative Stress and Transient Elevation of Corticosterone Caused by X-ray Exposure in Akr1a-Knockout Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:152. [PMID: 38397750 PMCID: PMC10886414 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow cells are the most sensitive to exposure to X-rays in the body and are selectively damaged even by doses that are generally considered permissive in other organs. Ascorbic acid (Asc) is a potent antioxidant that is reported to alleviate damages caused by X-ray exposure. However, rodents can synthesize Asc, which creates difficulties in rigorously assessing its effects in such laboratory animals. To address this issue, we employed mice with defects in their ability to synthesize Asc due to a genetic ablation of aldehyde reductase (Akr1a-KO). In this study, concentrations of white blood cells (WBCs) were decreased 3 days after exposure to X-rays at 2 Gy and then gradually recovered. At approximately one month, the recovery rate of WBCs was delayed in the Akr1a-KO mouse group, which was reversed via supplementation with Asc. Following exposure to X-rays, Asc levels decreased in plasma, bone marrow cells, and the liver during an early period, and then started to increase. X-ray exposure stimulated the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulated corticosterone secretion. Asc released from the liver, which was also stimulated by ACTH, appeared to be recruited to the bone marrow. Since corticosterone in high doses is injurious, these collective results imply that Asc protects bone marrow via its antioxidant capacity against ROS produced via exposure to X-rays and the cytotoxic action of transiently elevated corticosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Bo
- Laboratory Animal Center, Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nohara
- Laboratory Animal Center, Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Yamada
- Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan;
| | - Satoshi Miyata
- Miyata Diabetes and Metabolism Clinic, 5-17-21 Fukushima, Fukushima-ku, Osaka 553-0003, Japan
| | - Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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Dias-Carvalho A, Margarida-Araújo A, Reis-Mendes A, Sequeira CO, Pereira SA, Guedes de Pinho P, Carvalho F, Sá SI, Fernandes E, Costa VM. A Clinically Relevant Dosage of Mitoxantrone Disrupts the Glutathione and Lipid Metabolic Pathways of the CD-1 Mice Brain: A Metabolomics Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13126. [PMID: 37685929 PMCID: PMC10488007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term cognitive dysfunction, or "chemobrain", has been observed in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. Mitoxantrone (MTX) is a topoisomerase II inhibitor that binds and intercalates with DNA, being used in the treatment of several cancers and multiple sclerosis. Although MTX can induce chemobrain, its neurotoxic mechanisms are poorly studied. This work aimed to identify the adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) activated in the brain upon the use of a clinically relevant cumulative dose of MTX. Three-month-old male CD-1 mice were given a biweekly intraperitoneal administration of MTX over the course of three weeks until reaching a total cumulative dose of 6 mg/kg. Controls were given sterile saline in the same schedule. Two weeks after the last administration, the mice were euthanized and their brains removed. The left brain hemisphere was used for targeted profiling of the metabolism of glutathione and the right hemisphere for an untargeted metabolomics approach. The obtained results revealed that MTX treatment reduced the availability of cysteine (Cys), cysteinylglycine (CysGly), and reduced glutathione (GSH) suggesting that MTX disrupts glutathione metabolism. The untargeted approach revealed metabolic circuits of phosphatidylethanolamine, catecholamines, unsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis, and glycerolipids as relevant players in AOPs of MTX in our in vivo model. As far as we know, our study was the first to perform such a broad profiling study on pathways that could put patients given MTX at risk of cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dias-Carvalho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida-Araújo
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Reis-Mendes
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Oliveira Sequeira
- iNOVA4Health, LS4Future, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS|FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia Azeredo Pereira
- iNOVA4Health, LS4Future, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS|FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Isabel Sá
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Marisa Costa
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Carr AC, Bradley HA, Vlasiuk E, Pierard H, Beddow J, Rucklidge JJ. Inflammation and Vitamin C in Women with Prenatal Depression and Anxiety: Effect of Multinutrient Supplementation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040941. [PMID: 37107316 PMCID: PMC10136104 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated inflammation has been associated with adverse mood states, such as depression and anxiety, and antioxidant nutrients, such as vitamin C, have been associated with decreased inflammation and improved mood. In the current study comprising a cohort of pregnant women with depression and anxiety, we hypothesised that elevated inflammation would be associated with adverse mood states and inversely associated with vitamin C status and that multinutrient supplementation would optimise vitamin concentrations and attenuate inflammation. Sixty-one participants from the NUTRIMUM trial had blood samples collected between 12 and 24 weeks gestation (baseline) and following 12 weeks of daily supplementation with a multinutrient formula containing 600 mg of vitamin C or active placebo. The samples were analysed for inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein (CRP) and cytokines) and vitamin C content and were related to scales of depression and anxiety. Positive correlations were observed between interleukin-6 (IL-6) and all of the mood scales administered (p < 0.05), including the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity Scale, the Montgomery and Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). CRP correlated weakly with GAD-7 (p = 0.05). There was an inverse correlation between CRP and the vitamin C status of the cohort (p = 0.045), although there was no association of the latter with the mood scales (p > 0.05). Supplementation with the multinutrient formula resulted in a significant increase in the vitamin C status of the cohort (p = 0.007) but did not affect the inflammatory biomarker concentrations (p > 0.05). In conclusion, greater systemic inflammation was associated with worse mood states; however, 12-week multinutrient supplementation did not alter inflammatory biomarker concentrations. Nevertheless, the vitamin C status of the cohort was improved with supplementation, which may aid pregnancy and infant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitra C Carr
- Nutrition in Medicine Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Hayley A Bradley
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Emma Vlasiuk
- Nutrition in Medicine Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Hayley Pierard
- Centre for Postgraduate Nursing Studies, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Jessica Beddow
- Centre for Postgraduate Nursing Studies, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Julia J Rucklidge
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
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Mason SA, Parker L, van der Pligt P, Wadley GD. Vitamin C supplementation for diabetes management: A comprehensive narrative review. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 194:255-283. [PMID: 36526243 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that vitamin C supplementation may be an effective adjunct therapy in the management of people with diabetes. This paper critically reviews the current evidence on effects of vitamin C supplementation and its potential mechanisms in diabetes management. Evidence from meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) show favourable effects of vitamin C on glycaemic control and blood pressure that may be clinically meaningful, and mixed effects on blood lipids and endothelial function. However, evidence is mostly of low evidence certainty. Emerging evidence is promising for effects of vitamin C supplementation on some diabetes complications, particularly diabetic foot ulcers. However, there is a notable lack of robust and well-designed studies exploring effects of vitamin C as a single compound supplement on diabetes prevention and patient-important outcomes (i.e. prevention and amelioration of diabetes complications). RCTs are also required to investigate potential preventative or ameliorative effects of vitamin C on gestational diabetes outcomes. Oral vitamin C doses of 500-1000 mg per day are potentially effective, safe, and affordable for many individuals with diabetes. However, personalisation of supplementation regimens that consider factors such as vitamin C status, disease status, current glycaemic control, vitamin C intake, redox status, and genotype is important to optimize vitamin C's therapeutic effects safely. Finally, given a high prevalence of vitamin C deficiency in patients with complications, it is recommended that plasma vitamin C concentration be measured and monitored in the clinic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun A Mason
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Paige van der Pligt
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Western Health, Footscray, Australia
| | - Glenn D Wadley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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5
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Ascorbate Is a Primary Antioxidant in Mammals. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196187. [PMID: 36234722 PMCID: PMC9572970 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate (vitamin C in primates) functions as a cofactor for a number of enzymatic reactions represented by prolyl hydroxylases and as an antioxidant due to its ability to donate electrons, which is mostly accomplished through non-enzymatic reaction in mammals. Ascorbate directly reacts with radical species and is converted to ascorbyl radical followed by dehydroascorbate. Ambiguities in physiological relevance of ascorbate observed during in vivo situations could be attributed in part to presence of other redox systems and the pro-oxidant properties of ascorbate. Most mammals are able to synthesize ascorbate from glucose, which is also considered to be an obstacle to verify its action. In addition to animals with natural deficiency in the ascorbate synthesis, such as guinea pigs and ODS rats, three strains of mice with genetic removal of the responsive genes (GULO, RGN, or AKR1A) for the ascorbate synthesis have been established and are being used to investigate the physiological roles of ascorbate. Studies using these mice, along with ascorbate transporter (SVCT)-deficient mice, largely support its ability in protection against oxidative insults. While combined actions of ascorbate in regulating epigenetics and antioxidation appear to effectively prevent cancer development, pharmacological doses of ascorbate and dehydroascorbate may exert tumoricidal activity through redox-dependent mechanisms.
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The Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease on Nutritional Status and Its Possible Relation with Oral Diseases. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102002. [PMID: 35631140 PMCID: PMC9143067 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated a strong relation between periodontal diseases and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The main mechanisms at the base of this link are malnutrition, vitamin dysregulation, especially of B-group vitamins and of C and D vitamins, oxidative stress, metabolic acidosis and low-grade inflammation. In particular, in hemodialysis (HD) adult patients, an impairment of nutritional status has been observed, induced not only by the HD procedures themselves, but also due to numerous CKD-related comorbidities. The alteration of nutritional assessment induces systemic manifestations that have repercussions on oral health, like oral microbiota dysbiosis, slow healing of wounds related to hypovitaminosis C, and an alteration of the supporting bone structures of the oral cavity related to metabolic acidosis and vitamin D deficiency. Low-grade inflammation has been observed to characterize periodontal diseases locally and, in a systemic manner, CKD contributes to the amplification of the pathological process, bidirectionally. Therefore, CKD and oral disease patients should be managed by a multidisciplinary professional team that can evaluate the possible co-presence of these two pathological conditions, that negatively influence each other, and set up therapeutic strategies to treat them. Once these patients have been identified, they should be included in a follow-up program, characterized by periodic checks in order to manage these pathological conditions.
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Nguyen YTK, Ha HTT, Nguyen TH, Nguyen LN. The role of SLC transporters for brain health and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:20. [PMID: 34971415 PMCID: PMC11071821 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The brain exchanges nutrients and small molecules with blood via the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Approximately 20% energy intake for the body is consumed by the brain. Glucose is known for its critical roles for energy production and provides substrates for biogenesis in neurons. The brain takes up glucose via glucose transporters GLUT1 and 3, which are expressed in several neural cell types. The brain is also equipped with various transport systems for acquiring amino acids, lactate, ketone bodies, lipids, and cofactors for neuronal functions. Unraveling the mechanisms by which the brain takes up and metabolizes these nutrients will be key in understanding the nutritional requirements in the brain. This could also offer opportunities for therapeutic interventions in several neurological disorders. For instance, emerging evidence suggests a critical role of lactate as an alternative energy source for neurons. Neuronal cells express monocarboxylic transporters to acquire lactate. As such, treatment of GLUT1-deficient patients with ketogenic diets to provide the brain with alternative sources of energy has been shown to improve the health of the patients. Many transporters are present in the brain, but only a small number has been characterized. In this review, we will discuss about the roles of solute carrier (SLC) transporters at the blood brain barrier (BBB) and neural cells, in transport of nutrients and metabolites in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen T K Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
| | - Hoa T T Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
| | - Tra H Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
| | - Long N Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore.
- SLING/Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
- Immunology Translational and Cardiovascular Disease Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117545, Singapore.
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Uddin MS, Millat MS, Baral PK, Ferdous M, Uddin MG, Sarwar MS, Islam MS. The protective role of vitamin C in the management of COVID-19: A Review. JOURNAL OF THE EGYPTIAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION 2021; 96:33. [PMID: 34894332 PMCID: PMC8665316 DOI: 10.1186/s42506-021-00095-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The outbreak of coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) is globally deemed a significant threat to human life. Researchers are searching for prevention strategies, mitigation interventions, and potential therapeutics that may reduce the infection’s severity. One such means that is highly being talked in online and in social media is vitamin C. Main text Vitamin C is a robust antioxidant that boosts the immune system of the human body. It helps in normal neutrophil function, scavenging of oxidative species, regeneration of vitamin E, modulation of signaling pathways, activation of pro-inflammatory transcription factors, activation of the signaling cascade, regulation of inflammatory mediators, and phagocytosis and increases neutrophil motility to the site of infection. All of these immunological functions are required for the prevention of COVID-19 infection. Conclusion Considering the role of vitamin C, it would be imperative to administrate vitamin C for the management of severe COVID-19. However, there is no specific clinical data available to confirm the use of vitamin C in the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sarowar Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science & Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Shalahuddin Millat
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science & Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Prodip Kumar Baral
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science & Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmuda Ferdous
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science & Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Giash Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahid Sarwar
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science & Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Safiqul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science & Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
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Vandervelden S, Wauters L, Breuls J, Fieuws S, Vanhove P, Hubloue I, Bartiaux M, Creteur J, Stifkens F, Monsieurs K, Desruelles D. Early administration of Vitamin C in patients with sepsis or septic shock in emergency departments: A multicenter, double blinded, randomized controlled trial: The C-EASIE trial protocol. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259699. [PMID: 34739527 PMCID: PMC8570477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by a deregulated body's response to infection causing injury to its own tissues and organs. Sepsis is the primary cause of death from infection. If not recognized and treated timely, it can evolve within minutes/hours to septic shock. Sepsis is associated with an acute deficiency of Vitamin C. Despite the proof-of-concept of the benefit of administering Vitamin C in patients with sepsis or septic shock, Vitamin C administration is not yet current practice. OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential benefit of early administration of high doses of Vitamin C in addition to standard of care in patients with sepsis or septic shock. METHODS This phase 3b multi-center trial is conducted in 8 hospitals throughout Belgium. In total 300 patients will be randomly assigned to one of two groups in a 1:1 allocation ratio. The intervention group will receive 1.5 g Vitamin C 4 times a day during 4 days, started within 6 hours after admission. The primary outcome is the average post-baseline patient SOFA score. CONCLUSION This trial will determine whether the early administration of Vitamin C in patients with sepsis or septic shock can lead to a more rapid solution of shock and less deterioration from sepsis to septic shock, hereby reducing morbidity and mortality as well as the length of hospital stay in this patient population. TRIAL REGISTRATION The C-EASIE trial has been registered on the ClinicalTrials.gov website on 10 February 2021 with registration number NCT04747795. TRIAL SPONSOR UZ Leuven (sponsor's reference S63213).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lina Wauters
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Breuls
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Turnhout, Rubensstraat, Turnhout, Belgium
| | - Steffen Fieuws
- Leuven Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics Center (L-BioStat), Kapucijnenvoer, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Vanhove
- Department of Intensive Care, GZA Ziekenhuizen, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Ives Hubloue
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospitals Brussel, Jette, Belgium
| | - Magali Bartiaux
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Medical Center Saint Pierre, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jacques Creteur
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital Brussels, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - François Stifkens
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Center Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Koen Monsieurs
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospitals Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Didier Desruelles
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Fujii J. Ascorbate is a multifunctional micronutrient whose synthesis is lacking in primates. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2021; 69:1-15. [PMID: 34376908 PMCID: PMC8325764 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate (vitamin C) is an essential micronutrient in primates, and exhibits multiple physiological functions. In addition to antioxidative action, ascorbate provides reducing power to α-ketoglutarate-dependent non-heme iron dioxygenases, such as prolyl hydroxylases. Demethylation of histones and DNA with the aid of ascorbate results in the reactivation of epigenetically silenced genes. Ascorbate and its oxidized form, dehydroascorbate, have attracted interest in terms of their roles in cancer therapy. The last step in the biosynthesis of ascorbate is catalyzed by l-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase whose gene Gulo is commonly mutated in all animals that do not synthesize ascorbate. One common explanation for this deficiency is based on the increased availability of ascorbate from foods. In fact, pathways for ascorbate synthesis and the detoxification of xenobiotics by glucuronate conjugation share the metabolic processes up to UDP-glucuronate, which prompts another hypothesis, namely, that ascorbate-incompetent animals might have developed stronger detoxification systems in return for their lack of ability to produce ascorbate, which would allow them to cope with their situation. Here, we overview recent advances in ascorbate research and propose that an enhanced glucuronate conjugation reaction may have applied positive selection pressure on ascorbate-incompetent animals, thus allowing them to dominate the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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11
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KiwiC for Vitality: Results of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial Testing the Effects of Kiwifruit or Vitamin C Tablets on Vitality in Adults with Low Vitamin C Levels. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092898. [PMID: 32971991 PMCID: PMC7551849 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of vitamin C-rich fruit and vegetables has been associated with greater feelings of vitality. However, these associations have rarely been tested in randomized controlled trials. The aim of the current study was to test the effects of eating a vitamin C-rich food (kiwifruit) on subjective vitality and whether effects are driven by vitamin C. Young adults (n = 167, 61.1% female, aged 18-35) with plasma vitamin C <40 µmol/L were randomized into three intervention conditions: kiwifruit (2 SunGold™ kiwifruit/day), vitamin C (250 mg tablet/day), placebo (1 tablet/day). The trial consisted of a two-week lead-in, four-week intervention, and two-week washout. Plasma vitamin C and vitality questionnaires (total mood disturbance, fatigue, and well-being) were measured fortnightly. Self-reported sleep quality and physical activity were measured every second day through smartphone surveys. Nutritional confounds were assessed using a three-day food diary during each study phase. Plasma vitamin C reached saturation levels within two weeks for the kiwifruit and vitamin C groups. Participants consuming kiwifruit showed significantly improved mood and well-being during the intervention period; improvements in well-being were sustained during washout. Decreased fatigue and increased well-being were observed following intake of vitamin C alone, but only for participants with consistently low vitamin C levels during lead-in. Diet records showed that participants consuming kiwifruit reduced their fat intake during the intervention period. Intervention effects remained significant when adjusting for age and ethnicity, and were not explained by sleep quality, physical activity, BMI, or other dietary patterns, including fat intake. There were no changes in plasma vitamin C status or vitality in the placebo group. Whole food consumption of kiwifruit improved subjective vitality in adults with low vitamin C status. Similar, but not identical, changes were found for vitamin C tablets suggesting that additional properties of kiwifruit may contribute to improved vitality.
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12
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Two known therapies could be useful as adjuvant therapy in critical patients infected by COVID-19. REVISTA ESPAÑOLA DE ANESTESIOLOGÍA Y REANIMACIÓN (ENGLISH EDITION) 2020. [PMCID: PMC7203037 DOI: 10.1016/j.redare.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonia caused by coronavirus, which originated in Wuhan, China, in late 2019, has been spread around the world already becoming a pandemic. Unfortunately, there is not yet a specific vaccine or effective antiviral drug for treating COVID-19. Many of these patients deteriorate rapidly and require intubation and are mechanically ventilated, which is causing the collapse of the health system in many countries due to lack of ventilators and intensive care beds. In this document we review two simple adjuvant therapies to administer, without side effects, and low cost that could be useful for the treatment of acute severe coronavirus infection associated with acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). Vitamin C, a potent antioxidant, has emerged as a relevant therapy due to its potential benefits when administered intravenous. The potential effect of vitamin C in reducing inflammation in the lungs could play a key role in lung injury caused by coronavirus infection. Another potential effective therapy is ozone: it has been extensively studied and used for many years and its effectiveness has been demonstrated so far in multiples studies. Nevertheless, our goal is not to make an exhaustive review of these therapies but spread the beneficial effects themselves. Obviously clinical trials are necessaries, but due to the potential benefit of these two therapies we highly recommended to add to the therapeutic arsenal.
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Hernández A, Papadakos PJ, Torres A, González DA, Vives M, Ferrando C, Baeza J. Two known therapies could be useful as adjuvant therapy in critical patients infected by COVID-19. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ANESTESIOLOGIA Y REANIMACION 2020; 67:245-252. [PMID: 32303365 PMCID: PMC7156242 DOI: 10.1016/j.redar.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pneumonia caused by coronavirus, which originated in Wuhan, China, in late 2019, has been spread around the world already becoming a pandemic. Unfortunately, there is not yet a specific vaccine or effective antiviral drug for treating COVID-19. Many of these patients deteriorate rapidly and require intubation and are mechanically ventilated, which is causing the collapse of the health system in many countries due to lack of ventilators and intensive care beds. In this document we review two simple adjuvant therapies to administer, without side effects, and low cost that could be useful for the treatment of acute severe coronavirus infection associated with acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). VitaminC, a potent antioxidant, has emerged as a relevant therapy due to its potential benefits when administered intravenous. The potential effect of vitaminC in reducing inflammation in the lungs could play a key role in lung injury caused by coronavirus infection. Another potential effective therapy is ozone: it has been extensively studied and used for many years and its effectiveness has been demonstrated so far in multiples studies. Nevertheless, our goal is not to make an exhaustive review of these therapies but spread the beneficial effects themselves. Obviously clinical trials are necessaries, but due to the potential benefit of these two therapies we highly recommended to add to the therapeutic arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hernández
- Director Anaesthesia & ICU, Grupo Policlínica, Ibiza, Islas Baleares, España.
| | - P J Papadakos
- Director Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester, Professor Anesthesia, Surgery, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Rochester, Nueva York, Estados Unidos
| | - A Torres
- Senior Consultant in Respiratory and Intensive Care Unit, Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona. IDIBAPS, CIBERES, ICREA, Barcelona, España
| | - D A González
- Consultant in Anaesthesia & ICU, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, España
| | - M Vives
- Consultant in Anaesthesia & ICU, Hospital Universitari Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, España
| | - C Ferrando
- Head of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona. CIBERES, Barcelona, España
| | - J Baeza
- Vice president World Federation of Ozone Therapy. Presidente de la Sociedad Española de Ozonoterapia. Profesor de Anatomía humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, España
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Gordon DS, Rudinsky AJ, Guillaumin J, Parker VJ, Creighton KJ. Vitamin C in Health and Disease: A Companion Animal Focus. Top Companion Anim Med 2020; 39:100432. [PMID: 32482285 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2020.100432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C is synthesized in the liver in most species, including dogs and cats, and is widely distributed through body tissues. Vitamin C has an important physiologic role in numerous metabolic functions including tissue growth and maintenance, amelioration of oxidative stress, and immune regulation. It is also a co-factor in the production of important substances such as catecholamines and vasopressin. Decreased vitamin C levels have been documented in a wide variety of diseases, and in critically ill human patients may be associated with increased severity of disease and decreased survival. Intravenous supplementation with vitamin C has been proposed as a potential life-saving treatment in conditions such as septic shock, and results of small some human trials are promising. Data in companion in animals is very limited, but the possible benefits and , seemingly low risk of adverse effects , and the low cost of this treatment make vitamin C therapy a promising area of future investigation in critically ill dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Gordon
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, USA
| | - Adam J Rudinsky
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, USA
| | - Julien Guillaumin
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, USA
| | - Valerie J Parker
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, USA
| | - Karina J Creighton
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, USA.
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Effects of fullerene C 60 supplementation on gut microbiota and glucose and lipid homeostasis in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 140:111302. [PMID: 32234425 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of twelve weeks of supplementation with fullerene C60 olive/coconut oil solution on a broad spectrum of parameters in rats were examined. The tissue bioaccumulation of C60 was shown to be tissue-specific, with the liver, heart, and adrenal glands being the organs of the greatest, and the kidney, brain, and spleen being the organs of the smallest accumulation. C60 did not change aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase serum activities level, nor the damage of liver cells DNA. There were no effects of fullerene on prooxidant-antioxidant balance in the liver, kidney, spleen, heart, and brain, nor any visible harmful effects on the liver, heart, aorta, spleen, kidney, and small intestine histology. Fullerene changed the gut microbiota structure towards the bacteria that ameliorate lipid homeostasis, causing a serum triglycerides concentration decrease. However, C60 significantly increased the insulin resistance, serum ascorbate oxidation, and brain malondialdehyde and advanced oxidation protein products level. The deteriorative effects of C60 on the brain and serum could be attributed to the specific physicochemical composition of these tissues, potentiating the C60 aggregation or biotransformation as the key element of its pro-oxidative action.
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Fujii T, Luethi N, Young PJ, Frei DR, Eastwood GM, French CJ, Deane AM, Shehabi Y, Hajjar LA, Oliveira G, Udy AA, Orford N, Edney SJ, Hunt AL, Judd HL, Bitker L, Cioccari L, Naorungroj T, Yanase F, Bates S, McGain F, Hudson EP, Al-Bassam W, Dwivedi DB, Peppin C, McCracken P, Orosz J, Bailey M, Bellomo R. Effect of Vitamin C, Hydrocortisone, and Thiamine vs Hydrocortisone Alone on Time Alive and Free of Vasopressor Support Among Patients With Septic Shock: The VITAMINS Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2020; 323:423-431. [PMID: 31950979 PMCID: PMC7029761 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.22176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE It is unclear whether vitamin C, hydrocortisone, and thiamine are more effective than hydrocortisone alone in expediting resolution of septic shock. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the combination of vitamin C, hydrocortisone, and thiamine, compared with hydrocortisone alone, improves the duration of time alive and free of vasopressor administration in patients with septic shock. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Multicenter, open-label, randomized clinical trial conducted in 10 intensive care units in Australia, New Zealand, and Brazil that recruited 216 patients fulfilling the Sepsis-3 definition of septic shock. The first patient was enrolled on May 8, 2018, and the last on July 9, 2019. The final date of follow-up was October 6, 2019. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to the intervention group (n = 109), consisting of intravenous vitamin C (1.5 g every 6 hours), hydrocortisone (50 mg every 6 hours), and thiamine (200 mg every 12 hours), or to the control group (n = 107), consisting of intravenous hydrocortisone (50 mg every 6 hours) alone until shock resolution or up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary trial outcome was duration of time alive and free of vasopressor administration up to day 7. Ten secondary outcomes were prespecified, including 90-day mortality. RESULTS Among 216 patients who were randomized, 211 provided consent and completed the primary outcome measurement (mean age, 61.7 years [SD, 15.0]; 133 men [63%]). Time alive and vasopressor free up to day 7 was 122.1 hours (interquartile range [IQR], 76.3-145.4 hours) in the intervention group and 124.6 hours (IQR, 82.1-147.0 hours) in the control group; the median of all paired differences was -0.6 hours (95% CI, -8.3 to 7.2 hours; P = .83). Of 10 prespecified secondary outcomes, 9 showed no statistically significant difference. Ninety-day mortality was 30/105 (28.6%) in the intervention group and 25/102 (24.5%) in the control group (hazard ratio, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.69-2.00). No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In patients with septic shock, treatment with intravenous vitamin C, hydrocortisone, and thiamine, compared with intravenous hydrocortisone alone, did not significantly improve the duration of time alive and free of vasopressor administration over 7 days. The finding suggests that treatment with intravenous vitamin C, hydrocortisone, and thiamine does not lead to a more rapid resolution of septic shock compared with intravenous hydrocortisone alone. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03333278.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Fujii
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Health Promotion and Human Behavior, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nora Luethi
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paul J. Young
- Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Daniel R. Frei
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Wellington Hospital, Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Glenn M. Eastwood
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Intensive Care Unit, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Craig J. French
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care, Anaesthesia, Pain, and Perioperative Medicine, Footscray Hospital, Western Health, Footscray, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam M. Deane
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Yahya Shehabi
- Critical Care and Perioperative Services, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University and Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Clinical School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Gisele Oliveira
- Cancer Institute of the State of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrew A. Udy
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil Orford
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samantha J. Edney
- Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Anna L. Hunt
- Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Harriet L. Judd
- Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Laurent Bitker
- Intensive Care Unit, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Service de médecine intensive et réanimation, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Luca Cioccari
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Intensive Care Unit, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thummaporn Naorungroj
- Intensive Care Unit, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Fumitaka Yanase
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Intensive Care Unit, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samantha Bates
- Department of Intensive Care, Anaesthesia, Pain, and Perioperative Medicine, Footscray Hospital, Western Health, Footscray, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Forbes McGain
- Department of Intensive Care, Anaesthesia, Pain, and Perioperative Medicine, Footscray Hospital, Western Health, Footscray, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth P. Hudson
- Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wisam Al-Bassam
- Critical Care and Perioperative Services, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University and Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dhiraj Bhatia Dwivedi
- Critical Care and Perioperative Services, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University and Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chloe Peppin
- Critical Care and Perioperative Services, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University and Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phoebe McCracken
- Department of Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Judit Orosz
- Department of Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Bailey
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rinaldo Bellomo
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Intensive Care Unit, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Đurašević S, Stojković M, Bogdanović L, Pavlović S, Borković-Mitić S, Grigorov I, Bogojević D, Jasnić N, Tosti T, Đurović S, Đorđević J, Todorović Z. The Effects of Meldonium on the Renal Acute Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225747. [PMID: 31731785 PMCID: PMC6888683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a clinical condition that is challenging to treat. Meldonium is an anti-ischemic agent that shifts energy production from fatty acid oxidation to less oxygen-consuming glycolysis. Thus, in this study we investigated the effects of a four-week meldonium pre-treatment (300 mg/kg b.m./day) on acute renal I/R in male rats (Wistar strain). Our results showed that meldonium decreased animal body mass gain, food and water intake, and carnitine, glucose, and lactic acid kidney content. In kidneys of animals subjected to I/R, meldonium increased phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 and protein kinase B, and increased the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and haeme oxygenase 1, causing manganese superoxide dismutase expression and activity to increase, as well as lipid peroxidation, cooper-zinc superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities to decrease. By decreasing the kidney Bax/Bcl2 expression ratio and kidney and serum high mobility group box 1 protein content, meldonium reduced apoptotic and necrotic events in I/R, as confirmed by kidney histology. Meldonium increased adrenal noradrenaline content and serum, adrenal, hepatic, and renal ascorbic/dehydroascorbic acid ratio, which caused complex changes in renal lipidomics. Taken together, our results have confirmed that meldonium pre-treatment protects against I/R-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis/necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siniša Đurašević
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.J.); (J.Đ.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-63-367108
| | - Maja Stojković
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.S.); (L.B.); (Z.T.)
| | - Ljiljana Bogdanović
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.S.); (L.B.); (Z.T.)
| | - Slađan Pavlović
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”–National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.P.); (S.B.-M.); (I.G.); (D.B.)
| | - Slavica Borković-Mitić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”–National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.P.); (S.B.-M.); (I.G.); (D.B.)
| | - Ilijana Grigorov
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”–National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.P.); (S.B.-M.); (I.G.); (D.B.)
| | - Desanka Bogojević
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”–National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.P.); (S.B.-M.); (I.G.); (D.B.)
| | - Nebojša Jasnić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.J.); (J.Đ.)
| | - Tomislav Tosti
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Saša Đurović
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Jelena Đorđević
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.J.); (J.Đ.)
| | - Zoran Todorović
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.S.); (L.B.); (Z.T.)
- University Medical Centre “Bežanijska kosa”, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
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Harischandra DS, Rokad D, Ghaisas S, Verma S, Robertson A, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy AG. Enhanced differentiation of human dopaminergic neuronal cell model for preclinical translational research in Parkinson's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165533. [PMID: 31442530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human-derived neuronal cell lines are progressively being utilized in understanding neurobiology and preclinical translational research as they are biologically more relevant than rodent-derived cells lines. The Lund human mesencephalic (LUHMES) cell line comprises human neuronal cells that can be differentiated to post-mitotic neurons and is increasingly being used as an in vitro model for various neurodegenerative diseases. A previously published 2-step differentiation procedure leads to the generation of post-mitotic neurons within 5-days, but only a small proportion (10%) of the total cell population tests positive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Here we report on a novel differentiation protocol that we optimized by using a cocktail of neurotrophic factors, pleiotropic cytokines, and antioxidants to effectively generate proportionately more dopaminergic neurons within the same time period. Visualization and quantification of TH-positive cells revealed that under our new protocol, 25% of the total cell population expressed markers of dopaminergic neurons with the TH-positive neuron count peaking on day 5. These neurons showed spontaneous electrical activity and responded to known Parkinsonian toxins as expected by showing decreased cell viability and dopamine uptake and a concomitant increase in apoptotic cell death. Together, our results outline an improved method for generating a higher proportion of dopaminergic neurons, thus making these cells an ideal neuronal culture model of Parkinson's disease (PD) for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilshan S Harischandra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Dharmin Rokad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Shivani Ghaisas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Saurabh Verma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Alan Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Huajun Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Đurašević S, Jasnić N, Prokić M, Grigorov I, Martinović V, Đorđević J, Pavlović S. The protective role of virgin coconut oil on the alloxan-induced oxidative stress in the liver, kidneys and heart of diabetic rats. Food Funct 2019; 10:2114-2124. [PMID: 30919867 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00107g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential protective effect of virgin coconut oil (VCO) on oxidative stress parameters in the liver, kidneys and heart of alloxan-induced (150 mg kg-1 i.p.-1) diabetes in rats. Our results showed that daily supplementation of VCO (20% of food) for 16 weeks significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorates some deleterious effects caused by alloxan. VCO reduced the diabetes-related increase in food (82.15 ± 1.49 vs. 145.51 ± 4.81 g per kg b.m. per day) and water (305.49 ± 6.09 vs. 583.98 ± 14.80 mL per kg b.m. per day) intake, and the decrease in the body mass gain (0.56 ± 0.16 vs. -2.13 ± 0.49 g per 100 g b.m. per week). In all three tissues, diabetes caused an increase in the concentration of total glutathione and sulfhydryl groups, and catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities, without changes in superoxide dismutase activity. Glutathione peroxidase activity was increased in the kidneys and heart, but not in the liver of the diabetic animals, while glutathione reductase activity was increased in the liver and the kidneys, and not in the heart. The simultaneous VCO supplementation increased the concentration of the sulfhydryl group in all three tissues of diabetic animals and decreased the glutathione S-transferase activity and glutathione concentration, without affecting the glutathione reductase activity. In the liver of diabetic animals it decreased superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities, in the heart catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities, and in the kidney catalase activity only. The results of canonical discriminant analysis of oxidative stress parameters revealed that VCO exerts its effects in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siniša Đurašević
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Nebojša Jasnić
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marko Prokić
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ilijana Grigorov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Martinović
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Đorđević
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Slađan Pavlović
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Catalano-Iniesta L, Iglesias-Osma MC, Sánchez-Robledo V, Carretero-Hernández M, Blanco EJ, Carretero J, García-Barrado MJ. Variations in adrenal gland medulla and dopamine effects induced by the lack of Irs2. J Physiol Biochem 2018; 74:667-677. [PMID: 30367392 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-018-0655-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The adrenomedullary chromaffin cells' hormonal pathway has been related to the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. In mice, the deletion of insulin receptor substrate type 2 (Irs2) causes peripheral insulin resistance and reduction in β-cell mass, leading to overt diabetes, with gender differences on adrenergic signaling. To further unravel the relevance of Irs2 on glycemic control, we analyzed in adult Irs2 deficient (Irs2-/-) mice, of both sexes but still normoglycemic, dopamine effects on insulin secretion and glycerol release, as well as their adrenal medulla by an immunohistochemical and morphologic approach. In isolated islets, 10 μM dopamine significantly inhibited insulin release in wild-type (WT) and female Irs2-/- mice; however, male Irs2-/- islets were insensitive to that catecholamine. Similarly, on isolated adipocytes, gender differences were observed between WT and Irs2-/- mice in basal and evoked glycerol release with crescent concentrations of dopamine. By immunohistochemistry, reactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in female mice was significantly higher in the adrenal medulla of Irs2-/- compared to WT; although no differences for TH-immunopositivity were observed between the male groups of mice. However, compared to their corresponding WT animals, adrenomedullary chromaffin cells of Irs2-/- mice showed a significant decrease in the cellular and nuclear areas, and even in their percentage of apoptosis. Therefore, our observations suggest that, together with gender differences on dopamine responses in Irs2-/- mice, disturbances in adrenomedullary chromaffin cells could be related to deficiency of Irs2. Accordingly, Irs2 could be necessary for adequate glucose homeostasis and maintenance of the population of the adrenomedullary chromaffin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Catalano-Iniesta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, INCyL and IBSAL, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Avda. Alfonso X el Sabio, s/n, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Carmen Iglesias-Osma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, INCyL and IBSAL, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Avda. Alfonso X el Sabio, s/n, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Virginia Sánchez-Robledo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, INCyL and IBSAL, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Avda. Alfonso X el Sabio, s/n, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta Carretero-Hernández
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Enrique J Blanco
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Carretero
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María José García-Barrado
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, INCyL and IBSAL, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Avda. Alfonso X el Sabio, s/n, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain. .,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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Nabzdyk CS, Bittner EA. Vitamin C in the critically ill - indications and controversies. World J Crit Care Med 2018; 7:52-61. [PMID: 30370227 PMCID: PMC6201324 DOI: 10.5492/wjccm.v7.i5.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) elicits pleiotropic effects in the body. Among its functions, it serves as a potent anti-oxidant, a co-factor in collagen and catecholamine synthesis, and a modulator of immune cell biology. Furthermore, an increasing body of evidence suggests that high-dose vitamin C administration improves hemodynamics, end-organ function, and may improve survival in critically ill patients. This article reviews studies that evaluate vitamin C in pre-clinical models and clinical trials with respect to its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph S Nabzdyk
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Edward A Bittner
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
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High Vitamin C Status Is Associated with Elevated Mood in Male Tertiary Students. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7070091. [PMID: 30012945 PMCID: PMC6071228 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7070091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Micronutrient status is thought to impact on psychological mood due to the role of nutrients in brain structure and function. The aim of the current study was to investigate the association of vitamin C status with mood state in a sample of male tertiary students. We measured fasting plasma vitamin C levels as an indicator of vitamin C status, and subjective mood was determined using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire. One hundred and thirty-nine male students aged 18 to 35 years were recruited from local tertiary institutes in Christchurch, New Zealand. The average plasma vitamin C concentration was 58.2 ± 18.6 (SD) µmol/L and the average total mood disturbance score was 25.5 ± 26.6 (possible score −32 to 200 measuring low to high mood disturbance, respectively). Plasma vitamin C concentration was inversely correlated with total mood disturbance as assessed by POMS (r = −0.181, p < 0.05). Examination of the individual POMS subscales also showed inverse associations of vitamin C status with depression, confusion, and anger. These findings suggest that high vitamin C status may be associated with improved overall mood in young adult males.
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van den Berg MP, Almomani R, Biaggioni I, van Faassen M, van der Harst P, Silljé HHW, Mateo Leach I, Hemmelder MH, Navis G, Luijckx GJ, de Brouwer APM, Venselaar H, Verbeek MM, van der Zwaag PA, Jongbloed JDH, van Tintelen JP, Wevers RA, Kema IP. Mutations in CYB561 Causing a Novel Orthostatic Hypotension Syndrome. Circ Res 2018; 122:846-854. [PMID: 29343526 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Orthostatic hypotension is a common clinical problem, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully delineated. OBJECTIVE We describe 2 families, with 4 patients in total, experiencing severe life-threatening orthostatic hypotension because of a novel cause. METHODS AND RESULTS As in dopamine β-hydroxylase deficiency, concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine in the patients were low. Plasma dopamine β-hydroxylase activity, however, was normal, and the DBH gene had no mutations. Molecular genetic analysis was performed to determine the underlying genetic cause. Homozygosity mapping and exome and Sanger sequencing revealed pathogenic homozygous mutations in the gene encoding cytochrome b561 (CYB561); a missense variant c.262G>A, p.Gly88Arg in exon 3 in the Dutch family and a nonsense mutation (c.131G>A, p.Trp44*) in exon 2 in the American family. Expression of CYB561 was investigated using RNA from different human adult and fetal tissues, transcription of RNA into cDNA, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The CYB561 gene was found to be expressed in many human tissues, in particular the brain. The CYB561 protein defect leads to a shortage of ascorbate inside the catecholamine secretory vesicles leading to a functional dopamine β-hydroxylase deficiency. The concentration of the catecholamines and downstream metabolites was measured in brain and adrenal tissue of 6 CYB561 knockout mice (reporter-tagged deletion allele [post-Cre], genetic background C57BL/6NTac). The concentration of norepinephrine and normetanephrine was decreased in whole-brain homogenates of the CYB561(-/-) mice compared with wild-type mice (P<0.01), and the concentration of normetanephrine and metanephrine was decreased in adrenal glands (P<0.01), recapitulating the clinical phenotype. The patients responded favorably to treatment with l-dihydroxyphenylserine, which can be converted directly to norepinephrine. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to implicate cytochrome b561 in disease by showing that pathogenic mutations in CYB561 cause an as yet unknown disease in neurotransmitter metabolism causing orthostatic hypotension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten P van den Berg
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.P.v.d.B., P.v.d.H., H.H.W.S., I.M.L.), Laboratory Medicine (M.v.F., I.P.K.), Department of Nephrology (G.N.), Department of Neurology (G.J.L.), and Department of Genetics (P.A.v.d.Z., J.D.H.J.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid (R.A.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Medical Center, Nashville, TN (I.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.H.H.); Department of Genetics (A.P.M.d.B.), Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (H.V.), and Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V., R.A.W.), Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Department of Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.P.v.T.).
| | - Rowida Almomani
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.P.v.d.B., P.v.d.H., H.H.W.S., I.M.L.), Laboratory Medicine (M.v.F., I.P.K.), Department of Nephrology (G.N.), Department of Neurology (G.J.L.), and Department of Genetics (P.A.v.d.Z., J.D.H.J.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid (R.A.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Medical Center, Nashville, TN (I.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.H.H.); Department of Genetics (A.P.M.d.B.), Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (H.V.), and Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V., R.A.W.), Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Department of Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.P.v.T.)
| | - Italo Biaggioni
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.P.v.d.B., P.v.d.H., H.H.W.S., I.M.L.), Laboratory Medicine (M.v.F., I.P.K.), Department of Nephrology (G.N.), Department of Neurology (G.J.L.), and Department of Genetics (P.A.v.d.Z., J.D.H.J.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid (R.A.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Medical Center, Nashville, TN (I.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.H.H.); Department of Genetics (A.P.M.d.B.), Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (H.V.), and Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V., R.A.W.), Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Department of Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.P.v.T.)
| | - Martijn van Faassen
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.P.v.d.B., P.v.d.H., H.H.W.S., I.M.L.), Laboratory Medicine (M.v.F., I.P.K.), Department of Nephrology (G.N.), Department of Neurology (G.J.L.), and Department of Genetics (P.A.v.d.Z., J.D.H.J.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid (R.A.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Medical Center, Nashville, TN (I.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.H.H.); Department of Genetics (A.P.M.d.B.), Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (H.V.), and Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V., R.A.W.), Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Department of Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.P.v.T.)
| | - Pim van der Harst
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.P.v.d.B., P.v.d.H., H.H.W.S., I.M.L.), Laboratory Medicine (M.v.F., I.P.K.), Department of Nephrology (G.N.), Department of Neurology (G.J.L.), and Department of Genetics (P.A.v.d.Z., J.D.H.J.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid (R.A.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Medical Center, Nashville, TN (I.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.H.H.); Department of Genetics (A.P.M.d.B.), Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (H.V.), and Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V., R.A.W.), Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Department of Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.P.v.T.)
| | - Herman H W Silljé
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.P.v.d.B., P.v.d.H., H.H.W.S., I.M.L.), Laboratory Medicine (M.v.F., I.P.K.), Department of Nephrology (G.N.), Department of Neurology (G.J.L.), and Department of Genetics (P.A.v.d.Z., J.D.H.J.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid (R.A.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Medical Center, Nashville, TN (I.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.H.H.); Department of Genetics (A.P.M.d.B.), Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (H.V.), and Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V., R.A.W.), Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Department of Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.P.v.T.)
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.P.v.d.B., P.v.d.H., H.H.W.S., I.M.L.), Laboratory Medicine (M.v.F., I.P.K.), Department of Nephrology (G.N.), Department of Neurology (G.J.L.), and Department of Genetics (P.A.v.d.Z., J.D.H.J.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid (R.A.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Medical Center, Nashville, TN (I.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.H.H.); Department of Genetics (A.P.M.d.B.), Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (H.V.), and Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V., R.A.W.), Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Department of Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.P.v.T.)
| | - Marc H Hemmelder
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.P.v.d.B., P.v.d.H., H.H.W.S., I.M.L.), Laboratory Medicine (M.v.F., I.P.K.), Department of Nephrology (G.N.), Department of Neurology (G.J.L.), and Department of Genetics (P.A.v.d.Z., J.D.H.J.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid (R.A.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Medical Center, Nashville, TN (I.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.H.H.); Department of Genetics (A.P.M.d.B.), Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (H.V.), and Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V., R.A.W.), Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Department of Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.P.v.T.)
| | - Gerjan Navis
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.P.v.d.B., P.v.d.H., H.H.W.S., I.M.L.), Laboratory Medicine (M.v.F., I.P.K.), Department of Nephrology (G.N.), Department of Neurology (G.J.L.), and Department of Genetics (P.A.v.d.Z., J.D.H.J.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid (R.A.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Medical Center, Nashville, TN (I.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.H.H.); Department of Genetics (A.P.M.d.B.), Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (H.V.), and Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V., R.A.W.), Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Department of Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.P.v.T.)
| | - Gert Jan Luijckx
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.P.v.d.B., P.v.d.H., H.H.W.S., I.M.L.), Laboratory Medicine (M.v.F., I.P.K.), Department of Nephrology (G.N.), Department of Neurology (G.J.L.), and Department of Genetics (P.A.v.d.Z., J.D.H.J.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid (R.A.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Medical Center, Nashville, TN (I.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.H.H.); Department of Genetics (A.P.M.d.B.), Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (H.V.), and Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V., R.A.W.), Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Department of Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.P.v.T.)
| | - Arjan P M de Brouwer
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.P.v.d.B., P.v.d.H., H.H.W.S., I.M.L.), Laboratory Medicine (M.v.F., I.P.K.), Department of Nephrology (G.N.), Department of Neurology (G.J.L.), and Department of Genetics (P.A.v.d.Z., J.D.H.J.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid (R.A.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Medical Center, Nashville, TN (I.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.H.H.); Department of Genetics (A.P.M.d.B.), Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (H.V.), and Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V., R.A.W.), Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Department of Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.P.v.T.)
| | - Hanka Venselaar
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.P.v.d.B., P.v.d.H., H.H.W.S., I.M.L.), Laboratory Medicine (M.v.F., I.P.K.), Department of Nephrology (G.N.), Department of Neurology (G.J.L.), and Department of Genetics (P.A.v.d.Z., J.D.H.J.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid (R.A.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Medical Center, Nashville, TN (I.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.H.H.); Department of Genetics (A.P.M.d.B.), Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (H.V.), and Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V., R.A.W.), Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Department of Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.P.v.T.)
| | - Marcel M Verbeek
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.P.v.d.B., P.v.d.H., H.H.W.S., I.M.L.), Laboratory Medicine (M.v.F., I.P.K.), Department of Nephrology (G.N.), Department of Neurology (G.J.L.), and Department of Genetics (P.A.v.d.Z., J.D.H.J.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid (R.A.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Medical Center, Nashville, TN (I.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.H.H.); Department of Genetics (A.P.M.d.B.), Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (H.V.), and Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V., R.A.W.), Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Department of Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.P.v.T.)
| | - Paul A van der Zwaag
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.P.v.d.B., P.v.d.H., H.H.W.S., I.M.L.), Laboratory Medicine (M.v.F., I.P.K.), Department of Nephrology (G.N.), Department of Neurology (G.J.L.), and Department of Genetics (P.A.v.d.Z., J.D.H.J.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid (R.A.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Medical Center, Nashville, TN (I.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.H.H.); Department of Genetics (A.P.M.d.B.), Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (H.V.), and Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V., R.A.W.), Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Department of Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.P.v.T.)
| | - Jan D H Jongbloed
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.P.v.d.B., P.v.d.H., H.H.W.S., I.M.L.), Laboratory Medicine (M.v.F., I.P.K.), Department of Nephrology (G.N.), Department of Neurology (G.J.L.), and Department of Genetics (P.A.v.d.Z., J.D.H.J.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid (R.A.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Medical Center, Nashville, TN (I.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.H.H.); Department of Genetics (A.P.M.d.B.), Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (H.V.), and Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V., R.A.W.), Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Department of Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.P.v.T.)
| | - J Peter van Tintelen
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.P.v.d.B., P.v.d.H., H.H.W.S., I.M.L.), Laboratory Medicine (M.v.F., I.P.K.), Department of Nephrology (G.N.), Department of Neurology (G.J.L.), and Department of Genetics (P.A.v.d.Z., J.D.H.J.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid (R.A.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Medical Center, Nashville, TN (I.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.H.H.); Department of Genetics (A.P.M.d.B.), Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (H.V.), and Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V., R.A.W.), Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Department of Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.P.v.T.)
| | - Ron A Wevers
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.P.v.d.B., P.v.d.H., H.H.W.S., I.M.L.), Laboratory Medicine (M.v.F., I.P.K.), Department of Nephrology (G.N.), Department of Neurology (G.J.L.), and Department of Genetics (P.A.v.d.Z., J.D.H.J.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid (R.A.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Medical Center, Nashville, TN (I.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.H.H.); Department of Genetics (A.P.M.d.B.), Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (H.V.), and Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V., R.A.W.), Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Department of Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.P.v.T.)
| | - Ido P Kema
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.P.v.d.B., P.v.d.H., H.H.W.S., I.M.L.), Laboratory Medicine (M.v.F., I.P.K.), Department of Nephrology (G.N.), Department of Neurology (G.J.L.), and Department of Genetics (P.A.v.d.Z., J.D.H.J.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid (R.A.); Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Medical Center, Nashville, TN (I.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.H.H.); Department of Genetics (A.P.M.d.B.), Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (H.V.), and Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V., R.A.W.), Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Department of Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.P.v.T.)
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Justice AE, Winkler TW, Feitosa MF, Graff M, Fisher VA, Young K, Barata L, Deng X, Czajkowski J, Hadley D, Ngwa JS, Ahluwalia TS, Chu AY, Heard-Costa NL, Lim E, Perez J, Eicher JD, Kutalik Z, Xue L, Mahajan A, Renström F, Wu J, Qi Q, Ahmad S, Alfred T, Amin N, Bielak LF, Bonnefond A, Bragg J, Cadby G, Chittani M, Coggeshall S, Corre T, Direk N, Eriksson J, Fischer K, Gorski M, Neergaard Harder M, Horikoshi M, Huang T, Huffman JE, Jackson AU, Justesen JM, Kanoni S, Kinnunen L, Kleber ME, Komulainen P, Kumari M, Lim U, Luan J, Lyytikäinen LP, Mangino M, Manichaikul A, Marten J, Middelberg RPS, Müller-Nurasyid M, Navarro P, Pérusse L, Pervjakova N, Sarti C, Smith AV, Smith JA, Stančáková A, Strawbridge RJ, Stringham HM, Sung YJ, Tanaka T, Teumer A, Trompet S, van der Laan SW, van der Most PJ, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Vedantam SL, Verweij N, Vink JM, Vitart V, Wu Y, Yengo L, Zhang W, Hua Zhao J, Zimmermann ME, Zubair N, Abecasis GR, Adair LS, Afaq S, Afzal U, Bakker SJL, Bartz TM, Beilby J, Bergman RN, Bergmann S, Biffar R, Blangero J, Boerwinkle E, Bonnycastle LL, Bottinger E, Braga D, Buckley BM, Buyske S, Campbell H, Chambers JC, Collins FS, Curran JE, de Borst GJ, de Craen AJM, de Geus EJC, Dedoussis G, Delgado GE, den Ruijter HM, Eiriksdottir G, Eriksson AL, Esko T, Faul JD, Ford I, Forrester T, Gertow K, Gigante B, Glorioso N, Gong J, Grallert H, Grammer TB, Grarup N, Haitjema S, Hallmans G, Hamsten A, Hansen T, Harris TB, Hartman CA, Hassinen M, Hastie ND, Heath AC, Hernandez D, Hindorff L, Hocking LJ, Hollensted M, Holmen OL, Homuth G, Jan Hottenga J, Huang J, Hung J, Hutri-Kähönen N, Ingelsson E, James AL, Jansson JO, Jarvelin MR, Jhun MA, Jørgensen ME, Juonala M, Kähönen M, Karlsson M, Koistinen HA, Kolcic I, Kolovou G, Kooperberg C, Krämer BK, Kuusisto J, Kvaløy K, Lakka TA, Langenberg C, Launer LJ, Leander K, Lee NR, Lind L, Lindgren CM, Linneberg A, Lobbens S, Loh M, Lorentzon M, Luben R, Lubke G, Ludolph-Donislawski A, Lupoli S, Madden PAF, Männikkö R, Marques-Vidal P, Martin NG, McKenzie CA, McKnight B, Mellström D, Menni C, Montgomery GW, Musk AW(B, Narisu N, Nauck M, Nolte IM, Oldehinkel AJ, Olden M, Ong KK, Padmanabhan S, Peyser PA, Pisinger C, Porteous DJ, Raitakari OT, Rankinen T, Rao DC, Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Rawal R, Rice T, Ridker PM, Rose LM, Bien SA, Rudan I, Sanna S, Sarzynski MA, Sattar N, Savonen K, Schlessinger D, Scholtens S, Schurmann C, Scott RA, Sennblad B, Siemelink MA, Silbernagel G, Slagboom PE, Snieder H, Staessen JA, Stott DJ, Swertz MA, Swift AJ, Taylor KD, Tayo BO, Thorand B, Thuillier D, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Vandenput L, Vohl MC, Völzke H, Vonk JM, Waeber G, Waldenberger M, Westendorp RGJ, Wild S, Willemsen G, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Wong A, Wright AF, Zhao W, Zillikens MC, Baldassarre D, Balkau B, Bandinelli S, Böger CA, Boomsma DI, Bouchard C, Bruinenberg M, Chasman DI, Chen YD, Chines PS, Cooper RS, Cucca F, Cusi D, Faire UD, Ferrucci L, Franks PW, Froguel P, Gordon-Larsen P, Grabe HJ, Gudnason V, Haiman CA, Hayward C, Hveem K, Johnson AD, Wouter Jukema J, Kardia SLR, Kivimaki M, Kooner JS, Kuh D, Laakso M, Lehtimäki T, Marchand LL, März W, McCarthy MI, Metspalu A, Morris AP, Ohlsson C, Palmer LJ, Pasterkamp G, Pedersen O, Peters A, Peters U, Polasek O, Psaty BM, Qi L, Rauramaa R, Smith BH, Sørensen TIA, Strauch K, Tiemeier H, Tremoli E, van der Harst P, Vestergaard H, Vollenweider P, Wareham NJ, Weir DR, Whitfield JB, Wilson JF, Tyrrell J, Frayling TM, Barroso I, Boehnke M, Deloukas P, Fox CS, Hirschhorn JN, Hunter DJ, Spector TD, Strachan DP, van Duijn CM, Heid IM, Mohlke KL, Marchini J, Loos RJF, Kilpeläinen TO, Liu CT, Borecki IB, North KE, Cupples LA. Genome-wide meta-analysis of 241,258 adults accounting for smoking behaviour identifies novel loci for obesity traits. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14977. [PMID: 28443625 PMCID: PMC5414044 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) account for environmental exposures, like smoking, potentially impacting the overall trait variance when investigating the genetic contribution to obesity-related traits. Here, we use GWAS data from 51,080 current smokers and 190,178 nonsmokers (87% European descent) to identify loci influencing BMI and central adiposity, measured as waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio both adjusted for BMI. We identify 23 novel genetic loci, and 9 loci with convincing evidence of gene-smoking interaction (GxSMK) on obesity-related traits. We show consistent direction of effect for all identified loci and significance for 18 novel and for 5 interaction loci in an independent study sample. These loci highlight novel biological functions, including response to oxidative stress, addictive behaviour, and regulatory functions emphasizing the importance of accounting for environment in genetic analyses. Our results suggest that tobacco smoking may alter the genetic susceptibility to overall adiposity and body fat distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E. Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Thomas W. Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mary F. Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, Missouri, 63108 USA
| | - Misa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Virginia A. Fisher
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Kristin Young
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Llilda Barata
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, Missouri, 63108 USA
| | - Xuan Deng
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Jacek Czajkowski
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, Missouri, 63108 USA
| | - David Hadley
- Population Health Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
- TransMed Systems, Inc., Cupertino, California 95014, USA
| | - Julius S. Ngwa
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore Maryland, USA
| | - Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Audrey Y. Chu
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, 01702 USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
| | - Nancy L. Heard-Costa
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, 01702 USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Elise Lim
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Jeremiah Perez
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - John D. Eicher
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss instititute of Bioinformatics
| | - Luting Xue
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Frida Renström
- Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Joseph Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Shafqat Ahmad
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Tamuno Alfred
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Lawrence F. Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amelie Bonnefond
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France
| | - Jennifer Bragg
- Internal Medicine - Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Gemma Cadby
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Martina Chittani
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan,Via A. Di Rudiní, 8 20142, Milano, Italy
| | - Scott Coggeshall
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Tanguy Corre
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss instititute of Bioinformatics
| | - Nese Direk
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marie Neergaard Harder
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Epidemiology Domain, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Johanne Marie Justesen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Leena Kinnunen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271 Finland
| | - Marcus E. Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Meena Kumari
- ISER, University of Essex, Colchester CO43SQ, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Unhee Lim
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33520, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics and Biostatistics Section, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Jonathan Marten
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Rita P. S. Middelberg
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Pau Navarro
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Natalia Pervjakova
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Cinzia Sarti
- Department of Social and Health Care, City of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Albert Vernon Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jennifer A. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rona J. Strawbridge
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heather M. Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Sander W. van der Laan
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sailaja L. Vedantam
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M. Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Loic Yengo
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Dept Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperical College London, UK
- Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Martina E. Zimmermann
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Niha Zubair
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Gonçalo R. Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Linda S. Adair
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Saima Afaq
- Dept Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperical College London, UK
- Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
| | - Uzma Afzal
- Dept Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperical College London, UK
- Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Traci M. Bartz
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - John Beilby
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine of WA, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboraty Medicine, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss instititute of Bioinformatics
| | - Reiner Biffar
- Clinic for Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerostomatology and Material Science, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, PO Box 20186, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
| | - Lori L. Bonnycastle
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Erwin Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Daniele Braga
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan,Via A. Di Rudiní, 8 20142, Milano, Italy
| | - Brendan M. Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Steve Buyske
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Department of Statistics and Biostatistics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Harry Campbell
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - John C. Chambers
- Dept Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperical College London, UK
- Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Francis S. Collins
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
| | - Gert J. de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Division of Surgical Specialties, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J. M. de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J. C. de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute Vrije Universiteit & Vrije Universiteit Medical Center
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Graciela E. Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hester M. den Ruijter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anna L. Eriksson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Jessica D. Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Terrence Forrester
- Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, JMAAW15 Jamaica
| | - Karl Gertow
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruna Gigante
- Unit of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicola Glorioso
- Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari
| | - Jian Gong
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tanja B. Grammer
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Saskia Haitjema
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maija Hassinen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas D. Hastie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lucia Hindorff
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Lynne J. Hocking
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Mette Hollensted
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joseph Hung
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 25 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33521, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 750 85, Sweden
| | - Alan L. James
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 25 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - John-Olov Jansson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC–PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
- Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of OuluP.O.Box 5000, FI-90014, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, P.O.Box 20, FI-90220, 90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Min A. Jhun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Markus Juonala
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520 Finland
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20521, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33521, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Orthopedics and Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Heikki A. Koistinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271 Finland
- Department of Medicine and Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FI-00029 Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Helsinki, FI-00290 Finland
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia
| | - Genovefa Kolovou
- Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Bernhard K. Krämer
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsti Kvaløy
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7600 Levanger, Norway
| | - Timo A. Lakka
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Karin Leander
- Unit of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nanette R. Lee
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines
- Department of Anthropology, Sociology and History, University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephane Lobbens
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France
| | - Marie Loh
- Dept Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperical College London, UK
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Level 5, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Luben
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gitta Lubke
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
| | - Anja Ludolph-Donislawski
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sara Lupoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan,Via A. Di Rudiní, 8 20142, Milano, Italy
| | - Pamela A. F. Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Reija Männikkö
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne university hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Colin A. McKenzie
- Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, JMAAW15 Jamaica
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Dan Mellström
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - AW (Bill) Musk
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albertine J. Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Olden
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Patricia A. Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Charlotta Pisinger
- Research Center for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David J. Porteous
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20521, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - D. C. Rao
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Laura J. Rasmussen-Torvik
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rajesh Rawal
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Treva Rice
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
- Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
| | - Stephanie A. Bien
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Igor Rudan
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Mark A. Sarzynski
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kai Savonen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Salome Scholtens
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Bengt Sennblad
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marten A. Siemelink
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Günther Silbernagel
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. Staessen
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science , University of Leuven, Campus Sint Rafael, Kapucijnenvoer 35, Leuven; Belgium
- R&D VitaK Group, Maastricht University, Brains Unlimited Building, Oxfordlaan 55, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David J. Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Morris A. Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amy J. Swift
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Kent D. Taylor
- Center for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor/UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bamidele O. Tayo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 61053, USA
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Thuillier
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Research Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
- Department of Neurosciences and Preventive Medicine, Danube-University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
- Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Judith M. Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne university hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - R. G. J. Westendorp
- Department of Public Health, and Center for Healthy Ageing, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Wild
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce H. R. Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 33 Bedford Place, London, WC1B 5JU, UK
| | - Alan F. Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Damiano Baldassarre
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Carsten A. Böger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Marcel Bruinenberg
- Lifelines Cohort Study, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yii-DerIda Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, California 90502, USA
| | - Peter S. Chines
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Richard S. Cooper
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 61053, USA
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita' degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Sanipedia srl, Bresso (Milano), Italy and Institute of Biomedical Technologies National Centre of Research Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Unit of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore Maryland, USA
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Philippe Froguel
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill North Carolina, 27516, USA
| | - Hans- Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Kristian Hveem
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7600 Levanger, Norway
| | - Andrew D. Johnson
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sharon L. R. Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jaspal S. Kooner
- Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- Faculty of Med, National Heart & Lung Institute, Cardiovascular Science, Hammersmith Campus, Hammersmith Hospital, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 33 Bedford Place, London, WC1B 5JU, UK
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33520, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Winfried März
- Synlab Academy, Synlab Services GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lyle J. Palmer
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Division Laboratories & Pharmacy, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Blair H. Smith
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Division of Population Health Sciences, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD2 4RB, Scotland
| | - Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (2000 Frederiksberg), The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol University, Bristol, UK
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Psychiatry Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Vestergaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne university hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - David R. Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John B. Whitfield
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James F. Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, The Knowledge Spa, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Level 4, Institute of Metabolic Science Box 289 Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Institute of Metabolic Science Box 289 Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Panagiotis Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Caroline S. Fox
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, 01702 USA
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - David J. Hunter
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David P. Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA). Leiden, The Netherlands
- Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | | | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York 10029, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, Missouri, 63108 USA
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, 01702 USA
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Carr AC, McCall C. The role of vitamin C in the treatment of pain: new insights. J Transl Med 2017; 15:77. [PMID: 28410599 PMCID: PMC5391567 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The vitamin C deficiency disease scurvy is characterised by musculoskeletal pain and recent epidemiological evidence has indicated an association between suboptimal vitamin C status and spinal pain. Furthermore, accumulating evidence indicates that vitamin C administration can exhibit analgesic properties in some clinical conditions. The prevalence of hypovitaminosis C and vitamin C deficiency is high in various patient groups, such as surgical/trauma, infectious diseases and cancer patients. A number of recent clinical studies have shown that vitamin C administration to patients with chronic regional pain syndrome decreases their symptoms. Acute herpetic and post-herpetic neuralgia is also diminished with high dose vitamin C administration. Furthermore, cancer-related pain is decreased with high dose vitamin C, contributing to enhanced patient quality of life. A number of mechanisms have been proposed for vitamin C’s analgesic properties. Herein we propose a novel analgesic mechanism for vitamin C; as a cofactor for the biosynthesis of amidated opioid peptides. It is well established that vitamin C participates in the amidation of peptides, through acting as a cofactor for peptidyl-glycine α-amidating monooxygenase, the only enzyme known to amidate the carboxy terminal residue of neuropeptides and peptide hormones. Support for our proposed mechanism comes from studies which show a decreased requirement for opioid analgesics in surgical and cancer patients administered high dose vitamin C. Overall, vitamin C appears to be a safe and effective adjunctive therapy for acute and chronic pain relief in specific patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitra C Carr
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Cate McCall
- Centre for Postgraduate Nursing Studies, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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Milyutina YP, Pustygina AV, Zaloznyaya IV, Arutjunyan AV. Age-related changes in biogenic amine content and oxidative stress profile in rat hypothalamus with hyperhomocysteinemia. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057016040111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zabet MH, Mohammadi M, Ramezani M, Khalili H. Effect of high-dose Ascorbic acid on vasopressor's requirement in septic shock. J Res Pharm Pract 2016; 5:94-100. [PMID: 27162802 PMCID: PMC4843590 DOI: 10.4103/2279-042x.179569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Effects of ascorbic acid on hemodynamic parameters of septic shock were evaluated in nonsurgical critically ill patients in limited previous studies. In this study, the effect of high-dose ascorbic acid on vasopressor drug requirement was evaluated in surgical critically ill patients with septic shock. Methods: Patients with septic shock who required a vasopressor drug to maintain mean arterial pressure >65 mmHg were assigned to receive either 25 mg/kg intravenous ascorbic acid every 6 h or matching placebo for 72 h. Vasopressor dose and duration were considered as the primary outcomes. Duration of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay and 28-day mortality has been defined as secondary outcomes. Findings: During the study period, 28 patients (14 in each group) completed the trial. Mean dose of norepinephrine during the study period (7.44 ± 3.65 vs. 13.79 ± 6.48 mcg/min, P = 0.004) and duration of norepinephrine administration (49.64 ± 25.67 vs. 71.57 ± 1.60 h, P = 0.007) were significantly lower in the ascorbic acid than the placebo group. No statistically significant difference was detected between the groups regarding the length of ICU stay. However, 28-day mortality was significantly lower in the ascorbic acid than the placebo group (14.28% vs. 64.28%, respectively; P = 0.009). Conclusion: High-dose ascorbic acid may be considered as an effective and safe adjuvant therapy in surgical critically ill patients with septic shock. The most effective dose of ascorbic acid and the best time for its administration should be determined in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mostafa Mohammadi
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Ramezani
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Khalili
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Carr AC, Shaw GM, Fowler AA, Natarajan R. Ascorbate-dependent vasopressor synthesis: a rationale for vitamin C administration in severe sepsis and septic shock? CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2015; 19:418. [PMID: 26612352 PMCID: PMC4661979 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-1131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Severe systemic inflammatory response to infection results in severe sepsis and septic shock, which are the leading causes of death in critically ill patients. Septic shock is characterised by refractory hypotension and is typically managed by fluid resuscitation and administration of catecholamine vasopressors such as norepinephrine. Vasopressin can also be administered to raise mean arterial pressure or decrease the norepinephrine dose. Endogenous norepinephrine and vasopressin are synthesised by the copper-containing enzymes dopamine β-hydroxylase and peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase, respectively. Both of these enzymes require ascorbate as a cofactor for optimal activity. Patients with severe sepsis present with hypovitaminosis C, and pre-clinical and clinical studies have indicated that administration of high-dose ascorbate decreases the levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers, attenuates organ dysfunction and improves haemodynamic parameters. It is conceivable that administration of ascorbate to septic patients with hypovitaminosis C could improve endogenous vasopressor synthesis and thus ameliorate the requirement for exogenously administered vasopressors. Ascorbate-dependent vasopressor synthesis represents a currently underexplored biochemical mechanism by which ascorbate could act as an adjuvant therapy for severe sepsis and septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitra C Carr
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Geoffrey M Shaw
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Christchurch Hospital, Private Bag 4710, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand.
| | - Alpha A Fowler
- Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980050, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - Ramesh Natarajan
- Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980050, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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Metabolome profiling by HRMAS NMR spectroscopy of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas detects SDH deficiency: clinical and pathophysiological implications. Neoplasia 2015; 17:55-65. [PMID: 25622899 PMCID: PMC4309730 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase gene (SDHx) mutations increase susceptibility to develop pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas (PHEOs/PGLs). In the present study, we evaluate the performance and clinical applications of 1H high-resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy–based global metabolomic profiling in a large series of PHEOs/PGLs of different genetic backgrounds. Eighty-seven PHEOs/PGLs (48 sporadic/23 SDHx/7 von Hippel-Lindau/5 REarranged during Transfection/3 neurofibromatosis type 1/1 hypoxia-inducible factor 2α), one SDHD variant of unknown significance, and two Carney triad (CTr)–related tumors were analyzed by HRMAS-NMR spectroscopy. Compared to sporadic, SDHx-related PHEOs/PGLs exhibit a specific metabolic signature characterized by increased levels of succinate (P < .0001), methionine (P = .002), glutamine (P = .002), and myoinositol (P < .0007) and decreased levels of glutamate (P < .0007), regardless of their location and catecholamine levels. Uniquely, ATP/ascorbate/glutathione was found to be associated with the secretory phenotype of PHEOs/PGLs, regardless of their genotype (P < .0007). The use of succinate as a single screening test retained excellent accuracy in distinguishing SDHx versus non–SDHx-related tumors (sensitivity/specificity: 100/100%). Moreover, the quantification of succinate could be considered a diagnostic alternative for assessing SDHx-related mutations of unknown pathogenicity. We were also able, for the first time, to uncover an SDH-like pattern in the two CTr-related PGLs. The present study demonstrates that HRMAS-NMR provides important information for SDHx-related PHEO/PGL characterization. Besides the high succinate–low glutamate hallmark, SDHx tumors also exhibit high values of methionine, a finding consistent with the hypermethylation pattern of these tumors. We also found important levels of glutamine, suggesting that glutamine metabolism might be involved in the pathogenesis of SDHx-related PHEOs/PGLs.
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Distribution of vitamin C is tissue specific with early saturation of the brain and adrenal glands following differential oral dose regimens in guinea pigs. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:1539-49. [PMID: 25865869 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515000690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C (VitC) deficiency is surprisingly common in humans even in developed parts of the world. The micronutrient has several established functions in the brain; however, the consequences of its deficiency are not well characterised. To elucidate the effects of VitC deficiency on the brain, increased knowledge about the distribution of VitC to the brain and within different brain regions after varying dietary concentrations is needed. In the present study, guinea pigs (like humans lacking the ability to synthesise VitC) were randomly divided into six groups (n 10) that received different concentrations of VitC ranging from 100 to 1500 mg/kg feed for 8 weeks, after which VitC concentrations in biological fluids and tissues were measured using HPLC. The distribution of VitC was found to be dynamic and dependent on dietary availability. Brain saturation was region specific, occurred at low dietary doses, and the dose-concentration relationship could be approximated with a three-parameter Hill equation. The correlation between plasma and brain concentrations of VitC was moderate compared with other organs, and during non-scorbutic VitC deficiency, the brain was able to maintain concentrations from about one-quarter to half of sufficient levels depending on the region, whereas concentrations in other tissues decreased to one-sixth or less. The adrenal glands have similar characteristics to the brain. The observed distribution kinetics with a low dietary dose needed for saturation and exceptional retention ability suggest that the brain and adrenal glands are high priority tissues with regard to the distribution of VitC.
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Hansen SN, Tveden-Nyborg P, Lykkesfeldt J. Does vitamin C deficiency affect cognitive development and function? Nutrients 2014; 6:3818-46. [PMID: 25244370 PMCID: PMC4179190 DOI: 10.3390/nu6093818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C is a pivotal antioxidant in the brain and has been reported to have numerous functions, including reactive oxygen species scavenging, neuromodulation, and involvement in angiogenesis. Absence of vitamin C in the brain has been shown to be detrimental to survival in newborn SVCT2(−/−) mice and perinatal deficiency have shown to reduce hippocampal volume and neuron number and cause decreased spatial cognition in guinea pigs, suggesting that maternal vitamin C deficiency could have severe consequences for the offspring. Furthermore, vitamin C deficiency has been proposed to play a role in age-related cognitive decline and in stroke risk and severity. The present review discusses the available literature on effects of vitamin C deficiency on the developing and aging brain with particular focus on in vivo experimentation and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Normann Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Pernille Tveden-Nyborg
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Vasin MV. Comments on the mechanisms of action of radiation protective agents: basis components and their polyvalence. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:414. [PMID: 25133093 PMCID: PMC4132458 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose These comments suggest a division of radiation protective agents on the grounds of their mechanism of action that increase the radio resistance of an organism. Conclusion Given below is the division of radiation protective agents on the basis of their mechanism of action into 3 groups: 1) Radiation protective agents, with the implementation of radiation protective action taking place at the cellular level in the course of rapidly proceeding radiation-chemical reactions. At the same time, when the ionizing radiation energy is absorbed, these agents partially neutralize the “oxygen effect” as a radiobiological phenomenon, especially in the radiolysis of DNA; 2) Radiation protective agents that exert their effect at the system level by accelerating the post-radiation recovery of radiosensitive tissues through activation of a number of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways and an increase in the secretion of hematopoietic growth factors, including their use as mitigators in the early period after irradiation prior to the clinical development of acute radiation syndrome (ARS). 3) Radiomodulators including drugs and nutritional supplements that can elevate the resistance of the organism to adverse environmental factors, including exposure to ionization by means of modulating the gene expression through a hormetic effect of small doses of stressors and a “substrate” maintenance of adaptive changes, resulting in an increased antioxidant protection of the organism. Radiation protective agents having polyvalence in implementation of their action may simultaneously induce radioprotective effect by various routes with a prevalence of basis mechanisms of the action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Vasin
- Department of Medicine of Catastrophe, Russian Medical Academy of Post-Graduate Education, St. Polikarpova 10, 125284 Moscow, Russia
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Ascorbic acid and the brain: rationale for the use against cognitive decline. Nutrients 2014; 6:1752-81. [PMID: 24763117 PMCID: PMC4011065 DOI: 10.3390/nu6041752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is focused upon the role of ascorbic acid (AA, vitamin C) in the promotion of healthy brain aging. Particular attention is attributed to the biochemistry and neuronal metabolism interface, transport across tissues, animal models that are useful for this area of research, and the human studies that implicate AA in the continuum between normal cognitive aging and age-related cognitive decline up to Alzheimer’s disease. Vascular risk factors and comorbidity relationships with cognitive decline and AA are discussed to facilitate strategies for advancing AA research in the area of brain health and neurodegeneration.
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Gess B, Röhr D, Young P. Ascorbic acid and sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters in the peripheral nervous system: from basic science to clinical trials. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:2105-14. [PMID: 23642070 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Ascorbic acid and sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters (SVCT) have been shown to have important functions in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Ascorbic acid is known to promote myelination in vitro in Schwann cell/dorsal root ganglion co-cultures by the formation of a collagen- and laminin-containing extracellular matrix. RECENT ADVANCES Recently, the function of ascorbic acid and SVCT2 in the PNS has been shown in vivo as well. Several studies on ascorbic acid treatment of Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy 1A (CMT1A) have been completed and showed no clinical benefit. CRITICAL ISSUES Possible reasons for the failure of ascorbic acid in CMT1A treatment are discussed in this review. More preclinical trials, ideally using different animal models, should be considered before the initiation of clinical trials in humans. More knowledge about ascorbic acid transport kinetics and inter-individual differences in humans is necessary for future studies. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further research into ascorbic acid transport mechanisms in the PNS is warranted. Especially the effects of transgenic or pharmacologic SVCT2 up-regulation on PNS myelination and remyelination will be an interesting area of research in the future. Furthermore, the potential use of ascorbic acid for peripheral neuropathies other than CMT1A would be a possible future research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Gess
- 1 Department of Neurology, Clinic for Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University of Muenster , Muenster, Germany
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Regulation of embryonic neurotransmitter and tyrosine hydroxylase protein levels by ascorbic acid. Brain Res 2013; 1539:7-14. [PMID: 24095796 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Ascorbic acid (ascorbate) is required to recycle tetrahydrobiopterin, which is necessary for neurotransmitter synthesis by the rate-limiting enzymes tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases. We sought to determine whether ascorbate might regulate embryonic brain cortex monoamine synthesis utilizing transgenic mouse models with varying intracellular ascorbate levels. METHODS AND RESULTS In embryos lacking the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2 (SVCT2), very low levels of brain ascorbate decreased cortex levels of norepinephrine and dopamine by approximately 33%, but had no effect on cortex serotonin or its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid. This decrease in ascorbate also led to a decrease in protein levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, but not of tryptophan hydroxylase. Increased cortex ascorbate in embryos carrying extra copies of the SVCT2 resulted in increased levels of dopamine and its metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), as well as serotonin and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid. CONCLUSION The dependence of embryonic brain cortex neurotransmitter synthesis and tyrosine hydroxylase expression on intracellular ascorbate emphasizes the importance of receiving adequate ascorbate during development.
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Vitamin C and lifespan in model organisms. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 58:255-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Effect of ascorbic acid deficiency on catecholamine synthesis in adrenal glands of SMP30/GNL knockout mice. Eur J Nutr 2013; 53:177-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Yu R, Schellhorn HE. Recent applications of engineered animal antioxidant deficiency models in human nutrition and chronic disease. J Nutr 2013; 143:1-11. [PMID: 23173175 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.168690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary antioxidants are essential nutrients that inhibit the oxidation of biologically important molecules and suppress the toxicity of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species. When the total antioxidant capacity is insufficient to quench these reactive species, oxidative damage occurs and contributes to the onset and progression of chronic diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. However, epidemiological studies that examine the relationship between antioxidants and disease outcome can only identify correlative associations. Additionally, many antioxidants also have prooxidant effects. Thus, clinically relevant animal models of antioxidant function are essential for improving our understanding of the role of antioxidants in the pathogenesis of complex diseases as well as evaluating the therapeutic potential and risks of their supplementation. Recent progress in gene knockout mice and virus-based gene expression has potentiated these areas of study. Here, we review the current genetically modified animal models of dietary antioxidant function and their clinical relevance in chronic diseases. This review focuses on the 3 major antioxidants in the human body: vitamin C, vitamin E, and uric acid. We examine genetic models of vitamin C synthesis (guinea pig, Osteogenic Disorder Shionogi rat, Gulo(-/-) and SMP30(-/-) mouse mutants) and transport (Slc23a1(-/-) and Slc23a2(-/-) mouse mutants), vitamin E transport (Ttpa(-/-) mouse mutant), and uric acid synthesis (Uox(-/-) mouse mutant). The application of these models to current research goals is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Yu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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40
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Ward MS, Lamb J, May JM, Harrison FE. Behavioral and monoamine changes following severe vitamin C deficiency. J Neurochem 2012; 124:363-75. [PMID: 23106783 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Severe vitamin C deficiency (ascorbic acid; AA) was induced in gulo-/- mice incapable of synthesizing their own AA. A number of behavioral measures were studied before and during the deprivation period, including a scorbutic period, during which weight loss was observed in the mice. Mice were then resuscitated with AA supplements. During the scorbutic period, gulo-/- mice showed decreased voluntary locomotor activity, diminished physical strength, and increased preference for a highly palatable sucrose reward. These behaviors all returned to control levels following resuscitation. Altered trial times in subordinate mice in the tube test for social dominance in the AA-deprived mice persisted following resuscitation and may signify a depressive-like behavior in these mice. Biochemical analyses were undertaken following a second deprivation period. AA deficiency was accompanied by decreased blood glucose levels, oxidative damage to lipids and proteins in the cortex, and decreases in dopamine and serotonin metabolites in both the cortex and striatum. Given the reasonably high proportions of the population that do not consume sufficient AA in the diet, these data have important implications for physical and psychological function in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret S Ward
- Department of Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Amano A, Tsunoda M, Aigaki T, Maruyama N, Ishigami A. Age-related changes of dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline in adrenal glands of mice. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 13:490-6. [PMID: 22934574 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2012.00929.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Catecholamines, which are physiologically important neurotransmitters and hormones, apparently decrease in the brain and plasma as some species age. Because this observation has engendered controversy, we used mice to investigate whether age-related changes occur in adrenal catecholamine levels and in the expression of catecholamine synthetic enzymes. METHODS Adrenal glands were collected from male C57BL/6NCr mice at the ages of 6, 12 and 24 months. Catecholamines, such as dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (AD) from those glands, were measured by using a highly sensitive liquid chromatographic method with peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence reaction detection. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopa decarboxylase, dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) mRNA expression levels were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Although DA levels in the adrenals of 24-month-old mice were higher than in 6- and 12-month-old mice, the AD content decreased with age. In such mice, the ratio of DA to NA at 24 months was lower than at 12 months, and the ratio of NA to AD content at 24 months was significantly lower than at 6 months. The mRNA expression ratios in TH, DBH and PNMT in 24-month-old mice were all lower than in 12-month-old mice. CONCLUSIONS These results strongly suggest that catecholamine synthesis, in general, declines with aging in the adrenal glands of mice and that AD, in particular, undergoes a significant decrease with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Amano
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Chromaffin cells probably are the most intensively studied of the neural crest derivates. They are closely related to the nervous system, share with neurons some fundamental mechanisms and thus were the ideal model to study the basic mechanisms of neurobiology for many years. The lessons we have learned from chromaffin cell biology as a peripheral model for the brain and brain diseases pertain more than ever to the cutting edge research in neurobiology. Here, we highlight how studying this cell model can help unravel the basic mechanisms of cell renewal and regeneration both in the central nervous system (CNS) and neuroendocrine tissue and also can help in designing new strategies for regenerative therapies of the CNS.
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Abstract
Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, is important as an antioxidant and participates in numerous cellular functions. Although it circulates in plasma in micromolar concentrations, it reaches millimolar concentrations in most tissues. These high ascorbate cellular concentrations are thought to be generated and maintained by the SVCT2 (Slc23a2), a specific transporter for ascorbate. The vitamin is also readily recycled from its oxidized forms inside cells. Neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) contain some of the highest ascorbic acid concentrations of mammalian tissues. Intracellular ascorbate serves several functions in the CNS, including antioxidant protection, peptide amidation, myelin formation, synaptic potentiation, and protection against glutamate toxicity. The importance of the SVCT2 for CNS function is supported by the finding that its targeted deletion in mice causes widespread cerebral hemorrhage and death on post-natal day 1. Neuronal ascorbate content as maintained by this protein also has relevance for human disease, since ascorbate supplements decrease infarct size in ischemia-reperfusion injury models of stroke, and since ascorbate may protect neurons from the oxidant damage associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's. The aim of this review is to assess the role of the SVCT2 in regulating neuronal ascorbate homeostasis and the extent to which ascorbate affects brain function and antioxidant defenses in the CNS.
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Harrison FE, Dawes SM, Meredith ME, Babaev VR, Li L, May JM. Low vitamin C and increased oxidative stress and cell death in mice that lack the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter SVCT2. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:821-9. [PMID: 20541602 PMCID: PMC2916678 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter (SVCT2) is responsible for the transport of vitamin C into cells in multiple organs, from either the blood or the cerebrospinal fluid. Mice null for SVCT2 (SVCT2(-/-)) do not survive past birth but the cause of death has not yet been ascertained. After mating of SVCT2(+/-) males and SVCT2(+/-) females, fewer SVCT2(-/-) and SVCT2(+/-) progeny were observed than would be expected according to Mendelian ratios. Vitamin C levels in SVCT2(-/-), SVCT2(+/-), and SVCT2(+/+) were genotype-dependent. SVCT2(-/-) fetuses had significantly lower vitamin C levels than littermates in placenta, cortex, and lung, but not in liver (the site of vitamin C synthesis). Low vitamin C levels in placenta and cortex were associated with elevations in several markers of oxidative stress: malondialdehyde, isoketals, F(2)-isoprostanes, and F(4)-neuroprostanes. Oxidative stress was not elevated in fetal SVCT2(-/-) lung tissue despite low vitamin C levels. In addition to the expected severe hemorrhage in cortex, we also found hemorrhage in the brain stem, which was accompanied by cell loss. We found evidence of increased apoptosis in SVCT2(-/-) mice and disruption of the basement membrane in fetal brain. Together these data show that SVCT2 is critical for maintaining vitamin C levels in fetal and placental tissues and that the lack of SVCT2, and the resulting low vitamin C levels, results in fetal death and, in SVCT2(-/-) mice that survive the gestation period, in oxidative stress and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Harrison
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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45
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Gess B, Lohmann C, Halfter H, Young P. Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2 (SVCT2) is necessary for the uptake of L-ascorbic acid into Schwann cells. Glia 2010; 58:287-99. [PMID: 19672970 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid has been shown to be an essential component for in vitro myelination and to improve the clinical and pathological phenotype of a mouse model of Charcot-Marie-tooth disease 1A. The mechanism of ascorbic acid uptake into peripheral nerves, however, has not been addressed so far. Hence, we studied the expression and activity of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters 1 and 2 (SVCT1 and 2) in the peripheral nervous system. Using immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and reverse transcription PCR, we could show that SVCT1 and 2 were differentially expressed in myelinated peripheral nerve fibers and Schwann cell (SC) cultures. SVCT1 was expressed at very low levels confined to the axons, whereas SVCT2 was highly expressed both in the axons and in the SCs. SVCT2 was localized particularly in SC compartments of uncompacted myelin. Uptake assays using (14)C-labeled ascorbic acid showed transport of ascorbic acid into SC cultures. Ascorbic acid transport was dependent on the concentration of sodium, magnesium, and calcium in the extracellular medium. Treatment with the flavonoid phloretin, a known inhibitor of SVCT1 and 2, and specific RNA interference with SVCT2 caused significant reductions in ascorbic acid uptake into SCs. Phloretin-inhibited uptake of ascorbic acid was further shown in freshly dissected, cell-culture-naïve rat sciatic nerves. These results provide evidence for the first time that uptake of ascorbic acid in the peripheral nervous system is crucially dependent on the expression and activity of SVCT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Gess
- Department of Neurology, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, Muenster, Germany
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46
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Kim J, Yamamoto F, Gondo S, Yanase T, Mukai T, Maeda M. 6-Deoxy-6-[131I]iodo-L-ascorbic acid for the in vivo study of ascorbate: autoradiography, biodistribution in normal and hypolipidemic rats, and in tumor-bearing nude mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 32:1906-11. [PMID: 19881306 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.1906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Normal female rat distribution studies showed high and specific uptake of 6-deoxy-6-[(131)I]iodo-L-ascorbic acid (6-(131)IAsA) into the adrenal glands, known to highly express the ascorbate sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter-2 (SVCT-2), and the adrenal gland was clearly visualized by whole-body autoradiography. Preinjection of sulfinpyrazone, a known blocker of ascorbate transport, with 6-(131)IAsA resulted in decreased uptake of radioactivity in rat adrenal glands compared to the control group, seemingly illustrating the participation of the SVCT transporter (probably the SVCT-2 subtype) in the uptake process in vivo. 4-Aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-induced hypolipidemic rats showed a 1.7-fold increase in adrenal uptake of radioactivity at 30 min postinjection of 6-(131)IAsA, compared to the control, with increased adrenal-to-liver and adrenal-to-kidney ratios. To further characterize 6-(131)IAsA for its tumor uptake properties, biodistribution studies were also performed using male nude mice implanted with either Y-1 adrenocortical tumor cells or adrenal medulla-derived PC12 cells. None of these tumors exhibited relevant uptake of 6-(131)IAsA while normal adrenal glands showed high uptake of radioactivity, suggesting that these tumors in this model have only a poor transport capacity for this agent. The present study demonstrates that the use of radioiodinated 6-IAsA may help to obtain information about functional alterations in diseased adrenal glands, but it does not exhibit desirable properties as a tumor-seeking agent for ascorbic acid bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintaek Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi,Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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47
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Velho AM, Jarvis SM. Topological studies of hSVCT1, the human sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter and the influence of N-glycosylation on its intracellular targeting. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:2312-21. [PMID: 19379732 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Harrison FE, May JM. Vitamin C function in the brain: vital role of the ascorbate transporter SVCT2. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:719-30. [PMID: 19162177 PMCID: PMC2649700 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate (vitamin C) is a vital antioxidant molecule in the brain. However, it also has a number of other important functions, participating as a cofactor in several enzyme reactions, including catecholamine synthesis, collagen production, and regulation of HIF-1 alpha. Ascorbate is transported into the brain and neurons via the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2 (SVCT2), which causes accumulation of ascorbate within cells against a concentration gradient. Dehydroascorbic acid, the oxidized form of ascorbate, is transported via glucose transporters of the GLUT family. Once in cells, it is rapidly reduced to ascorbate. The highest concentrations of ascorbate in the body are found in the brain and in neuroendocrine tissues such as adrenal, although the brain is the most difficult organ to deplete of ascorbate. Combined with regional asymmetry in ascorbate distribution within different brain areas, these facts suggest an important role for ascorbate in the brain. Ascorbate is proposed as a neuromodulator of glutamatergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic, and GABAergic transmission and related behaviors. Neurodegenerative diseases typically involve high levels of oxidative stress and thus ascorbate has been posited to have potential therapeutic roles against ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James M. May
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. James May, 7465 Medical Research Building IV, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0475. Tel. (615) 936-1653; Fax: (615) 936-1667. E-mail:
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Gournas C, Papageorgiou I, Diallinas G. The nucleobase–ascorbate transporter (NAT) family: genomics, evolution, structure–function relationships and physiological role. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2008; 4:404-16. [PMID: 18414738 DOI: 10.1039/b719777b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Gournas
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Botany, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Athens, Greece
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Wu X, Iguchi T, Hirano J, Fujita I, Ueda H, Itoh N, Tanaka K, Nakanishi T. Upregulation of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2 expression in adrenals increases norepinephrine production and aggravates hyperlipidemia in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:1020-8. [PMID: 17689499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Revised: 05/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The hyperglycemia and hyperoxidation that characterize diabetes lead to reduced vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid, AA) levels in diabetic humans and animals. We examined the possibility that diabetes-induced low plasma AA levels impair AA distribution to various tissues and that these changes are closely related to the development of diabetic complications. AA levels were markedly decreased in the plasma and increased in the adrenals of mice with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Consistently with these results, in [1-(14)C]AA accumulation assays, the efficiency of [1-(14)C]AA accumulation was significantly higher in the adrenals (which had the greatest ability to accumulate [1-(14)C]AA) of diabetic mice than in those of controls. Expression of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter (SVCT)-2, a transporter of AA, was upregulated in diabetic adrenals. Furthermore, increased AA incorporation into the diabetic adrenals by SVCT-2 led to increased plasma norepinephrine, triglyceride and free fatty acid levels in mice with STZ-induced diabetes. Therefore, oversupplementation with AA could be deleterious in diabetic patients, because overexpression of adrenal SVCT-2 in diabetes could lead to excessive AA uptake, thus enhancing norepinephrine production and exacerbating some diabetic complications. Interestingly, however, treatment with AA dose-dependently abolished the increased expression of adrenal SVCT-2 and normalized the abovementioned plasma parameters in diabetic mice. These results suggest SVCT-2-mediated increases in AA uptake by the adrenals followed by excessive production of plasma norepinephrine may play a pivotal role in the development of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximei Wu
- Department of Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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